ANALISA, METODE DAN TEKNIK 

,
PERBAIKAN DAN PERKUATAN STRUKTUR

oleh :
Dr.- Ing. Josia Irwan Rastandi, IP-U
[email protected]

Short Course HAKI Komisariat Daerah Provinsi Kalimatan Timur

Hotel Mega Lestari, Balikpapan, 11 April 2015
OUTLINE :
OUTLINE :

‐ LITERATUR / REFERENSI
‐ EVALUASI STRUKTUR
EVALUASI STRUKTUR
‐ SURFACE REPAIR
‐ PERBAIKAN DAN PERKUATAN STRUKTUR
REFERENSI PERATURAN TENTANG EVALUASI STRUKTUR BETON
I. American Concrete Institute
1 ACI 364
1. 364.1
1 R-94
R 94 (Reapproved 1999),
1999) Guide for Evaluation of Concrete
Structures Prior to Rehabilitation
2. ACI 546R-04, Concrete Repair Guide
3 ACI 562
3. 562-13
13 Code Requirements for Evaluation
Evaluation, Repair
Repair, and
Rehabilitation of Concrete Buildings (ACI 562-13) and Commentary

II British Standard
II.
BS EN 1504 Products and Systems for the protection and repair of
concrete structures – Definitions, requirements, quality
control and evaluation of conformity
BS EN 1504-1:2005 Part 1 : Definitions
BS EN 1504-2:2004 Part 2 : Surface protection systems for concrete
BS EN 1504-3:2005 Part 3 : Structural and non-structural repair
BS EN 1504-4:2004 Part 4 : Structural bonding
BS EN 1504-5:2004 Part 5 : Concrete injection
BS EN 1504-6:2006
1504 6:2006 Part 6 : Anchoring of reinforcing steel bar
BS EN 1504-7:2006 Part 7 : Reinforcement corrosion protection
BS EN 1504-8:2004 Part 8 : Quality control and evaluation of conformity
BS EN 1504-9:2008 Part 9 : General p principles
p for use of products
p and
systems
BS EN 1504-10:2003 Part 10 : Site application of products and systems
and quality control of the works
REFERENSI PERATURAN TENTANG PENGUJIAN

1. ACI 228.1R-03, In-Place Methods to Estimate Concrete Strength

2. ACI 214.4R-10,, Guide for Obtaining
g Cores and Interpreting
p g Compressive
p
Strength Results

BUKU REFERENSI

1. Woodson, R.D., Concrete Structure, Protection, Repair and Rehabilitation,

Butterworth-Heinemann, 2009
2. Emmons,P. H., Concrete Repair and Maintenance, Galgotia Publication, 2001
Flowchart Prinsip
Flowchart  Prinsip Evaluasi 
Evaluasi Struktur
Struktur

SHOULD WE REPAIR
EFFECT CAUSE REPAIR OR EVALUATE
ANALYSIS
PROTECT ?

User
Needs

Leakage Defect Design Public Safety ? Cause ? Useful Life Structural

Materials Needs
Settlement Construction Structural Effect ? Urgency
Inadeqauacy ? Effect of
Deflection Repair on
•Overloading Cost
Leakage ? Structure
•Chemical Spill
Damage
Wear •Earthquake User Technical
•Fire Effect on Constructibility
Performance
Spalling Environment ? Requirements
Emvironment
• Freeze-Thaw Use
Disintegration • Erosion Disfunction ? Safety
Deterioration • Corrosion of
Cracking Metals
• Alkali-
Alkali Aesthetics ?
Agregate
Delamination
Reaction
• Sulfate
Scaling Attact
Metode Pengujian untuk Evaluasi Struktur
Perlu Perhatian : Interaksi  Struktur dengan Lingkungan
Visual and Exploratory Investigation

• Cracking
• Surface distress
• Water leakage
• Movements
• Metal corrosion
• Miscellaneous
Locating Delaminated Concrete

• Hammer sounding
Hammer sounding
• Chain dragging
• Infrared thermography (bridge deck)
 Corrosion Activity Measurements

• Half Cell Potential Test
Half Cell Potential Test

• A  =  Kurang dari ‐300 Mv  5% probabilitas   
B  =  >300 s/d ‐600 MV  25 % probabilitas
C  =  >600 s/d ‐900Mv  50 % probabilitas
D  =  > ‐900 Mv  Tampak korosi secara visual
Chloride Content
Depth of Carbonation

Reaction among acidic gases

from the air, moisture and the
alkaline cement paste.
paste
 Carbonation Test

• Proses karbonasi, yaitu reaksi antara karbondioksida (CO2) dengan

unsur kalsium hidroksida di dalam beton ((Ca(OH)2) karena
( ) ) beton
tidak kedap udara. Ca(OH)2 + CO2  CaCO3 + H2O
• Larutan Phenoptalin (Pp) diteteskan pada sampel core drilling. 

• Yang masih bagus menjadi

warna magenta (merah
jambu). Jika beton sudah
terkena proses kimiawi
maka walaupun diteteskan
larutan Pp beton tidak akan
berubah warna.
 Petrographic Analysis

Detailed examination of concrete to 
determine the formation and 
composition of the concrete and to 
clasify
l if its type, condition and 
it t diti d
serviceability:
Freeze thaw resistance Sulfate attack
Freeze‐thaw resistance, Sulfate attack, 
Alkali‐aggregate reactivity, aggregate 
durability, carbonation
y,
Locating Voids, Cracks, Honeycomb

1. Impact Echo Test
2. Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity (UPV) Test
3. Remote Viewing
Impact Echo test
Impact Echo test
UPV Test
UPV Test
Langkah pengujian untuk mengetahui mutu beton dengan UPV Test

Tata cara pengambilan data cepat rambat dengan UPV Test diatur dalam ASTM C597
Standard Test Method for Pulse Velocity Through Concrete, sedangkan interpretasi hasil
pengukuran cepat rambat terhadap mutu beton diatur berdasarkan ACI 228.1R‐03 In‐
Place Methods to Estimate Concrete Strength, khususnya pasal 2.6 mengenai Ultrasonic
pulse velocity. Dalam pasal ini dikatakan bahwa hubungan antara kuat tekan dan cepat
rambat adalah nonlinear dan hubungan yang sesungguhnya antara kedua hal ini sangat
tergantung campuran beton itu sendiri.
sendiri Berarti hubungan antara kuat tekan beton dan
cepat rambat dari masing‐masing campuran beton kemungkinan tidak sama. Gambar
dibawah ini merupakan contoh yang diberikan oleh ACI 228.1R‐03 untuk korelasi antara
kuat tekan beton dengan cepat rambat.
 Tabel Korelasi mutu beton dengan cepat rambat
V C x fcore
NO. LOKASI CORE LOKASI UPV
m/s MPa
1 09-P-(J-J',2-2')-UI 09-P-(J-J',2-2') 3181 12.65
2 09-P-(I'-J,3"-4)-UI 09-P-(I'-J,3"-4) 3613 14.78
3 09-P-(F-F',2-2')-UI 09-P-(F-F',2-2') 2821 12.08
4 10-P-(H'-I,3"-4)-UI 10-P-(H'-I,3"-4) 2642 7.65
5 10-P-(H'-I,2-2')-UI 10-P-(H'-I,2-2') 1962 6.89
6 10-P-(J'-K,1'-1")-UI 10-P-(J'-K,1'-1") 2393 5.94
7 10-P-(G'-H,3'-3")-UI 10-P-(G'-H,3'-3") 3161 10.08
8 10-P-(G-G',2'-2")-UI 10-P-(G-G',2'-2") 2984 7.76
9 10-P-(D'-E,4'-4")-UI 10-P-(D'-E,4'-4") 3091 11.60
10 10-P-(D'-E,3-3')-UI 10-P-(D'-E,3-3') 3490 12.07

KORELASI MUTU BETON DENGAN CEPAT RAMBAT

22.00
20.00 0 000002 2 ‐ 0.006041x + 10.730061
y = 0.000002x 0 006041 10 730061
R² = 0.711100
18.00
16.00
14.00
f core (MPa)

12.00
10.00
8.00
6.00
4.00
2.00
0.00
0 00
1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000
Velocity (m/s)
Remote viewing
Locating Embedded Reinforcing Steel

• Covermeter Test
Covermeter Test
Monitoring Movements

Monitoring cracks:
• Optical comparitors
p
• Glue Glass Strips
• Glue in‐place crack 
gauge
• Electrical Transducers
• Extensometers
E t t
Bond Strength of Overlays and Coatings: Pull‐
Bond Strength of Overlays and Coatings: Pull‐off Testing
In Situ Compressive Strength: Rebound and 
Penetration Methods
Core Drill Test
• Pengambilan benda uji beton pada beberapa elemen struktur
(dibatasi)
• Crushingg test
• Didapat kuat tekan beton
 EXISTING CONCRETE 
STRENGTH EVALUATION
Berdasarkan SNI 2847:2013 pasal 5.6.5.5, dikatakan bahwa jika kriteria
nilai rata‐rata
rata rata 85% fc’ tidak terpenuhi atau adanya nilai individu yang
lebih kecil dari 75% fc’, maka harus dilakukan tindakan sesuai dengan
pasal 20 dari peraturan ini.

SNI 2847:2013 Persyaratan Beton Struktural untuk Bangunan Gedung,

dalam Prakata‐nya secara tertulis menyatakan bahwa standar ini
mengacu pada ACI 318M‐11 Building Code Requirements for Structural
Concrete. Modifikasi yang dilakukan berupa penambahan daftar definisi
pada p
p pasal 2.2. Pada kenyataannya
y y memangg SNI 2847:2013 ini
merupakan terjemahan dari ACI 318M‐11 dengan sedikit penyesuaian.

American Concrete Institute (ACI) sendiri telah menerbitkan versi ACI

318M‐11 yang dilengkapi dengan commentary atau penjelasannya.
Adalah logis dan sudah seharusnya, jika kita menemukan hal‐hal yang
kurang jelas atau perlu penjelasan lebih lanjut mengenai SNI 2847:2013,
2847:2013
maka kita melihat kepada sumber dari SNI ini, yaitu ACI 318M‐11
beserta dengan penjelasannya.
Mac Gregor, Reinforced Concrete, Mechanic and Design, 6th. Ed. :
R. Park & T. Paulay, Reinforced Concrete Structure, 1975 :
Pada bab 9, ACI 214.4R‐10 dijelaskan bahwa mutu beton
eksisting dapat dihitung dari persamaan :

fc=Fl/d Fdia Fmc Fd fcore

dimana fc adalah equivalent in‐place strength; fcore adalah

core strength; dan strength correction factor Fl/d , Fdia
di dan Fmc
adalah faktor koreksi untuk memperhitungkan efek dari rasio
l/d, diameter dan moisture content/kelembaban. Faktor Fd
dimaksudkan untuk memperhitungkan damage/kerusakan
yang timbul selama proses drilling, termasuk didalamnya
microcracking permukaan
microcracking, perm kaan benda ujiji yang
ang tidak sempurna
semp rna
adanya kemungkinan agegat kasar yang terpotong dan lepas
ketika proses uji tekan.
Dalam tabel 10, yang diambil dari tabel 9.1 ACI 214.4R‐10,
menampilkan nilai factor koreksi dalam persamaan 2
tersebut.
 f diameter l/d F l/d F dia F mc Fd fc average f c
NO LOKASI (fc - ave fc)2
(Mpa) (mm) (1 / Mpa) (Mpa) (Mpa)

1 10‐P‐(D'‐E,3‐3')‐UI 12.57 68.00 1.50 0.93 0.96 1.06 1.06 12.62 9.59
2 10‐P‐(D'‐E,4'‐4")‐UI 12.08 68.00 1.50 0.93 0.96 1.06 1.06 12.13 6.76
3 10 P (G G' 2' 2") UI
10‐P‐(G‐G',2'‐2")‐UI 8 08
8.08 68 00
68.00 1 50
1.50 0 93
0.93 0 96
0.96 1 06
1.06 1 06
1.06 8 10
8.10 2 02
2.02
4 10‐P‐(G'‐H,3'‐3")‐UI 11.59 68.00 1.00 0.86 0.96 1.06 1.06 10.76 1.53
5 10‐P‐(H'‐I,2‐2')‐UI 7.18 68.00 1.50 0.93 0.96 1.06 1.06 7.20 5.42
6 10‐P‐(H'‐I,3"‐4)‐UI 7.97 68.00 1.50 0.93 0.96 1.06 1.06 7.99 2.34
7 10‐P‐(J'‐K,1'‐1")‐UI 6.19 68.00 1.50 0.93 0.96 1.06 1.06 6.21 11.02
8 10‐P‐(G'‐h
10 P (G h,3 3‐3')‐TRI
3 ) TRI 8 40
8.40 69 00
69.00 1 51
1.51 0 93
0.93 0 96
0.96 1 06
1.06 1 06
1.06 8 43
8.43 1 20
1.20
9 10‐P‐(H‐H',2‐2')‐TAR 6.88 75.00 1.80 0.97 0.96 1.06 1.06 7.21 5.34
10 10‐P‐(H‐H',3"‐4)‐TAR 6.20 75.00 1.73 0.96 0.96 1.06 1.06 6.44 9.53
11 10‐P‐(F‐F',4'‐4")‐TAR 5.70 75.00 1.47 0.92 0.96 1.06 1.06 5.69 14.72
12 10‐P‐(J'‐K,1'‐1")‐TAR 8.78 75.00 2.00 1.00 0.96 1.06 1.06 9.47 0.00
13 ( , )
10‐P‐(K'‐K',3"‐4)‐TAR 9.21 75.00 1.93 0.99 0.96 1.06 1.06 9.84 0.10
14 10‐B‐(D‐E,1') 8.65 1.00 0.96 1.06 1.06 9.33 0.04
15 10‐B‐(G‐H,3) 9.14 1.00 0.96 1.06 1.06 9.86 0.11
16 10‐B‐(G‐H,4') 9.56 1.00 0.96 1.06 1.06 10.31 0.62
17 10‐B‐(K‐L,1') 10.62 1.00 0.96 1.06 1.06 11.45 3.71
18 10‐B‐(K‐L,2) 6.65 1.00 0.96 1.06 1.06 7.18 5.51
19 10‐B‐(L,3‐4) 13.30 1.00 0.96 1.06 1.06 14.34 23.20
20 10‐P‐(E‐F,4'‐5) 8.85 1.00 0.96 1.06 1.06 9.54 0.00
21 10‐P‐(H‐I,2‐3) 12.67 1.00 0.96 1.06 1.06 13.67 17.17
22 10‐P‐(J‐K,1‐2) 10.91 1.00 0.96 1.06 1.06 11.77 9.52 5.04
 124.99

n = 22.00 V l/d = 0.00 K = 1.51 f 0.10 = 5.8

sc  = 2.44 V dia = 0.06 Z =  0.67 fc'eq1 = 5.8
sa  = 0.66 V mc = 0.03 T = 0.69 (fc) CL = 9.0
so = 2.53 Vd=
V  0.03 C=
C  0.83 fc'eq2 =
fc 7.4
SURFACE REPAIR
ANALYSIS STRATEGY & DESIGN
ANALYSIS, STRATEGY & DESIGN
Anatomy of surface repair
STRUCTURAL NEEDS

It is important to
analysis all
possible stress in
repair material
and at interface
between the
repair and the
existingg structure
TYPE OF STRESS ACTING ON REPAIRS (1)
TYPE OF STRESS ACTING ON REPAIRS (1)

Checklist possible forces acting to the 
repair

• Structural forces (Internal)
• Static concentrated loads (External)
Static concentrated loads (External)
• Moving Load (Horizontal and Vertikal)
• Impact load
• Temperature Expansion
Temperature Expansion
• Temperature Contraction
• Thermal Shock Expansion
• Thermal Shock Contraction
• Internal Moisture Expansion
• Internal Moisture Contaction
• Concentrated strain (reflective 
cracking)
Each of the above force can act as one or 
in combination
Performance requirement example (1)
Performance requirement example 
Performance requirement example (2)
(2)
 Performance requirement example 
Performance requirement example (3)
(3)

Repair performance req.
Repair performance req. 1. Provide protection of embedded reinf.
1. Provide protection of embedded reinf. 2. Aestheticall pleasing
2 Aestheticall
2. A th ti ll pleasing
l i 3. Will not come loose form substrate
f
3. Will not come loose form substrate 4. Will carry structural load from railing 
system
 Performance requirement example 
Performance requirement example (4)
(4)

Repair performance req. Repair performance req.
Repair performance req
1. Provide protection of embedded reinf. 1. Provide protection of embedded reinf.
2. Aestheticall pleasing 2. Aestheticall pleasing
3. Will not come loose form substrate 3 Will not come loose form substrate
3. Will not come loose form substrate
4. Will carry portion of compressive load
Colum repair

Prochedure for placing in repair  
material :
t i l
1. Remove loads from member 
by appropriate shoring and 
jacking during repair
jacking during repair 
procedure and maturity of 
repair materials
2 Select extremely low dryng
2. Select extremely low dryng
shrinkage repair material 
3. Select repair material with 
low creep values over
low creep values over 
anticipated environmental 
conditions
4. Select repair materials with 
p
compatible stress‐strain (E) 
relationship to the existing 
structure
Flexural member repair (1)

Significant section loss

may result ini overstress
and excessive
deflection. Removal of
loads duringg repair p
operations allow repair
to carry the expected
proportion of the load
Flexural member repair (2)
Flexural member repair  (2)

Deterioration in tension zones of

flexural members exposes tensile
reinforcement. Most, if not all,
tension is carried by the reinforcing
steel. Loads do not usually
redistribute around the deteriorated
area unless the tension steel has loas
cross‐section
cross section in corrosion process.
process If
the steel hasl lost section, excessive
deflection may result. During the
repair process, relief tension load is
desirable and is usually accomplished
by temporary support of the affected
member. Active shorring will allow
for repair of damaged reinforcing
bars at a low stress lever
Repair Problem
Strategies

Strategy 1
• Place durable repair material of quality somewhat better than existing
• Place reinforcement steel protective system
Strategy 2
• Place durable repair material of quality somewhat higher better than existing
• Protective surface seler, membrane, coating on surface
Strategy 3
• Place enchanced repair material of a quality significantl higher than original
Strategy 4
gy
• Place enchanced repair material of a significantly higher than the original.
• Place protective sealer, membrane, coating on surface

Strategy 5
St t 5
• Place enchanced repair material of a significantly higher than the original.
• Place protective sealer, membrane, coating on surface
g p y
• Place reinforcing steel protective system
MATERIAL REQUIREMENTS
MATERIAL REQUIREMENTS
ESTABLISHING MATERIAL PROPERTIES

Selecting repair material that will successfully perform under 
anticipated service dan exposure condition requires an understanding 
anticipated service dan exposure condition requires an understanding
of how the service and exposure condition affect the repaired 
member
Load‐‐carrying properties
Load
Service/Exposure properties
External loads/properties
Constructibility & 
& Apperance
Apperance properties
Volume change effect
Summary of volume change mechanisms
Volume change effects

Dry shrinkage process

1. Repair materials with dryng shrinkage will
contract in volume if unrestrained
2. Dryng shrinkage takes tim, most of shrinkage will
take place ini the first 30 days
3. Repair materials l are no free
f to shrink
h k because
b
they are bonded to an existing substrate
4. Since the shrinkage (strain) is restrained from
occurring by by substrate, the repair material will
accumulate internal tensil stress
5. The repair material has no tensile strength when
first placed, but begins to increase tensile
strengthh as theh material
i l matures
6. As the repair material is stretched (tensile stress)
it also relaxed from tensile creep factors reducing
the tensile stress to a net tensil stress
7. The process ia a “horse car” between the tensile
capacity of the repair material an the net tensile
stress exceeds the tensile capacity, the repair
material
i l will
ill lose
l th
h race andd crackk
Shrinkage test result
 Selecting low shrinkage material

Recommendations for reducing 
d f d
dryng shrinkage of surface repair 
material
• Use mixes with maximum 
U i ith i
aggregate content
• Use clean, sound aggregates
• Use aggregate size as large as 
Use aggregate size as large as
practical
• Avoid condition the increase 
water demand
water demand
• Use minimum required 
cement contents to meet 
strength requirement
strength requirement
• Use proper wet curing 
techniques that allow for 
The effects of various water/cement/aggregate 
/ / gg g optimum
p aggregate
gg g ladingg
ratios on shrinkage
MATERIAL SELECTION
MATERIAL SELECTION
Summary of repair and overlay materials
Summary of repair and overlay 
Summary of repair and overlay materials (2)
materials (2)
Repair Material Ingredients
SURFACE PREPARATION
 Introduction to surface preparation

Surface repair involves the process of conditioning the existing concrete to receive 
repair materials. Conditioning is required to removed deteriorated, contaminated, 
or damaged concrete to provide surface that will promote bonding of the repair 
materials. The surface preparation process is one of the most critical phases of site 
work.
General surface preparation procedure
Step 1
Locate area to be repaired. Hammer sounding or 
chain drag are used when locating delamination. 
Design and install temporary support system prior
Design and install temporary support system prior 
to any concrete removals

Step 2
Remove deterioratd concrete using acceptable methods.

Step 3
Prepare surface repair boundaries to prevent feather edge 
conditions Geometr of bo ndaries sho ld minimi e edge
conditions. Geometry of boundaries should minimize edge 
length. Shortcrete may require some modification to squared 
edge (ACI 506R‐90)

Step 4
Clean the surface of the exposed reinforcing steel and 
concrete. Surface cleaning is critical to achieve an adequate 
g q
bond between the repair and existing concrete
Surface preparation (2)

When Corroded Reinforcement in Encountered
Recommended layout of surface repairs

Deterioration of concrete
surfaces generally in not
uniform. Area requiring
repair should be modified to
provide
id fo
f simple
i l layout.
l t The
Th
layouts should be designed
to reduce boundary edge
length Excessive or complex
length.
edge conditions result in
shrinkage stress
concentrations and cracking.
cracking
If using sawcutting as a
method for edge
conditioning. Keep in mind
that saws cut straight and
that, at turns. The saw may
be required
q to overcut
Recomende removing geometry
Conrete removal Methods: Partial Depth (1)
Pneumatic Chipping Hammer
The 15# to 30# class chipping hammer are the most
common removal tools to surface repair.
repair The 15#
hammer is light enough for use on vertical and
overhead surface. Chipping points are used for
general removals.
removals Hammer larger than 30# can
damage encountered reinforcing steel and should be
avoided for partial depth removal. Electric and
hydrolic
y chipper
pp are also availabe

Hydro Removal
High pressure waterpressire warer projected on
affected concrete surface effectively removes
concrete. Water removal do not damage reinforced
steel.
steel
Conrete removal Methods: Partial 
removal Methods: Partial Depth (2)
Depth (2)

Pneumatic Scabbler
Pneumatic scabblers utilize reciprocating bushing
tools
l hitting
hi i the h concrete surface.
f Af
After each
h hit,
hi
small amounts of concrete are removed.
Pneumatic scabblers are effective tools for
removing up to ¼” (6.4 (6 4 mm) of surfaces for
preparation of overlayments. When using
pneumatic scabblers, caution should be exercised
to avoid bruising of the concrete surface
Rotary Milling Machine
Milling machines are available in all sizes for
varying field situations.
situations Most utilize carbid
carbid‐
mounte tips on a rotary drum. The drum rotates,
causing the carbid chip away at concrete surface.
Milling is generally used for removing concrete
surface in preparation for an overlay. Milling can
only be used for removal of concrete down to the
top
p surface of reinforcingg steel
Concrete Removal Methods : Full depth (1)

Hand Held Pneumatic Breakers
Hand Held Pneumatic Breakers
Hand held breakes 30# to 90# Class are 
effective tools for concrete removal. 
Care must be taken not to damage g
reinforcing steel that may be 
encountered
Pneumatic/Hydroulic mounted Breaker
Mounted breakers are effective high‐
volume removal tools. They are 
generally found on backhoes, skid steer 
loader and remote‐controlled robots. 
When using breakers, caution should 
be exercised to avoid bruising of 
concrete suface
Concrete Removal Methods : Full depth (2)
Concrete Removal Methods : Full depth (2)

Splitters
p
Splitter are tools used to facture
concrete into easily removable debris.
Splitters are available in three types :
hydraulic wedges, fluid pressure,
expansive cement. The most common
area hydraulic wedges an expasinve
cement.
Hydro Demolotion
Hydro demolotion equipment utilizes
high pressure water (138 sampai 2760
Mpa) projected on the concrete
surface. Full depth removals with this
equipment
i t can effective
ff ti on thin
thi slab
l b
REINFORCING STEEL CLEANING, 
REPAIR & PROTECTION
REPAIR & PROTECTION
General Procedure
Step 2.1
Exposed corroded reinforcing steel encountered in the repair process requires 
concrete to be removed around the full circumference of the bar This allow
concrete to be removed around the full circumference of the bar. This allow 
the reinforcing bar to be cleaned and allows a uniform material to be placed 
around it
Step 4.1
Step 41
Heavy oxides or other bond‐inhibiting material must be removed by any 
acceptable cleaning method

Step 4.5
Bars damaged during removal operations or with critical section loss may 
require repair of replacement
require repair of replacement

Step 5.1
In Certain situations, special coating may be applied to add additional 
protection to reinforcing bars
Reinforcing steel repair (from section loss)
 Reinforcing Steel Cleaning (1)

Needle Scalers
Needle scalers are pneumatic tools utilizing 
a group of small diameter steel rods 
powered bay internal piston. The steel rod  High pressure water cleaning
hit the intended surface, causing removal  High pressure water (20.7 until 69 Mpa) cleans 
of surface material. Needle scalers are  concrete and steel surfaces removing
concrete and steel surfaces, removing 
effective tools for removal of oxide layers,  unsound materials. Water mixed with sand 
as well as for surface cleaing of small areas  cleans faster and results in a roughened 
of concrete
f surface which will promote a better bond with
surface which will promote a better bond with 
coating or with repair materials
Reinforcing Steel Cleaning (2)
Reinforcing Steel Cleaning (2)

Abrasive blast Cleaning

Abrasive mixed with pressurized air and
projected through a nozzle are the best
method of providing steel or concrete
surfaces with a clean profiled surface.
Airborne debrist (clust) in an
environmental concern when using this
method.
th d Water
W t can be b injected
i j t d att the
th
nozzle to reduce dust in this process
Abrasive blast Cleaning
A power wire brush is an effective tool for
removing unwanted oxide from steel
surfaces, wire brushing ia a very slow and
ineffective operation whe rebar has to be
cleaned on the back side
Reinforced Steel Protection

Alkaline Slurry Coating: Like uncarbonated
concreted, alkaline slurry coating protect the 
reinforcement form corrosion

Cathodic Protection/Sacrificial anode: protecting 
bars from corrosion can be accomplished by 
coating them with a sacrificial metal Zinc is the
coating them with a sacrificial metal. Zinc is the 
metal commonly used for this purpose

Encapsulation : Insulation the bar from electrical 
current in surrounding concrete can be 
accomplished by encapsulating the bar with epoxy.

Cathodic Protection/Impressed current : protecting 
bars from corrosion ca be accomplhished bay 
reversing the electrical current flow.
BONDING REPAIR MATERIALS TO 
EXISTING CONCRETE
EXISTING CONCRETE
INTORDUCTION TO BONDING
MEASURING BOND STRENGTH
Evaluating bond strength
GENERAL PROCEDURES (1)
Step 2.0
Surfaces of existing concrete expected to receive the repair material
must be sound, clean, free of bond inhibiting material. And ideal
sound surface in one adequate compressive strength, free of any
defects, with aggregate to cement

Step 2.01
After initial removals, surfaces should be sounded for delaminations
and voids

Step 2.02
Any concrete areas found to be un‐sound should be re‐chipped

General :
Existing concrete surfaces need to be
roughened to a profile necessary to
achieve mechanical interlock
GENERAL PROCEDURES (2)
GENERAL PROCEDURES (2)
Step 4 General
The surface of existing concrete must have an open pore structure. The absorption 
of the repair material into the substrate’ss pore structure ia
of the repair material into the substrate pore structure ia a critical bonding 
a critical bonding
mechanism. If pore structure is clogged with dust, slurry of water, the absorption 
process will be hindered, and bond strengths reduced
Step 4 
Step 4
Desirable results ini opening the pore structure can be achieved using of the 
following methods :
• Sandblasting
• Abrasive blasting
• Hydroblasting
• Combination of abrasives and water
• Vacum
Step 5
The moisture level of the substrate may be critical 
to achieving bond. An excessively dry substrate
to achieving bond. An excessively dry substrate 
may absorb to much water for repair material. This 
will result ini excessive shrinkage
GENERAL PROCEDURES (3)
GENERAL PROCEDURES (3)
Step 5.2 
The repair material must contain a sufficient amount of fluid paste 
for absorption into the open pores structure of the substrate. In 
some cases, a separate bonding agent is used. 

Step 6
The surface repair material should be installed in a manner which 
produces intimate contact between the new and the old at the 
bond line. 

Step 7
Making sure that all necessary steps fo
achieving
hi i adequate
d b di
bonding are taken,
k a
pull of test can be performed to monitor the
tensile bond strength between repair and
substrate
Bond Agents

Adequate bonding agent can be achieved 
by placing repair material directly against 
properly preapared substrate. There are 
special conditions when bonding agents 
are used. Three main type of bonding 
agents are frequently used :
Cement‐based slurries, epoxies, and latex 
emulsions.
L
Latex bonding agents must meet the 
b di h
requirement of ASTM C 1059. 
manufacturer’s instructions should be 
strictly followed when using latex 
t i tl f ll d h i l t
products because not all compatible with 
concrete
The epoxy product must meet
The epoxy product must meet 
requirement of ASTM C881 “Epoxy‐Resin 
based bonding systems for concrete”
PLACEMENT METHOD
Dry packing
Dry packing is a method placing zero‐slump, or 
near zerp‐slump, mortar or concrete, by 
ramming, into surface cavities. The consistency 
i i t f iti Th it
of dry pack mortar must be such that it can be 
molded into a ball with out excessive bleeding. 
Compaction densifies the mortar and provides 
Compaction densifies the mortar and provides
the necessary intimate contack with the 
existing concrete for achieving bond. Dry 
packing techniques can be used in all
packing techniques can be used in all 
locations: overhead, vertical and flat. Best 
application are generally small cavities such as 
tie holes small areas of surface honeycomb or
tie holes, small areas of surface honeycomb, or 
rib bottoms
End dry pack mortar repair is placed in layers. 
p
Compaction is achieved with a hardwood stick 
to prevent polishing of the surfac3e. Curing is 
accomplished with a continuous 7‐day moist 
cure 
Form and Cast‐‐in
Form and Cast in‐‐place

Consolidation of the repair material

is accomplished with on of following
techniques :
• The repair material is formulated
to be extremelyy flowable and
selft consolidating, or..
• The material is placed into top of
form and free falls into the
prepared cavity where
conventional internal vibrators
are used, or..
• Rodding of the repair material
from an access point in the
formwork, or...
• External
E l vibration
ib i off formwork
f k
Form and pump
Form and pump technique offers manya advantages to
alternative technique, such as shotcrete, hand‐placement,
and preplaced aggregate. Advantage include :
• The h use off almost
l any repair
i material‐form
i lf fi grained
fine i d
mortars to coarse aggregate concrete, including polymers
and hiydorlic cement material
• Placement in not limited by depth of repair or bya sixe or
density exposed reinforcement
• Repair material are premixed and placed to provide
uniform cross section without segregation of
i
intermediate
di b d line
bond li
• The process does not depend on fighting the forces of
gravity, all materials are supported by formwork during
placement and curingg p
p process
• The pressurization process consolidateds the repair
material, providing for full encapsulation of exposed
reinforced steel
• The
Th formwork
f k protect
t t the
th repair
i material
t i l during
d i th
the
curing process
• The process is less subject to individual operator error
• Q Qualityy assurance of the in‐place
p repair
p is easier to
provide
Form Preplaced Aggregate

Grouted preplaced
aggregate is i a two‐step
process. The first step
involves aggreagates
placement into the cavity
during the erection of
formwork. The aggregate
is gap‐graded
gap graded and washed
of all fines. The void ratios
of the cavity, ranges from
40‐50%
40 50%. The second step
involves pumping a highly
flowable grout through
the formwork and into the
preplaced aggregate
Dry Mix Shotcrete
Dry Mix Shotcrete

The material is conveyed through the hose with compressed air to a nozzle 
which is outfitted with a water ring where additional waters is mixed with the 
binder and aggregates. The mix is jetted from the nozzle at high velocity onto 
prepared concrete surfaces.
Wet Mix Shotcrete
Wet Mix  Shotcrete

With mix shotcrete is a

method that involves
premixing of all
ingredients (except
accelarators) including
binder, aggregates,
admixture, and mixing
water. The premixing
repair materiall are
deposited into a pump or
pressure vessel which
t
transport
t the
th materials
t i l to t
an exit nozzel., where
compressed air is
introduced
Full Depth Repair
Hand‐‐Applied
Hand
TECHNIQUES & D
& DESIGN
CONSIDERATIONS
1. Techniques/Design Considerations
BEAM SHEAR
STRENGTHENING
1. Techniques/Design Considerations
1. Techniques/Design Considerations
Passive and Active Strengthening
Material Behavior
Attachment of Steel to Concrete
2. Shear Strengthening
2. Shear Strengthening
Internally Placed Passive Shear Strengthening
Internally Placed Passive Shear Strengthening
External Post‐
External Post‐Tensioned Straps
SHEAR TRANSFER STRENGTHENING
BETWEEN MEMBERS
Shear Transfer Strengthening Between Members
Dowel Shear Device
Drilled Hole Shear Transfer Device
Grouted Subgrade
Cantelivered Shear Arm
STRESS REDUCTION
TECHNIQUES
Installing New Expansion Joint in Continuous Concrete 
Frame
Lateral Ground Movement Isolation (Seismic Isolation)
COLUMN STRENGTHENING
Column Compressive Strengthening by Section 
Enlargement
Shear Capacity Strengthening using Shear Collars
Beam‐‐Column Moment Capacity Strengthening
Beam
Confinement Strengthening
FLEXURAL STRENGTHENING
FLEXURAL STRENGTHENING
SUMMARY OF METHOD (BEAM AND SLAB FLEXURAL 
STRENGTHENING)
EXTERNAL POST‐‐TENSIONED REINFORCEMENT
EXTERNAL POST
SPAN SHORTENING TECHNIQUES
Bonded Steel Plate Reinforcement
Correction of deflection member of bonded steel 
plate
CONCRETE OVERLAY
WALL STRENGTHENING
CONNECTION STABILIZATION AND 
STRENGTHENING
Reconstuction of 
of Underdesigned
Underdesigned or Nonfunctioning 
Corbel
Externally Mounted 
Externally Mounted Compression Struts
Compression Struts
Externally Mounted Bearing Assembly
Understanding crack movement (1)
Understanding crack movement (2)
Understanding crack  movement (2)
Cause/Effect Design Errors

Epoxy Injection of corrotion induced 
Crack

A common mistake mad in repair of

crack caused be rebar corrotion is
the use of epoxy pressure injection.
Very few of these repair jobs
provedd to
t the
th problem,
bl b
because th
the
corrosion process continues
Quality Control

Rebonding of fractured concrete

using adhesive
Pulse velocity measurements provide
a quick and effective quality
assurance method for determining
penetration of the adhesive into the
fracture. The velocity meter is
calibrated
lib t d on a non‐fractured
f t d section
ti
of concrete
Techniques for placing adhesives into fracture 
concrete
TERIMA KASIH