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Drain and sewer systems |
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outside buildings Ð |
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Part 4: Hydraulic design and |
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environmental considerations |
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The European Standard EN 752-4:1997 has the status of a |
British Standard |
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ICS 13.060.30 |
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NO COPYING WITHOUT BSI PERMISSION EXCEPT AS PERMITTED BY COPYRIGHT LAW
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BS EN 752-4:1998

National foreword
This British Standard is the English language version of EN 752-4:1997. It supersedes
the following standards, which have been declared obsolescent and which will be
withdrawn in due course:

BS 8005-1:1987; BS 8005-2:1987; BS 8005-3:1989; BS 8005-4:1987; BS 8005-5:1990;

BS 8301:1985.

The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted by Technical Committee

B/505, Wastewater engineering, to Subcommittee B/505/22, Drain and sewer systems
outside buildings, which has the responsibility to:

Ð aid enquirers to understand the text;

Ð present to the responsible European committee any enquiries on the
interpretation, or proposals for change, and keep the UK interests informed;
Ð monitor related international and European developments and promulgate
them in the UK.

A list of organizations represented on this subcommittee can be obtained on request

to its secretary.
Guidance on aspects of UK practice, and additional information on hydraulic design,
is given in national annexes NA to NI of this standard.
Cross-references
The British Standards which implement international or European publications
referred to in this document may be found in the BSI Standards Catalogue under the
section entitled ªInternational Standards Correspondence Indexº, or by using the
ªFindº facility of the BSI Standards Electronic Catalogue.
A British Standard does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a
contract. Users of British Standards are responsible for their correct application.
Compliance with a British Standard does not of itself confer immunity
from legal obligations.

Summary of pages
This document comprises a front cover, an inside front cover, the EN title page,
pages 2 to 50, an inside back cover and a back cover.

This British Standard, having Amendments issued since publication

been prepared under the
direction of the Sector Board for Amd. No. Date Text affected
Building and Civil Engineering,
was published under the
authority of the Standards Board
and comes into effect on
15 June 1998

 BSI 1998

ISBN 0 580 29361 0

EUROPEAN STANDARD EN 752-4
NORME EUROPEÂENNE
EUROPAÈISCHE NORM September 1997

ICS 13.060.30

Descriptors: Sanitation, water removal, sewage, water pipelines, buildings, exterior, design, hydraulic properties, computation,
environments, environmental protection

English version

Drain and sewer systems outside buildings Ð Part 4: Hydraulic

design and environmental considerations

ReÂseaux d'eÂvacuation et d'assainissement aÁ EntwaÈsserungssysteme auûerhalb von GebaÈuden Ð

l'exteÂrieur des baÃtiments Ð Partie 4: Conception Teil 4: Hydraulische Berechnung und
hydraulique et consideÂrations lieÂes aÁ Umweltschutzaspekte
l'environnement

This European Standard was approved by CEN on 1997-08-23. CEN members are
bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the
conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard
without any alteration.
Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national standards
may be obtained on application to the Central Secretariat or to any CEN member.
This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German).
A version in any other language made by translation under the responsibility of a
CEN member into its own language and notified to the Central Secretariat has the
same status as the official versions.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Czech
Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Italy,
Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and
United Kingdom.

CEN
European Committee for Standardization
Comite EuropeÂen de Normalisation
EuropaÈisches Komitee fuÈr Normung

Central Secretariat: rue de Stassart 36, B-1050 Brussels

 1997 CEN Ð All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CEN national
Members.
Ref. No. EN 752-4:1997 E
Page 2
EN 752-4:1997

Foreword Contents
This European Standard has been prepared by Page
Technical Committee CEN/TC 165, Wastewater
engineering, the secretariat of which is held by DIN. Foreword 2
This part is the fourth in a series relating to the 1 Scope 3
functional requirements of drain and sewer systems 2 Normative references 3
outside buildings that operate essentially under gravity. 3 Definitions 3
There will be seven parts, as follows:
4 Sources of additional information 3
Drain and sewer systems outside buildings Ð 5 Protection from surcharge and
Part 1: Generalities and definitions flooding 4
Part 2: Performance requirements 6 Protection from pollution 4
Part 3: Planning 7 Protection from septicity 4
Part 4: Hydraulic design and environmental 8 Self-cleansing velocities 4
considerations 9 Hydraulic calculations 4
Part 5: Rehabilitation 10 Wastewater design flows 5
Part 6: Pumping installations 11 Surface water and combined drain
Part 7: Operations and maintenance. and sewer design flows 6
12 Environmental considerations 7
In drafting this part of this European Standard, Annex A (informative) Sources of additional
account has been taken of other available draft information 9
standards, in particular EN 476 General requirements
for components used in discharge pipes, drains and Annex B (informative) Hydraulic design
sewers for gravity systems. data 21
This European Standard shall be given the status of a Annex C (informative) Calculation of
national standard, either by publication of an identical wastewater flows for drain systems 22
text or by endorsement, at the latest by March 1998, Annex D (informative) Selection of flow
and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn simulation method 23
at the latest by March 1998.
Annex E (informative) Bibliography 24
According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations,
the national standards organizations of the following
countries are bound to implement this European
Standard: Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark,
Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Iceland, Ireland,
Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal,
Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom.

 BSI 1998
 Page 3
EN 752-4:1997

1 Scope 3.6
This European Standard is applicable to drain and flow balancing
sewer systems, which operate essentially under gravity, reduction in peak discharge by means of temporary
from the point where the sewage leaves a building or storage of flow
roof drainage system, or enters a road gully, to the 3.7
point where it is discharged into a treatment works or
receiving water. hydrobiological stress
Drains and sewers below buildings are included detrimental impact on aquatic flora and fauna, caused
provided that they do not form part of the drainage by high flow velocity and scour
system of the building. 3.8
This part sets out the principles which shall be rainfall intensity
followed for both the hydraulic design and depth of rain falling in unit time, i.e. volume of rain
consideration of environmental impact of drain and falling in unit time per unit area
sewer systems that operate essentially under gravity.
3.9
2 Normative references roughness
the frictional resistance of the surface of a pipe or
This European Standard incorporates, by dated or
channel under turbulent flow
undated reference, provisions from other publications.
These normative references are cited at the 3.10
appropriate places in the text and the publications are self-purifying capacity
listed hereafter. For dated references, subsequent
ability of receiving waters to recover from pollution by
amendments to or revisions of any of these
natural processes
publications apply to this European Standard only
when incorporated in it by amendment or revision. For 3.11
undated references the latest edition of the publication sub-critical flow
referred to applies. state of flow when the water velocity is less than the
EN 752-1, Drain and sewer systems outside velocity of the small surface wave, water levels tending
buildings Ð Part 1: Generalities and definitions. to be stable
3.12
3 Definitions super-critical flow
For the purposes of this standard the following state of flow when the water velocity is greater than
definitions, together with those given in EN 752-1, the velocity of the small surface wave, violent
apply: fluctuations in water level being possible
3.1 3.13
aerobic time of concentration
conditions in which dissolved oxygen is present time taken for run-off to travel from the hydraulically
3.2 most distant point of the catchment area to a defined
point in the drain or sewer
aesthetic pollution
aspects of pollution sensed by sight or smell, e.g. 3.14
floating solids, oil films or bankside litter vortex manhole
circular manhole within which a large difference in
3.3
level is accommodated by the sewage entering
anaerobic tangentially and descending helically
conditions in which free oxygen is not present
3.4 4 Sources of additional information
biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) This standard sets out the essential requirements for
mass concentration of dissolved oxygen consumed good practice in various engineering activities relating
under specific conditions by the biological oxidation of to the planning, design and operation of drain and
organic and/or inorganic matter in water sewer systems. For supplementary detail and guidance,
reference should be made to national documents until
3.5 such time as fully comprehensive European Standards
depression storage are available.
precipitation retained in surface hollows which does The documents listed in annex A contain details which
not contribute to run-off may be used in the framework of this part, given
approval by the relevant authority.

 BSI 1998
Page 4
EN 752-4:1997

5 Protection from surcharge and flooding 8 Self-cleansing velocities

Design shall provide protection against flooding and The build-up of permanent deposits of solids in drains
surcharge from storms of predetermined intensities or sewers can significantly increase the risk of flooding
and frequencies, taking into account backwater levels. and pollution. Drains and sewers shall be designed to
Surcharging is undesirable in wastewater drain and provide sufficient shear stress to limit the build-up of
sewer systems. solids to levels which do not significantly increase this
risk.
For small diameter drains and sewers (less than
6 Protection from pollution DN 300), self-cleansing can generally be achieved by
The quality, quantity and frequency of any discharge to ensuring either that a velocity of at least 0,7 m/s occurs
a receiving water from any sewer, including a surface daily, or that a gradient of at least 1:DN is specified. In
water sewer, combined sewer overflow, pumping the case of drains, steeper gradients may be required
installation or treatment works, shall meet the by the relevant authority.
requirements of the relevant authority. Design shall be Where self-cleansing velocities cannot be achieved,
such that the receiving water will be protected against provision should be made for adequate maintenance
overloading of its self-purifying capacity. It shall take activities.
account of physical, chemical, biochemical, For larger diameter drains and sewers, higher
bacteriological, aesthetic and any other relevant velocities can be necessary, particularly if relatively
considerations. coarse sediment is expected to be present.
Local guidance, in the form of tables or equations, may
7 Protection from septicity be available in national reference documents and
Septicity within a drain or sewer system is undesirable should be used.
and therefore shall be minimized. It will affect the
sewage treatment process and can lead to the 9 Hydraulic calculations
production of hydrogen sulfide (H2S). Hydrogen sulfide 9.1 Velocity equations
is toxic and potentially lethal. Depending on its
concentration, it is noxious, malodorous and, when 9.1.1 General
oxidized to sulfuric acid, will tend to attack some Two equations are recommended for use in calculating
materials in pipelines, treatment works and pumping turbulent flows in drains and sewers:
installations. Parameters on which the concentration of Colebrook±White1) and Manning2).
hydrogen sulfide depends, and which shall be taken 9.1.2 The Colebrook±White equation
into account, include:
For circular pipes flowing full, the velocity of flow, v, is
Ð temperature; given by the equation:
Ð biochemical oxygen demand (BOD);  k 2,51n 
v = 22√2gDJE 3 log10 3,71D + (1)
Ð sulfate availability;  D√2gDJE
Ð retention time in the sewer system; where
Ð velocity and turbulence conditions; v is the velocity averaged across the flow
Ð pH; cross-section, in metres per second;
Ð ventilation within the sewer system; g is the gravitational constant, in metres per
Ð existence of rising mains or particular trade second squared;
effluent discharges upstream of the gravity sewer. D is the internal pipe diameter, in metres;
Predictive equations can be applied in order to quantify JE is the hydraulic gradient (energy loss per unit
sulfide formation both in pressure and gravity sewers. length), dimensionless;
Sulfide production may be controlled by providing
k is the hydraulic pipeline roughness, in metres;
adequately high velocities, short enough retention
times and sufficient ventilation to achieve aerobic n is the kinematic viscosity of fluid, in metres
conditions within the liquid. Other remedial measures squared per second.
may include air injection, oxygen injection or chemical
addition (with chemicals such as hydrogen peroxide, For partially full pipes or pipes with non-circular
nitrates, iron sulfate or other metal salts). The choice cross-sections, the velocity of flow is given by
of chemicals shall take into account their potential equation (1) by replacing D by 4Rh, where Rh is the
environmental impact. hydraulic radius (flow cross-sectional area divided by
the wetted perimeter).

1) This equation is named Colebrook in the French version and Prandtl±Colebrook in the German version.
2) This equation is named Manning±Strickler in the French and German versions.

 BSI 1998
 Page 5
EN 752-4:1997

9.1.3 The Manning equation Approximate comparisons of velocity estimates

For both circular and non-circular cross-sections, obtained from equations (1) and (2) can be made using
whether running full or partially full, the velocity of the following equation:

√ 32 1/6 3,7D

flow is given by the equation:
K= 4 g 3 log10 (4)
v = KRhÊ JE¯ (2) D  k 
where where

K is the Manning coefficient, in metres raised to K is the Manning coefficient, in metres raised to
the power one third, per second; the power of one third, per second;
Rh is the hydraulic radius, in metres; g is the gravitational constant, in metres per
second squared;
JE is the hydraulic gradient (energy loss per unit
length), dimensionless. D is the internal pipe diameter, in metres;
k is the hydraulic pipeline roughness, in metres.
9.2 Headlosses
9.3 Sewers with steep gradients
9.2.1 Pipeline headlosses
Where sewers with steep gradients are required,
The hydraulic pipeline roughness (k) allows for consideration shall be given to consequences of high
headlosses due to pipe material, discontinuities at the velocities such as:
joints and slime growth on the pipe surface below the
water level. Ð possible air entrainment and its effects;
Ð possible release of hydrogen sulfide;
9.2.2 Local headlosses Ð possible erosion;
Headlosses, in addition to those mentioned in 9.2.1, Ð the need for energy conservation measures on
occur at junctions, changes of cross-section, manholes, super-critical flow to sub-critical flow;
bends and other fittings. If direct calculations are to be
Ð special safety measures for operatives.
made, the following equation shall be used:
Backdrop manholes, ramp manholes or vortex
k v2
hL = L (3) manholes may be installed in a sewer system to
2g dissipate excessive static head in a controlled manner,
where thereby avoiding the installation of sewers with steep
gradients and meeting any imposed velocity limitation.
hL is the local headloss, in metres;
kL is the headloss coefficient, dimensionless; 10 Wastewater design flows
v is the velocity of the liquid, in metres per 10.1 Water consumption statistics
second;
Existing water supply statistics may be helpful for
g is the gravitational constant, in metres per estimating future water supply consumption and hence
second squared. wastewater flows. Flow patterns for daily consumption
and anticipated variations between different types of
9.2.3 Total headlosses development can also be established. Consumer water
Two methods of calculating total headlosses are: usage that does not enter the drain and sewer system,
Ð adding local headlosses (9.2.2) to the pipeline and distribution leakage, are of particular importance
headlosses (9.2.1); in assessing wastewater flows.
Ð accounting for local headlosses by assuming a 10.2 Sewer systems
higher value of hydraulic pipeline roughness in the Sewer systems shall be designed to convey wastewater
calculation of pipeline headloss. discharges from domestic, commercial and industrial
When using recommended hydraulic pipeline premises to the point of treatment without prejudice to
roughness values, it is necessary to establish whether health and safety. Such design should also include
allowance has been included for local headlosses. allowances for future growth and for extraneous
Values currently in use range from 0,03 mm to 3,0 mm discharges up to such flow that will justify
for k, and 70 mî´s21 to 90 mî´s21 for K. More detailed rehabilitation.
advice is given in the documents referred to in clause 4 For domestic wastewater sewers, flow rates are usually
and listed in annex A. based on either population and a rate of flow per head
In cases where deposits in the invert cannot be or, for new developments where such data may not be
avoided, the reduced cross-section of the pipe shall be available, on the planning criteria for the population or
taken into account when calculating headlosses. the type and number of dwellings. For a new
development and for an upgrading scheme on an
existing development, the estimates used shall be
appropriate for the specified planning horizon.

 BSI 1998
Page 6
EN 752-4:1997

The rate of flow per head may be based on local water 11.2 Rainfall Ð performance criteria
supply statistics, allowing for consumption that does It is normally impracticable to avoid flooding from very
not result in discharge to the sewers and, where severe storms. A balance therefore has to be drawn
appropriate meters are not available, distribution between cost and the level of protection provided.
losses. Typical discharge figures for developments Attention is drawn to the performance criteria for
similar to those under consideration may also be used. protection against surcharge and flooding, wherever
The flow per head, in the range from 120 l/d to 400 l/d, specified by a relevant authority. For small schemes,
commonly used in various countries, is shown in the ªdesign storm frequencyº for no surcharge criteria
Table B.1 of annex B. given in Table 1 should be used in the absence of any
The peak design flow takes account of the diurnal specified by a relevant authority.
variation in wastewater flow. The domestic peak design
flow rates commonly used in various countries are Table 1 Ð Recommended design frequencies
shown in Table B.2 of annex B. To these peak design Design Location Design
flows shall be added commercial and industrial peak storm flooding
flows and, where appropriate, infiltration. frequency* frequency
Where a scheme is to be developed in phases, 1 in n years 1 in n years
consideration should be given to the likely flows
1 in 1 Rural areas 1 in 10
following the initial stages of construction, so that
either self-cleansing velocities are attained, at least at 1 in 2 Residential areas 1 in 20
times of daily peak flow, or other cleansing City centres/industrial/
arrangements are made. commercial areas:
10.3 Drain systems 1 in 2 Ð with flooding check 1 in 30
The design of drains (and sewers) to serve individual 1 in 5 Ð without flooding check Ð
or small groups of buildings where discharges from
1 in 10 Underground
individual appliances will give relatively high flows of
railway/underpasses 1 in 50
an intermittent and irregular nature shall use a peak
* For these design storms, no surcharge shall occur.
rate of flow derived from the number and type of
appliances connected.
For larger schemes, design should be undertaken to
Flow rates from the drains within the serviced
limit frequency of surcharge using a sewer flow
buildings or premises shall be used in the design of
simulation model, following which the design should
downstream drain systems. Preferably, national
be checked to ensure that an adequate level of
standards transposing European Standards, as
protection against flooding will be provided at specific
available, should be used for the calculation of flow
sensitive locations. These design checks are
rates.
particularly important on steeply sloping catchment
Flow rates for individual appliances and factors to be areas. Any requirements from the relevant authority
applied may be specified by the relevant authority. shall be followed. In the absence of specified design
In the absence of such data, and of a national standard flooding frequency values, those given in Table 1
or European Standard, the empirical approach should be used.
described in annex C may be adopted.
11.3 Design flows
Trade effluent flows shall be calculated separately.
11.3.1 General
On completion of the design for the drain system, the
interaction between the drain and the sewer system For separate systems, design flows for the surface
shall be checked. water pipelines will be predominantly run-off. No
allowance shall be made for any wastewater
component other than that resulting from firefighting.
11 Surface water and combined drain and
For combined and partially separate drains and sewers,
sewer design flows the design flow rate is made up of run-off, which is by
11.1 General far the predominant component, plus an allowance for
wastewater flows. The run-off component should
Surface water and combined drains and sewers are
therefore be estimated using the methods outlined
designed to collect and convey run-off generated
in 11.3.2 or 11.3.3. The wastewater component is
within a catchment area during rainfall, for safe
estimated as described in 10.2. As the wastewater
discharge into a receiving water or treatment plant.
flows are usually considerably lower than the design
The magnitude of peak flows depends on the intensity
flow rates, particular consideration should be given to
and duration of rainfall, the size and configuration of
self-cleansing velocities during dry weather conditions.
impermeable areas, and measures taken to reduce
surface water. The topography, soil type and its
permeability have also to be considered when
estimating the flows emanating from other areas.

 BSI 1998
 Page 7
EN 752-4:1997

11.3.2 Methods of calculating run-off from small 12 Environmental considerations

development schemes
In the absence of a method specified by the relevant 12.1 Environmental impact of drain and sewer
authority, a simple method of estimating the peak rate systems
of discharge of surface water, applicable for areas of Sources of environmental impact include:
up to 200 ha or for times of concentration up to 15 min Ð outfalls;
and assuming a uniform rate of rainfall intensity, may Ð combined sewer overflows;
be used. The rainfall intensity to be adopted will
depend on factors such as time of concentration of the Ð emergency overflows, for example from pumping
contributing area and the analysis of local rainfall data. installations or detention tanks;
Peak flow rate is given by: Ð exfiltration to groundwater;
Q = CiA Ð infiltration of groundwater;
where Ð disposal of residues produced during sewer
cleaning.
Q is the peak flow rate, in litres per second;
Control of these sources shall be considered, as it can
C is the run-off coefficient (between 0,0 and 1,0), limit the environmental impact to levels acceptable to
dimensionless; the relevant authority (see EN 752-3, EN 752-5, and
i is the rainfall intensity, in litres per second prEN 752-7; see also annex E).
hectare; To reduce the run-off entering the drain and sewer
A is the area receiving rainfall (measured system, consideration shall be given to the use of
horizontally), in hectares. soakaways and to minimizing the area of impermeable
surfaces.
Appropriate values for C are given in Table 2. Consideration shall be given to the risk of spills of
Table 2 Ð Run-off coefficients noxious substances within the catchment area,
particularly on separate sewer systems. Where there is
Nature of Run-off Comments significant risk of spillage or discharge of significant
connected area coefficient, C
quantities of firefighting water containing harmful
Impermeable 0,9 to 1,0 Depending on substances, appropriate measures shall be taken to
areas and steeply depression storage avoid entry into or exit from the sewer system of these
sloping roofs* substances by, for example, the provision of oil
Large flat roofs 0,5 Over 10 000 m2 interceptors or retention tanks.
Small flat roofs 1,0 Less than 100 m2 12.2 Control of pollution
Permeable areas 0,0 to 0,3 Depending on 12.2.1 General
ground slope and There are two approaches to the control of pollution
cover from drain and sewer systems, as follows.
*Impermeable areas may be increased by 30 % for large vertical Ð Uniform emission limits can be set by the
surfaces. relevant authority for general use with each of the
different types of discharge.
11.3.3 Flow simulation methods
For larger developments and for schemes which can Ð Site-specific emission limits can be set by the
have implications for the sewer system into which the relevant authority for individual points of discharge,
outfall discharges or the receiving water, time-varying to satisfy requirements for receiving water quality.
design rainstorms and computer-based flow simulation In many cases a combination of the two approaches
models are required. Any model used shall be chosen will be required.
in cooperation with the relevant authority. For any 12.2.2 Uniform emission limits
application, it is necessary to select a method where
the appropriate balance between cost, complexity and Uniform emission limits are generally set in relation to
required accuracy is achieved. Guidance on when what is technically feasible for the different types of
models should be used and the type of method to discharge. They form a baseline standard prior to the
select is given in informative annex D. determination of site-specific limits, which will not put
the self-purifying capacity of the receiving water at
11.4 Flow balancing risk. They are unlikely to be applicable where
It can be necessary to provide a means of flow discharge is to sensitive waters such as recreational
detention to intercept and hold back temporary peak areas, sources for water supply or lakes. Generally in
storm discharges in order to avoid flooding. The effects such cases, more stringent site-specific emission limits
of flow balancing on the sewage treatment works shall will be necessary to satisfy the receiving water quality
be taken into consideration. Arrangements for requirements.
maintenance and safety of these structures will be
required.

 BSI 1998
Page 8
EN 752-4:1997

12.2.3 Site-specific emission limits Two relatively simple approaches are available. A
The relevant authority for environmental regulation can combined sewer overflow may be designed to begin
classify receiving waters according to current or overflow discharge only after reaching a critical rainfall
projected uses or interests, for example: intensity, generally in a range of rates of 10 l/(s´ha)
(impermeable area) to 30 l/(s´ha) (impermeable area),
Ð abstraction for potable water supply;
depending on the degree of protection required.
Ð fishery; Alternatively, when the self-purifying capacity is not at
Ð bathing or other water contact activities; risk, a single criterion (commonly a dilution of 5 to 8
Ð special ecosystem. times dry weather flow before spill) may be used as an
emission standard.
The emission limits can then be set by the relevant
authority using, where appropriate, water quality Associated storage in, for example, a detention tank, or
simulation models. length of tank sewer, can greatly reduce the
environmental impact of stormwater overflows. Further
The site-specific emission limit approach is sensitive reductions in environmental impact can be achieved by
not just to the effects of an individual discharge, but partial treatment (e.g. settling).
also to the combined effects of the whole range of
discharges to receiving waters. These discharges, If the retained flow in a combined system exceeds the
including those from industry, treatment works and capacity of the treatment works, it will be necessary to
non-point sources, can demand an integrated approach incorporate storage or partial treatment of the retained
to the identification of solutions. flow. This may be sited at the treatment works or
within the sewer system.
Consideration of impacts shall pay due regard both to
short-term and to cumulative long-term effects. In the design of a combined sewer overflow, steps shall
be taken to keep the discharge of floating solids and
Short-term effects include fall in the concentration of other unsightly material to acceptable levels. This can
dissolved oxygen, acute toxicity and hydrobiological require the provision of baffles, screens or other means
stress. Cumulative long-term effects include the of control.
build-up, in aquatic biota and sediments, of persistent
pollutants such as heavy metals and certain organic 12.4 Outfall design requirements
compounds. Where surface water is to be discharged to a nearby
12.3 Combined sewer overflows ditch, stream, river, canal, pond or lake, the invert level
of the outfall should be above the highest water level
The allowable discharges and impact of combined so as to provide free discharge conditions. Where
sewer overflows on receiving waters depend on local periodic backflooding cannot be avoided, a non-return
conditions. Requirements are generally specified by the valve shall be fitted.
relevant authority. The location of combined sewer
overflows, pollution loads, duration and frequency of The outfall shall be so formed as to avoid, or provide
discharges, pollution concentrations and protection against, local erosion. It can be necessary to
hydrobiological stress are factors to be considered. The provide additional protection to the outfall opening to
impacts of combined sewer overflows on receiving prevent damage or interference. The visual impact of
waters occur only for short time periods. However, the outfall shall also be taken into account.
they can be many times higher than the impact and 12.5 Groundwater protection
environmental loads from sewage treatment works.
In order to protect groundwater, stringent performance
The main objective of combined sewer overflow
and testing can be required in high-risk areas such as
design, therefore, is to protect the receiving water
drinking water abstraction zones or aquifer protection
without causing hydraulic overload of the sewer or
zones and areas with high groundwater levels. In such
reduced treatment efficiency of downstream sewage
areas, a number of zones with different levels of
treatment works.
protection can be specified by the relevant authority,
Sewer flow simulation models (see 11.3.3) are needed depending on risk.
to assess compliance with many of the specified
emission limits (see 12.2). 12.6 Residues from maintenance
Residues from maintenance activities on drain and
sewer systems shall be disposed of in accordance with
the requirements of the relevant authority, in such a
way as not to cause pollution. Care should be taken in
the design of systems to keep such residues to a
minimum.

 BSI 1998
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EN 752-4:1997

Annex B (informative)
Hydraulic design data
Table B.1 Ð Domestic flow rate
Country Flow rate, range Comment
litres per occupant per day
Austria 200 to 400 No infiltration allowance included.
Denmark 150 to 250 50 % to 100 % should be added to allow for infiltration.
France 150 to 200
Germany 150 to 300 Depending on level and age of sanitary system. No infiltration
allowance included.
Portugal 120 to 350
Switzerland 170 to 200
United Kingdom 150 to 300

Table B.2 Ð Domestic peak design flow

Country Peak design flow Comment
Austria 8 l/s per 1 000 inhabitants Includes 3 l/s allowance for infiltration.
Sewers designed to flow half full (transport sewers
> DN 500, three-quarters full).
Denmark 4 l/s to 6 l/s per 1 000 inhabitants Depending on the size of the catchment area,
excluding 50 % to 100 % infiltration allowance.
France (1,5 to 4,0) 3 domestic flow rate 1,5 to 4,0 is the peak coefficient; it depends on the
location of the sewer, its gradient, its size and the size
of the town.
Germany 5 l/s per 1 000 inhabitants For design of sewers.
Additional allowance made for infiltration,
non-designed flows.
4 l/s per 1 000 inhabitants or 200 l For design of treatment works and for stormwater
per inhabitant per day treatment.
Portugal (2,0 to 5,0) 3 domestic flow rate
Switzerland 6 l/s to 7 l/s per 1 000 inhabitants 8 l/s to 10 l/s per 1 000 inhabitants often used to
include allowance for commercial flows.
United Kingdom Up to 6 3 domestic flow rate Dependent on catchment area. Additional allowance
made for infiltration.

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EN 752-4:1997

Annex C (informative)
Calculation of wastewater flows for drain systems
When assessing the use factors and consequential peak flow rates in a wastewater drain, the following should be
considered:

Ð the number and type of appliances to be connected and the possibility of coincidence of discharge from
different appliances;
Ð the rate of discharge from each appliance;
Ð the average duration of discharge from each appliance;
Ð the likely use interval of each appliance.

The following empirical equation may be used:

Q = kDU √∑DU (C.1)
where

Q is the wastewater design flow rate, in litres per second;

kDU is a frequency factor, dimensionless;
DU is the discharge unit (a characteristic value of the rate of wastewater outflow of a sanitary appliance),
dimensionless.
NOTE The result of equation (C.1) is dimensionless and is multiplied by 1,00 l/s to convert it to a flow rate.

Typical values of kDU and DU are given in Table C.1 and Table C.2 respectively.

Table C.1 Ð Typical frequency factors (kDU)

Type of building kDU
Dwelling, guesthouse, office (intermittent use) 0,5
Hospital, school, restaurant, hotel (frequent use) 0,7
Toilets and/or shower open to the public (congested use) 1,0
Laboratory buildings (special use) 1,2

Table C.2 Ð Typical values of discharge units (DU)

Type of appliance DU
Washbasin, shower 0,3 to 0,6
Urinal 0,3 to 0,8
Bath, kitchen sink 0,8 to 1,3
Dishwasher 0,2 to 0,8
Household washing machine 0,5 to 0,8
Commercial washing machine 1,0 to 1,5
WCs (4,0 l to 9,0 l cistern) 1,2 to 2,5
Floor drains (DN 50 to DN 100) 0,6 to 2,0
The discharge unit will depend on the type of drainage system inside the building and the size of the appliance. Where no specific
information is available, the higher value should be used.

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EN 752-4:1997

Annex D (informative)
Selection of flow simulation method
D.1 General
A variety of methods have been developed to assist in the design of drain and sewer systems. In all cases the
run-off process has been simplified to enable the design parameters to be estimated cost-effectively. This annex
reviews the range of methods available and gives guidance on where they should be used.
D.2 Flow simulation methods
Three levels of sophistication for the hydrodynamics of flow in pipes are recognized:

Ð Simple/empirical methods
In these methods the flow is regarded as uniform and steady. The velocity at full flow conditions may be
used to compute a travel time (time of concentration). They are used primarily for design of small
development schemes (see 11.3.2).
Ð Kinematic wave methods
In these methods, uniform unsteady flow can also be simulated. Lag time and in-pipe storage are taken
into account, but the methods cannot simulate unsteady flows. They are effective for the initial design of
large schemes, for the checking of existing systems, or for the simulation of network performance under
long series of rainstorms.
Ð Dynamic wave methods
In these methods, non-uniform unsteady flow can also be simulated, even under conditions of surcharge
and backwater. They can be used to check the performance of systems under conditions of flooding.

For each level, the above-ground hydrological processes can be treated in either a simple or detailed manner
(S or D in Table D.1).
Table D.1 gives guidance on the applicability of the methods. Methods can be combined for sub-catchments.

Table D.1 Ð Applicability of flow simulation methods

Application Method
Simple empirical Kinematic wave Dynamic wave methods
methods methods
Design of small development schemes S S *

Design of large schemes Ð S *

Checking performance against flooding Ð Ð S or D

Checking existing systems Ð S or D S or D
Planning of outfalls/overflows Ð S or D S or D
Impact on receiving water quality Ð S S or D
Impact on receiving water quantity Ð S S or D
Real-time control of a system Ð S or D *

NOTES:
S Hydrological processes treated in simple manner.
D Hydrological processes treated in detailed manner.
Ð Not applicable.
* Generally not recommended.

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EN 752-4:1997

Annex E (informative)
Bibliography
EN 752-3, Drain and sewer systems outside buildings Ð Part 3: Planning.
EN 752-5, Drain and sewer systems outside buildings Ð Part 5: Rehabilitation.
prEN 752-7, Drain and sewer systems outside buildings Ð Part 7: Maintenance and operations.

 BSI 1998
 BS EN 752-4:1998

National annex NA (informative)

Design for self-cleansing
NA.1 Introduction
Clause 8 of the standard gives guidance on the design of drains and sewers so as to avoid blockage and
sedimentation. It refers to the availability of national guidance. This annex gives more detailed information on
minimum pipe sizes and minimum gradients and velocities to limit blockages and sedimentation, generally in use
in the UK.
Further information may be obtained from the Building Regulations [1], [2], [3], for building drainage, and from
Sewers for adoption [4], for public sewer systems. The design of drains and sewers to control sediment problems
is considered in more detail by CIRIA [5].
With the exception of small diameter foul drains and sewers, the guidance on minimum velocities and gradients
is based on average sediment conditions and assumes that some sediment deposition in the pipes can be
tolerated (up to 2 % of the diameter). Higher velocities and steeper gradients may be required if high sediment
loads are expected, for example where:
Ð a drain or sewer system is likely to receive excessive amounts of sediment (e.g. sand) and/or debris
(i.e. more than the carrying capacity of the flow);
Ð wind-blown sand is present, for example in coastal areas;
Ð roads or road gullies are poorly maintained (which can cause grit or sediment from surfacing materials to
be washed into the drain or sewer system);
Ð a drain or sewer system is likely to receive significant amounts of sediment discharged from industrial
premises.
NOTE Catch pits are normally required to prevent excessive amounts of industrial sediment from entering public sewer systems or
receiving waters.

NA.2 Foul drains and sewers

NA.2.1 Minimum pipe sizes
Foul drains and sewers carrying wastewater from conventional WCs should be a minimum of DN 100. Where no
WCs are connected, a minimum of DN 75 may be used.
Sewerage undertakers do not normally adopt sewers of less than DN 150.
NA.2.2 Minimum gradients for small diameter drains and sewers
For foul drains and sewers, where hydraulic design is carried out using probability methods (see 10.3, annex C
and national annex NC), drains and sewers are usually considered to be self-cleansing if they are laid not flatter
than the gradients given in Table NA.1.

Table NA.1 Ð Minimum recommended gradients for foul drains

Peak flow a Pipe size Minimum gradient
l/s mm
<1 75 1:40
100 1:40
>1 75 1:80
100 1:80b
150 1:150c
a Peak flows should be based on probability flow calculation methods.
b At least one WC connected.
c At least five WCs connected.

It may be possible to use flatter gradients if standards of design and workmanship are high, and where buildings
are close together so that the lengths of drain or sewer are short. Exceptionally, where the length of drain or
sewer serving a small number of properties is very long, steeper gradients may be required.
Where ground settlement is expected, steeper gradients are recommended.

 BSI 1998 25
BS EN 752-4:1998

NA.2.3 Minimum velocities for larger-diameter foul drains and sewers

For the design of foul drains and sewers up to DN 300, where design flows are based on population (see
clause 10.2 and annex B), the minimum flow velocity criteria specified in clause 8 (0,7 m/s) are generally used. A
flow equal to twice the average daily domestic flow (see Table B.1) is assumed to occur at least once daily, and is
used for this calculation. For larger sewers, higher minimum velocities may be necessary; further information is
available in a report by CIRIA [5].
In small-diameter drains and sewers (DN 150 or less), where these velocities cannot be achieved, the method
given in NA.2.2 should be used.
NA.3 Combined and surface-water drains and sewers
NA.3.1 Minimum pipe sizes
Surface water drains and sewers should be a minimum of DN 75. Combined drains and sewers should have the
same minimum size as foul drains (see NA.2.1).
Sewerage undertakers will not normally adopt sewers of less than DN 150.
NA.3.2 Minimum gradients in smaller-diameter combined and surface-water drains and sewers
DN 75 and DN 100 surface-water drains and sewers should be laid no flatter than 1:100. For larger sizes,
see NA.3.3.
Combined drains and sewers should be designed to conform to the relevant recommendations for both foul and
surface-water drains and sewers.
NA.3.3 Minimum self-cleansing velocities for larger-diameter combined and surface-water drains and
sewers
Surface-water drains and sewers of DN 150 to DN 900 should be designed to achieve a self-cleansing velocity of
1,0 m/s in pipe-full conditions.
Combined drains and sewers should be designed to conform to the relevant recommendations for both foul and
surface water sewers.
For larger sewers, higher minimum velocities may be necessary. Further information is available in the report by
CIRIA [5].
NA.4 Inverted siphons
Higher velocities are generally necessary to control sedimentation in inverted siphons, particularly where the
rising part of the pipeline is steep.
In order to achieve self-cleansing velocities in inverted siphons, it is generally necessary to construct two or more
parallel pipelines. The first pipeline is designed to achieve self-cleansing velocities at least once a day in
dry-weather flow conditions (see NA.2.3). When the flow exceeds this, the water level will rise and flows will
spill into a second parallel pipeline. In combined sewers, additional pipelines may be required to ensure
self-cleansing conditions in storm flows.
Inverted siphons should incorporate means of draining the sewage and removing sediments from the lowest
point of the siphon.

26  BSI 1998
 BS EN 752-4:1998

National annex NB (informative)

Hydraulic pipeline roughness and local headloss coefficient values
NB.1 Introduction
Clause 9 of the standard gives methods for hydraulic calculations. This annex gives guidance on hydraulic
pipeline roughness values and local headloss values commonly used in the UK. Tables giving solutions of the
Colebrook±White equation for a range of pipe sizes, hydraulic pipeline roughness values and pipe gradients are
available [6].
NB.2 Hydraulic pipeline roughness values
NB.2.1 General
The Colebrook±White equation [see 9.1.2, equation (1)] is generally used for design within the UK. Values of the
hydraulic pipeline roughness (k) commonly used with this equation are given in NB 2.2 and NB 2.3.
Whilst in theory the roughness is related to the height of the roughness elements of the pipe wall, in practice it is
also influenced by other factors. These include the straightness of the pipe, discontinuities at the joints, the free
water surface at part-full flow, slime growths around the internal perimeter, grease build-up and sediment
deposits.
NB.2.2 Surface-water drains and sewers
A surface-water drain or sewer is unlikely to develop slime to any significant extent, but it is likely to contain
deposits of grit. For the design of surface-water drains and sewers, a certain amount of deposition is assumed
and a hydraulic pipeline roughness (k) of 0,6 mm is therefore generally used regardless of the material.
Exceptionally, where surface-water drains and sewers will remain clean, unsoiled, and in good condition
throughout their design life, the roughness will depend principally on the material. In such cases, recommended
hydraulic pipeline roughness values (k) for pipes of different materials can be obtained from published tables [6].
NB.2.3 Foul and combined drains and sewers
In pipes carrying foul sewage, the roughness is influenced to some extent by the pipe material, but depends
primarily on the slime that grows on the inside surface of the pipe below the water level corresponding to the
maximum daily discharge.
Recommended roughness (k) values for foul and combined drains and sewers in average condition are given in
Table NB.1.

Table NB.1 Ð Recommended roughness values, k, for foul and combined drains and sewers
Typical peak DWF velocity Roughness value, k
m/s mm
> 1,0 0,6
$ 0,76 and # 1,0 1,5
NOTE Peak DWF is the diurnal maximum dry weather flow.
Peak DWF = 2 3 DWF
where DWF is the average daily dry weather flow.

Hydraulic pipeline roughness values for brick sewers will depend on the condition of the brickwork as well as
on sliming and debris. Guidance on hydraulic pipeline roughness values for brick sewers is given in the Sewerage
rehabilitation manual [7].
Although a pressure main carrying sewage will develop slime, the amount and pattern of sliming will be different
from that occurring in a gravity foul sewer. Further guidance is given in published tables [6].

 BSI 1998 27
BS EN 752-4:1998

NB.3 Local headloss coefficients at manholes and bends

NB.3.1 General
Local headlosses are usually small in relation to the frictional losses, and are not normally considered. Values for
local headloss coefficients (kL) commonly used in the UK in conjunction with equation (3) (see 9.2.2) are given in
Tables NB.2 and NB.3.
NB.3.2 Manholes
Table NB.2 gives values of the headloss coefficient, kL, derived from experiments on manholes where the sewer
is surcharged. The energy losses when the sewer is only just full (i.e. with the flow confined by the manhole
benching) will be less than those obtained using these coefficients. When the manhole incorporates a junction,
the energy losses are greater and depend on the geometry of the junction and on the flows in the branches.

Table NB.2 Ð Headloss coefficient, kL, for manholes

Plan shape of manhole Headloss coefficient, kL
Type of manhole
Straight through 30Ê bend 60Ê bend
Rectangular 0,10 0,40 0,85
Circular 0,15 0,50 0,95

NB.3.3 Circular bends

Table NB.3 gives values of kL for 90Ê circular bends, flowing full, for various ratios of bend radius, R, to nominal
pipe bore, D.

Table NB.3 Ð Headloss coefficient, kL, at bends

Bend radius/pipe diameter Headloss coefficient, kL
R/D
0,5 1,00
1,0 0,25
1,5 0,18
2,0 0,16
5,0 0,18
10,0 0,24

The values given in Table NB.3 apply only when the length of straight pipe downstream from the bend is greater
than 30 pipe diameters.
NB.3.4 Mitre bends
The headloss coefficient, kL, for a single mitre bend is given by:
u
kL = 1,4 3 (NB.1)
90
where
u is the bend angle (in degrees).

28  BSI 1998
 BS EN 752-4:1998

Table NB.4 gives the loss coefficient for a 90Ê lobster-back bend comprising four 22,5Ê mitre bends, three 30Ê
mitre bends, or two 45Ê mitre bends.

Table NB.4 Ð Headloss coefficient, kL, for lobster-back bends

L/D Headloss coefficient, kL
(See note) Construction of bend
Four 22,5Ê mitre bends Three 30Ê mitre bends Two 45Ê mitre bends
0,5 0,40 0,45 0,55
1,5 0,25 0,30 0,40
3,0 0,32 0,35 0,48
6,0 0,32 0,37 0,50
NOTE L is the centreline length of one of the individual short pieces of pipe (which are all of equal length) from which the bend is
made. D is the nominal pipe bore.

The values given in Table NB.4 are for a rough pipe. The headloss coefficients for a smooth pipe will be
approximately 75 % of these values.

National annex NC (informative)

Calculation of wastewater flows
NC.1 Introduction
This annex gives information on the calculation of wastewater flow rates in drains and sewers outside buildings.
There are two methods of determining wastewater flows in pipes:
a) the population method (see 10.2), based upon population served;
b) the probability method (see 10.3), based upon the flow rates and probability of discharge of sanitary
appliances.
The probability method is mainly used for drainage adjacent to buildings.
It should be noted that the two methods will give different results. Generally, the population method should be
used where the probability method indicates that pipe sizes of greater than DN 150 are required.
Further information on the probability method is given below.
NC.2 Probability method
NC.2.1 General
NC.2.1.1 Wastewater flow in drains is intermittent even in systems serving a large number of appliances. It is
normally of a wave form, close to the point of connection of a discharge stack, or an appliance, especially a WC.
As the wave travels along the drain, its velocity and depth decrease, the attenuation depending on the volume of
flow, the gradient, the bore, the hydraulic roughness of the drain and the presence of fittings. It can also be
affected by simultaneous discharges from other appliances connected to the system.
NC.2.1.2 The method outlined in NC.2.2 has been found in practice to give reliable and economical results,
although it does not exactly reflect the conditions described in NC.2.1.1. Probability theory is used to estimate
the maximum peak flow rate from appliances, and flow through the drain is assumed to be steady, without
attenuation. This ensures that the pipe sizes are adequate at positions of maximum flow depth. Some oversizing
downstream of connections in systems with long pipe runs may result, but this is usually acceptable, as it
provides a factor of safety and may enable future connections to be made without causing surcharge.
NC.2.2 Determination of flow
Wastewater flow can be determined by using the method described in prEN 12056-2. System Type III values are
appropriate for the UK. Prior to publication of EN 12056-2, the values given in annex C may be adopted.
A value of 3,0 discharge units per dwelling should be used where several dwellings are connected to a length of
drain or sewer, subject to a minimum flow of 1,6 l/s.
Pipes should be sized to give a maximum depth of flow of about 0,7DN in order to allow ventilation of the
drains.
Generally, no allowance for infiltration is made in this method. However, an allowance for infiltration may be
added to the calculated flows if the designer considers this necessary.

 BSI 1998 29
BS EN 752-4:1998

National annex ND (informative)

UK design rainfall data
ND.1 Introduction
Subclause 11.3 gives guidance on methods of calculating storm flows in drains and sewers. This annex gives
guidance on the sources of design rainfall data applicable to the UK for use with these methods.
Various types of design rainfall data are available. The type of data used depends on the type of design and the
calculation methods. The types of data include:
Ð catchment-specific constant rainfall rates calculated from intensity duration frequency curves;
Ð catchment-specific synthetic rainfall profiles;
Ð rainfall time series.
The maximum theoretical precipitation for any given location is estimated using a storm frequency of 1 in 35 000
years.
Drains and sewers designed to cope with summer storms are generally adequate to deal with melting snow.
ND.2 Constant-rate rainfall
ND.2.1 General
Where the simple methods of calculating run-off described in 11.3.2 are used, constant-rate rainfall intensities are
available. These are generally used for designs which aim to give no surcharge in a specified ªdesign storm
frequencyº (see 11.2).
ND.2.2 Rainfall for design of drainage from paved areas
For the design of drainage of areas up to 2 000 m2 or for drain lengths up to 200 m (see national annex NE),
storm durations of 5 min are generally used.
Use of the following flat rates of rainfall is recommended:
Ð 140 l/(s´ha) (approximately 50 mm/h) for paved areas on which ponding can be tolerated during heavy
storms and for a few minutes after the storm has passed; or
Ð 210 l/(s´ha) (approximately 75 mm/h) for flat surfaces where ponding cannot normally be tolerated.
Design rainfall intensities for other frequencies and durations can be calculated using the method described
in ND.2.3.
ND.2.3 Rainfall for design of drainage from larger areas
For the design of drainage for larger areas of up to 200 ha, or for times of concentration up to 15 min using the
method of calculation described in 11.3.2, site-specific rainfall data can be calculated for any point in the UK
using the Wallingford Procedure for a specified duration, for return frequencies of 1 in 1 year or greater. (See The
Wallingford Procedure, volumes 1, 3 and 4 [8], [9], [10].)
ND.3 Time-varying rainfall profiles
ND.3.1 General
Two main types of time-varying design rainstorm are available for the UK for use with sewer flow simulation
models:
Ð synthetic design storms having an idealized single-peaked symmetrical profile;
Ð rainfall time series which are real, or simulated real, single-peaked or multi-peaked storms.
ND.3.2 Synthetic rainfall profiles
Where sewer flow simulation methods are being used to design drain and sewer systems (see 11.2, 11.3.3 and
annex D), design storms of specified frequencies, from 1 in 1 year upwards, and specified durations can be
determined from intensity-duration-frequency curves using the Wallingford Procedure (see The Wallingford
Procedure, volumes 1 and 3 [8], [9]). These profiles are symmetrical with a single peak and are built into some
standard flow simulation packages available in the UK (see national annex NI).
This type of rainfall data can be used to design new sewer systems as well as to simulate existing systems in
order to assess performance. The critical duration used for any part of the system should be determined by
experiment. Different storm durations may be appropriate for designing different parts of some systems,
particularly where the system incorporates detention tanks.

30  BSI 1998
 BS EN 752-4:1998

ND.3.3 Rainfall time series

An alternative to synthetic idealized profiles with sewer flow simulation methods is to use events selected from
long series of historic rainfall data. This method is particularly suitable when considering the environmental
impact of discharges from outfalls and combined sewer overflows. This type of data may also be more suitable
for simulating the operation of detention tanks.
Historic series of significant duration data are available for comparatively few sites in the UK. Much of this data
is only available for time increments of 1 h, which is not generally suitable for detailed sewer flow simulation
models. However, disaggregation methods which can produce simulated 5 min increment data from hourly values
are available. These methods are discussed in Foundation for Water Research and WRc reports [11], [12]. Details
of the availability of historic rainfall data can be obtained from the Meteorological Office.
Where historic rainfall series are not available, it is now possible to generate synthetic rainfall time series for
locations in the UK. See Foundation for Water Research and WRc reports [11], [12].

National annex NE (informative)

Drainage of paved areas
NE.1 Introduction
This annex gives guidance on the drainage of surface water from paved areas, including the design of inlets to
gullies. It applies to areas of up to 2 000 m2 or drain lengths of up to 200 m, including estate roads but not
high-speed roads.
It does not cover the design of porous pavements.
NE.2. General
NE.2.1 Layout
NE.2.1.1 General
A drainage system for a paved area generally comprises two parts:
Ð a channel or series of channels that collect the run-off from the paved area;
Ð gullies situated at intermediate points along the channels and at their downstream ends that convey the
flow to the below-ground drainage system.
Alternatively, run-off from a section of paved area can be arranged to drain directly to a terminal gully set at a
low point in the paved area.
Examples of these types of layout are shown in Figure NE.1.
NE.2.1.2 Shape and size
The number of outlets necessary is often determined by the irregular shape of the areas between buildings,
rather than by the permissible area that can be drained to an outlet. Small paved areas can be drained to central
terminal gullies. Larger areas can be split into panels with central terminal gullies, or may be more conveniently
drained by means of collecting channels with intermediate and terminal gullies.
NE.2.1.3 Occupational use
Parts of a paved area that are used for vehicular traffic may require the addition of kerbs or markings to provide
carriageways and verges around buildings.
Separate drainage systems or separators should be provided for any parts of the paved area where materials that
could pollute or block the drainage system are stored or used.

 BSI 1998 31
BS EN 752-4:1998

Arrows indicate direction of fall of final paved surfaces, except where otherwise captioned.
a) Example of layout of paved areas

Road with camber section A - A Road with cross-fall section B - B

b) Sections through alternative roads

c) Alternative drainage to parking area for level site

Figure NE.1 Ð Drainage of typical roads and paved areas

32  BSI 1998
 BS EN 752-4:1998

NE.2.1.4 Levels
The levels of a paved area should be determined in relation to the levels of:
Ð existing ground;
Ð available outfall;
Ð floors and damp-proof courses in adjoining buildings;
Ð access points to the paved area;
Ð the top water level of receiving waters.
Water draining from a paved area should not be allowed to concentrate along the side of a building (see
Figure NE.1a). Where the general ground levels might cause this to happen, a reverse fall should be applied to a
narrow strip around the building so that the water is kept away from the walls. If a paved area provides access
to workshops, underground garages or storage accommodation that are at or below the level of the paved area,
channels with gratings or slots should be used and these should be placed a minimum of 500 mm away from the
building, in order to intercept any water that would otherwise drain into the building.
The edge of a paved area may be finished against and level with the surrounding natural ground, provided that
the subsoil is suitable and the edge is not subject to heavy loading by traffic or materials. This method of
drainage should not be used where heavy traffic reaches or overruns the edge of a paved area, or where an
adjacent unpaved area could drain a significant amount of flow on to the paved area.
NE.2.1.5 Road entrances and approaches off public roads
The drainage system should be arranged so as to prevent surface water from flowing across the entrance, either
to or from a public road.
NE.2.2 Gradients
Gradients should be designed to permit quick drainage to collecting channels or gullies. If the gradient is flat,
acceptable tolerances, a slight error in workmanship or minor deformation can result in large areas of puddles.
Recommended gradients are given in Table NE.1.

Table NE.1 Ð Recommended gradients for paved areas

Drained area Gradient
Access roads Paved areas Footpaths
Longitudinal gradient or fall 1 in 15 maximuma Ð Ð
Cross-fall or average camber 1 in 40 normal 1 in 60 minimum 1 in 30 maximum
1 in 40 minimum
Kerb channels (no channel blocks) 1 in 150 minimum 1 in 150 minimum Ð
Kerb channels (with channel blocks
or high-class surfacing) 1 in 200 minimum 1 in 200 minimum Ð
Super elevation: road curves not
exceeding 100 m radius 1 in 25 maximum Ð Ð
aThe first 10 m of an access road from its junction with a major road or public highway should have a gradient of not more than
1 in 30.

NE.2.3 Health and safety

Gratings with openings parallel to the kerb should not be used where they may cause danger to cyclists.
Gratings should be installed level with the adjacent surface or not more than 10 mm below it.
NE.2.4 Gullies
Gully pots should normally be provided with grit interceptors of adequate size according to the use of the area,
the type of surface and the frequency of cleaning. The retention of road grit is a function of the gully size and
flow rate. The diameter of the pot should be no smaller than the diagonal of its grate opening.
Where a gully discharges into a combined sewer or drain, a water-sealed trap is necessary and such a trap is
generally part of the gully pot. Traps may be omitted from individual gullies that discharge into a drain or sewer
used solely for the purpose of conveying rainwater.

 BSI 1998 33
BS EN 752-4:1998

For concrete paved areas, construction or expansion joints should not coincide with the lines of collecting
channels or cross areas in which ponding occurs at terminal gullies.
Gratings of intermediate and terminal gullies should be set 5 mm below the level of the paved area to allow for
settlement.
To avoid damage by vehicles, gratings and frames should be properly bedded to give adequate support against
movement. The frame should be bedded using a good-quality mortar with a low water content, on well-built
masonry or concrete. It is essential that sufficient time be allowed for the bedding to develop its strength before
a grating or frame is subjected to load.
NE.3 Rainfall intensity (11.3.2 refers)
Drainage systems of small paved areas should be adequate to drain, without surcharge, intense summer rains that
usually occur in thunderstorms.
The design rainfall intensity depends on geographical location, storm frequency (return period) and storm
duration.
Recommended design storm frequencies for no-surcharge design are given in Table NE.2.
Rainfall intensities are given in national annex ND.
NE.4 Run-off (11.3.2 refers)
NE.4.1 Effective area
The effective catchment area is equal to the plan area of the paved area plus the effective area of any sloping or
vertical surface that drains on to it (see prEN 12056-3).
For the design of paved car parks, roads and footpaths, the run-off coefficient, C, in Table 2 is generally taken as
1,0.
NE.4.2 Peak flow rate
The peak flow rate is given by equation (5) in 11.3.2.

Table NE.2 Ð Recommended design storm frequencies

Risk category Situation Design storm frequency
(1 in n years)
Category 1 Normal situations where ponding can be 1 or 2 (see Table 1)
tolerated during a heavy storm and for a few
minutes afterwards
Category 2 Ponding cannot be tolerated 5
Category 3 Where a building or its contents require Refer to roof drainage standard, prEN 12056-3
additional protection
Category 4 Where a building or its contents require a Refer to roof drainage standard, prEN 12056-3
higher degree of security than category 3
NOTE Categories 3 and 4 should only be used in exceptional circumstances.

NE.5 Hydraulic design for gradients steeper than 1 in 300

NE.5.1 Flow rates
The general layout of the drainage system should first be decided and the total paved area then split into suitable
sub-areas taking into account the factors detailed in NE.2 to NE.4. The design flow from each sub-area is the
peak flow rate calculated using equation (5) in 11.3.2.
Further information is given in TRRL Contractor Report No. 2 [13].
NE.5.2 Collecting channels
NE.5.2.1 Shape
Collecting channels are usually of shallow triangular cross-section and have the same longitudinal slopes and
cross-falls as the paved surfaces that they drain (see Figure NE.2). Channels with other cross-sectional shapes
may, however, be used. The discharge capacity of a particular channel is normally limited by the maximum depth
or width of flow that it is convenient to allow. Where pedestrians need to cross collecting channels the width of
flow should not exceed 500 mm.

34  BSI 1998
 BS EN 752-4:1998

Q is the total discharge

q1 is the carry-by flow
q2 is the carry-over flow
q3 is the carry-past flow
Proportion, p, of flow bypassing:
(q + q2 + q3)
p= 1
Q
a) Plan

b) Cross-section
Figure NE.2 Ð Flow to a rectangular gully grating

 BSI 1998 35
BS EN 752-4:1998

NE.5.2.2 Hydraulic capacity

The Manning equation given in 9.1.3, equation (2), can be used to calculate the capacity of a collecting channel.
For convenience, it can be rewritten as:
KA1,67 JE0,5
Q = 1 000 3 (NE.1)
P1,33
where

Q is the channel discharge, in litres per second;

K is the Manning coefficient of the channel, in metres raised to the power one third, per second
(see Table NE.3);
A is the cross-sectional area of the flow, in square metres;
JE is the longitudinal slope of the channel, expressed as a decimal fraction;
P is the wetted perimeter, in metres.

For channels of shallow triangular cross-section, equation (NE.1) may be approximated by:
Q = 3,0 3 1026 Cy2,67 (NE.2)
where

Q is the channel discharge, in litres per second;

y is the depth of flow, in millimetres (see Figure NE.3);
C is the channel criterion (dimensionless), calculated from equation (NE.3):

C = K b JE0,5 (NE.3)
where

K is the Manning coefficient of the channel, in metres raised to the power one third, per second
(see Table NE.3);
b is the cross-fall of the channel (ratio of channel depth to top width) (see Figure NE.3);
JE is the longitudinal slope of the channel, expressed as a decimal fraction.

Figure NE.3 Ð Channel cross-sections

Table NE.3 Ð Manning coefficients for channels

Type of channel Manning coefficient, K
m1/3/s
Smooth concrete 90
Concrete with grit 70
Smooth bituminous paving 70
Bituminous paving with grit 55

36  BSI 1998
 BS EN 752-4:1998

The flow conditions in the collecting channel affect the capacity of gullies. A characteristic length, E, termed the
ªgully criterionº, is determined by the flow condition in the channel as follows:
1,010 3 104Q
E= (NE.4)
y1,5
or, for a triangular channel, from:
E = 7,90 C0,56Q0,44 (NE.5)
where

E is the gully criterion, in millimetres;

Q is the channel discharge, in litres per second;
y is the depth of flow, in millimetres (see Figure NE.3);
C is the channel criterion (dimensionless), calculated from equation (NE.3).

The efficiency of a gully depends upon the ratio of its length to the characteristic length, E.
NE.5.3 Kerb inlets
NE.5.3.1 General
Any struts or bars in the kerb inlet should not obstruct the flow.
NE.5.3.2 Capacity
In order to intercept all the flow in a collecting channel, a kerb inlet should have a length, L1, of clear opening
given by the equation:
L1 = K1 E (NE.6)
where

L1 is the length of clear opening needed to intercept all the flow in the collecting channel, in millimetres;
K1 is a dimensionless coefficient (see Table NE.4);
E is the gully criterion, in millimetres, calculated from equation (NE.4) or (NE.5).

Table NE.4 Ð Values of K1 for kerb inlets

Effective cross-fall of collecting channel, b K1
12 4,4
24 5,0
NOTE For 12 > b > 24, interpolate value of K1.

NE.5.3.3 Bypass flow

If the actual length of the kerb inlet, L, is less than L1, then it will intercept only part of the flow in the collecting
channel. The proportion of the total flow that bypasses the inlet, p, can be calculated from equation (NE.7),
provided that p is not greater than 0,4:
q L
p= = 12 (NE.7)
Q L1
where

p is the proportion of flow bypassing the kerb inlet, expressed as a decimal fraction;
q is the flow bypassing the kerb inlet, in litres per second;
Q is the flow in the collecting channel, in litres per second;
L is the actual length of the kerb inlet, in millimetres;
L1 is the length of kerb inlet needed to intercept all the flow, in millimetres, calculated from equation (NE.6).

 BSI 1998 37
BS EN 752-4:1998

NE.5.4 Gully gratings

NE.5.4.1 Capacity
Gully gratings should be installed in collecting channels as close to the kerb as possible. Flow can bypass a gully
(see Figure NE.2) in the following ways:
Ð between the kerb and the slots of the grating (the carry-by flow, q1);
Ð over the grating, by water passing over the bars (the carry-over flow, q2);
Ð around the grating, by water flowing round the outside edge of the grating (the carry-past flow, q3).
The capacity of a gully grating is equal to the flow approaching the channel less the sum of q1, q2 and q3.
NE.5.4.2 Carry-by flow
The proportion of the carry-by flow to the total flow approaching the grating is given by:
q 24 E d d 2
p1 = 1 = 2 (NE.8)
Q b L L y
where
p1 is the proportion of the carry-by flow to the total flow, expressed as a decimal fraction;
q1 is the carry-by flow, in litres per second (see Figure NE.2);
E is the gully criterion, in millimetres, calculated from equation (NE.4) or (NE.5);
d is the width of the gap between the kerb and the first slot, in millimetres;
Q is the total flow approaching the grating, in litres per second;
b is the cross-fall of the channel (ratio of channel depth to top width) (see Figure NE.3);
L is the length of the grating measured along the kerb, in millimetres (see Figure NE.2);
y is the depth of flow in the collecting channel, in millimetres.
The value of p1 is often small enough to be ignored when determining the spacing of gullies.
NE.5.4.3 Carry-over flow
The length of grating, L2, necessary to prevent any flow passing over the bars is given by:
E
L2 = K2 (NE.9)
b
where
L2 is the length of grating necessary to prevent any flow passing over the bars, in millimetres;
K2 is a constant, dependent upon grating design (see Table NE.5);
E is the gully criterion, in millimetres, calculated from equation (NE.4) or (NE.5);
b is the cross-fall of the channel (ratio of channel depth to top width) (see Figure NE.3).

Table NE.5 Ð Typical values of K2 for gully gratings

Type of grating K2
Bars parallel to the kerb and transverse bars at quarter points 16
Heavy-duty grating with bars set at 45Ê to the kerb 24
Transverse slots 24

38  BSI 1998
 BS EN 752-4:1998

The proportion of the carry-over flow to the total flow approaching the grating is given by:
 L  22
p2 = 2 = 1 2
q
L2 
(NE.10)
Q 
where
p2 is the proportion of the carry-over flow to the total flow, expressed as a decimal fraction;
q2 is the flow that passes over the bars, in litres per second;
Q is the total flow approaching the grating, in litres per second;
L is the length of the grating measured along the kerb, in millimetres (see Figure NE.2);
L2 is the length of grating necessary to prevent any flow from passing over the bars, in millimetres.

NE.5.4.4 Carry-past flow

The length of grating, L3, necessary to prevent any flow from bypassing the grating around its outer edge is given
by:
B 2 Wp 2
L3 = 2,4E (NE.11)
 B 
where
L3 is the length of grating necessary to prevent any flow from bypassing the grating around its outer edge,
in millimetres;
E is the gully criterion, in millimetres, calculated from equation (NE.4) or (NE.5);
B is the width of flow in the collecting channel upstream of the gully, in millimetres;
Wp is the distance from the kerb to the outer edge of the grating, in millimetres (see Figure NE.2).

The proportion of the carry-past flow to the total flow approaching the grating is given by:
q B 2 Wp 2 1 2 L 
p3 = 3 = 0,60 (NE.12)
Q  B   L3
where
p3 is the proportion of the carry-past flow to the total flow, expressed as a decimal fraction;
q3 is the flow that passes outside the grating, in litres per second;
Q is the total flow approaching the grating, in litres per second;
B is the width of flow in the collecting channel upstream of the gully, in millimetres;
Wp is the distance from the kerb to the outer edge of the grating, in millimetres (see Figure NE.2).
L the length of the grating measured along the kerb, in millimetres (see Figure NE.2);
L3 is the length of grating necessary to prevent any flow from bypassing the grating around its outer edge,
in millimetres;

NE.5.5 Combined inlets

NE.5.5.1 Description
A combined inlet consists of a gully grating and an adjacent kerb inlet which has the same length as the grating
(see Figure NE.2). This type of inlet is less susceptible to blockage than either the gully grating or kerb inlet used
separately, but its capacity will normally be only slightly greater than that of the gully grating.
NE.5.5.2 Capacity
The method of calculating the capacity of a combined inlet is similar to that for gully gratings (see NE.5.4)
except for the following changes.
Ð Carry-by flow: the value of the constant in equation (NE.8) should be changed from 24 to 16.
Ð Carry-over flow: the appropriate value of K2 in equation (NE.9) should be reduced by 10 %.

 BSI 1998 39
BS EN 752-4:1998

NE.5.6 Terminal gullies

NE.5.6.1 General
Terminal gullies should be located at the downstream ends of collecting channels and at low points in the paved
area. They should be generously sized, as any lack of capacity is more likely to cause flooding than is the case
with intermediate gullies. Alternatively, double gullies may be used.
NE.5.6.2 Capacity
The capacity of terminal gullies is best determined experimentally. However, where experimental data are not
available, their capacity can be estimated using equations (NE.13) and (NE.14) as follows.
If the flow is weir-type:
L h1,5
Qi = w (NE.13)
24 000
If the flow is orifice-type:
A h0,5
Qi = i (NE.14)
12 000
where
Qi is the total flow entering the gully, in litres per second;
Lw is the total length of the openings, measured around the perimeter of the grating, in millimetres;
Ai is the total area of openings that are submerged by the flow, in square millimetres;
h is the depth of water above the mean level of the openings, in millimetres.

Alternative values of the water level at the outlet should be calculated; the higher of the two levels is the actual
level that will occur.
NE.5.7 Intermediate gullies
NE.5.7.1 General
Intermediate gullies are generally used where:
Ð there would otherwise be too great a depth of ponding at the downstream end of a collecting channel;
Ð the depth or width of flow in the collecting channel would otherwise exceed chosen limits.
Kerb inlets, or gratings set in the base of the collecting channel, may be used as intermediate gullies. Kerb inlets
generally have a lower capacity than gully gratings of the same length, but are less liable to damage by vehicles.
Kerb inlets may be set back from the kerb as shown in Figure NE.4, in which case they have a higher capacity
and act in the same way hydraulically as terminal gullies (see NE.5.6). At points where the direction of cross-fall
changes, gully gratings are preferable to kerb inlets because of their greater hydraulic efficiency.
The percentage of flow intercepted by a gully depends upon:
Ð the properties of the channel in which the gully is installed;
Ð the design of the gully.
At low flows, a gully collects all the flow, but, as the flow towards the gully increases, the percentage collected
decreases, although the actual flow intercepted by the gully increases.

40  BSI 1998
 BS EN 752-4:1998

a) Kerb inlet at angle to kerb

Length L to be determined as for kerb inlet (see NE.5.3)

b) Gully grating or kerb inlet set back from kerb
Figure NE.4 Ð Alternative arrangements of gullies

 BSI 1998 41
BS EN 752-4:1998

NE.5.7.2 Spacing
The following factors should be considered in specifying the spacing of intermediate gullies:
a) limits on the maximum width and depth of flow in the collecting channel;
b) limits on the amount of flow bypassing each gully;
c) likelihood of blockage of the gully and/or its grating; the frequency of cleaning.
The spacing of intermediate gullies that is necessary to prevent the depth or width of flow in the collecting
channel from exceeding chosen limits can be determined by checking whether the calculated amount of flow
bypassing a gully is acceptable.
The capacity of a gully can be increased if some flow is allowed to bypass the gully and continue to a gully
further downstream. The increase in capacity can be significant in the case of kerb inlets, which have a relatively
low efficiency in steep channels. The total proportion of flow bypassing a gully (i.e. the sum of the carry-over
flow and the carry-past flow: see Figure NE.2) should not normally exceed one-fifth of the flow approaching the
gully. A reduction of the spacing decreases the amount bypassing and the maximum width and depth of flow. An
increase of the spacing will have the opposite effect.
The following design data are necessary:
JE longitudinal slope of collecting channel, expressed as a decimal fraction;
b cross-fall of collecting channel (ratio of channel depth to top width) (see Figure NE.3);
L length of gully, in millimetres (see Figure NE.2);
Wp effective width of gully, in millimetres (see Figure NE.2);
d distance of gully waterways from edge of channel, in millimetres (see Figure NE.2);
i rainfall intensity, in litres per second per square metre (see NE.3);
q flow bypassing upstream gully, in litres per second;
B maximum width of flow, in millimetres; or
y maximum depth of flow, in millimetres.
NOTE In equation (5), rainfall intensity, i, is expressed in litres per second hectare.
The determination of gully spacing should begin at the upstream end of the system and proceed downstream as
follows.
a) Calculate the value of the channel criterion, C, from equation (NE.3).
b) If the maximum width of flow, B, is specified, calculate the corresponding maximum depth, y, as follows:
B
y=
b
c) Determine the discharge, Q, corresponding to the values of C and y, using equation (NE.2).
d) Calculate the value of the gully criterion, E, from equation (NE.4) or (NE.5).
e) For a kerb inlet, calculate the proportion of flow bypassing, from equation (NE.7). For a gully grating,
calculate the proportion of flow bypassing the gully, p, which is the sum of p1 + p2 + p3, calculated using
equations (NE.8), (NE.10) and (NE.12) respectively.
f) If the proportion of flow bypassing is acceptable, calculate the area, Ap, in square metres, that can be
drained, using:
Q(1 2 p)
Ap = (NE.15)
i
g) If the proportion of flow bypassing is excessive, reduce the maximum depth of flow or the gully spacing
(and hence the flow), or change the size of gully; then repeat steps a) to f).

42  BSI 1998
 BS EN 752-4:1998

NE.6 Hydraulic design for gradients flatter than 1 in 300

NE.6.1 General
The method described in NE.6.2 is based on TRRL Laboratory Report 602 [14].
It should be noted that results obtained using this method will not be consistent with results from the method
described in NE.5.
NE.6.2 Outlet spacing
NE.6.2.1 For a drainage channel of constant depth and trapezoidal cross-section, and assuming some grit in the
channel, the outlet spacing is given by:
3,74 3 1024 (S + 0,5Kwho) 0,923ho1,231
J= (NE.16)
(iW)0,769
where
J is the outlet spacing, in metres;
S is the width of the bottom of the trapezoidal channel, in millimetres;
Kw is the sum of the cotangents of the angles of inclination of the channel sides from the horizontal
(dimensionless);
ho is the channel depth, in millimetres;
i is the rainfall intensity, in litres per second per square metre;
W is the width of road, in metres.

NE.6.2.2 For a drainage channel with a triangular cross-section, with one face vertical, as alongside a road edge,
and assuming some grit in the channel, the outlet spacing is given by:
 B3 0,75 1 + KcB1,75 JEw
J = 1,02Cr1,4375 (NE.17)
iW  1293iW0,875 
where
J is the outlet spacing, in metres;
Cr is the cross-fall, expressed as a percentage;
B is the maximum flow width, in metres;
Kc is a coefficient dependent upon cross-fall, from Table NE.6;
JE is the longitudinal gradient, expressed as a percentage;
w is an index, from Table NE.6;
i is the rainfall intensity, in litres per second per square metre;
W is the width of road, in metres.

Table NE.6 Ð Values of Kc and w

Cross-fall, Cr Coefficient, Kc Index, w
%
0,5 117 2,26
1,0 190 2,19
1,5 265 2,125
2,0 326 2,06
2,5 380 1,995
3,0 416 1,93
4,0 448 1,80
5,0 448 1,67
NOTE w = 2,32 2 0,13Cr

 BSI 1998 43
BS EN 752-4:1998

National annex NF (informative)

Design of flow detention facilities
NF.1 Introduction
Flow balancing (see 11.4) can be provided by one of the following methods:
Ð closed detention tanks or enlarged tank sewers;
Ð open storage ponds.
Open storage ponds are generally used only on surface-water drain and sewer systems.
Detention tanks and tank sewers may also be used on combined or partially separate systems. They can be
either:
Ð on-line, in which case the sewage flows through the tank in dry weather; or
Ð off-line, in which case the flow is spilled into the tank only in times of high flow.
The volume of storage required should be calculated from the inflow and outflow hydrographs based on an
appropriate design storm (see national annex ND).
NF.2 Design of detention tanks and tank sewers
Detention tanks and tank sewers on combined and partially separate systems are generally designed with the aid
of sewer flow simulation models (see 11.3.3 and annex D), using specified design flood frequencies (see 11.2), to
determine the volume of storage necessary to achieve the limiting rate of discharge downstream. The models
should use either synthetic design storms of the most onerous duration (this may exceed four times the time of
concentration), or rainfall time series (see national annex ND), or a combination of both methods.
Where a tank is being installed on a drain or sewer which is connected to an existing sewer system, the relevant
authority should be consulted to ensure that the tank and its control device do not lead to flooding (either on the
proposed drain or elsewhere) outside the design limits.
The tank should be adequately ventilated.
The base of the tank should be designed to minimize the build-up of sediments. This can be done by provision of
benching and channels with sufficient gradient, or by means of active sediment removal systems using flushing,
scraping or sprays. Further guidance on the design of tanks to minimize sedimentation is given in Sewerage
detention tanks Ð A design guide [15].
NF.3 Design of flood storage ponds
Flood storage ponds can be provided as a lake or pond which permanently contains water, or as an area of
land (e.g. a public open space or car park) set aside to be flooded only in extreme rainfall.
Where the system discharges into a watercourse, the maximum discharge downstream is generally specified by
the rivers authority (see BS EN 752-1:1996, national annex NA). Where the system discharges into a sewer system,
the maximum discharge is generally specified by the sewerage undertaker or highway authority (for highway
drainage systems), as appropriate (see BS EN 752-1:1996, national annex NA).
The required volume of storage can be calculated using sewer flow simulation models (see NF.2), or by other
methods. Detailed advice on all aspects of design is given in The design of flood storage reservoirs [16].

44  BSI 1998
 BS EN 752-4:1998

National annex NG (informative)

Soakaways
NG.1 Introduction
Under certain circumstances soakaways may be used to dispose of either surface water or treated effluent. For
surface water disposal they are generally used only intermittently and need to be of sufficient size to cope with
an expected storm without overflowing. However, those used for treated effluent disposal have to cope with a far
more regular and continuous flow.
This annex does not apply to the disposal of surface water using either swales or porous pavements.
NG.2 Surface water soakaways
NG.2.1 General
If it is not desired to use the surface water in some way, it is often practicable to dispose of surface water to the
water table via a soakaway, where ground conditions are suitable and where it is desirable to maintain
groundwater levels.
If drainage is to a be to a soakaway, the subsoil and the general level of the groundwater should be investigated.
It is not desirable to locate a soakaway closer than 3 m to 6 m to a building's foundations, nor in any other
position such that the ground below foundations is likely to be adversely affected.
NG.2.2 Design
A soakaway consists generally of a pit from which water can percolate into the surrounding ground. Small pits
may be unlined and filled with hardcore for stability, or the soakaway may take the form of seepage trenches
following convenient contours. Larger pits may be unfilled but lined, e.g. with brickwork laid dry, jointed
honeycomb brickwork, perforated precast concrete rings or segments laid dry, and the lining surrounded with
suitable granular material. An unfilled pit should be safely roofed and provided with access for maintenance
purposes. Although square or circular pits are compact, it is often easier, and cheaper, to excavate trench
soakaways if excavating equipment is available.
In order to limit any possible alteration to the quality of groundwater, attention should be paid to the source of
the run-off water that is to be collected. If it is from a paved surface, the water should pass through a suitable
form of oil interceptor before entering the soakaway. Provision needs to be made for the interceptor to be
cleaned and maintained.
For longevity, the soakaway should be designed with facilities for inspection and maintenance. The life of a
soakaway will be reduced if its waterways become clogged by silt or floating material. With trench-type
soakaways, the use of wet wells at drain outlets and the use of T-piece inlets to the perforated or porous
distributor pipes will give consistent performance by combining the accessibility of the precast chamber with the
more efficient discharge characteristics of the trench.
NG.2.3 Inspection provisions
Access points enable the point of discharge of the drain to be viewed. For small filled soakaways, a 225 mm
perforated pipe can be used as an inspection well.
Trench-type soakaways require at least two inspection access points, one at each end of a straight trench. These
should be linked, near the top of the granular fill, by a horizontal perforated or porous distributor pipe. Where
more than one drain feeds a trench soakaway, each connection should be via a suitable access chamber.
NG.2.4 Storage capacity
A soakaway can be used most effectively in pervious subsoils, such as gravel, sand, chalk or fissured rock, and
where it is completely above the water table. Seasonal variations in the water table may necessitate a greater
storage capacity.
In ground with low permeability where soakaways are a feasible solution, the storage capacity should be
sufficient to retain the flows during prolonged or heavy rainfall. A capacity equal to 20 mm of rainfall over the
area being drained is recommended. The effective depth of the soakaway is measured below the invert of the
lowest incoming drain. Sufficient capacity can be achieved by the provision of one soakaway, or by splitting the
flow to a number of soakaways linked at overflow level by piped seepage trenches. Similar trenches can be used
as a means of overflow from a soakaway.
Where any doubt exists as to the suitability of the ground, it may be necessary to obtain permeability figures by
test. BRE Digest 365 [17] describes in detail how to design and construct a stormwater soakaway, and
incorporates a comprehensive test for the measurement of the soil infiltration rate. This iterative design method
is also available on computer disk.

 BSI 1998 45
BS EN 752-4:1998

NG.3 Treated effluent soakaways

NG.3.1 General
The disposal of treated effluent into the soil via soakaways may be practical and permissible. However, it is
essential to discuss the proposal with the relevant authority.
It may be practicable to dispose of suitably treated effluent to the soil via a soakaway where ground conditions
are suitable and where there is no possibility of contamination of groundwater supplies.
If drainage to a soakaway is to be adopted, the subsoil and the general level of the water table should be
investigated. A soakaway is not desirable nearer to a building's foundations than about 5 m, nor in any other
position such that the ground below foundations is likely to be adversely affected. If, during winter, the
groundwater level rises to within 1 m of the proposed invert level of the irrigation system, subsurface irrigation
should not be used.
NG.3.2 Design
In porous subsoils, a soakaway consists generally of a pit from which the treated water can percolate into the
surrounding ground. Small pits may be unlined and filled with hardcore for stability. Larger pits may be unfilled
but lined, e.g. with brickwork laid dry, jointed honeycomb brickwork, perforated precast concrete rings or
segments laid dry, and the lining surrounded with suitable granular material. An unfilled pit should be safely
roofed and provided with access for maintenance purposes.
In less porous subsoil, a subsurface irrigation system may be a more suitable alternative. It should be very
carefully designed and consist of a system of field drains, which should be constructed using porous or
perforated pipes, laid in trenches, with a uniform gradient not steeper than 1:200. The trenches should be
between 300 mm and 900 mm wide, and 2 m wide strips of undisturbed ground should be maintained between
parallel trenches. The pipes should be laid on a 150 mm layer of clinker, clean gravel or broken stone of 20 mm
to 50 mm grade. The trenches should be filled to a level 50 mm above the pipe and covered with geotextile
material to prevent the entry of silt. The remainder of the trench can be filled with normal soil. Pipes should be
laid at a minimum depth of 500 mm below the surface.
If the subsoil is found to have a relatively low percolation rate, additional underdrains, or another form of
treatment, should be provided. Underdrains consist of perforated or porous pipes laid in trenches, constructed at
least 600 mm below the irrigation pipe system The gap between the two pipe systems should be filled with pea
gravel.
For longevity, the soakaway should be designed with facilities for inspection and maintenance. The life of a
soakaway will be reduced if its waterways become clogged by silt or floating material.
NG.3.3 Inspection provisions
Access points enable the point of discharge of the drain to be viewed and material to be cleared from the
soakaway. For small filled soakaways, a 225 mm perforated pipe can be used as an inspection well.
Subsoil irrigation systems should have at least two inspection access points on each length of straight pipe, i.e. at
least at the ends.
NG.3.4 Floor area
The floor area of the soakaway is the critical parameter in the design of a treated effluent soakaway. To enable
the area required to be calculated, it is essential that a percolation test be carried out. BS 6297:1983 gives details
of a method of determining percolation rates.

46  BSI 1998
 BS EN 752-4:1998

National annex NH (informative)

Environmental aspects
NH.1 Introduction
Clause 12 of the standard outlines measures to limit the environmental impact of drain and sewer systems. This
annex gives general guidance on the application of these procedures in the UK. Where receiving waters are
affected, the relevant authority should be consulted at an early stage.
The major UK source documents are the Urban Pollution Management (UPM) Manual [18], which is a planning
guide for the management of urban wastewater discharges under wet weather conditions, and the AMP2
Guidelines [19], which set out the regulatory policy of the National Rivers Authority for England and Wales in
respect of sewer system discharges and their future consent standards. Reference should be made to these
documents for more detailed information.
NH.2 Control of pollution
NH.2.1 General
The UK policy for the protection of the aquatic environment is based on Environmental Quality Objectives
(EQOs) which specify the desired uses of a receiving water. Environmental Quality Standards (EQSs) are then
defined such that, when the standards are achieved, the EQOs are met and the desired uses are protected.
All legitimate uses recognized for surface waters can be affected to some extent by wet-weather discharges from
sewer systems. However, river aquatic life, bathing and general amenity are the uses specifically identified in the
AMP2 Guidelines [19] for England and Wales, and appropriate EQSs have been developed.
NH.2.2 Standards for protecting river aquatic life
NH.2.2.1 General
Over the years, environmental quality standards and procedures of varying complexity have been developed for
protecting river aquatic life. The simpler procedures make a number of conservative assumptions about the
nature of the receiving water, and therefore include large built-in safety factors. The complex procedures require
detailed modelling and are likely to produce more cost-effective designs; however, this level of detail may not be
feasible or justified in many cases.
NH.2.2.2 Fundamental standards for intermittent discharges
Environmental quality standards have been developed to ensure protection of river aquatic life during short-term
pollution events. These intermittent standards are expressed in terms of maximum allowable frequencies for
specified threshold concentrations and durations of dissolved oxygen (DO) and un-ionized ammonia, and are
presented in the UPM Manual [18]. They assume that the storm discharges do not contain unusually high levels of
other substances which could be damaging to aquatic life.
The application of these fundamental standards requires the modelling of the environmental impact of the
discharge on the receiving water. This may involve use of a complex dynamic river flow and quality model, or
something simpler. Modelling of the sewer system (flow and sewage quality) and, where relevant, the sewage
treatment works, is also usually necessary. This modelling may involve detailed dynamic models or may use
simple techniques.
NH.2.2.3 Derived standards for intermittent discharges
Where river impact modelling is not justified, standards for biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and total
ammonia, derived by making certain conservative assumptions about in-river processes, may be used. These
standards apply at the point of mixing in the receiving water, and so detailed river impact modelling is
unnecessary. The Derived Intermittent Standards for BOD and total ammonia are also presented in the UPM
Manual [18].
Appropriate modelling of the sewer system (flow and sewage quality) and sewage treatment works are still
required as mentioned in NH.2.2.2.
NH.2.2.3 Other methods for protecting river aquatic life
Other standards and procedures have been developed for protecting river aquatic life. These are pragmatic and
do not directly relate to the fundamental standards for intermittent discharge. They are the SDD method (see
SDD Storm sewage separation and disposal [20]), QUALSOC (see WRc Report No. ER317E [21]), QUALSIM (see
NRA Water quality objectives [22]) and CARP (see WRc Report No. ER317E [21]). Reference to these is made in
the AMP2 Guidelines [19], but they are likely to become less relevant in the future.

 BSI 1998 47
BS EN 752-4:1998

NH.2.3 Standards for protecting bathing waters

NH.2.3.1 Site specific EQSs
The AMP2 Guidelines [19] set out EQSs for use in England and Wales for coliform bacteria in waters which have
been identified under the provisions of the Bathing Water Directive [23]. These standards are defined in terms of
bacterial concentration thresholds and exceedence periods, and are designed to ensure compliance with the
Bathing Water Directive [23]. The exceedence period is the average period over a number of bathing seasons (a
bathing season is generally May to September). To use the bacterial EQSs directly for planning purposes, it is
necessary to be able to model the transport and fate of bacteria following a discharge.
NH.2.3.2 Uniform emission standards for bathing waters
The AMP2 Guidelines [19] also set uniform emission standards (see 12.2.2) for England and Wales, which can be
used without the need for environmental modelling studies. The standards state that independent storm
discharges via the combined sewer overflows (CSOs) to identified bathing waters, or in close proximity to such
waters, should not, on average, exceed a specified spill frequency. The spill frequency standards have universal
application, and are easily applied and understood, but necessarily have large built-in safety factors.
NH.2.4 Standards for protecting amenity use
The AMP2 Guidelines [19] set out uniform emission standards for England and Wales to protect waters
designated for amenity use from aesthetic pollution. These standards are defined in terms of solids separation
requirements for CSO discharges. There are three levels of standard based on different amenity use categories
and spill frequencies. There is no requirement to modify or upgrade existing satisfactory CSOs to meet these
emission standards. In using the emission standards, all areas which could reasonably be affected by the
discharge should be considered and the highest appropriate amenity category applied.
NH.3 Combined sewer overflows
In addition to the requirements specified in the standards described in NH.2, there is a requirement for all new
or upgraded unsatisfactory sewer systems to be designed to carry flows without spilling until the incoming flow
exceeds that calculated by a formula based on the dry weather flow, population and trade effluent flow of the
upstream catchment. This formula, known as ªformula Aº, is given in the UPM Manual [18]. The constants used
in the formula need to be adjusted for particular types of trade effluent, for small receiving waters and for sewer
systems with a large storage capacity.
Further advice on the design of combined sewer overflow structures can be found in Guide to the design of
combined sewer overflow structures [24].

National annex NI (informative)

Sewer flow simulation software available in the UK
NI.1 Introduction
Annex D gives information on sewer flow simulation methods. This national annex gives information on sewer
flow simulation models available in the UK1). Manufacturers are constantly updating their products and so the
details given are subject to change. No warranty is given as to the accuracy of the software products listed. The
definitions of the models used are those given in annex D.
NI.2 Simple empirical methods
Most simple empirical models (see D.2) available in the UK are based on the Modified Rational Method (see The
Wallingford Procedure, volumes 1 and 4 [8], [10]). Programs using this method are available from a large number
of suppliers. They are generally able to calculate UK design rainfall intensities using the constant rate rainfall
method (see ND.2).
NI.3 More complex methods
NI.3.1 Kinematic wave methods
A number of kinematic wave models (see D.2) are available. Most are based on the Wallingford Hydrograph
Method (see The Wallingford Procedure, volume 1 [8]). These models are generally able to generate synthetic
rainfall profiles for the UK using the method described in ND.3.2. Examples of such models include:
WALLRUS-HYD (Wallingford Software).
MOUSE Ð kinematic wave method. (DHI Software).
This is not based on the Wallingford Procedure and does not contain the UK rainfall model.

1) This information is given for the convenience of users of this standard and does not constitute an endorsement by BSI of these
products.

48  BSI 1998
 BS EN 752-4:1998

NI.3.2 Enhanced kinematic and diffusive wave methods

Some programs are available which have greater functionality than a kinematic wave model but which are not
full dynamic wave models. These are:
WALLRUS-SIM (Wallingford Software).
This is based on the Wallingford ªsimulation methodº (see The Wallingford Procedure, volume 1 [8]), which
uses the kinematic wave method in free surface flow conditions, but is able to simulate surcharge and flooding
when pipes become surcharged.
MD600/WinDes Simulation module (Micro Drainage): for design of new systems.
MD2000/WinDap Simulation module (Micro Drainage): for analysis of existing systems.
These use diffusive wave models. This gives a functionality which is very near to the dynamic wave methods,
in that they can model backwater, surcharge, reverse flows and looped systems.
NI.3.3 Dynamic wave methods
The following dynamic wave models (see D.2) are currently available in the UK:
Hydroworks PM+ (Wallingford Software).
This contains a UK rainfall model (see ND.3.2) and the Wallingford run-off model (see The Wallingford
Procedure, volume 1 [8]).
MOUSE Ð Dynamic wave method (DHI Software).
This does not contain a UK rainfall model or the Wallingford run-off model.
NI.4 Sewer quality models
Some sewer flow simulation models are now able to model the concentrations of some pollutants in the effluent.
Such models include:
Hydroworks DM (Wallingford Software).
MOUSETRAP (DHI Software).
NI.5 Addresses
The suppliers or their UK agents can be contacted at the following addresses:

DHI Software (UK Agents) WRc

Frankland Road
Blagrove
Swindon
Wilts
SN5 8YF
Tel: 01793 511711
Fax: 01793 511712
Micro Drainage Micro Drainage
3 Canal Walk
Toomers Wharf
Newbury
Berks
RG14 1DY
Tel: 01635 582555
Fax: 01635 582131
Wallingford Software Wallingford Software Ltd
Howbery Park
Wallingford
Oxon
OX10 8BA
Tel: 01491 824777
Fax: 01491 826392

 BSI 1998 49
BS EN 752-4:1998

Bibliography

Standards publications
BS 6297:1983, Code of practice for design and installation of small sewage treatment works and cesspools.
BS EN 752-1:1996, Drain and sewer systems outside buildings Ð Part 1: Generalities and definitions.
prEN 12056-2, Gravity drainage systems inside buildings Ð Part 2: Wastewater systems Ð Layout and
calculation.
prEN 12056-3, Gravity drainage systems inside buildings Ð Part 3: Roof drainage, layout and calculation.

Other documents
[1] The Building Regulations. Approved Document H Ð Drainage and waste disposal. ISBN 0 11 7522 02 3
[2] The Building Standards (Scotland) Regulations. Technical Standards, Part M Ð Drainage and
sanitation. ISBN 0 11 495163 2
[3] The Building Regulations (Northern Ireland). Technical Booklet N Ð Drainage. ISBN 0 337 08225 1
[4] WATER SERVICES ASSOCIATION/WATER RESEARCH CENTRE (WRc). Sewers for adoption, 1995.
ISBN 1 898920 02 8
[5] CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY RESEARCH AND INFORMATION ASSOCIATION (CIRIA). Design of
sewers to control sediment problems. CIRIA Report 141. ISBN 086017 443 3
[6] HYDRAULICS RESEARCH (HR) WALLINGFORD and D.I.H. BARR. Tables for the hydraulic design of
pipes, sewers and channels, 6th edition Vols. 1 & 2. Thomas Telford Ltd., London, 1994.
ISBN 0 7277 1997 1 (Vol. 1) and ISBN 0 7277 2004 X (Vol. 2)
[7] WATER RESEARCH CENTRE (WRc). Sewerage rehabilitation manual. 3rd Edition. WRc, 1994.
ISBN 1 898920 00 1
[8] HYDRAULICS RESEARCH (HR) WALLINGFORD. Design and analysis of urban storm drainage. The
Wallingford Procedure. Volume 1: Research and theory. HR Wallingford, 1981.
[9] HYDRAULICS RESEARCH (HR) WALLINGFORD. Design and analysis of urban storm drainage. The
Wallingford Procedure. Volume 3: Maps. HR Wallingford, 1981.
[10] HYDRAULICS RESEARCH (HR) WALLINGFORD. Design and analysis of urban storm drainage. The
Wallingford Procedure. Volume 4: Modified rational method. HR Wallingford, 1981.
[11] COWPERTHWAIT, P.S.P. et al. Stochastic generation of rainfall time series. Foundation for Water
Research Report No. FR0217. FWR, Marlow, 1991.
[12] WATER RESEARCH CENTRE (WRc). Stormpac user guide. Version 2. WRc Report UC 2680.
WRc, 1996.
[13] TRANSPORT AND ROAD RESEARCH LABORATORY. Drainage capacities of British Standard road
gullies and a procedure for estimating their spacing. TRRL Contractor Report No. 2. HMSO, 1985.
[14] WHIFFIN, A.C., and C.P. YOUNG. Drainage of level or nearly level roads. TRRL Laboratory Report 602.
Department of the Environment, 1973.
[15] WATER RESEARCH CENTRE (WRc). Sewerage detention tanks Ð A design guide. WRc, 1997.
ISBN 1 898920 38 9.
[16] HALL, M.J., D.L. HOCKIN and B. ELLIS. The design of flood storage reservoirs. Construction Industry
Research and Information Association and Butterworth Heinemann, 1993. ISBN 0 7506 1057 3
[17] BUILDING RESEARCH ESTABLISHMENT. Soakaway design. BRE Digest 365, 1991.
[18] FOUNDATION FOR WATER RESEARCH. UPM Manual. A planning guide for the management of
urban wastewater discharges during wet weather. FWR. FR/CL002, 19942).
[19] NATIONAL RIVERS AUTHORITY. Guidelines for Acid Management Plan 2 (AMP2). Periodic Review
(Version 2). (Approved by the Quadripartite Meeting 14/12/93).
[20] SCOTTISH DEVELOPMENT DEPARTMENT. Working Party on Storm Sewage (Scotland). Storm
sewage separation and disposal. HMSO, Edinburgh, 1977.

2) Second edition is in preparation.

50  BSI 1998
 BS EN 752-4:1998

[21] CRABTREE, R.W., C.P. CROCKETT and A.R. TOFT. Interim river water quality planning procedures
for controlling intermittent pollution from storm sewage overflows. WRc Report No. ER317E, 1988.
[22] NATIONAL RIVERS AUTHORITY. Water quality objectives: Procedures used by the National Rivers
Authority for the purpose of the Surface Waters (Rivers Ecosystem) (Classification) Regulations.
NRA, 1994.
[23] COUNCIL OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES. Directive concerning the quality of bathing water
(76/160/EEC). Official Journal L31/1, 8/12/75.
[24] BALMFORTH, D.J., A.J. SAUL, and I.T. CLIFFORDE. Guide to the design of combined sewer overflow
structures. Foundation for Water Research. FR0488, 1994.

 BSI 1998
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