Topic 1-Introdution

Pavement Engineering
ECG 524
TOPIC 1.0
INTRODUCTION
EKARIZAN SHAFFIE
FACULTY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, UiTM

Outline of Topic 1
Introduction
1.1 Importance of Pavements

1.2 History of Pavement Engineering
1.3 Important Parameters in Pavement Studies
1.4 Materials for Pavement Construction
1.5 Pavement Types and Function
Course Outcome (CO1-PO3)
At the end of the topic students should be able

to :
 Describe history of pavement
 Types of road
 Understand the important parameters of pavement
 Materials for pavement construction
 WHY DO WE NEED ROADS, PAVEMENTS??
 WHAT ARE SOME BASIC PAVEMENT TYPES ?
1.1 Importance of Pavements
 Pavements are the single most expensive

component of the highway system
 Maintenance of pavements is very costly
 Road users expect smooth and safe ride
 Good pavements provide higher levels of

safety, ride, and service
1.2 History of Pavement
Engineering
HISTORY OF ROAD DEVELOPMENT
 Roman Road
 Macadam Road
 Telford Road
 Modern Road
1.Roman Roads
 Early engineered road
 consists of cut boulders laid on
prepared road foundation
 The characteristics of these roads
were,
 the alignment was almost straight,
 road surface and riding quality is
quite rough because of the joints
between boulders.
 The roads were used by carts and
army chariots,
 it can be used all year round
because of its raised profile
Roman Roads
2.Macadam Roads
 Macadam is a type of road construction pioneered by
Scottish engineer John Loudon McAdam around 1820.
 In tandem with the advancement of motor vehicle, road

technology too was improved with the advent of Macadam
road which was innovated by having small stone and
pebbles embedded at the surface to improve riding quality
.
 Further more, the interlocking and internal friction between
the stones, has made the roadway able to sustain higher
loading.
 Traveling along this road was more comfortable due to

smooth riding quality.
2. Macadam Roads
2.Telford Roads
 The quality of roadway was further improved by Telford.
 road camber was introduced to get rid of surface water

effectively,
 the road surface was made impervious by placing a layer of

tar or bitumen.
 The bituminous layer highly improved the riding quality of

the road surface and the impervious quality ensures that no
water can penetrate the underlaying layers, thus the road can
last longer.
Telford Roads
Macadam vs Telford Roads
4.Modern Roads
 The modern road structure, basically retain the same
concept, with layered structured granular materials
and impervious smooth surface.
 They are designed and constructed to sustain higher

loads, and confer comfort, smooth riding quality and
traffic safety.
 Modern roads may be categorized into either, flexible

(asphaltic), rigid (concrete) or composite (flexible plus
rigid) road.
First Asphalt Pavement-1879
Road Travel in the 1930’s
Berkshire Avenue 1923
1.3 Important Parameters in
Pavement Studies
 Traffic loads
 Climatic conditions
 Layers’ materials (Types and properties)
 Construction factors
 QC/QA, specifications, equipments,…..
1.4 Materials for Pavement
Construction
 Soil
 Basic design requirement is that underlying soil is adequately
protected from applied loads
 Soils vary from clays – silts – sands – rocky materials
 Soils are usually not consistent along the length of pavement
 Soils are sensitive to water content
 Water content vary during the life of a pavement
 Some are highly permeable and some are impermeable (clays)
 Performance affected by stiffness under transient load (wheel)
 Resistance to deformation under repeated load related to shear
Materials for Pavement
Construction
 Granular Material
 Refers to unbound material and relatively large particle sizes
 Such as gravel, crushed rock and byproducts eg. Steel slag from
steel production
 Granular material can be controlled and predictable component than
soil
 Performance affected by stiffness under transient load (wheel)
 Resistance to deformation under repeated load related to shear
Construction
 Hydraulically-bound Material
 Substitutes such as fly ash or ground granulated blast furnace
slag acting as binding agent to strengthen granular material
 Also include Pavement Quality Concrete
 Key properties : stiffness and tensile strength

Construction
 Bitumen-bound Material
 Acts as binding agent also known as ASPHALTS
 Asphalts are able to accommodate moderate movement eg.
Within foundation, minor setlement in an embankment
 Have an ability to flow to overcome difficulties with rigid
hydraulically-bound materials
 Key properties : stiffness, resistance to deformation under
repeated load and fatigue characteristic
1.5 Pavement Types & Function
 Flexible
 Unbound and asphalt
 Rigid
 Concrete Pavement
 Composite
 Asphalt surface overlaying a hydralically-bound
base (concrete)
Function of Pavement
• Support wheel and imposed load
• Withstand the stress imposed
• Distribute the load
• Guide the driver
Pavement Types
Concrete Vs. Asphalt

Pavement Types
Concrete / Rigid Asphalt / Flexible
Asphalt Layer
Subbase (optional) Base
Subbase
Subgrade
Subgrade
Rigid vs. Flexible Pavements
First PCC Pavement
• Bellefontaine, Ohio, 1891
• Two course construction:

• Hard aggregate on top so
horseshoes wouldn’t wear
pavement
 Grooved in 100 mm squares
so horses would not slip
• George Bartholomew, who

built it, posted $5,000 bond
for 5 year guarantee
Father of Concrete
Pavements
 George
Bartholomew
Other Early PCC Pavements
Front Street, Chicago:

 Built in 1905
 Lasted 60 years
Woodward Ave,
Detroit:
– Built in 1909
– First mile of PCC
First Design Equations
 In 1926, Prof. Westergaard

published equations for
stresses and deflections of
concrete pavements
 Bureau of Public Roads (BPR)

conducted four years of testing
to probe Westergaard’s
equation
 BPR published a very complete c

report on the “Structural Design d=
p
of Concrete Pavements” s
d = thickness
c = stress coefficient
p = wheel load
s = allowable tensile stress
First PCC Pavement Problems
 In 1930’s, a problem
called “pumping”
developed
 Heavier trucks were using

the pavement and causing
greater deflections
 Many of these pavements

were built directly on
erodible subgrade
Development of Subbases
 PCA
determined
that a sub-
base relatively
free of fine
particles was
needed
Early Airport PCC Pavements
 First concrete runway

(1928)
 Dearborn, Michigan
 Year later Lunken Field,

Cincinnati, Ohio
 Early airports were built
the same as highways
with thickened edge
Lunken Field
Early Airport PCC
Pavements
 Predominant heavy plane

in the 1930’s was the DC-3
at 11,360 kg gross load
 Pavements were 150 mm
thick
 Designed for gasoline trucks
 With World War II came the

B29 Super Fortress
 300 mm pavements were
needed and built
 Existing 160 mm slabs were
overlaid with another 150 or
175 mm of concrete
Basic Structural Elements of Flexible Pavement
A typical flexible pavement structure consists of the surface course and the
underlying base and subbase courses. Each of these layers contributes to
structural support and drainage. The surface course (typically an HMA layer) is
the stiffest and contributes the most to pavement strength. The underlying layers
are less stiff but are still important to pavement strength as well as drainage and
frost protection. A typical structural design results in a series of layers that
gradually decrease in material quality with depth.
Flexible Pavement Structure
In flexible pavements material layers are usually
arranged in order of descending load bearing
capacity with the highest load bearing capacity
material (and most expensive) on the top and the
lowest load bearing capacity material (and least
Wearing Course expensive) on the bottom. This section describes
the typical flexible pavement structure consisting
of:
Binder Course
SURFACE COURSE: This is the top layer and
the layer that comes in contact with traffic. It may
be composed of one or several different HMA
Base sublayers.
BASE COURSE: This is the layer directly below

the surface course and generally consists of
aggregate (either stabilized or unstabilized) or
HMA.
SUBBASE COURSE: This is the layer (or

Subbase layers) under the base layer. A subbase is not
always needed.
Subgrade
Pavement Design
 Pavements must be:

 Strong to carry the traffic loads.
 Stable under different climatic conditions.
 Safe and smooth for users.
 Economical (initial and maintenance costs)
Another Pavement Function!

Topic 1-Introdution

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Topic 1-Introdution

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Topic 1-Introdution

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Pavement Engineering

FACULTY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, UiTM

1.1 Importance of Pavements

At the end of the topic students should be able

 Pavements are the single most expensive

 Road users expect smooth and safe ride

 Good pavements provide higher levels of

HISTORY OF ROAD DEVELOPMENT

 In tandem with the advancement of motor vehicle, road

 Traveling along this road was more comfortable due to

 road camber was introduced to get rid of surface water

 the road surface was made impervious by placing a layer of

 The bituminous layer highly improved the riding quality of

 They are designed and constructed to sustain higher

 Modern roads may be categorized into either, flexible

 Layers’ materials (Types and properties)

 Key properties : stiffness and tensile strength

Concrete Vs. Asphalt

Concrete / Rigid Asphalt / Flexible

• Two course construction:

• George Bartholomew, who

Front Street, Chicago:

 In 1926, Prof. Westergaard

 Bureau of Public Roads (BPR)

 BPR published a very complete c

 Heavier trucks were using

 Many of these pavements

 First concrete runway

 Year later Lunken Field,

 Predominant heavy plane

 With World War II came the

BASE COURSE: This is the layer directly below

SUBBASE COURSE: This is the layer (or

 Pavements must be:

You might also like