Homework 1

Homework 1
Instrumentation and Control (ESN-4134)

November 7, 2020
CLO−1−− > C2 Comprehend the working of instrumentation used to measure

common mechanical engineering related parameters.
Due Date : November 27, 2020
Total Marks : 60
Note:
• The Homework should be submitted on neat and clean A4-sheets.
• The writing should be understandable
• The late submission will result in 25% deduction.
Problem-1 (Design of a Temperature Measurement System)

Determination of temperature of a liquid in the range 0o C to 1OOo C where only rough accuracy is required.
The situation might be tlie determination of the temperature of the cooling water for a car engine and its display
as a pointer moving across a scale marked to indicate safe and unsafe operating temperatures.
Problem-2 (Temperature of a Furnace)

How to monitor the temperature of a furnace operating from room temperature up to 500o C with an accuracy
of plus or minus a few degrees?
Problem-3 (An absolute pressure measurement)

Measurement of the manifold absolute pressure in a car engine as part of the electronic control of engine power.
Problem-4
A mass measurement system has a static sensitivity of 2 V/kg. An input range of 1 to 10 kg needs to be
measured. A voltmeter is used to display the measurement. What range of voltmeter is needed. What would
be the significance of changing the static sensitivity?
Problem-5
An unmanned submarine is equipped with temperature and depth measuring instruments and has radio equip-
ment that can transmit the output readings of these instruments back to the surface. The submarine is initially
floating on the surface of the sea with the instrument output readings in steady state.
The depth measuring instrument is approximately zero order and the temperature transducer first order with
a time constant of 50 seconds. The water temperature on the sea surface, To , is 20o C and the temperature Tx
at a depth of x metres is given by the relation:
Tx = To − 0.01x
1. If the submarine starts diving at time zero, and thereafter goes down at a velocity of 0.5 metres/second,
draw a table showing the temperature and depth measurements reported at intervals of 100 seconds over
the first 500 seconds of travel. Show also in the table the error in each temperature reading.
2. What temperature does the submarine report at a depth of 1000 metres?
Problem-6
A thermocouple, which responds as a first-order instrument, has a time constant of 20 ms. Determine its 90%
rise time.
1
Problem-7
During a step function calibration, a first-order instrument is exposed to a step change of 100 units. If after 1.2
s the instrument indicates 80 units, estimate the instrument time constant. Estimate the error in the indicated
value after 1.5 s. y(0) = 0 units; K = 1 unit/unit.
Problem-8
A first-order sensor is to be installed into a reactor vessel to monitor temperature. If a sudden rise in temperature
greater than 100o C should occur, shutdown of the reactor will need to begin within 5 s after reaching 100o C.
Determine the maximum allowable time constant for the sensor.
Problem-9
In a particular industrial situation, a nicrosil–nisil thermocouple with nicrosil–nisil extension wires is used to
measure the temperature of a fluid. In connecting up this measurement system, the instrumentation engineer
responsible has inadvertently interchanged the extension wires from the thermocouple. The ends of the extension
wires are held at a reference temperature of 0o C and the output e.m.f. measured is 21.0 mV. If the junction
between the thermocouple and extension wires is at a temperature of 50o C, what temperature of fluid is indicated
and what is the true fluid temperature?
Problem-10
A pressure transducer is attached to a stiff-walled catheter. The catheter is filled with saline from a small
balloon attached at its tip. The initial system pressure is 50 mm Hg. At t = 0s, the balloon is popped, forcing a
step function change in pressure from 50 to 0 mm Hg. The time-based signal is recorded and the ringing period
determined to be 0.03 s. Find the natural frequency and damping ratio attributed to the pressure-catheter
system; K = 1mV /mmHg.
Problem-11
A chromel–constantan thermocouple measuring the temperature of a fluid is connected by mistake with cop-
per–constantan extension leads (such that the two constantan wires are onnected together and the copper
extension wire is connected to the chromel thermocouple wire). If the fluid temperature was actually 250o C,
and the junction between the thermocouple and extension wires was at 80o C, what e.m.f. would be measured
at the open ends of the extension wires if the reference junction is maintained at 0o C? What fluid temperature
would be deduced from this (assuming that the connection mistake was not known about)? (Hint: apply the
law of intermediate metals for the thermocouple-extension lead junction.)
Problem-12
Show that four strain gauges mounted to a shaft such that the gauge pairs measure equal and opposite strain can
be used to measure torsional twist (as suggested in Table 11.1 of textbook). Show that this method compensates
for axial and bending strains and for temperature.
Problem-13
Show that the use of a dummy gauge together with a single active gauge compensates for temperature but not
for bending. Consider the case in which the active gauge is subjected to axial loading with minimal bending
and both gauges experience the same temperature.
Problem-14
Define and discuss the following terms related to thermocouple circuits:
i Thermocouple Junction
ii Thermocouple Laws
iii Reference Junction
iv Peltier Effect
v Seebeck Coefficient
vi Thomson Effect
vii Bellows Pressure Transducer
viii Diaphram Pressure Transducer
ix Capacitive Pressure Transducer
x Piezoelectric Pressure Transducer
2
xi Differential Pressure Cells
Problem-15
A strain gauge is mounted on a steel cantilever beam of rectangular cross section. The gauge is connected
in a Wheatstone bridge; initially Rg auge = R2 = R3 = R4 = 120Ω. A gauge resistance change of 0.1 V is
measured for the loading condition and gauge orientation shown in Figure-1. If the gauge factor is 2.05 ± 1%
Figure 1: Problem-15
(95%) estimate the strain. Suppose the uncertainty in each resistor value is 1% (95%). Estimate an uncertainty
in the measured strain due to the uncertainties in the bridge resistances and gauge factor. Assume that the
bridge operates in a null mode, which is detected by a galvanometer. Also assume reasonable values for other
necessary uncertainties and parameters, such as input voltage or galvanometer sensitivity.
Problem-16
A rectangular bar is instrumented with strain gauges and subjected to a state of uniaxial tension. The bar has
a cross-sectional area of 2in.2 , and the bar is 12 in. long. The two strain gauges are mounted such that one
senses the axial strain, while the other senses the lateral strain. For an axial load of 1500 lb, the axial strain is
measured as 1500µ(µin./in.), and the lateral gauge indicates a strain of −465µ. Determine the modulus of
elasticity and Poisson’s ratio for this material.

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Homework 1

Instrumentation and Control (ESN-4134)

CLO−1−− > C2 Comprehend the working of instrumentation used to measure

• The late submission will result in 25% deduction.

Problem-1 (Design of a Temperature Measurement System)

Problem-2 (Temperature of a Furnace)

Problem-3 (An absolute pressure measurement)

2. What temperature does the submarine report at a depth of 1000 metres?

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