Algorithm Design: by DR Goh Wan Inn

Algorithm Design
By Dr Goh Wan Inn

Software Engineering vs Problem Solving
• Software Engineering - A branch of Computer
Science & provides techniques to facilitate the
development of computer programs
• Problem Solving - refers to the entire process
of taking the statement of a problem and
developing a computer program that solves
that problem.
Slide 3- 2
The Programming Process
• SE concepts require a rigorous and systematic
approach to software development called
software development life cycle
• Programming process is part of the activities

in the software development life cycle
The Programming Process
This video
Software Development Life Cycle & Code
Building programs
•Edit
•Compile
•Link
•Run
Software Development Life Cycle & Algorithm
Understand the problem:

•Input
•Output
•Process
Develop the solution
(Algorithm):
•Structure chart
•Pseudocode
•Flowchart
Converting design to
computer codes.
e.g:
Flowchart -> C++ program
Algorithm is the steps
to solve problems
Software Development Life Cycle
• Problem Analysis
Identify data objects
Determine Input / Output data
Constraints on the problem
• Design
Decompose into smaller problems
Top-down design
Structured Chart
Develop Algorithm
Pseudocode
Flowchart
Software Development Life Cycle
• Implementation/coding/programming
Converting the algorithm into programming language
• Testing
Verify the program meets requirements
System and Unit test
• Maintenance
All programs undergo change over time
Input, Processing, and Output
Three steps that a program typically performs:
1) Gather input data:
• from keyboard
• from files on disk drives
2) Process the input data
3) Display the results as output:
• send it to the screen
• write to a file
Problem solving methods in this Class
• 2 problem solving methods will be

discussed in this class are:
Develop Algorithms
❖ Flowchart
❖ Pseudo code
Algorithms
• Algorithm - a sequence of a finite number of
steps arranged in a specific logical order to
produce the solution for a problem.
• Algorithms requirements:
i. Must have input
ii. Must produce output
iii. Unambiguous ( jelas)
iv. Generality(keluasan)
v. Correctness
vi. Finiteness ( measureable)
vii. Efficiency
Pseudo code
• Pseudo code is a semiformal, English-like language with

limited vocabulary that can be used to design &
describe algorithms.
• Purpose- to define the procedural logic of an algorithm
in a simple, easy-to-understand for its readers.
• Free of syntactical complications of programming
language.
Pseudo code
• Execution sequence follow the steps flow.
Example: Algorithm for
multiplying two numbers
1. Start
2. Get A
3. Get B Execution
4. Calculate result sequence
C=A*B
5. Display result C
6. End
Hands on Example!
Write your Pseudo code.
Example:
Calculte Area,Ix and Iy of Rectangle
1. Start
2. Get B
3. Get H
4. Calculate result
5. Display result Area, Ix and Iy

6. End
Flowchart
• Flowchart – a graph of geometrical shapes that
are connected by lines.
• 2 important element in flow chart:

1. geometrical shapes – represent type of
statements in the algorithm
2. Flow line – show the order in which the
statements of an algorithm are executed.
Flowchart
• Flowchart - Represents an Start
algorithm in graphical symbols

Get A
Get B
Example: Algorithm for

multiplying two numbers Calculate Resut
C=A*B
• Desk Check/Trace the algorithm!!!

Display the
Result C
Stop
Flowchart Symbol
Terminal: Used to indicates the start and end of a flowchart. Single flowline. Only one “Start”
and “Stop” terminal for each program. The end terminal for function/subroutine must use
“Return” instead of “Stop”.
Process: Used whenever data is being manipulated. One flowline enters and one flowline exits.
Input/Output: Used whenever data is entered (input) or displayed (output). One flowline enters
and one flowline exits.
Decision: Used to represent operations in which there are two possible selections. One flowline
enters and two flowlines (labelled as “Yes” and “No”) exit.
Function / Subroutine: Used to identify an operation in a separate flowchart segment (module).

One flowline enters and one flowline exits.
On-page Connector: Used to connect remote flowchart portion on the same page. One flowline
enters and one flowline exits.
Off-page Connector: Used to connect remote flowchart portion on different pages. One flowline
enters and one flowline exits.
Comment: Used to add descriptions or clarification.
Flowline: Used to indicate the direction of flow of control.

The Flowchart Explanation
Start Terminal.
Start Program start
here
Read A Input.
Read B Enter values for
A and B
Calculate Resut
C=A*B Process
Display the
Result C Output
Stop Terminal
Stop Program end
here
Example: Use of
comments/description
Start
Read N, N = The number of students

M M = The number of subjects
Yes
No
Stop
Example: Use of connectors on the same page.
Start
1 2
1- connection on the same

flowchart portion
2- connection on the different

Stop flowchart portion
1
2
Example: Use of connectors on the different page.
Page 1 Page 2
Start
2
1
Yes 1
No
Stop
2
The details (how the function works)
Example: Function-call example. we put in another flowchart.
This also known as
Note: Module = function = subroutine Function-Definition
Page 1 Start terminal for a

Function is different.
Page 2
Start Do not use “Start”
AVRG ( result,n1, n2,n3)
Read
n1, n2 , n3
sum = n1+ n2+n3
Body of a function is
AVRG (result, n1, n2,n3) the same with
normal flowchart
result = sum/3
At this part,
we only know what
we want to do. But we Print
result
don’t know how to do it
This part also known as Return

Function-Call
Stop
End terminal
must be “Return”
So now?
• Convert your pseudocode

to flow chart
Flowchart
Start
Read A
Read
ReadB &BH
Calculate Resut
C=A*B
Area, Ix & Iy
Display
Display the
Result
Area, Ix &CIy
Stop

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Algorithm Design

By Dr Goh Wan Inn

• Programming process is part of the activities

Understand the problem:

• 2 problem solving methods will be

• Pseudo code is a semiformal, English-like language with

5. Display result Area, Ix and Iy

• 2 important element in flow chart:

algorithm in graphical symbols

Example: Algorithm for

• Desk Check/Trace the algorithm!!!

Function / Subroutine: Used to identify an operation in a separate flowchart segment (module).

Comment: Used to add descriptions or clarification.

Flowline: Used to indicate the direction of flow of control.

Read N, N = The number of students

1- connection on the same

2- connection on the different

Page 1 Start terminal for a

sum = n1+ n2+n3

This part also known as Return

• Convert your pseudocode

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