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REVIEW PAPER ON SEISMIC RETROFITTING OF STRUCTURES

Kirtika Gupta1 , Abhishek Kumar2, Mohd. Afaque Khan3
1Post Graduate Student, Structural Engineering, Babu Banarasi Das University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India.
2 Head of Dept, Dept. of Civil Engg. BBDNIIT , Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India.
3Assistant Professor, Dept. of Civil Engg. Babu Banarasi Das University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India

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Abstract – Earthquake around the world are single-handedly 2. Confinement with external steel caging techniques.
responsible for the destruction to life and property in large 3. Confinement with ferrocement.
numbers. In order to mitigate such hazards, it is important to In comparison to the above, retrofitting Shear wall
incorporate norms that will enhance the seismic performance techniques have opened new possibilities of effective
of structures. This paper represents the change of Reinforced structural upgradation.
concrete structural components which are found to exhibit
distress because of earthquake loading . Such unserviceable 2. Literature Review
structures require immediate attention. And it was done by
using the shear wall mechanism in the software .It can be used Yogendra Singh (2003)1 large number of existing buildings
as a seismic retrofitting technique because it can be applied in India is severely deficient against earthquake forces and
quickly to the surface of the damaged element without the the number of such buildings is growing very rapidly. This
requirement of any special bonding material and also it has been highlighted in the past earthquake. Retrofitting of
requires less skilled labor, as compared to other retrofitting any existing building is a complex task and requires skill,
solutions presently existing. It was determined that load retrofitting of RC buildings is particularly challenging due to
carrying capacity for beam-column joint retrofitted with shear complex behavior of the RC composite material. The
wall is increased. In this paper we use analytical approach. In behavior of the buildings during earthquake depends not
this we use stadd pro v8i software. only on the size of the members and amount of
Key Words: Shear wall, reinforced concrete, Seismic reinforcement, but to a great extent on the placing and
Retrofitting, Retrofitted, Bonding and beam-column, stadd detailing of the reinforcement. The construction practices in
prov8i. India result in severe construction defects, which make the
task of retrofitting even more difficult. Step to step
1. Introduction procedure given below-
• Setting of goals and performance level of building and
estimation of seismic hazard.
Seismic retrofitting is the modification of existing structures
• Systematic visual inspection and study of available drawing
to make them more resistant to seismic activity, ground
and documents.
motion, or soil failure due to earthquakes. This goal maybe
•In situ investigation for strength and degradation of
achieved by adopting one of the following strategies like By
material and preparation of as built drawing.
reducing the seismic demands on members and the
• Identify deficiencies and scheme for detailed investigation.
structures as a whole, By increasing the member capacities
• Detailed evaluation of strength, ductility, deterioration.
Stiffness, strength and ductility are the basic seismic
• Design of Retrofitting scheme based on evaluated
response parameters taken into consideration while
deficiencies.
retrofitting. However, the choice of the technique to be
• Evaluation of Retrofitted building.
applied depends on locally available materials and
technologies, cost considerations, duration of the works and
architectural, functional and aesthetic Sudhir k. Jain(2002)2 In this paper the Concept of
considerations/restrictions. Seismic retrofitting schemes can pushover analysis that is becoming a famous tool in the
be either global or local, based on how many members of the profession for design of new structure, seismic evaluation of
structures they are used for. Global (Structural level) Retrofit existing buildings and developing appropriate strategy for
methods include conventional methods (increase seismic seismic retrofitting of structure. It is shown how this
resistance of existing structures) or non-conventional Analytical technique can be useful in deciding seismic
methods (reduction of seismic demand) retrofitting strategy and techniques.
Jacketing construction is the most preferred method of
retrofitting that can be applied by the following Lakshmanan D(2006)3 In this Pushover analysis of the
structures done by SAP 2000.Sap 2000 evaluating the
techniques:
various repair strategies for improvement of the seismic
1. Confinement with fibre reinforced polymers such as
performance of RC structures are given. The behaviors of
aramid fibres, carbon fibres and glass fiber reinforced
repaired beams of beam column joints are discussed. It is
composite.
observed that inherent deficiencies in the detailing of the
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 International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395 -0056
Volume: 04 Issue: 04 | Apr -2017 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072

beam-column joints get reflect even after repair, though the design objectives and desired performance levels. As the
performance factors indicate significant improvement. Two performance-based design paradigm become more
of the logical extensions show that the repair would not be accepted for new structures, seismic retrofitting and
as effective in these cases. rehabilitation methods have been affected by this concept.
Consequently, retrofitting procedures could be selected
Giuseppe Oliveto And Massimo Marletta (2005)4 and applied so that the performance objective of the
considered the retrofitting of buildings vulnerable to retrofit depends upon the importance of the structure and
earthquakes and briefly described the main traditional and the desired structural performance during a seismic event
innovative methods of seismic retrofitting. Among all the with a particular recurrence interval.
methods of seismic retrofitting, particular attention was
devoted to the method which was based on stiffness Abdullah and Takiguchi (2003)9 Investigated the
reduction. This method was carried out in practice by square columns using both square and circular ferrocement
application of the concept of springs in series, which lead in simultaneously under compressive and cyclic loading. For
fact to base isolation. One of the two springs in series the study three types of columns were considered Three
represented the structure and the other represented the columns, designated as CJ-AL10-6L, CJAL15- 6L, and CJ-
base isolation system. The enhanced resistance of the AL20-6L were tested under different axial loads after being
buildings to the design earthquake clearly showed the strengthened 13 with circular ferrocement jackets
effectiveness of the method, while a generally improved containing six layers of wire mesh. Specimen CJAL15- 6/3L,
seismic performance also emerged from the application. strengthened with reduced number of layers of wire mesh
for the centre portion, was tested to investigate the behavior
Abhijit mukherjee and amit r. Kalyani (2004)5 This and strength of the important practical aspect of
paper introduces a method of design of structural strengthening RC column with ferrocement. Two reference
upgradation using FRC and discusses the design of columns, SJ-AL15-4L and SJAL15-6L, were strengthened
enhancement of RCC elements with FRC, a strategy of with square ferrocement jackets, with four and six layers of
upgradation of RCC frames and use of the developed strategy wire mesh, respectively, before tested to their failure to
of upgradation for retrofitting of RCC frames based on study the effects of different shapes of jacketing on lateral
Capacity Spectrum Method. load–displacement response. Each of the reference columns
was reinforced with 12 deformed D-6 bars distributed
Sarvesh Kumar Jain(2003)6 In this paper main focus evenly around the perimeter of the column cross-section.
on functioning of a building during retrofit work in a Smooth R-2 (diameter¼2mm) bars were used as transverse
progress. Mainly we see conventional method of reinforcement spaced at 50 mm.
Retrofitting often requires restricting the use of the
building during retrofit. In the paper briefly prevailing Shailesh Agrawal and Ajay Chourasia (2003)10
retrofit methods without affecting their daily functioning. performed the nonlinear static analysis of RC building using
Their some techniques used which are given below pushover approach before and after retrofitting. The
Sheet jacketing comparison of strength parameters and pushover curve
Strand jacketing indicated that there was increase in ductility. As regards to
Panel jacketing stiffness of the building, it was seen that it remains more or
Dampers less same up to linear stage, while in nonlinear stage every
Wall type viscous damper point increased both in capacity and the deformation after
retrofitting. The strength of the building was correlated with
Pranab Agarwal,Siddhartha Gupta,Ankur Kataria base shear, the net enhancement in strength after
and Pratima Rani Bose(2003)7 Normally jacketing is retrofitting.
provided according to experience . In this paper suggest an
effective analytical procedure for the purpose of jacketing. M C Griffith And A V Pinto(2000)11 have investigated
Standard codal provision for column design has utilized to the specific details of a 4-storey, 3-bay reinforced concrete
suggest a jacketing solution. The entire procedure has been frame test structure with unreinforced brick masonry (URM)
supported by a C++ program which plots the interaction infill walls are described along with estimates of its likely
diagram and gives the final dimensions of the retrofitted weaknesses with regard to seismic loading. The concrete
member. frame is shown to be essentially a “weak-column strong-
beam frame” which is likely to exhibit poor post yield
hysteretic behavior. Based on the results of an extensive
Jong-Wha Bai(2003)8 Studied the Seismic Retrofit for
literature review, the building is expected to have maximum
Reinforced Concrete Building Structures and proposed a
lateral deformation capacities corresponding to about 2%
relatively new paradigm, performance-based design, has
lateral drift. The unreinforced masonry infill walls are likely
also had an impact on seismic retrofitting and
to begin cracking at much smaller lateral drifts, of the order
rehabilitation. This concept provides a new approach to

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 International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395 -0056
Volume: 04 Issue: 04 | Apr -2017 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072

of 0.3%, and to completely lose their load carrying ability by partially wrapped (C2); fully wrapped (C3); partially
drifts of between 1% and 2%. wrapped with two-layers (C4); and fully wrapped with two-
14 layers (C5). The dimensions of all the columns were 200 x
Amlan K.Sengupta, V.T.Badri Narayan and 200 mm square section and 1000 mm in height. Each column
A.Ashokan(2003)12 was tested under uniaxial compression using a testing
In this paper aim to evolve methodologies to assess the machine with a capacity of 2000 kn.
seismic vulnerability of reinforced concrete three-ten The standard cylinder compressive strength of concrete mix
storey residential and commercial building. are 18.08 mpa and 19.36 mpa 28 days and 60 days,
Use of local Retrofit Strategies they are given heare Steel respectively. All the specimens were subjected to
Jacketing ,Steel Plating, Use of FRP bars Addition of monotonically increasing compression up to the fracture.
Concrete ,Concrete Jacketing It is imperative to have Fully wrapped specimens with a slenderness ratio of 5:1
seismic evaluations of a building both for the existing and fractured at the top or bottom quarters whereas the partially
retrofitted conditions. wrapped columns show failure at the ends of confined
regions. The partial wrapping with one-layer of CFRP results
N.M.Bhandari and A.K. Dwivedi (2003)13 In this an increase in ductility and this is much more pronounced
paper Some materials are described like Epoxy, Steel, for RC columns with eight longitudinal bars. Finally, for all
Mortar, Quick setting cement mortar, F RP. Some RC columns fully wrapped with one layer of CFRP,
techniques also describe like Shortcrete Jacketing, transverse reinforcement with a diameter of 12 mm clearly
Mechanical anchorage Inserting new walls, strengthening enhances the beneficial effect of CFRP on ductility.
of existingwall, Masonry arches, Random rubble Masonry
Xiong et. Al. (2011) [16] studied the load carrying
Kondraivendhan and Pradhan (2009) [14], Studied capacity and ductility of circular concrete columns confined
effect of ferrocement confinement on behavior of concrete. by ferrocement including steel bars (FS) where they are
The effect of different grades of concrete confined with proposed to increase the compressive strength along with
ferrocement was studied by keeping all other parameters the ductility. The behavior of the ferrocement strengthened
constant. In this investigation, concrete mixes had been columns was compared with the bar mat-mortar (BS) and
chosen over a wide range of grades of concrete, namely M25, fibre reinforced polymer (FRP) wrapped columns under
M30, M35, M40, M45, M50 and M55. The M25, M30, M35, uniaxial compression. The dimensions of the concrete
M40, M45, M50 and M55 have a characteristic compressive cylindrical columns were, 105 mm (dia) x 450mm and 150
strength of 25N/mm2 , 30 N/mm2 , 35 N/mm2 , 40 N/mm2 , mm (dia) x 450mm. After wet-curing (24 hrs), the samples
45 N/mm2 , 50 N/mm2 and 55 N/mm2 , respectively. A total were transferred to curing room for 27 days. The specimens
of 42 cylindrical specimens (21 each for controlled and with 105 mm (dia) were confined with FS or BS whereas
confined specimens) with a diameter of 150 mm and a height 150mm (dia) with FRP. The comparative analyses of these
of 900 mm, three replicates for each grade of concrete, were samples show that the compressive strength of FS columns
cast. Column specimens of size 150mm x 900mm with was enhanced by 30% than that of BS columns. Due to
different grade of plain cement concrete were casted and ferrocement caging along with steel bars specimens showed
then confined with ferrocement. It was found that with the higher ductility, compressive strength and energy absorbing
increase in compressive strength of the concrete capacity than BS or FRP strengthened circular columns.
significantly improved in lower grades of concrete such as
M25 which showed 78% increase as compared to higher Mourad and Shannag (2012) [17]studied the column
grade of concrete M55 which resulted in an increase of specimens for the ultimate load capacity and stressed
45.3%. samples confined with ferrocement using welded wire mesh
as the confining material.
Turgay et. Al. (2010) [15] studied the effect and failure
mechanisms of large-scale square/ rectangular columns
wrapped with fiber reinforced polymer (FRP). The
experimental research program studied the performance of
large-scale square RC columns wrapped with carbon fiber
reinforced polymer (CFRP) sheets. Moreover, the research
was mainly focused on the investigation of the total effect of
longitudinal and transverse reinforcement and FRP jackets
on the behavior of concentrically loaded columns. A total of
20 large-scale RC columns were fabricated and tested to Welded wire mesh.
failure under axial loading in the structural laboratory.
Three types of columns were primarily considered: In case of pre-stressed specimens, the results showed that
unwrapped, fully wrapped, and partially wrapped. Five the confining increased the load carrying capacity to 33%.
different test series were conducted: unwrapped (C1);

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Ductility of the specimens also increased. In case of stressed reinforced concrete structures” (ACI 352R-02), ACI;
samples to a value of 60% and 80% of the ultimate load 2002; pp37.
capacity, the confinement enhanced the ultimate load 8. Al-Salloum, Y.A; Al-Sayed, S. H; Al-Musallam, T. H. &
capacity to 28% and 15% respectively. With the confinement Siddiqui, N. A; (2002),
the column specimens failed in a ductile manner as 9. AL-Sulamani, G.J; and Basunbul, I.A; (1991),
compared to brittle failure of the control specimens 10. Andrews, G; and Sharma, A, K (1998), “Repaired
Reinforced Concrete Beams” ACI, Concrete
3. CONCLUSIONS International, Detroit, ppt .47-50.
In summary, a comprehensive literature review was 11. Jong – Wha Bai, (2003), seismic retrofit for
performed in order to gain a better insight into the key reinforced concrete building structures,
issues relevant to seismic retrofit of concrete frame Consequence based engineering institute final
buildings. Many guidelines are reviewed regarding seismic report, Mid-America earthquake centre.
rehabilitation of school, office, hospital and apartment 12. Yogendra Singh, (2003), “Challenges in retrofitting
buildings. Some of the researchers discussed the various of RC buildings” ,Workshop on retrofitting of
seismic retrofitting and strengthening methods for existing structures IIT Roorkee, pp 29-44.
building. The following methods are carried out by most of 13. Amlan, Sengupta K, Badari VT Narayanan, Asokan A,
the researchers which are concrete jacketing of columns of (2003), “Seismic retrofit of existing multistoried
ground floor, brick masonry infill in the ground floor, X and V buildings in India-An overview of the method and
bracing, shear wall, FRP of beams and columns. All these strategies”, Workshop on retrofitting of structures,
topics require further research, and it is essential for seismic IIT Roorkee,pp 17-28.
retrofitting of reinforced concrete structures. By the help of 14. Giusepe Oliveto, Massimo Marleta, (2005), seismic
software and analytical method we find a great result. retrofitting of reinforced concrete buildings using
traditional and innovative techniques, ISET journal
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT of earthquake technology, 42(2-3), pp 21-46.
I would like to express my sincere gratitude to all the
scholars whose articles are cited and from that a valuable BIOGRAPHIES
help received for completing this review paper. The authors Miss. Kirtika Gupta was born in
are also grateful to authors, editters and publisher of those 1992 in Kanpur Uttar Pradesh. He
journals and articles from where the literature for this received his Bachelor of Technology
articles has been reviewed and discussed. degree in Civil Engineering from
Uttar Pradesh Technical University,
REFERENCES lucknow, in 2014. He is right now
1. Murty CVR, (2002), quantitative approach to pursuing his Master of Technology
seismic strengthening Of RC Frame building, in Structural Engineering from Babu
Seminar on seismic assessment and retrofitting Banarasi Das University, Lucknow.
buildings, pp19-27. Email:[email protected]
2. Sudhir K. Jain, Srikant T, (2002), analysis for seismic
retrofitting of buildings,The Indian concrete journal, Mr. Abhishek Kumar was born in
pp 479-484. 1986 in Patna city. He received his
3. Lakshmanan D, (2006), seismic evaluation of Bachelor of Technology degree in
retrofitting of building and Structures, ISET journal Civil Engineering from school of
of earthquake technology, 43(1-2), pp 31-48. Engineering (Cochin University of
4. Shailesh Kr. Agrawal, Ajay Chourasia, (2003), nd Science and Technology) ,Konchi,
“Nonlinear static analysis for Seismic evaluation and Kerala in 2009 “. In 2011 he
retrofit of RC buildings”, Workshop on rertofitting received his Master’s degree in
of structures, pp 116-124. Structural Engineering from
5. .Abhijit Mukherjee, Amit R. Kalyani, (2004), “Seismic MNNIT, Allahabad. He joined Babu
retrofitting of reinforced concrete frames with fiber Banarasi Das University, Lucknow
reinforced composites”, Workshop on Seismic in 2011 as a faculty where he works
evaluation and retrofitting of building, pp 74-82. as Assistant Professor in Civil
6. Abdullah, A; and Takiguchi, K, “Experimental Engineering department with a
Investigation on Ferrocement as an Alternative total of 6 years of experience .
Material to Strengthen Reinforced Concrete” Presently he is working as Head of
Column,” Journal of Ferrocement, V. 30, No. 2, pp. Department of Civil Engineering at
177-190. BBDNIIT Lucknow from july 2017.
7. ACI-ASCE Committee 352;“Recommendations for
design of beam-column connections in monolithic

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 International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395 -0056
Volume: 04 Issue: 04 | Apr -2017 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072

Mr. Mohd. Afaque Khan was born in

1982 in Gonda city. He received his
Bachelor of Technology degree in
Civil Engineering from ZHCET,
AMU, Aligarh in 2009. In 2012 he
rd
received his Master’s degree in
Structural Engineering from
ZHCET, AMU, Aligarh. He joined
Babu Banarasi Das University,
Lucknow in 2012 as a faculty. He
worked as a Head of Department in
Babu Banarsi Das Engineering
College and he is now Assistant
Professor in Civil Engineering
department with a total of 5 years
of experience.

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