PROTECTION CONSIDERATIONS FOR

COMBUSTION GAS TURBINE STATIC

STARTING

Working Group J-2 of the Rotating Machinery Subcommittee,

Power System Relay Committee

Chairperson: Mike Reichard Vice Chairperson: Zeeky Bukhala

Members: T. Beckwith, E. Fennell, D. Finney, D. Fredrickson, J. Gardell, W. Hartmann, P. Kerrigan, P.

Kumar, D. Lukach, C. Mozina, S.C. Patel, J. Uchiyama

Abstract-- This paper was written by a Working Group of the for firing the turbine. The LCI is operated during ignition,
IEEE Power System Relaying Committee to provide guidance which takes about 2 minutes. Finally, the LCI accelerates
to the industry to better understand the Combustion Gas the machine to full speed bringing the unit up to 0.9 per
Turbine (CGT) static starting process. This paper discusses unit speed.
the static start sequences, the categories of machine grounding
used during static starting, short circuit characteristics of
synchronous machines during static starting, and protection 1.00
applications employed by the Load Commutating Inverter 0.90
(LCI) controller and generator.
0.80
Index Terms—Combustion Gas Turbine (CGT), Load 0.70
Commutating Inverter (LCI), Adjustable Speed Drive (ASD),
0.60
Speed (pu)

Volts Per Hertz (V/Hz), Direct Current (DC), Root Mean

Squared (RMS), Discrete Fourier Transformer (DFT), Acceleration
0.50
Current Transformer (CT), Voltage Transformer (VT) to Full Speed
0.40
Purge
I. INTRODUCTION 0.30
The purpose of this paper is to provide a single Coast
document that can be used to address special protection 0.20
requirements on combustion gas turbine (CGT) generators Acceleration to
0.10 Ignition
Purging Speed
employing LCI static starting. This will address
0.00
operational effects on instrument transformers and
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
protection element application, functionality, and accuracy.
Static starting of combustion gas turbines is accomplished Time (min)
by using an LCI, adjustable speed drive (ASD) system, to
motor the synchronous machine and coupled turbine. The Figure 1, Static Start Sequence – Speed vs. Time
basic LCI static starting system consists of an isolation
transformer, 6-pulse drive and controls, and isolation Figure 2 shows a plot of the static starting process stator
switches. Excitation to the field is automatically controlled voltage versus time for the example CGT. Closely
to limit stator voltage to prescribed levels to maintain controlled excitation is applied during the start up process
constant volts per hertz during the process in order to be to avoid saturation. Voltage is incrementally increased in
synchronous with LCI frequency. conjunction with speed to limit machine volts per hertz to a
Figure 1 shows a plot of the static starting process of maximum of about 0.77 pu.
speed versus time for an example CGT. The process begins
by operating the LCI to accelerate the machine from
turning gear to purge speed. It typically takes 4.5 minutes
to reach the purge speed of 0.3 per unit. Purging the
compressor takes approximately 6 minutes. Next, the LCI
is turned off and the machine allowed to coast down for
about 3 minutes to about 0.14 per unit speed in preparation
 of the circuit during starting, and uses open-delta voltage
1.00 transformers for instrumentation. The rationale for this
0.90 method is that an LCI DC-link reactor ground would
Purge saturate the neutral grounding transformer, wye-wye
0.80
grounded voltage transformers, and to a lesser degree, the
0.70 generator. The ungrounded generator and open-delta VTs
Acceleration will not provide a path to ground for DC current to flow.
Acceleration to Purge
0.60
V/Hz (pu)

to Full Speed
0.50

Coast
0.40 III. SHORT CIRCUIT CHARACTERISTICS
0.30
Generator symmetrical short circuit current at no load
0.20
Ignition can be determined by the equation:
0.10
P ⎡⎛ 1 1 ⎞ −t / T "d ⎛ 1 1 ⎞ −t / T 'd 1 ⎤
I sc rms = ⎢⎜ − ⎟e +⎜ − ⎟e + ⎥
0.00 3V ⎣⎝ X"d X ' d ⎠ ⎝ X ' d Xd ⎠ Xd ⎦
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
where; P = three-phase rated VA, V = rated line voltage,
Time (min) X”d = per unit machine subtransient reactance, T”d = field
short circuit subtransient time constant, X’d = per unit
Figure 2, Static Start Sequence – V/Hz vs. Time machine transient reactance, T’d = field short circuit
transient time constant, and Xd = per unit machine
synchronous reactance.
II. CATEGORIES OF MACHINE GROUNDING The expression 1/X”d represents 1.0 per unit voltage /
METHODS DURING STATIC START X”d per unit in the equation. However, the stator will be
subjected to less than 1.0 per unit voltage during the LCI
A. High-Resistance Grounding with neutral grounding Start sequence. Therefore, generator symmetrical short
transformer circuit current at static start can be determined by the
Grounding the neutral of a generator through a equation:
distribution transformer with a secondary resistor is ⎡⎛ Vpu Vpu ⎞ −t / T "d ⎛ Vpu Vpu ⎞ −t / T 'd Vpu⎤
I sc rms = Ibase⎢⎜ − ⎟e +⎜ − ⎟e + ⎥
common practice in North America. The resistance is ⎣⎝ X"d X ' d ⎠ ⎝ X ' d Xd ⎠ Xd ⎦
typically sized to be equal to the total phase-to-ground
The inductive reactance values will vary depending on
capacitive reactance per phase, Xc, to avoid possible
frequency (speed) during start up. Generator reactances and
damage from high transient overvoltages that can occur
time constants for a typical cylindrical rotor machine were
from ferroresonance. The neutral resistance typically limits
used for this analysis. Those were as follows:
ground fault current to 3-25A or less. If this equipment is
left in the circuit during static starting, a ground fault on X”d = 0.135 per unit
the DC link of the static starter will cause DC current to T”d = 0.03 seconds
flow in the primary of the distribution transformer with X’d = 0.215 per unit
resultant quick saturation. On saturation, the DC current T’d = 0.7 seconds
through the neutral is primarily limited by the transformer Xd = 1.91 per unit
primary resistance. The distribution transformer’s thermal Figure 3 shows a plot of the available initial RMS
capability will be exceeded if the fault is not removed. The symmetrical short circuit current versus time during the
transformer is less vulnerable than the grounded Wye PTs static starting process for the example CGT. The available
connected in the generator circuit, which have less initial RMS symmetrical short circuit current for the
capability to withstand DC. DC faults must be removed example generator at rated speed, no load is 7.41 per unit.
quickly and are detected by measuring primary DC current During the stages acceleration-to-purge, purge, ignition,
in the generator neutral. and initial acceleration-to-full speed, the speed and voltage
are controlled to maintain a constant volts per hertz level of
B. High-Resistance Grounding with neutral resistor 0.77 per unit. Thus, initial short circuit current at these
Grounding the neutral directly through a resistor is a stages is 77% of the 7.41 per unit at rated, or 5.7 per unit.
common practice outside of North America. Again, the Following the initial acceleration to full speed stage, the
object is to limit ground fault current to less than 3-25A. field will be excited to bring the generator voltage to the
DC faults are detected by measuring primary DC current in ceiling starting voltage (typically 25.6% of rated voltage).
the neutral. This voltage will be maintained while speed is increased
throughout the remainder of this stage (see Figure 1), thus
C. Ungrounded reducing the volts per hertz and available initial short
Generator static starting with the machine ungrounded is circuit current to the minimum value of 1.9 per unit seen in
conducted by design by one manufacturer to eliminate the Figure 3 at 90% speed.
possible problems caused by a DC-link fault. The design
switches the high-resistance neutral grounding scheme out
2
 measurement becomes less accurate. Figure 4 shows the
6 magnitude response of a DFT when the DFT length is
equal to the power cycle and when it is 110% of the power
Acceleration to Purge
Purge
5 cycle.
Available Initial Isc (per unit)

100
Acceleration
4 80
to Full Speed
Coast Down 60

3 40

Ignition
20

0
2
-20

-40
1
-60
Input Signal (100 samples / cycle)
-80 DFT Fundamental Magnitude (length = 100)
0 DFT Fundamental Magnitude (length = 110)
-100
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000

Time (min) Figure 4, DFT Response

A limited number of protection functions are required
Figure 3, Static Start – Available Initial RMS Symmetrical
during LCI starting such as overexcitation and overcurrent.
Short Circuit Current vs. Time
Overexcitation derives its operating signal from the voltage
magnitude and frequency. Similarly overcurrent uses the
IV. KEY PROTECTION ELEMENTS AND magnitude of the current. Some relays employ time domain
CONSIDERATIONS RMS calculations to produce the operating signals for these
CGT static starting protection encompasses three main functions. These calculations are not affected by a change
components; the isolation transformer, the LCI, and the in system frequency. Other relays adapt their phasor
generator. The isolation transformer will be protected by estimation algorithms to retain accuracy. Two approaches
traditional methods, and therefore, is not a focus of this are generally employed to produce an accurate phasor
discussion. Protection for the LCI and generator must be estimation: One approach is to adjust the sampling rate of
functional for the variable frequencies encountered during the relay in order to maintain a constant number of samples
static starting. per cycle (frequency tracking). Another approach is to
calculate the error introduced by the difference between the
A. Protection Used During Static Start DFT length and the power system cycle and to compensate
Typical generator protection may be limited during the the measured phasors for this error. Although implemented
initial starting sequence due to poor operation or non- differently, each of the three methods can produce accurate
response at low frequencies. Multifunctional digital relay results.
functions may deviate outside of specifications due to The response time of protection functions that use
inability to track the lowest frequencies. Thus, they should phasor quantities is also affected during low frequency
be evaluated for performance below their specified operation. This is due to the ramping effect of the DFT. For
frequency range. instance a particular protection function that takes 1 cycle
to operate at 60 Hz will also require 1 cycle at 6 Hz. In real
1. Low Frequency Response terms, the speed of operation is 10 times longer (166 ms) at
This section explores the aspects of low frequency 6 Hz. Protection functions with definite-time characteristics
performance of protective relays and CTs. It will conclude are further affected. A function with a definite time delay
that typical phasor measurement protective relay response of 5 cycles will take 83 ms to time-out at 60 Hz and 0.83
time will remain proportional during its operating seconds to time-out at 6 Hz.
frequency range. In addition, dynamic simulations of CT At very low frequencies the instrument transformers and
performance during initial start up and rated speed are the internal magnetics of the relay will affect the accuracy
discussed with conclusions showing expected replication at of the voltage and current measurements. During a fault the
starting frequency to be adequate for protective functions. increased magnitude and the offset in the current waveform
Many protection elements are designed to respond to the will further degrade the measurement. However, during
phasor components of the power system voltage and LCI starting, both the available fault current and the system
current. Typically, in a microprocessor-based relay, a X/R are a function of the operating frequency with the
discrete Fourier transform (DFT) calculates phasor values lowest values occurring at the lowest frequency. These
from samples of the voltage and current taken over a fixed factors act to reduce the measurement error. For example,
period of time (DFT length). The DFT produces an Figures 5 and 6 show the results of a computer simulation
accurate estimation of the fundamental component and fault at the terminals of a 38.4 MVA generator when the
rejects harmonics when taken over a full power cycle. If system frequency is 60 Hz and 18 Hz.
the DFT length does not match the power cycle then the

3
The machine was initialized at 1 pu speed and voltage for waveform and as a result no CT saturation. The phasor
the first plot and 0.3 pu speed and 0.23 pu voltage for the magnitude is decremented as expected for a synchronous
second plot. All quantities are per unit and time is in generator. Phases A and B show CT saturation (green and
seconds. A three-phase fault was applied at the machine red traces do not coincide). This causes a slight reduction
terminals and the CT primary and secondary currents were in the phasor magnitude. In the 18 Hz plots, the peak value
captured. A generic Fourier transform was used to calculate of the fault current is reduced somewhat due to the
the current phasor magnitude (shown in blue). reduction in voltage. Phase B current is relatively
symmetrical with no saturation occurring. The peak value
of the phasor magnitude is also reduced because the
instantaneous value decrements before the fourier ramps to
its ultimate value. Saturation occurs this time in phases A
and C but the degree of saturation does not differ
significantly from the 60 Hz case. In general the transient
response of the generator and its CTs are not adversely
degraded at this frequency and should not create problems
for relay settings calculations.

2. Specific Protection Applications

a. Differential
The generator is disconnected from the system and then
connected to the static starting equipment for the start up
sequence. Since the frequency will vary from very low to
rated frequency during starting, the performance of a
specific relay under low frequency conditions has to be
considered. In addition the performance of CTs under low
frequency conditions must also be considered. The
differential protection may not be effective at low
frequency or security may be an issue.
The static starter is often connected inside of the
generator differential protection zone. With this
Figure 5, 3 Phase Fault, Speed=60 Hz, Voltage=1.0 pu connection, current from the static starter will be sensed by
the neutral side generator CTs, but not the CTs on the
system side of the generator circuit breaker or disconnect
switches. This will result in some level of differential
current being sensed by the differential relay during the
static starting process. Different approaches have been
used to deal with this, including using alternate relay
settings during static startup to desensitize the differential
relay (increasing pick up) or adding CTs on the output of
the static starter to the generator differential zone. Another
approach is to block the differential relay from operating
during startup and rely on other protection, including that
provided as part of the static starter control package.
The static starter may also be connected inside the
overall differential zone. Similar approaches to dealing
with the generator differential have been used to ensure
security.
b. Phase and Ground Protection
Phase instantaneous overcurrent protection would be
applicable to detect short circuits during startup. The
pickup setting would have to be higher than the maximum
stator current seen during the startup sequence.
Ground fault protection applications will depend upon
the manufacturer. If the high-resistance grounding scheme
Figure 6, 3 Phase Fault, Speed=18 Hz, Voltage=0.23 pu remains intact during startup, then variable frequency
voltage detection across the neutral resistor and neutral dc
Note that for the 60 Hz case, in Phase C Ideal equals current detection methods could be used. If the generator is
Actual current because there is no DC offset in the

4
ungrounded during startup, then detection of ground faults
is accomplished via the LCI controls.
c. Volts per Hertz
Volts per hertz protection specific to startup operations is
required due to lower than rated stator voltages and
variable frequencies.
B. Drive Mechanism Protection
Typically a number of protective functions are provided
in the drive mechanism for Static Starting Combustion
Turbines. These functions provide for the unique
protection requirements for static starting from DC to rated
frequency levels. Analog to digital conversion of the input
currents and voltages are used in protection algorithms
within the LCI controller to protect the drive components
and machine. These input quantities are measured to detect
an alarm, fault, or abnormal operating condition and initiate
action such as an immediate shut down of the LCI starting
process.

5
 Figure 7 illustrates Drive Mechanism Protection examples of two manufacturer’s approaches. Typically some form of
Instantaneous, Inverse Time Overcurrent, and some form of Differential protection can be included. A ground fault detection
system is generally implemented in the drive system that can be an active injection system. An undervoltage and overvoltage
protection is also typically provided. Typically, drive system protection monitors input (source) and output (load) current and
voltage, along with LCI, exciter, and machine operation. In some cases Volts per Hertz protection is included to insure proper
flux levels are maintained. Supply transformer protection can also be included. Protective functions in Protective Zones 2 and 3
are accomplished by analog to digital conversion of current and voltage, then measurement by comparator against specific
standards.
Manufacturer A protection is shown on the left side of the schematic. It incorporates overcurrent and thermal protective
relays for the transformer in Protective Zone 1, and multiple protective functions in the drive control for Protective Zones 2 and
3.
Manufacturer B protection is shown on the right side of the schematic.

Source Bus
Protective Zone 1 50 Protective Zone 1
Manufacturer A: * 51N
51 Manufacturer B: *

27
59

52
SS

49
87T

37
51
37
51

Protective Zone 2 Protective Zone 2

Manufacturer A :* Manufacturer B: *
Source Overvoltage Source/Load Differential Current
Source Overcurrent
Source Reverse Phase Sequence
Source Commutation Failure
Source Phase Lock Loop
Source Current > Load Current
Load Undercurrent
Gating Supply Undervoltage Load Overcurrent

Load Overvoltage
Load Overcurrent
Load Commutation Failure
Load Phase Lock Loop

Protective Zone 3 Protective Zone 3

Manufacturer A: * Manufacturer B: *
Exciter Current Unbalance Overvoltage
Exciter Overcurrent DC Current (alarm)
Loss of Field 89
Overspeed SS
Ground Faults * - Stop LCI
Volts per Hertz Trip 52SS
Trip Excitation

Figure 7, Drive Mechanism Protection - Manufacturers A and B

6
C. Generator Protection
Figure 8 illustrates generator and GSU protection schemes for Manufacturer A. Note that during LCI Start, the generator
circuit breaker, 52, is open, and the LCI disconnect switch, 89-SS, is closed. LCI start is conducted with the generator
ungrounded and neutral grounding transformer disconnect switch 89-DS open. 87GT requires special consideration during start
up. Differential current pickup should be adjusted to accommodate the maximum LCI start current from the generator neutral
CTs.

Power
System

87 *
51 * T
TN

59 * to Aux TX
BN

52 87 *
GT

89-SS 60

LCI
*
24 27 59

81 81
O U

AVR 41

87 * 49
G

21/
51V
32 40 46

= Used in Normal Operation

89- DS
* = Used in Start Up & Normal
Operation
52 = N.O. - Start Up
89- DS N.C. - Normal Operation
59 27
N TN N.O. - Normal Operation
89- SS =
N.C. - Start Up

Figure 8, Generator Protection: Manufacturer A

7
 Figure 9 illustrates generator and GSU protection schemes for Manufacturer B. Note that during LCI Start, the generator
circuit breaker, 52, is open, and the LCI disconnect switch, 89-SS, is closed. Manufacturer B LCI start is conducted with the
generator grounded and neutral grounding transformer disconnect switch 89-DS closed. 87GT and 87T require special
consideration during start up. Differential current pickup should be adjusted to accommodate the maximum LCI start current
from the generator neutral CTs.

Power
System

51 *
TN
59 * to Aux TX
BN
87 *
52 T

87 *
GT
89-SS
*
LCI 60

24
* 27 59

81 81
O U

AVR 41
87
G
49

21 /
51 V
32 40 46 50

= Used in Normal Operation

89-DS N.C.
* = Used in Start Up & Normal
Operation
2700 Ohm; 5A, 10S
** = Used in Start Up Operation
50 **
51 52
PG = N.O. - Start Up
N.C. - Normal Operation
N.O. - Normal Operation
Precision 76 ** 89- SS =
N.C. - Start Up
Shunt GS
50PG = Ground Instantaneous Overcurrent
76GS = D.C. Overcurrent

Figure 9, Generator Protection : Manufacturer B

8
 V. SUMMARY
In closing, the topics discussed in this paper provide the protection engineer with an understanding of the Static Start process
for Combustion Turbine driven generators. The paper addresses in detail the sequence of events and starting process details.
Salient points for application consideration such as generator grounding, short circuit characteristics during static start, and key
protection elements are presented. Within protection elements considerations the following are discussed; low frequency
response of CTs and relaying, protection application, and drive mechanism protection.
Two manufacturer’s schemes are presented as examples in the paper as well as a generic protection system one-line. It is
recommended that all of these points be given careful consideration and that the static start and generator manufacturer is
included when developing the static starting protection scheme for their system due to the specific differences between one
manufacturer and another. The C37.102 “IEEE Guide for AC Generator Protection” as well as other pertinent industry guides
should be reviewed for further details.