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Monitoring, modelling and simulation of PV systems using LabVIEW

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DOI: 10.1016/j.solener.2012.09.016

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Monitoring, modelling and simulation of PV systems using LabVIEW

Aissa Chouder a, Santiago Silvestre b,⇑, Bilal Taghezouit a, Engin Karatepe c
a
Photovoltaic Laboratory, Development Centre of Renewable Energies, BP 62 Route de l’Observatoire, 16340 Bouzareh Algiers, Algeria
b
Electronic Engineering Department, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, C/Jordi Girona 1-3, Campus Nord UPC, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
c
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Ege University, 35100 Bornova, Izmir, Turkey

Received 24 July 2012; received in revised form 25 September 2012; accepted 29 September 2012

Communicated by: Associate Editor Nicola Romeo

Abstract

This paper presents a detailed characterization of the performance and dynamic behaviour of photovoltaic systems by using Lab-
VIEW real-time interface system. The developed software tool integrates several types of instruments into a single system which is able
to offer online measurements all data sources and comparison simulation results with monitored data in real-time. Comprehensive mon-
itoring and analyzing of PV systems play a very important role. The proposed method is a low-cost solution to provide fast, secure and
reliable system by making the system database-ready for performance analysis of PV systems. The proposed method is also applied to a
grid connected PV system in the Centre de Developpement des Energies Renouvelables (CDER) in Algeria. The results show that there is
a good agreement between the measured and simulation results values. The integration methodology of robust simulation and monitored
data in real-time can be extended to study the fault diagnosis of a PV system.
Ó 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Keywords: PV systems; Monitoring; Modelling; Simulation

1. Introduction On the other hand different commercial software solu-

tions are available for PV systems simulation (Silvestre,
LabVIEWe (Laboratory Virtual Instrument Engineer- 2012) and standard simulation software, as Matlab (Yusof
ing Workbench) is a graphical programming language by et al., 2004; Pater and Agarwal, 2008; Karatepe et al., 2008;
National Instruments that uses icons instead of lines of text Chouder and Silvestre, 2012) or Pspice (Castañer and
to create applications. Nowadays this programming envi- Silvestre, 2002; Silvestre et al., 2009) have been also exten-
ronment has found its application in many scientific fields sively used for this purpose. Furthermore Vergura and
and technical engineering, so in this work we propose an Natangelo (2010) have integrated Matlab and Simulink
integral LabVIEW platform of monitoring, modelling for monitoring energy performances of PV plants.
and simulation tools for photovoltaic (PV) systems. In this work we report the integration of monitoring,
Many applications of LabVIEW for monitoring PV sys- modelling and simulation of PV systems in the same envi-
tems have been reported before in the literature (Koutroulis ronment able to give information of the system behaviour
and Kalaitzakis, 2003; Forero et al., 2006; Martı́nez in real time. This solution allows the acquisition and con-
Bohórquez etal., 2009; Vergura and Natangelo, 2009; Ulieru trol of all necessary data from the PV system, evaluate
et al., 2010). main model parameters of PV modules and array, calculate
the performance ratio (PR) and Yields of the system, create
HTML and XLS report files and visualize all these data
⇑ Corresponding author. Tel.: +34 934017491; fax: +34 934016756. and the dynamic system behaviour in real time. Moreover
E-mail address: [email protected] (S. Silvestre). the integration of robust modelling and simulation gives

0038-092X/$ - see front matter Ó 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2012.09.016

Please cite this article in press as: Chouder, A., et al. Monitoring, modelling and simulation of PV systems using LabVIEW. Sol. Energy (2012),
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2012.09.016
2 A. Chouder et al. / Solar Energy xxx (2012) xxx–xxx

the opportunity to compare simulation results with moni- Two pyranometers (Kipp & Zonen CM 11 type) and a
tored data in real time, allowing the development of new reference solar cell are used to measure the irradiance.
tools for fault detection as well as new prediction models One of the pyranometers and the reference cell are installed
with the objective of improve the performance and reliabil- at two different places of the PV plant to measure irradi-
ity of PV systems, optimizing the system output to achieve ance in the tilted plain. A second pyranometer measures
higher yields. the irradiance in the horizontal plane. Thermocouples have
been used to measure the ambient temperature near the PV
2. PV system description plant in order to predict the effective PV modules
temperature.
The proposed method of monitoring, modelling and Eq. (1) is used to calculate this effective solar cell tem-
simulation of PV systems has been applied to a grid con- perature, Tc.
nected PV system located in the Centre de Développement
des Energies Renouvelables (CDER), Algerie. The PV sys- G
T c ¼ T a þ ðNOCT  20  CÞ ð1Þ
tem is formed by 90 PV modules (Isofoton 106Wp-12 at 800
STC) divided in three subgenerators of 3 kWp each one.
The subgenerators are formed by two parallel strings of where Ta is the ambient temperature, G the irradiance and
15 PV modules in series. Each subgenerator is connected NOCT the Normal Operating Cell Temperature given by
to a single phase inverter of 2.5 kW (IG30 Fronius) that the PV modules manufacturer.
injects the generated energy into a phase of the public For the measurements of currents, DC (Idc) and AC
low voltage distribution network of the National Company (Iac), we have used two CLSM-50 closed loop Hall effect
(Sonelgaz) 220 V–50 Hz (Hadj Arab etal., 2005). The block current sensors and a dual operational amplifier LM
diagram of this PV system is shown in Fig. 1. 1458N.
The DC output voltage of the PV system is measured by
3. Monitoring PV systems using LabVIEW means of a voltage divider, while the AC output voltage is
measured at the secondary of the transformer used for the
Fig. 2 shows a schematic diagram of the sensors and voltage supply of the hall sensors. All data coming from the
acquisition data of the monitoring system implemented in acquisition system are processed in LabVIEW using the VI
the PV system. Different sensors are included to measure shown by Fig. 3, where the appearing coefficients are used
irradiance, temperature, as well as current and voltages at to calibrate the different monitored parameter. The VI
the DC and AC sides of the system. allows the following tasks: Communication with the data
The data acquisition is carried out using an Agilent acquisition Agilent 34970A in order to setup the different
34970A and dedicated multiplexer module Agilent 34902A channels via GPIB bus (DC/AC and temperature measure-
with sixteen channels. Data communication between PC ments), processing the output string coming from the data
and LabVIEW, where the incoming data is processed, is per- acquisition, splitting the output string to the corresponding
formed by GPIB bus. measured variable and the calibration of each channel with

Fig. 1. Schematic diagram of the CDER grid connected PV system.

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 A. Chouder et al. / Solar Energy xxx (2012) xxx–xxx 3

Fig. 2. Sensors and acquisition data system to monitor the PV system.

Fig. 3. VI developed to obtain the monitored data.

Table 1
Calibration factors and channels associated to each measured variable and sensitivity of the irradiance sensors used.
Measured variables Channel number Sensors Calibration factor
GI,c 101 Reference cell: Rsh ¼ 0:037 X 7901.4
GI,p, GH,p 102, 103 CM 11: sensitivity = 5 lV/(W m2) 19,9203.2
Tamb 104 k type Thermocouple Direct measure in Agilent 34,970
VDC,meas 105 Resistive divider 29
VAC,meas 106 AC adapter 220/18
IDC, IAC,meas 107, 108 Hall effect 1.6

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the corresponding scaling factor. Table 1 shows the calibra- include various branches in parallel. If we consider Ns solar
tion factors and channels associated to each measured cells in series in each branch and a total number of Np
variable as well as the sensitivity of the irradiance sensors branches for a PV module, the total number of solar cells
used. forming the PV module is Ns  Np. So, Eq. (6) can be con-
veniently scaled to obtain a similar equation for the I(V)
4. Description of PV system modelling and simulation characteristic of a PV module, taking into account the fol-
lowing equations (Castañer and Silvestre, 2002; Chenni
4.1. Modelling the PV module et al., 2007; Karatepe et al., 2007):
I m ¼ N pI ð7Þ
The model of the PV module is based on the one diode
model of the solar cell shown in Fig. 4, where G and T are V m ¼ N sI ð8Þ
irradiance and temperature respectively, Iph is the photo Ns
Rsm ¼ Rs ð9Þ
generated current depending on irradiance and tempera- Np
ture conditions, D is the diode modelling the P/N junction Ns
of the solar cell and Rsh and Rs are the shunt and series Rshm ¼ Rsh ð10Þ
Np
resistances respectively, modelling the power losses in the
device (Overstraeten and Mertens, 1986; Castañer and Sil- where parameters with subscript m stands for the PV
vestre, 2002). The output current of the solar cell, I, can be module.
written as: The model that allows to obtain the I(V) characteristic
I ¼ I ph  I d  I sh ð2Þ of a PV module, considering Eqs. (6)–(10), has been imple-
mented in LabVIEW environment. The I(V) and P(V)
where Iph is the photo generated current, Id is the diode characteristics as well as the coordinates of the maximum
current and Ish is the current across Rsh. power point (MPP) of both, solar cell and PV module
These currents are given as: are available results of the developed model. The input
G parameters for the calculations are: Open circuit voltage
I ph ¼ ðI ph;ref þ lIcc ðT  T ref ÞÞ ð3Þ of the solar cell (Voc), short circuit current of the solar cell
Gref
(Isc), Rs, Rsh, Ns, Np, G, T, lIcc and the solar cell ideality
where G and T are respectively the irradiance and tempera- factor (n). The flowchart for the obtention of the I(V)
ture conditions of work, Gref and Tref are irradiance and tem- and P(V) characteristics is shown in Fig. 5.
perature at standard test conditions (STCs): 1000 W/m2 and
25 °C, Iph,ref is the photo generated current at STC and lIcc 4.2. Inverter model
the temperature coefficient of current.
    The inverter model developed in LabVIEW environ-
V þ Rs I
I d ¼ I sat exp 1 ð4Þ ment is based in the performance model inverter presented
nV t
by King et al. (2007). The AC output power of the inverter,
where Isat is the is the reverse saturation current of diode, n PAC,sim is defined by the following equation:
is the diode ideality factor and Vt the thermal voltage.   
P aco
V þ Rs I P AC;sim ¼  C ðA  BÞ ðP dc  BÞ þ C ðP dc  BÞ2 ð11Þ
AB
I sh ¼ ð5Þ
Rsh
where Paco is the maximum AC output power for inverter
Eq. (2) can be rewritten, considering Eqs. (3)–(5), as at reference or nominal rating conditions, Pdc is the DC
      power at the inverter input and parameters A, B and C
V þ RsI V þ Rs I
I ¼ I ph  I sat exp 1  ð6Þ are given by the following equations:
nV t Rsh
Eq. (6) is an implicit and not linear equation than gives A ¼ P dco ½1 þ C 1 ðV DCsim  V dco Þ ð12Þ
the I(V) characteristic of the solar cell. Commercial photo- B ¼ P so ½1 þ C 2 ðV DCsim  V dco Þ ð13Þ
voltaic modules are composed by association of solar cells C ¼ C o ½1 þ C 3 ðV DCsim  V dco Þ ð14Þ
in series forming a branch. Some higher power PV modules
where VDCsim is the DC voltage at the inverter input, Vdco
and Pdco are respectively the DC voltage and power inputs
at which the AC-power rating is achieved at the reference
rating condition, Pso is the DC power required at the inver-
ter input to start working properly and C1, C2 and C3 are
empirical coefficients to adjust the PAC(PDC) characteristic
of the inverter.
The values of main parameters involved in Eq. (11) used
Fig. 4. Equivalent circuit of the solar cell. in this work for modelling the inverters are shown in Table 2.

Please cite this article in press as: Chouder, A., et al. Monitoring, modelling and simulation of PV systems using LabVIEW. Sol. Energy (2012),
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 A. Chouder et al. / Solar Energy xxx (2012) xxx–xxx 5

Fig. 5. Flowchart for the obtention of the I(V) and P(V) characteristics.

Table 2
Values used in the performance model inverter.
Paco (W) Pdco (W) Vdco (V) Pso (W) Co (W)1 C1 (V)1 C2 (V)1 C3 (V)1
2692 2900 275.6 25 6.67 105 0.00296 0.00458 0.0255

4.3. Grid connected PV system simulation X

t
Ecum ¼ Einst ð16Þ
0
The main objective of the simulation of grid connected
PV system is to obtain expected evolution of voltages
The simulation of the whole grid connected PV system is
and currents at the DC side of the system as well as at
based on the models presented above for PV modules and
the AC side, at the inverter output. So, simulation results
for the inverter and is carried out also in LabVIEW envi-
will give the expected behaviour, in a dynamic way, of
ronment. The flowchart of the simulation process is
the whole system taking into account real conditions of
depicted in Fig. 6.
climate parameters. From simulation results the values of
The calculation of the power and cumulative and instan-
power (P) and energy, instantaneous (Einst) and cumulative
taneous energies, AC and DC, generated by the photovol-
(Ecum) energies, can be evaluated as follows:
taic system in dynamic regime is evaluated using another
Einst ¼ P Dt ð15Þ VI.

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expected five main parameters (Iph, Isat, n, Rs, Rsh) (Chou-

der and Silvestre, 2012) has been integrated in LabVIEW
environment as a separated module. The developed proce-
dure finds out the five parameters at STC (1000 W/m2 and
25 °C) and then calculates them for any other real operat-
ing condition. The effect of variation of the parameter val-
ues of a single PV module affects the entire PV system
performance (D’Alessandro et al., 2011).Our method
includes parameter extraction techniques for the whole sys-
tem that allow a good estimation of the system output. If
some parameter of a PV module changes and important
differences between simulation results and monitored data
are observed, is necessary to run again the parameter
extraction algorithm and check again if simulation results
show a good agreement with monitored data.
Main results obtained, applying the parameters extrac-
tion procedure, are summarized in Table 3. The visualiza-
tion panel performing this task is shown in Fig. 8. The
validation of the procedure is carried out by comparing
real measurement of I–V characteristics measured at out-
door conditions and the simulated one generated by intro-
ducing the expected five model parameters. The result of
this comparison is consolidated by plotting the error curve
between simulated and measured I–V characteristics and
quantifying the main error indicator as seen in Fig. 9 and
Fig. 6. Flowchart of the simulation process. reported in Table 4. These values are below previous
reported values for errors obtained in simulations of PV
modules (Mahmoud et al., 2012; Villalva et al., 2009).
Finally, the expected values of the system yields: Refer-
The resolution of Eq. (6) shows an increasing error
ence yield (Yr), array yield (Ya) and final yield (Yf), as well
between simulation and measurement near the open circuit
as the performance ratio (PR), can be evaluated from the
voltage, as can be seen in Fig. 9. It is essentially due to
simulation results using the following expressions (Häber-
numerical stability, because the number of points generated
lin and Beutler, 1995; Commission of the European Com-
by the simulation is less than the number of points given by
munities, 1997):
the IV tracer PVPM2516, so the calculation of the error is
R Dt
G also affected at high voltage.
Yr ¼ 0 ð17Þ
Gref
R Dt 5.2. Analysis of PV system simulation Results
Edc
Ya ¼ 0 ð18Þ
Po The variable climates used in the simulations carried out
R Dt to analyze and validate the simulation procedure of the PV
Eac system, presented before in Section 4.2, are temperatures
Yf ¼ 0 ð19Þ
Po and irradiances obtained from the monitoring system
Yr shown in Fig. 10. The samples have been measured with
PR ¼ ð20Þ a time step of 1 min.
Yf
The simulation of the PV system behaviour, following
where Gref is the irradiance at STC, G is the measured irra- the flow chart shown in Fig. 6, was done in real time. Main
diance and Po is the nominal PV system power. results obtained for DC voltage and current at the output
Fig. 7 shows the evolution of Yr along a day and its of the PV array are shown in Fig. 11. As can be seen, a good
value for this day obtained from LabVIEW simulations. agreement is obtained between simulation results and mon-
itored data. Main differences observed between 15.00 h and
5. Results and discussion 18.00 h for the current are due to inverter disconnection
forced by grid disturbances at the end of the day.
5.1. PV module model validation The results obtained for the generated power at the DC
and AC sides of the system are shown in Fig. 12, where the
In order to validate the PV module model used to pre- effect of the inverter disconnection is present again.
dict the whole PV system performance, a procedure based Table 5 summarizes the errors observed between moni-
on outdoor measurement and analytic derivation of the tored values and simulation results for power and energy

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 A. Chouder et al. / Solar Energy xxx (2012) xxx–xxx 7

Fig. 7. Reference yield.

Table 3
Extracted parameters for Isofoton 106-12 PV module at 762 W/m2 of irradiance and 26.2 °C of temperature.
Parameter Iph (A) Io (A) n Rs (X) Rsh (X) Isc (A) Voc (V) Im (A) Vm (V)
8
Value 5.1 1.9 10 1.14 0.33 144 5.07 20.4 4.53 16.31

Fig. 8. Visualization panel of parameters extraction of PV module.

generated by the PV system, giving a good approach to the Silvestre, 2009) and in the same order of magnitude than
accuracy of the simulation procedure. MSE errors obtained using neural networks algorithms
Root mean square errors (RMSEs) below 4% are (Yu and Chang, 2011).
obtained for power and energy delivered by the PV array, The whole system has been monitored along the months
these values are below previous RMSE values reported in of June, August and September 2012 using the presented
the literature in simulations of PV systems (Chouder and procedure. Simulations of the dynamic system behaviour

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8 A. Chouder et al. / Solar Energy xxx (2012) xxx–xxx

Fig. 9. Plot of the error between measured and simulated I–V characteristic (G = 762 W/m2, T = 26.2 °C).

Table 4
Main error values between measured and simulated parameters.
Relative error EI sc ð%Þ EV oc ð%Þ EI m ð%Þ EV m ð%Þ RMSEðAÞ RMSEð%Þ
Value 0.97 1.07 1.63 0 0.13 2.66

Fig. 10. Monitored irradiance and temperature profiles.

have been carried out in the same period of time. Fig. 13 The comparison between monitoring (meas) and simula-
shows the values obtained for the reference yield, Yr, for tion results (sim) for the array and final yields are given in
the second and third weeks of June and Fig. 14 shows Figs. 15 and 16 for the same weeks of June. This informa-
the same information for different days corresponding to tion is enlarged in Figs. 17 and 18 for several days for these
these 3 months. 3 months.

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 A. Chouder et al. / Solar Energy xxx (2012) xxx–xxx 9

Fig. 11. Evolution of voltage and current at the output of the PV array, measured (meas) and simulation results (sim).

Fig. 12. Evolution of the power generated by the PV system, measured (meas) and simulation results (sim).

Table 5 6. Conclusion
Indicators of the accuracy of the simulation procedure.
PDC PAC EDC EAC This works presents an integral LabVIEW platform of
Mean error 61.13 W 80.97 W 0.17 Wh 0.22 Wh monitoring, modelling and simulation of grid connected
RMSE 6826 W 95.17 W 0.19 Wh 0.26 Wh PV systems. In the same platform, we propose the model-
RMSE% 2.73 3.81 2.73 3.81 ling of the PV module identified with outdoor measure-
ments of I–V curves in order to extract the main PV
module parameters. The PV module modelling and extrac-
On June 19 we removed intentionally one string from tion parameters procedure has been successfully validated
the whole PV array to show the effectiveness of the model experimentally.
to detect malfunctions. So in this day the simulation results For the dynamic behaviour modelling of the PV system,
gave the result of a healthy system, while the monitored an accurate model of the Inverter is included. The inverter
data gives lower output power. As can be seen in Figs. model allows to predict AC output power as a function of
15 and 16, the comparison of monitored data and simula- DC input voltage and DC input power. The simulation
tion results gives the opportunity to detect a malfunction in methodology of the PV system in real dynamic conditions
the system. of work has also been been validated successfully in a grid
Finally the values obtained for the performance ratio connected PV system located in Argelia.
are given in Figs. 19 and 20. As can be seen a good agree- The developed platform allows the acquisition and con-
ment is found between simulation results and monitored trol of all necessary data from the PV system, the simula-
data. tion in real time of the whole PV system working in

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10 A. Chouder et al. / Solar Energy xxx (2012) xxx–xxx

Fig. 13. Reference yield June 2012.

Fig. 14. Reference yield along summer 2012.

Fig. 15. Array yield June 2012.

dynamic behaviour, calculates the performance ratio, PR behaviour in real time. This toolbox results in robust mod-
and Yields of the system, create HTML and XLS report elling, advanced simulation incorporating predictions of
files and visualize all these data and the dynamic system system output with respect to solar resource, local weather

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 A. Chouder et al. / Solar Energy xxx (2012) xxx–xxx 11

Fig. 16. Final yield June 2012.

Fig. 17. Array yield along summer 2012.

Fig. 18. Final yield along summer 2012.

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Fig. 19. Performance ratio June 2012.

Fig. 20. Performance ratio along summer 2012.

and system behaviour. The output results obtained from D́Alessandro, V., Guerriero, P., Daliento, S., Gargiulo, M., 2011. A
this toolbox could allow the inclusion in the same platform straightforward method to extract the shunt resistance of photovoltaic
cells from current–voltage characteristics of mounted arrays. Solid-
an algorithm for automatic supervision and fault detection State Electronics 63, 130–136.
of the PV system. Forero, N., Hernández, J., Gordillo, G., 2006. Development of a
monitoring system for a PV solar plant. Energy Conversion and
Management 47, 2329–2336.
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Please cite this article in press as: Chouder, A., et al. Monitoring, modelling and simulation of PV systems using LabVIEW. Sol. Energy (2012),
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2012.09.016
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