https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?

R=19680013006 2020-03-02T23:31:54+00:00Z
,

~ A ~e A~ CaO N
r TrR A C T O R N A S A CR-1027
REPORT

h
N
0
I

e
U

4 CFSTI P R I C E ( S ! 5
rn
4
z
Hard c o p y ( H C I

^.
a
ij (ACCESSION N l i J ? E R
'itiRU,
S

F A G E5 Cb3E

by Michuel D. Greenberg nizd Alviiz L. Kuskel i

P r e p r e d bv
THERM ADVANCED RESEARCH, INC.
Ithaca, N . Y .
for Larigley Research Ceriter

N A T I O N A L AERONAUTICS A N D SPACE A D M I N I S T R A T I O N W A S H I N G T O N , D. C. MAY 1 9 6 8

 NASA CR-1027

INVISCID FLOW FIELD

INDUCED BY A ROTOR IN GROUND E F F E C T

By Michael D. Greenberg and Alvin L. Kaskel

Distribution of this r e p o r t is provided i n the interest of

information exchange. Responsibility f o r the contents
resides in the author o r organization that p r e p a r e d it.

P r e p a r e d under Contract No. NAS 1-6349 by

THERM ADVANCED RESEARCH, INC.
Ithaca, N.Y.

f o r Langley Research Center

N A T I O N A L AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION

For s a l e by the Clearinghouse for Federal Scientific and T e c h n i c a l Information

Springfield, Virginia 22151 -
CFSTl p r i c e $3.00
 INVISCID FLOW FIELD
INDUCED BY A ROTOR I N GROUND EFFECT

By Michael D. Greenberg and Alvin L. Kaskel

Therm Advanced Research, Inc.

SUMMARY

The i n v i s c i d flaw f i e l d induced by a rotor i n ground e f f e c t is c a l c u l a t e d

based upon an a c t u a t o r d i s k model of the r o t o r , f o r t h e case of a constant
c i r c u l a t i o n d i s t r i b u t i o n over the blade radius. The governing nonlinear i n t e -
g r a l equations are solved by a systematic i t e r a t i v e scheme which is s i m i l a r t o
t h e Newton-Raphson method f o r t h e s o l u t i o n of nonlinear a l g e b r a i c equations.
Numerical r e s u l t s are presented f o r both t h e ground-effect case and t h e o u t - o f -
ground-effect l i m i t .

INTRODUCTION

Several important problems arise i n connection with a r o t o r hovering i n

ground e f f e c t , such a s downwash impingement, and the e f f e c t of rotor-ground
i n t e r f e r e n c e on the blade loading.
I n the p r e s e n t paper, w e a r e concerned with t h e problem of downwash im-
pingement. Of the various aspects of t h i s problem, we w i l l confine our a t t e n t i o n
to the c a l c u l a t i o n of t h e i n v i s c i d flow f i e l d . This is of s p e c i a l importance
s i n c e it is required as i n p u t f o r the subsequent c a l c u l a t i o n of t h e ground bound-
a r y l a y e r and p a r t i c l e entrainment.
A numerical i n v e s t i g a t i o n of the inviscid flow f i e l d induced by a f i n i t e -
bladed r o t o r has been c a r r i e d o u t a t t h e Cornel1 Aeronautical Laboratory, over
t h e p a s t s e v e r a l years, by W. G. Brady, P. C r i m i , F. A. DuWaldt, and A. Sowyrda
I n i t i a l l y , they represented t h e r o t o r wake by d i s c r e t e ( f i n i t e c o r e ) vortex
r i n g s r e l e a s e d p e r i o d i c a l l y from the edge of the r o t o r d i s k (References 1,2).
More r e c e n t l y , they have used a wake model based upon d i s t o r t e d continuous
h e l i c e s emanating from t h e blade t i p s (Reference 3 ) .
I n c o n t r a s t , w e w i l l consider the axisynunetric flow f i e l d associated with
an a c t u a t o r d i s k r e p r e s e n t a t i o n of the rotor. The governing nonlinear i n t e g r a l
equations w i l l be solved by a systematic i t e r a t i v e procedure which i s based
upon t h e Newton-Raphson method f o r t h e solution of nonlinear a l g e b r a i c equations
(Reference 4 ) . The mathematical treatment is somewhat general and could, w e
b e l i e v e , be applied t o o t h e r nonlinear free-boundary problems.
The nonlinear a c t u a t o r d i s k , i n t h e absence of ground e f f e c t , has already
been t r e a t e d i n an important paper by T. Y. W u (Reference 5 ) , although n u m e r i c a l
r e s u l t s a r e not y e t a v a i l a b l e . The work of H. R . Chaplin (Reference 6 ) should
a l s o be noted, even though i t d e a l s with t h e shrouded d i s k , s i n c e t h a t problem
is fundamentally s i m i l a r t o the one t r e a t e d here. Both Wu and Chaplin employ
i t e r a t i v e schemes w h i c h d i f f e r appreciably from the one developed i n t h e p r e s e n t
paper.
The authors would l i k e t o thank their colleagues, Messrs. J. C. Erickson, Jr.
and G. R. Hough, f o r many h e l p f u l discussions during the course of this work.

PRINCIPAL NOMENCLATURE

c o e f f i c i e n t s i n expansion of s l i p s t r e a m v o r t i c i t y

c o e f f i c i e n t s i n expansion of s l i p s t r e a m r a d i u s

loading c o e f f i c i e n t
t h r u s t c o e f f i c i e n t , thrust/ij(RR)2 (TR 2 )

matching functions f o r s l i p s t r e a m shape

function i n dynamic equation, C - C2/4T2(x)

F with T(x) replaced by Tm

matching functions f o r s l i p s t r e a m v o r t i c i t y

Green's function f o r L , over the i n f i n i t e domain -m< x< m , r <m

modified f.'s f o r ground-effect case

3
l i n e a r d i f f e r e n t i a l operator, V2 - r-2
number of shape c o l l o c a t i o n p o i n t s

i t e r a t i o n index

number of gamma c o l l o c a t i o n p o i n t s

s t a t i c pressure

f l u i d velocity, ( u2 + v2 + w2 )%

Legendre functions of second kind and degree *+

s l i p s t r e a m r a d i u s , with arguments e and x respectively

x,r,e f l u i d v e l o c i t y components

free-stream speed

2
 c y l i n d r i c a l coordinates

x-location of ground plane

damping f a c t o r s

Y ,Ys s l i p s t r e a m c i r c u l a t i o n p e r u n i t x-length and arc-length, r e s p e c t i v e l y

yo¶ asymptotic value of Y

r blade circulation d i s t r i b u t i o n

meridional v e l o c i t y , ( u2 + v2 ) %

advance r a t i o , U/-

dummy x,r variables, respectively

f l u i d mass d e n s i t y

stream function

yo¶ value of Y on t h e s l i p s t r e a m

Legendre function arguments

%,2
R b l a d e r o t a t i o n a l v e l o c i t y , radians per u n i t time

prime denotes p e r t u r b a t i o n a l q u a n t i t y

s u b s c r i p t e d v a r i a b l e denotes p a r t i a l d i f f e r e n t i a t i o n w i t h r e s p e c t t o
t h a t variable

nth iterate

d(arc-length)/dx , [l + ( d T / d ~ ) ~ ] *

NOTE: P r i o r t o equation (21), a l l q u a n t i t i e s a r e i n dimensional form.

S t a r t i n g with equation (21), they a r e nondimensionalized a s follows:
l e n g t h s with r e s p e c t t o R : v e l o c i t i e s , Y and 7, with respect t o
SZR : r with r e s p e c t t o szR2 : and Y with r e s p e c t t o RR3
ever. f o r n o t a t i o n a l s i m p l i c i t y w e omit any e x p l i c i t reminder of
.
nondimensionalization, such as primes or a s t e r i s k s .

3
 THEORETICAL DEVELOPMENT

Out-of-Ground-Effect L i m i t ; Actuator Disk Theory

Governinq Nonlinear D i f f e r e n t i a l Equation. L e t u s consider a p r o p e l l e r o f

b l a d e radius R and n e g l i g i b l e hub r a d i u s , o p e r a t i n g r e l a t i v e t o a uniform f r e e
stream U . W e consider t h e b l a d e number to be i n f i n i t e , the so-called “ a c t u a t o r
d i s k ” model, and view the steady axisymmetric f l o w from a Newtonian x,r,e co-
o r d i n a t e system; see Fig. 1 (where we have sketched o n l y one of the i n f i n i t e l y

W
V

u+u’

Figure 1. Coordinates and Geometry

many b l a d e s ) . The s t a t i c a c t u a t o r d i s k , i.e. f o r U = O , is e q u i v a l e n t t o our

hovering r o t o r o u t of ground e f f e c t . W e w i l l , however, r e t a i n an a r b i t r a r y U
i n our a n a l y s i s s i n c e it p r e s e n t s no a d d i t i o n a l d i f f i c u l t y and, a t the same
time, extends the a p p l i c a b i l i t y o f our s o l u t i o n from the s t a t i c condition, up
t o t h e l i g h t loading l i m i t (where U >> the p e r t u r b a t i o n a l v e l o c i t i e s ) .
The flow f i e l d is defined by the x , r , 9 v e l o c i t y components u,v,w re-
s p e c t i v e l y , or - equivalently - by w and a stream f u n c t i o n Y , such t h a t

u = u + u’ = Yr/r

v = v’ = -YJr

where the primed terms a r e p e r t u r b a t i o n a l q u a n t i t i e s , and s u b s c r i p t s denote

partial differentiation.
I t has been shown by Wu (Reference 4), that Y must s a t i s f y the following
nonlinear p a r t i a l d i f f e r e n t i a l equation,

4
 'rr - -1Y,+ Y~ = - (fir2+w r ) d(wr)/dY (3)

B r i e f l y , this may be d e r i v e d by computing the c i r c u l a t i o n about an elemental

meridional area dxdr , i n two d i f f e r e n t ways: According t o Stokes' theorem it
may be computed as the (3 component of v o r t i c i t y , vx -ur , times the a r e a
-
dxdr , o r , a l t e r n a t i v e l y , a s t h e l i n e i n t e g r a l of "q d r " around the circum-
ference of the element. Equating t h e s e two r e s u l t s produces (3).

Conversion to an I n t e g r a l Equation. I t w i l l be convenient to convert (3)

-
t o an i n t e g r a l equation. With L E V2 r -2 and Y = Ur2/2 + Y' , we can express
(3) i n the form

L(y'/r) = - ( R r + w ) d(wr)/dY (4)

Noting that L is l i n e a r (the n o n l i n e a r i t y being confined t o the r i g h t hand

s i d e ) w e apply the method o f Green's functions: S p e c i f i c a l l y , w e seek the
Green's function G a s t h e s o l u t i o n of t h e a s s o c i a t e d equation

L(G/r) = -6(x-S)6(r-p) (5)

w i t h t h e 6's denoting D i r a c d e l t a functions. Multiplying ( 5 ) through by

rJl(?r)exp(-i%c) and i n t e g r a t i n g on r from O + m and on x from - m - m ,
w e obtain

as t h e Hankel-Fourier transform o f G/r , where J1 denotes t h e B e s s e l f u n c t i o n

of t h e f i r s t kind and o r d e r one. Carrying o u t the Fourier i n v e r s i o n using the
c a l c u l u s of r e s i d u e s , and the Hankel inversion w i t h t h e h e l p o f formula ( 2 ) on
page 389 of Reference 7, w e o b t a i n

where 4% is the Legendre function o f second kind and degree 4 , w i t h argument

"his is e q u i v a l e n t t o the forms given by Wu and Chaplin. P h y s i c a l l y , w e may

i d e n t i f y G a s t h e stream function induced a t a f i e l d p o i n t x , r , e by a r i n g

5
 Figure 2. I n t e r p r e t a t i o n of the Green's Function

vortex of u n i t s t r e n g t h , as shown i n F i g . 2 .
With the Green's function i n hand, w e may re-express (3) i n t h e form

This is a nonlinear i n t e g r a l equation i n the two unknowns Y and D The .

region D is c l e a r l y t h e slipstream, s i n c e w -
and hence d(wp)/dY - i s zero
o u t s i d e the slipstream, by a p p l i c a t i o n of Kelvin's theorem.

Reduction f o r Uniform C i r c u l a t i o n D i s t r i b u t i o n . For the case of uniform

blade c i r c u l a t i o n d i s t r i b u t i o n w e have

wp = constant = 4 / 2 ~ , inside D

=o , outside D

where r is the s t r e n g t h of the %ub" vortex, coinciding w i t h the p o s i t i v e x

axis. Converting the p , e i n t e g r a t i o n v a r i a b l e s t o Y , 4 according t o dpde =
dYde/(aY/ap) , the Y i n t e g r a t i o n can be carried o u t e x p l i c i t l y s i n c e the
d(wp)/dY t e r m i n t h e integrand i s zero except a t the hub and t i p ; p = O , R .
Of these two c o n t r i b u t i o n s , the hub p o r t i o n is zero s i n c e p4Q4 = 0 a t p 5 0 .
The r e s u l t i n g i n t e g r a l equation, then, i s

6
w h e r e t ( f ) w i l l denote the slipstream r a d i u s , and Zl is identical t o G ,
w i t h p replaced by t ( f ) .

V o r t e x Sheet I n t e r p r e t a t i o n . Although w e =work d i r e c t l y w i t h (ll), w e

p r e f e r t o re-express the i n t e g r a l t e r m in t e r m s of an equivalent vortex repre-
9
s e n t a t i o n of t h e slipstream; s p e c i f i c a l l y , a d i s t r i b u t i o n of r i n g v o r t i c e s , of
circulation ~ ( e ) per u n i t e-length, over the slipstream s u r f a c e p = t ( f ) .
According t o our physical i n t e r p r e t a t i o n o f the Green’s function G , w e
can t h e r e f o r e express ~ ( x , r ) i n the form

W e can establish the equivalence between (11) and (12) as follows:

Applying the Bernoulli equation t o streamline A (see Fig. 3) between t h e

points “m” and ( f 8 t + )w e have

2
PA + % B A = P, + %p2

where
2
i s the f l u i d m a s s d e n s i t y and q2 I u2+ v + w
2
.

m“

f .

Figure 3 . Application of Bernoulli Equation

* There w i l l a l s o be a d i s t r i b u t i o n of v o r t i c e s , over the slipstream surface,

which are o r i e n t e d a x i a l l y . These contribute t o w b u t not t o Y , and w i l l
n o t d i r e c t l y concern us.

7
 I f we a l s o apply it to s t r e a m l i n e B , from "m" to (O-,R-) and then
from ( O + , R - ) to (c,t-)
, w e f i n d that

where Ap is the pressure jump across the p r o p e l l e r plane a t p = R - Now, .

the slipstream v o r t i c i t y d r i f t s f r e e l y so t h a t w e must have pB -pA = 0 Sub- .
t r a c t i n g (13) from (14), then,

The f i r s t and l a s t terms on the r i g h t s i d e are simply

Ap = d(thrust)/2npdp

= p(np - r / h p ) r d p / 2 ~ p d p

at p=R- , according to t h e Kutta-Joukowski formula, and

according to ( 1 0 ) . To e v a l u a t e the middle term i n ( l 5 ) , w e note t h a t

2 2
( u + v + w )B
2
- 2 2 2
( u + v + w )A

5; - 5: + r2/4T2t2

where w e have defined the "meridional" v e l o c i t y , 5 E ( u 2 + v2)* , and have used

t h e f a c t t h a t w = r/27~t and wA = 0 from ( 1 0 ) . F i n a l l y ,
B

where Y, denotes t h e s l i p s t r e a m c i r c u l a t i o n per u n i t =-length along the

slipstream. Combining (15)-(19), w e may express the f o r c e - f r e e condition on

8
t h e s l i p s t r e a m i n t h e simple form

I f w e solve (20) f o r Y , noting t h a t u = Yp/p a t p = t , we f i n d t h a t t h e

i n t e g r a l term i n (12) is, i n f a c t , i d e n t i c a l t o t h e one i n (ll),thus estab-
l i s h i n g t h e v a l i d i t y of our vortex s h e e t representation.

The F i n a l I n t e g r a l Equations. F i r s t , l e t us non-dimensionalize as follows:

lengths with r e s p e c t t o R : v e l o c i t i e s , Y and Y, with r e s p e c t t o QR : r
with r e s p e c t t o 52R2 : and Y with respect t o QR3 .
For n o t a t i o n a l s i m p l i c i t y
we w i l l omit any e x p l i c i t reminder of nondimensionalization, such as a s t e r i s k s
o r primes, i n the remainder of the report. Equations (12) and ( 2 0 ) , f o r example,
may t h e r e f o r e be r e w r i t t e n a s

Y ( x , r ) = Xr2/2 + G ( f ; t : x , r ) y ( f ) df

T u = -c- - c 2
8t2

r e s p e c t i v e l y , where w e have defined an advance r a t i o X f U/s2R , and a "loading

c o e f f i c i e n t " c E r/n .
Whereas t h e i n t e g r a l equation ( 2 1 ) contains both t h e kinematics dynamics,
w e p r e f e r t o express these conditions separately. The kinematic condition on t h e
s l i p s t r e a m is t h a t it be a s t r e a m l i n e (more p r e c i s e l y , an axisymmetric stream
surface). Setting r=T(x)
* i n ( 2 1 ) , we have

where w e have s e t Y ( 0 , l ) = Y[-,T(-)] = Y(-,Tm) E Ym .

The dynamic condition is given by (22). Changing t h e independent v a r i a b l e
from t o x , and noting t h a t u = Yr/r a t r = T , with Yr obtained from
(21 ) 8 w e o b t a i n

* I t w i l l be convenient t o express t h e slipstream r a d i u s a s t o r T depending

on whether t h e argument is t h e i n t e g r a t i o n v a r i a b l e 5 o r t h e f i e l d p o i n t x ,
respectively.

9
 Equations ( 2 3 ) and ( 2 4 ) , then, c o n s t i t u t e two coupled nonlinear i n t e g r a l
equations i n the two unknowns Y and T , and a r e t o be s a t i s f i e d over t h e
e x t e n t of the s l i p s t r e a m , O < x < m .
The kernels are a s follows:

where z2 i s i d e n t i c a l t o , with p and r replaced by t and T re-

s p e c t i v e l y . Using the r e l a t i o n ,

w e may express

where

A = [T2- +
t 2 +( 4 - ~ ) ~ ] / 8 n T
t 3/2

F i n a l l y , w e p o i n t o u t t h a t the i n t e g r a l i n ( 2 4 ) is t o be i n t e r p r e t e d i n
t h e Cauchy p r i n c i p a l value sense.

Asymptotic Behavior of the Unknowns. Before proceeding with t h e d e t a i l e d

s o l u t i o n of (23) and (24) l e t u s examine the equations a t x = O and m .
AS x * m , i t is known t h a t T(x) -
c o n s t a n t E T, , s a y , and Y(x) -
constant 5 Y , .
With t h e s e q u a n t i t i e s c o n s t a n t a t X = C O , the i n t e g r a l s i n
( 2 3 ) and (24) can be evaluated a n a l y t i c a l l y . I n s t e a d o f pursuing t h e d e t a i l s

10
of t h e i n t e g r a t i o n , l e t us use t h e known f a c t (e.g. Reference 8) t h a t an i n f i n i t e
solenoid of constant radius and constant vortex s t r e n g t h , T, and Y, i n our
case, induces a v e l o c i t y f i e l d given by

Now, s i n c e 2nY(€,,p) is t h e mass flow through t h e d i s k r <p at x=€, we

see - by v i r t u e of (29) -t h a t (23) reduce t o

at x = m .
Noting t h a t (24) is merely a re-statement of ( 2 2 ) , w e s e e a l s o t h a t
(24) must reduce t o

at x=m where w e have introduced the q u a n t i t y F(x) E C - C2/4T 2 ( x ) for

convenience. Equation (31) can b e solved f o r Y, i n the form

I t i s i n t e r e s t i n g t o note t h a t (30) and ( 3 2 ) c o n s t i t u t e two equations i n t h e

t h r e e unknowns Y , , T, and Ym so t h a t t h e f i n a l s l i p s t r e a m c o n t r a c t i o n can-
not be computed ( i n terms of t h e operating conditions X and C ) simply by
i n v e s t i g a t i o n of t h e asymptotic behavior, b u t must await t h e complete s o l u t i o n
of the governing equations (23) and (24).
Now l e t us see what can be s a i d about t h e behavior of t h e unknowns a t t h e
lip of t h e slipstream; i . e . as x + 0 through p o s i t i v e values. Consider,
f i r s t , t h e s t a t i c case, where X = O . Anticipating a flow f i e l d as sketched
i n Fig. 4, it i s c l e a r t h a t t h e flow around the l i p implies a square-root s i n -
g u l a r i t y i n the c i r c u l a t i o n , so that y S ( x ) = o(x-4) as x+ o .
This singu-
l a r i t y should be p r e s e n t even when X > O , and w i l l vanish only i n t h e l i g h t
loading l i m i t where t h e slipstream-induced j e t v e l o c i t y i s n e g l i g i b l e compared
t o the f r e e stream.

11
 Figure 4. Flow F i e l d f o r the S t a t i c Condition

Solution Based Upon the Newton-Raphson Method. W i t h an e x a c t s o l u t i o n of

t h e highly nonlinear, coupled, i n t e g r a l equations (23) and (24) apparently o u t
of the question, w e w i l l develop an i t e r a t i v e s o l u t i o n as follows. S t a r t i n g
with

w e determine an improved s l i p s t r e a m shape, T " ' , from (23); w i t h T = T " ' w e

then determine an improved vortex d i s t r i b u t i o n , Y ('' , from (24); w i t h y = Y ( l ) ,
T'" i s then computed from (23), and so on, u n t i l s u i t a b l e convergence i s a t t a i n e d .
Our notation i s t o be i n t e r p r e t e d i n t h e obvious way. For example, YE) i s given
by (32) with Fa replaced by FC' which, i n t u r n , i s defined according t o the
same formula as P(x) b u t w i t h T(x) replaced by 'T : .
I n order t o c a r r y o u t t h e s o l u t i o n of (23) f o r T("*') a t each s t e p w e l i n -
e a r i z e a l l the terms i n (23) about the previous i t e r a t e , T(") . Similarly, t o
solve (24) f o r y("*l) w e expand t h e nonlinear t e r m about yen) . Specifically,

12
i n ( 2 3 ) , where G'"' denotes G ( ~ , t ( " ) ; x , T ( " ) ) , and

i n ( 2 4 ) . This "stepwise l i n e a r i z a t i o n " i s , b a s i c a l l y , analogous t o t h e Newton-

Raphson method f o r t h e s o l u t i o n of algebraic equations (Reference 4 ) . W e empha-
s i z e t h a t (35)-(38) tend t o e q u a l i t i e s as the (presumably convergent) i t e r a t i o n
proceeds, and t h e r e f o r e i n no way compromise t h e f u l l n o n l i n e a r i t y of (23) and
(24).
Whereas t h e two "correction" terms i n (38), f o r example, are supplied auto-
m a t i c a l l y by the mathematics, it i s i n s t r u c t i v e t o i n t e r p r e t them p h y s i c a l l y .
Multiplying ( 2 3 ) through by 2n , f o r convenience, and taking n = O f o r d e f i -
n i t e n e s s , the i n t e g r a l t e r m i s expanded, according t o (38), i n t h e form

Now, @ i s e a s i l y i d e n t i f i e d a s t h e mass f l o w r a t e induced through t h e d i s k

AB (see Fig. 5 ) by Y'O) on t"' , whereas we r e a l l y want t h e flow induced
through AC by Y'O' on t"' i f ( 2 3 ) i s to be an e q u a l i t y a t t h a t p a r t i c u l a r

1 A
-5
(= X

Figure 5. I n t e r p r e t a t i o n of Correction T e r m s

value of x .
The next term, @ , does i n f a c t p a r t i a l l y c o r r e c t t h i s by
deducting (approximately) the flow through t h e annulus BC .
To see t h i s , l e t
US re-express
where (i) approximates t h e a r e a of the annulus BC , and (ii)i s the x-velocity
induced a t B by Y t o ) on t'" .
The l a s t term, @ , s u p p l i e s an a d d i t i o n a l c o r r e c t i o n which i s not, how-
ever l a s e a s i l y i n t e r p r e t e d i n physical t e r m s .
To provide a measure of c o n t r o l over the convergence of the i t e r a t i o n w e
introduce "damping f a c t o r s " a and B so t h a t the r i g h t hand s i d e of (37) i s
replaced by

Based upon numerical r e s u l t s , w e have found t h a t i f a + f3 i s too small, T"'

w i l l be overcontracted and the i t e r a t i o n w i l l diverge. A n optimum i s obtained,
with regard t o r a p i d convergence, when a + B , is increased t o approximately
1.8, independent of the d i s k loading. Curiously, the d e t a i l s of the i t e r a t i o n
are q u i t e i n s e n s i t i v e as t o how the ii1.8ii i s divided between a and f3 Con- .
sequently, w e w i l l take f3= 0 , from here on, f o r s i m p l i c i t y .
Actually, it is n o t s u r p r i s i n g t h a t with the optimum a = 1.8 s i n c e
p= 0
( i i )i n (40) is t h e x-velocity computed r i g h t on
t h e s l i p s t r e a m a t B (Fig. 5 )
whereas the d e s i r e d v e l o c i t y j u s t i n s i d e the slipstream is approximately twice
*
as large .
To proceed with t h e s o l u t i o n w e expand

M
T ( ~ ) ( x=
) 1 + [ f j ( x ) - fj(0)]b;"'
j =1

Y'"' (x) = ,/ 1+ (dT"')/dx)* Y:'(x)

* Recall from ( 2 9 ) that a t x = m , u' i n s i d e the s l i p s t r e a m i s e x a c t l y twice

as l a r g e as i t i s on the slipstream. This is, i n f a c t , a good approximation
f o r f i n i t e x as w e l l .

14
where t h e f 's and g ' 8 a r e s u i t a b l y chosen "matching functions" which tend
1 j
t o zero a t i n f i n i t y . The form of these expressions guarantees s a t i s f a c t i o n of
.
t h e required end conditions, T'"'(0) = 1 and y ' " ' ( m ) = y r b " ' I n a d d i t i o n , a t
l e a s t one of the g 's include an x-* f a c t o r , t o ensure t h e required square-
1
root singularity a t the l i p .
Using t h e above expressions, our "kinematic" equation (23) can be re-written
i n t h e form

+ XT'"'[fj(x) - f j ( 0 ) ] + T?(X+ Yz')fj(0) 1 by' (44)

and our "dynamic" equation (24) can be expressed as

where i t i s understood t h a t t h e "r''terms a r e evaluated a t 4 or x depend-

ing on whether they a r e under an i n t e g r a l s i g n o r not, respectively: s i m i l a r l y
for g j , Y and ys .
Our s o l u t i o n proceeds a s follows: S t a r t i n g with n = O we r e q u i r e t h e
s a t i s f a c t i o n of (44) a t M "collocation" p o i n t s 5 , ... xM . This produces
M simultaneous l i n e a r a l g e b r a i c equations which a r e then solved f o r t h e unknown
coefficients b i ) , ... ,bl) . Next, we r e q u i r e t h e s a t i s f a c t i o n of (45) a t
N c o l l o c a t i o n p o i n t s (which need n o t coincide with t h e M p o i n t s used t o solve
( 4 4 ) ) and hence compute a-f' , ... , apfl) .
The process i s then repeated f o r
n = 1, 2 , ... u n t i l s u i t a b l e convergence i s a t t a i n e d .
We p o i n t o u t t h a t instead of solving (23) and ( 2 4 ) successively f o r T and
, w e could have solved them simultaneously, a t each s t e p . Although t h i s might
lead t o convergence i n fewer i t e r a t i o n s , t h e o v e r a l l computing time would almost
c e r t a i n l y be g r e a t e r , however, s i n c e i t takes approximately twice a s long t o
generate an (M+N)th order s e t of l i n e a r a l g e b r a i c equations a s it does t o
generate M and Nth order s e t s s e p a r a t e l y .

I n t e r p r e t a t i o n of the Loading C o e f f i c i e n t . Before d i s c u s s i n g our numerical

r e s u l t s , l e t us c l a r i f y the p h y s i c a l s i g n i f i c a n c e of our "loading c o e f f i c i e n t " ,
C = r/n . Defining the t h r u s t c o e f f i c i e n t CT as the t h r u s t divided by
F(nR)2(nR2) , w e may use the Kutta-Joukowski formula t o express

r - m } r ( r ) dr (46)
4nr

Now, i n our a n a l y s i s w e have considered the b l a d e c i r c u l a t i o n d i s t r i b u t i o n

r ( r ) = constant = r over 0 < r < 1 .
For t h i s case, the s w i r l t e r m ( r / 4 n r )
i n the integrand causes t h e i n t e g r a l t o diverge. I n r e a l i t y , however, r ( r )
w i l l drop t o zero a t a f i n i t e r a d i u s , say E , where O < E < 1 .
Replacing t h e
lower i n t e g r a t i o n l i m i t by E , the i n t e g r a t i o n i n (46) may be c a r r i e d o u t , t o
give

cT = 2+ (~/2),i?n~]/2
C [1-E (47)

For t y p i c a l v a l u e s of C and E , c 2 - (C/2),i?n~is q u i t e s m a l l compared t o

u n i t y , so that t h e loading c o e f f i c i e n t C is approximately twice the t h r u s t
c o e f f i c i e n t CT .
Numerical Results. As an i l l u s t r a t i o n , l e t us consider t h e s t a t i c c a s e
X = O , with a loading c o e f f i c i e n t C = 0.02 .
W e define our c o l l o c a t i o n scheme by choosing M = 7 , w i t h the corresponding
"shape c o l l o c a t i o n p o i n t s ' I ,

x = 0.03, 0.1, 0.25, 0.5, 0.9, 1.5, 2.5

j

f o r j =1 , ...
, 7 r e s p e c t i v e l y ; and N=9 ,with t h e corresponding "gamma
collocation points",

x
j
= 0.02, 0.05, 0.1, 0.18, 0.3, 0.5, 0.85, 1.4, 2.5

for j = l , ... ,9 . W e emphasize that there is l i t t l e p o i n t i n choosing

c o l l o c a t i o n p o i n t s f u r t h e r downstream than x = 2.5 , say, s i n c e (as w e w i l l see
in the subsequent F i g u r e s ) the flow a t t h a t s t a t i o n is e s s e n t i a l l y i d e n t i c a l t o
t h a t i n the u l t i m a t e j e t . I n f a c t , it can be expected t o lead t o an ill-
conditioned set o f equations s i n c e our expression (43) f o r Y automatically
s a t i s f i e s the dynamic equation a t i n f i n i t y . As a f i n a l word of c a u t i o n w e note

16
that x = 0 must n o t be included a s a gamma c o l l o c a t i o n p o i n t s i n c e t h e dynamic
equation is not s a t i s f i e d a t x = O
A s our "matching functions" we choose

g j ( x ) = x-4e-3x , j=l

= x-0.84+ 0.51je-3x
, j a2 (49)

as shown i n Fig. 6 . These w e r e arrived a t by t r i a l and e r r o r , and appear t o

be equally s u i t a b l e f o r all values X > , O and C > O .
S t a r t i n g w i t h T'" = 1 and Yz) = 0.1411 (from (31) and ( 3 2 ) ) , and s e t t i n g
t h e damping f a c t o r a = 1.8 , the i t e r a t i o n i s found t o be r a p i d l y convergent, as
shown i n Figs. 7-12 . A s our convergence c r i t e r i o n , we required t h e i t e r a t i o n t o
continue u n t i l T'"+') and Y;+') agreed with t h e i r previous values, T'"' and Yz' ,
to w i t h i n 0.G a t each of t h e x values l i s t e d i n Figs. 8-12 .
Although it took
f i v e i t e r a t i o n s t o achieve t h i s condition, it is seen t h a t even t h e second i t e r a t e
provides a f a i r l y good uniform approximation t o the s o l u t i o n .
However, it remains t o show t h a t the converged r e s u l t s do, i n f a c t , repre-
s e n t the s o l u t i o n- s i n c e w e only required s a t i s f a c t i o n of t h e equations a t
s e v e r a l d i s c r e t e c o l l o c a t i o n p o i n t s . To s e t t l e this p o i n t , w e have included a
numerical check i n t h e program (Appendix), which a c t u a l l y compares t h e l e f t and
r i g h t hand s i d e s of t h e kinematic and dynamic equations (23) and ( 2 2 ) . The
r e s u l t s of this check i n d i c a t e (Fig. 13) uniformly good agreement.
The flaw f i e l d has a l s o been computed, and is shown i n Fig. 1 4 .It is
important t o n o t e t h a t f o r t h e s t a t i c condition the s t r e a m l i n e p a t t e r n i s v i r -
t u a l l y independent of C , a t l e a s t over t h e range of values which a r e of
p r a c t i c a l i n t e r e s t . To see t h i s , consider t h e governing equations (23) and
(24). For X = 0 , the C dependence cancels o u t of (23) s i n c e both Yw and
Y a r e p r o p o r t i o n a l to Yw which, i n turn, c o n t a i n s t h e C dependence. Turn-
i n g t o t h e dynamic equation (24), w e see t h a t i f w e d i s c a r d t h e s w i r l t e r m
C2/8T2 , y w i l l ( f o r X = 0 ) simply be p r o p o r t i o n a l t o C' .With t h e s w i r l
t e r m omitted, then, i t follows t h a t t h e s t r e a m l i n e p a t t e r n w i l l be completely
independent of C although, of course, the v e l o c i t i e s w i l l be p r o p o r t i o n a l to
C4 . With t h e s w i r l term included, t h i s r e s u l t is no longer t r u e i n an e x a c t
sense. However, f o r p r a c t i c a l values of C , C2/8T2 << C/2 i n (24), so that
our statement nevertheless remains t r u e in an approximate sense. To v e r i f y
this numerically, w e re-computed our numerical example with C increased by
e i g h t times, i.e. w i t h C=0.16 , and found the s t r e a m l i n e s t o be v i r t u a l l y
unchanged:
 1.0

fj

0. 5

0.0
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5
X

0.75

gj

0.50

0. 25

0.00
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5
X

Figure 6 . The Matching Functions

18
 1 .o

0.9
n IO1
IO)

0.8

-- 0.7590

0.7 1 0.7547

0.20

0.18

0.16

0.14

Y=‘: 0.1411

0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5

X

Figure 7. Successive Iterates for Numerical Example

 a
-
I-
n
e

-*
z
0

t
E
0
4
-I
4J
3 (d
u
U
I

0
8
4J
n n
*
z

-*
vl
3

n
R
r
*
W
a

n U Q Q m e n r- o
n - n trn at r n
-
c
Y)

a
n
2
v) - 0 n ~ t a o ~ 1
c o r ~ o n m b r l o P
0
L
a
-* .
Z
W &
0
W
c c
C W
*I-
4J
a
t t
oC
Z u 8I
c c,
-
v)a
..
w
c
t m
I
U A
W
a- &
w x a
n
c,
o n s
oa
2
0 -

u.t
-
20
a V
a
on
L

*
wl
- a3
* P
UUI
a m a
3
0 x &
U Q
<
x -n
r
-
L 0
0

Zt
3
I

20
 E
0
.PI
c,
m
&
Q)
c,
H
0
z
M

x
O O O O O O O ~ O
o ~ n n o~n .o m ~ o o o o o ~ on
oo000- - N N ~
O

dd.4
~ D O O O O ~
o no m o n o o o o o o -
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .a. . .m-
w n Q - 0 0 . O N - h O N Y) h o o 0 0 0 0 z a
d N N N Nc) W 0 C &.
-a O
* On
-
In

X
O ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~

E 2
a
In
D-
0,
n
-J

U
0
. . 6

a &
-< .
z
u1 0
W
t f
4 c
cUI

D-L
Z C
OUI
a 2I
c,
E
-
m a
c

Y)
.PI
c
e m
2
U
UI J
a-
uI1
J
Y
c,
a- 1
o n
0 -
0 2
0 0
0 -
8
U
M
. C

OD-
U L Y

*
UUI
-
a
c
n
-u
u o
3 I
0
on
M

21
 &
0
W

0
rl

22
 c

-
m
a
a
-
VI -
c
VI
n
z E
0, 0
c TI
+,
m
&
al
c,
H
P
*

............................... -
Q O o O Q O O O O O O O O O O O O O O o Q o o Q Q Q o Q o o c >
o+n m tr on on 00 o o o o o o n on on o m OQ Q O O O
x o ~ ~ o ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ n t m ~ ~ m a ~ ~ n ~ ~ ~ ~
. I ~ ( ~ - NN
N ~n w m ~c m I
.
z

&
0
W

- I-
In-

23
 In
In
0,
-
InI

.
H

d)

&
w0

<
c mmmmmmco
a
-
c
W

24
 aaaaaaaaeaeaaaaaaaae
u) annnmmnnmnnmnnnnnnnn
I 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
a
....................
t t t t t t t t t t t f t t t t t t f t
O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

Q - ~ No o n t o m - a ~ m r (~
o m ah
v) t a a a a ~ m b m n n ~ n m m n n n t n
x 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
A
....................
ttttt*ttt*tt*ttttttt
00000000000000000000

2 I
I n n m + t + n n n ~ ~ ~ d r ( r ( * r ( r ( r ( r (
*
a
0
w
C I
.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
#In
I

I
x
~ c o c o m o o o c o ~ ~ c ~ ~ o o o o
o o ~ c o m ~ o o o o m ~ o o o o o ~ o
O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O
OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO

&
9)
+,
3

Q
0

.L

r ( ~ ~ t ~ o ~ o o ~ o ~ ~ ~ ~ o o o ~ .
x . . . . . . . . . . . .*.r.( r. (.~.n.no.z-
0 0 e o ~ - + m n t mON-
~ O O Q O L

r(
 UI
2

4
U
In
a-
t
U
s
Y
>

c'!
c

M
0
8 v-(

9 201
0 a

;f
d
01
Ytn
-4
Fr

26
 Two p o i n t s are of Special i n t e r e s t with regard t o Fig. 1 4 .
First, we
p o i n t o u t that a t x = 1 . 2 the (meridional) v e l o c i t y i n s i d e t h e s l i p s t r e a m is
almost c o n s t a n t , and i s only about one percent smaller than i t s u l t i m a t e value
at X = O O .

Second, w e see t h a t t h e x-component of v e l o c i t y i s almost e x a c t l y c o n s t a n t

over the a c t u a t o r d i s k - o u t t o about r = 0.9 where it starts t o drop o f f . As

- w as r -
r i n c r e a s e s f u r t h e r , t h e t r e n d must reverse s i n c e t h e a x i a l v e l o c i t y must
1- by v i r t u e of t h e square-root s i n g u l a r i t y i n Y a t the l i p .
Now, i t is known (e.g. Reference 8) that i n t h e l i g h t loading l i m i t (i.e. t h e
l i n e a r i z e d a c t u a t o r d i s k t h e o r y ) , t h e a x i a l component of the induced v e l o c i t y
i s e x a c t l y c o n s t a n t over t h e d i s k r a d i u s . The f a c t t h a t t h i s r e s u l t i s born
o u t over most of the d i s k r a d i u s i n our example, which is a t the o t h e r ( n o n l i n e a r )
extreme, l e a d s us t o wonder whether the a x i a l component of t h e induced v e l o c i t y
i s i n f a c t e x a c t l y constant over the d i s k r a d i u s ( f o r our c a s e r ( r ) = c o n s t a n t ),
f o r 9 condition between (and including) the l i g h t l y loaded and s t a t i c l i m i t s .
I f t h i s w e r e t r u e , it would imply t h a t our i n i t i a l s l i p s t r e a m c o n t r a c t i o n
must be p u r e l y r a d i a l : This follows immediately from t h e f a c t t h a t t h e merid-
i o n a l v e l o c i t y is i n f i n i t e j u s t i n s i d e the l i p , due t o t h e square-root singu-
.
larity in Y
is t o remain constant a t x = O as r -
Its i n c l i n a t i o n must t h e r e f o r e be r a d i a l i f t h e axial v e l o c i t y
.
1-
Flow v i s u a l i z a t i o n s t u d i e s (References 9.10) ( f o r a f i n i t e blade number,
of c o u r s e ) do i n d i c a t e a s t r o n g r a d i a l flow i n the t i p region. I n s t e a d of
p u r e l y r a d i a l flow, i n f a c t , Reference 10 r e p o r t s a s l i g h t upstream i n c l i n a t i o n
of t h e flow a t the t i p , so t h a t a reverse flow exists over approximately t h e
o u t e r 5% of t h e blade r a d i u s . W e must note, however, t h a t t h e e x i s t i n g r ( r )
i n Reference 1 0 is undoubtedly q u i t e unlike our p r e s c r i b e d d i s t r i b u t i o n ,
r(r) c o n s t a n t , e s p e c i a l l y near the t i p .
On the o t h e r hand, i f the a x i a l component of the induced v e l o c i t y i s not
e x a c t l y c o n s t a n t over t h e d i s k r a d i u s then the s t r o n g l y nonuniform a x i a l inflow
i n the t i p region i s i n f a c t c o r r e c t , and may have a b e a r i n g on t h e well-known
double bump i n spanwise loading which has been observed near t h e t i p of a number
of h e l i c o p t e r r o t o r s .
I n any case, it seems clear t h a t our r e s u l t s ( F i g s . 7-14) a r e q u i t e a c c u r a t e
except, p o s s i b l y , i n t h e immediate t i p region. The d e t a i l s i n t h i s region remain
t o be c l a r i f i e d .

I n c l u s i o n of the Ground E f f e c t

The I n t e g r a l Equations. Three changes a r e r e q u i r e d i n t h e i n t e g r a l equa-

t i o n s (23) and ( 2 4 ) i n o r d e r t o accommodate t h e e f f e c t o f a ground plane a t
X=x ; see Fig. 15 . F i r s t of a l l t h e y c o n t a i n an a r b i t r a r y advance r a t i o h ,
 0 1 r

Figure 15. Ground E f f e c t Model

whereas i n the ground e f f e c t case w e l i m i t ourselves to s t a t i c hover, so t h a t

X= 0 . In addition, w e change t h e upper i n t e g r a t i o n limits t o X , and modify
the Green's function so t h a t it s a t i s f i e s the a d d i t i o n a l boundary condition
u = O a t the ground plane. S p e c i f i c a l l y , w e now have

-
where w2 is i d e n t i c a l to z2 , w i t h ( x 4 ) 2 replaced by ( x - 2X+ 9 )
FJ 2
.
I n t e r p r e t e d i n terms of a vortex model, t h i s amounts t o adding an image system
a s indicated by t h e dashed l i n e s i n Fig. 15 .
Analogous t o equations (27) and (28), w e now have

B
fl
where A and B are i d e n t i c a l t o A and B , with (x- e)2 replaced by
.
-
(x-2X+02
U
W e observe t h a t a s X 00 ,
u2 and Qk4(E2) a l l tend t o zero so that
w e do recover our previous out-of-ground-effect equations.

28
 Asymptotic Behavior N e a r the Ground Plane. As x -. x- , we see from (19)
and ( 2 2 ) that ysc - C/2 s i n c e t -. OD i n t h e denominator of t h e l a s t term i n
( 2 2 ) . I n a d d i t i o n , we must have 5 -
Ys/2 , the d r i f t v e l o c i t y induced on t h e
s l i p s t r e a m by the image v o r t e x s h e e t . Combining t h e s e r e s u l t s , i t follows t h a t
Y,-C % .
To o b t a i n t h e asymptotic behavior of T , w e apply the c o n t i n u i t y equation
a t an a r b i t r a r y s t a t i o n AA , as shown i n Fig. 15 .
The "control a r e a " is
(27rT)(X-x) and the v e l o c i t y through i t is -
Y, : Ys/2 due t o the s l i p s t r e a m
v o r t i c i t y , and ys/2 due to the image v o r t i c i t y . Continuity t h e r e f o r e r e q u i r e s
that yS(2nT)(X-x) = c o n s t a n t and, r e c a l l i n g t h a t 7 , -
C* , it follows that
T(X)- O(X-x)-l .
I n o r d e r to i n c o r p o r a t e this behavior e x p l i c i t l y , we expand

~ ' " ' ( x )= 1 + c

M
[ h j ( x ) - h j ( 0 ) ] by' (52)

N
(53)
j =1

where h , ( x ) = f ,(x)/(X-x) and t h e g; ' a tend t o zero as

J
t i o n s (46) and ( 4 3 ) f o r the out-of-ground-effect limit.
x -.X : c . f . equa-

The F i n a l Equations. Linear a l g e b r a i c equations analogous t o ( 4 4 ) and

(45) can be obtained almost e x a c t l y as before. The only d i f f e r e n c e is i n t h e
expression of "YatO .
Since 2nY- is t h e m a s s flow r a t e through any d i s k BB
(See Fig. 1 5 ) i t is a l s o , by c o n t i n u i t y , the flow rate through the asymptotic
s t a t i o n AA : namely, Ys(27rT)(X-x) .
I n s t e a d of (35), t h e r e f o r e , w e have

Using B = 0 again, w e f i n d t h a t our kinematic equation can be reduced t o

Jo

=
M
2
j =1
(a[hj(x)- hj(0)] /0
X
G:'y'"'de -C'fj(X)} byt1) (55)

for n = 0 , 1, ... , and f o r the dynamic equation w e o b t a i n

 Our procedure is t h e same as i t was with equations (44) and (45): s t a r t i n g
with n = O w e compute t h e b ( ” ’ s by s a t i s f y i n g (55) a t M c o l l o c a t i o n p o i n t s ,
t h e a “ ” s by s a t i s f y i n g (56j a t N c o l l o c a t i o n p o i n t s , and so on, i n t u r n ,
j
u n t i l convergence is a t t a i n e d .

Numerical Results. L e t us consider, f o r example, t h e case where X = l and

c=0.02 .
W e f i x our c o l l o c a t i o n scheme by choosing M = 6 , with t h e corresponding
shape collocation p o i n t s

x j = 0.03, 0.1, 0.25, 0.45, 0.65, 0.9

for j = l , ...
, 6 respectively: and N = 1 , f o r s i m p l i c i t y , with t h e corres-
ponding gama c o l l o c a t i o n p o i n t 5 = 0.1 .
As our matching functions w e choose

f j ( X ) = xli a j = 1, ... , 6 (57)

g j ( x ) = X+(X - x)2 , j - 1 (58)

The form of g1 ensures the s a t i s f a c t i o n of both end conditions: Ys = O(x-*)

as x - 0 and Y s - C 4 as x - x .

.;”’
S t a r t i n g with = 0 , br
= 0.1 and b“’ = 0 f o r j # 2 , t h e i t e r a -
j
t i o n is found t o be more slowly convergent than i n t h e out-of-ground-effect
case. The streamline p a t t e r n and slipstream shape corresponding t o t h e eighth
i t e r a t e , which appears t o have s e t t l e d down t o w i t h i n about one percent, a r e
shown i n Fig. 16; t h e shape c o l l o c a t i o n p o i n t s a r e indicated (on t h e s l i p s t r e a m )
by d o t s . The corresponding s l i p s t r e a m v o r t i c i t y is defined by t h e value
= 0.022 , so that

Y;) = c4 [ l + 0.022X-+(l-x)2] (59)

30
 x=0

x-x.1

F i g u r e 16. Resulting Flow Field for Numerical Example

31
 Q u a l i t a t i v e l y , t h e r e s u l t s i n Fig. 16 appear t o be q u i t e reasonab1.e com-
pared w i t h the smoke v i s u a l i z a t i o n s t u d i e s of Fradenburgh (Reference 11) -
except f o r t h e absence of a dead-air dome beneath t h e hub, p r e d i c t e d by Heyson
(Reference 1 2 ) and observed by Fradenburgh. This i s to be expected, however,
s i n c e our blade c i r c u l a t i o n i s assumed to be constant all t h e way down t o
r = '0 , so t h a t t h e r e are no t r a i l i n g v o r t i c e s of r e v e r s e s t r e n g t h emitted
over t h e inboard p o r t i o n of t h e blades.
Q u a n t i t a t i v e l y , we h e s i t a t e t o claim a l e v e l of accuracy comparable t o t h a t
obtained i n t h e out-of-ground-effect c a s e s i n c e only a s i n g l e gamma c o l l o c a t i o n
p o i n t w a s used. We d i d , i n f a c t , run cases with N = 6 o r more, b u t u n s a t i s -
f a c t o r y "wiggles" began t o appear i n both y s and T . We a t t r i b u t e t h i s to
our i n a b i l i t y t o p r e s c r i b e a s u f f i c i e n t l y " n a t u r a l " family of g matching
j
functions.
w e point out t h a t our previous statement "For t h e s t a t i c condition t h e
streamline p a t t e r n is v i r t u a l l y independent of C p e r t a i n i n g to t h e out-of-
'I,

ground-effect case, i s equally v a l i d f o r t h e ground-effect case.

CONCLUSIONS

The inviscid flow f i e l d induced by a r o t o r i n ground e f f e c t i s found, based

upon an actuator d i s k model with a constant c i r c u l a t i o n d i s t r i b u t i o n . The gov-
erning nonlinear i n t e g r a l equations are solved by a systematic i t e r a t i v e scheme
which i s similar t o t h e Newton-Raphson method f o r t h e s o l u t i o n of nonlinear
a l g e b r a i c equations.
F i r s t , t h e out-of-ground-effect i i m i t i s considered i n d e t a i l . The i t e r a -
t i o n is found to b e r a p i d l y convergent and t h e r e s u l t s a r e shown t o b e q u i t e
accurate, except possibly i n t h e immediate neighborhood of t h e blade t i p s .
S p e c i f i c a l l y , t h e r e i s some question as t o whether or not t h e axial inflow should
be constant over t h e blade radius o r , e q u i v a l e n t l y , whether o r not t h e i n i t i a l
s l i p s t r e a m c o n t r a c t i o n should be purely r a d i a l . This p o i n t i s of some importance
because of t h e square-root s i n g u l a r i t y i n t h e s l i p s t r e a m v o r t i c i t y a t t h e " l i p "
of t h e slipstream. That is, the a x i a l inflow (which i s c r u c i a l from t h e p o i n t
of view o f blade d e s i g n ) through t h e t i p p o r t i o n of t h e blade w i l l be bounded
i f t h e i n i t i a l contraction i s purely r a d i a l , and unbounded i f i t i s not: In
any case, it seems c l e a r t h a t our r e s u l t s a r e q u i t e accurate except, possibly,
i n t h e imrnediate neighborhood of t h e blade t i p .
Results f o r t h e ground e f f e c t c a s e look e n t i r e l y reasonable compared with
t h e flow v i s u a l i z a t i o n s t u d i e s of Fradenburgh (Reference ll), although we cannot
claim a level of accuracy a s high a s i n t h e out-of-ground-effect case.
In e i t h e r case, i n ground e f f e c t o r n o t , it is shown t h a t f o r the s t a t i c
condition the streamline p a t t e r n is v i r t u a l l y independent of the t h r u s t c o e f f i c i e n t

32
More p r e c i s e l y , it is exactly independent of the t h r u s t c o e f f i c i e n t - if t h e
e f f e c t s of s w i r l are neglected.

REFERENCES

1. Sowyrda, A., and DuWaldt, F. A., Representation of Wakes of P r o p e l l e r s i n

Ground E f f e c t bv Rinq Vortex Svstems, Cornell Aeronautical Laboratory
Report N o . BB-1665-S-1, A p r i l 1963 (DDC No. AD 602 988).
2. Brady, W. G., and C r i m i , P., Representation of P r o p e l l e r Wakes by Systems
o f F i n i t e Core Vortices, Cornell Aeronautical Laboratory Report N o . BB-
1665-S-2, February 1965 (DDC N o . AD 612 007).
3. DuWaldt, F. A., Representation of Propeller Wakes by Systems of F i n i t e Core
Vortices, Cornell Aeronautical Laboratory R e p o r t N o . BB-1665-S-3, November
1966.
4. Scarborough, J. B., Numerical Mathematical Analysis, S i x t h E d i t i o n , Johns
Hopkins Press, B a l t i m o r e , 1966.
5. W u , T. Y . , F l o w Throuqh a Heavily Loaded Actuator Disk, S c h i f f s t e c h n i k ,
V o l . 9, N o . 47, pp. 134-138, 1962.

6. Chaplin, H. R . , A Method f o r Numerical Calculation of Slipstream Contraction

o f a Shrouded Impulse D i s c i n the S t a t i c C a s e With Application t o Other
Axisymmetric P o t e n t i a l Flow Problems, DTMB Aero Report 1077, 1964.
7. Watson, G. N., A Treatise on t h e Theory of B e s s e l Functions, Second E d i t i o n ,
Cambridge University Press, 1958.
8. Hough, G. R . , and Ordway, D. E., The Generalized A c t u a t o r Disk, Developments
i n Theoretical and Applied Mechanics, Vol. 11. Pergamon Press, Oxford/
London/Edinburgh/New York/Paris/Frankfurt, 1965.
9. Taylor, M. K., A B a l s a - D u s t Technique f o r A i r - F l o w V i s u a l i z a t i o n and i t s
Application t o Flow Through Model Helicopter Rotors i n S t a t i c Thrust, NACA
T N 2220, 1950.

10. Adams, G. N., Propeller Research a t Canadair Limited, Proceedings of CAL/

USAAVLABS Symposium on Aerodynamic Problems Associated with V/STOL A i r c r a f t
(Buffalo, Nk-York, June 1966), V o l . 1.
11. Fradenburgh, E. A., Flow F i e l d Measurements f o r a Hovering Rotor Near t h e
Ground, Paper presented a t t h e American Helicopter Society F i f t h Annual
Western Forum, Los Angeles, September 1958.
12. Heyson, Harry H., Induced V e l o c i t y Near a Rotor and i t s Application to
Helicopter Problems, Proceedings of the 1 4 t h Annual National Forum, American
Helicopter Society, April 1958.

33
 APPENDIX

L i s t i n g o f the Computer Codes

On the following pages are F o r t r a n l i s t i n g s of t h e two computer codes,

ROTORIGE ( f o r the in-ground-effect c a s e ) and ROTOROGE ( f o r t h e out-of-ground-
e f f e c t case). Actually, the ROTORIGE code is presented f o r the s p e c i a l case
w h e r e N = 1 , t o be c o n s i s t e n t with t h e numerical example i n t h e t e x t , and does
n o t apply f o r N 2 2 .
Of the i n p u t v a r i a b l e s (see the Common Statements i n ROTORIGE) only "ACC"
r e q u i r e s f u r t h e r d e s c r i p t i o n . I f , f o r example, ACC = 0.01 the i t e r a t i o n w i l l
proceed u n t i l both T("+l) and ycn+l)agree w i t h t h e i r previous values, T ( n ' and
yen) , a t each of the p r i n t - o u t x ' s (e.g. Fig. 8 ) t o within one percent o r
better - o r u n t i l n = " N I T E R " , whichever occurs f i r s t .

Regarding the speed of the c a l c u l a t i o n , w e p o i n t o u t t h a t f o r the numerical

examples presented i n t h e t e x t t h e machine t i m e per i t e r a t i o n (on t h e CDC 1604)
w a s 30 seconds f o r ROTORIGE, and one minute and 30 seconds f o r ROTOROGE.

34
 PROGRAM R O T O R I G E
C
C ROTOR I N GROUND E F F E C T ( N A S I - 6 3 4 9 )
C F O R M U L A T I O N U S E S ONE ( 1 ) C O L L O C A T I O N P O I N T F O R T H E
C D Y N A M I C (GAMMA) E Q U A T I O N .
C
C D E F I N I T I O N OF I N P U T VARIABLES
C I M a MONTH O F YEAR I N I N T E G E R FORM.
C I D = D A Y OF MONTH I N I N T F G E R FORM.
C I Y = L A S T TWO D I G I T S O F YEAR I N I N T E G E R FORM.
C MM NO. O F C O L L O C A T I O N P O I N T S F O R S H A P E E Q U A T I O N ,
C NN = NO. O F C O L L O C A T I O N P O I N T S F O R GAMMA E O U A T I O N .
C N I T E R = M A X I M U M NO. O F I T E R A T I O N S TO BE ATTEMPTED.
C cc = L O A D I NG C O E F F I C I ENTa
C C A P X = NON-DIMENSIONAL DISTANCE FROM GROUND PLANE TO PROPELLER PLANE.
C ACC = CONVERGENCE C R I T E R I O N I N P E R C E N T / 1 0 0
C xs = N O N - D I M E N S I O N A L A X I A L C O O R D I N A T E S O F S H A P E C O L L O C A T I O N P O I N T S .
C XG = N O N - D I M E N S I O N A L A X I A L C O O R D I N A T E S O F GAMMA C O L L O C A T I O N P O I N T S .
C R = I N 1 T I A L SHAPE C O F F F I C I F N T S .
C A = I N I T I A L GAMMA C O E F F I C I E N T S .
C
EXTERNAL FJ
TYPE R F A L L H S
COMMON/ADDFD/FZ(SO)
COMMON/COEFS/A(SO)*B(50)
COMMON/INPUT/CC*ALPHAIC4PX
COMMON/INTGND/NGEES*TT~ZZ~N~K
COMMON/MATRIX/RHS(S0*50) * L H S ( S O r 1 )
COMMON/NUMBERXS/NXS*NXG
C O M M O N / P R I N T / X S ~ 5 O ~ ~ X G ~ ~ O ~ * X P ~ 5 O ~ * S R ~ 5 O ~ * S C ~ 5 O ~ ~ I T E R ~ ~ M
COMMON/SAVE/NP* I N D E X v S R S ( 5 0 ) * S C S ( 5 0 )
1000 F O R M A T ( 4 I S )
1010 F O R M A T ( l O F 8 . 5 )
-
1020 F O R M A T ( l H O * 2 8 H I N I T I A L C O N D I T I O N S AT M O S T * I 3 * 1 4 H I T E R A T I O N ( S 1
* l 8 H W I L L B E ATTEMPTED.)
1030 F O R M A T ( l H O * 1 9 H U N I F O R M ACCURACY O F 1 F 8 . 5 r 1 6 H P E R C E N T IS NOT 9
* 4 7 H A T T A I N F D FOR S L I P S T R E A M R A D I U S AND C I R C U L A T I O N
* 14HDISTRIBUTIONS.r/*8H A T M O S T * 1 3 * 1 9 H MORE I T E R A T I O Y ( S )
* 1 R H W I L L BF ATTFMDTFD.)
1040 F O R M A T ( I H O * 1 9 H U N I F O R M ACCIJRACY 0 F 1 F 8 . 5 ~ 1 2 H P E R C E N T IS
* 4 7 H A T T A I N E D FOR S L I P S T R E A M R A D I U S AND C I R C U L A T I O N
* 1 4 H D I S T R I B U T l O N S ~ r / * 2 5 H I T E R A T I O N I S TERMINATED.)
1050 F O R M A T ( 1 H O t l 9 H U N I F O R M ACCURACY O F * F 8 * 5 r I 6 k l P E R C E N T IS N O T t
4 7 H A T T A I N E D FOR S L I P S T R E A M R A D I U S AND C I R C U L A T I O N
it 14HDISTRIRUTIONS.*/*25H I T F R A T I O N IS TEQMINATED.)

A C C P s 1OO.O*ACC
C A L L OUTPUT
PRINT 1020.NITER

35
 DO 4 0 f = l * N
ZZ=XS ( 1 ) S CALL TOPEOT(ZZ)
C A L L L f M f TCHK S C A L L BEONS ( f )
4 0 CONT I NU€
CALL MATfNV(RHS.N*LHStltOET)
DO 5 0 J-1 r N
B(J)=LHS(.'tl)
50 CONT I NU€
N=NXG
DO 60 l r l r N
ZZ=XG ( f S CALL TOPROT(ZZ)
C A L L L I M I TCHK S CALL AEONS ( I )
60 CONT I NUE
C A L L ACOFFS
C A L L OUTPUT
DO 90 l r 2 1 N P
CACC=ACC*SC I f 1 S TACC=ACC*SR(f)
I F (ABSF(SC(f)-SCS(f))-CACC) 80r80r100
B O I F ( A B S F ( S R ( I 1-SR.S ( I ) I - T A C C 1 90990r 100
90 C O N T I N U E
GO T O 130
L E F T r N f T E R - I TER S IF (LEFT) 1 4 0 r 1 4 0 r 1 1 0
P R f N T 1O~OIACCPILEFT
CONT f NUE
PRfNT 1040rACCP S GO TO 10
PQfNT ~O~OIACCP S GO TO 10
FND

SUBROUT I NE A E O N S ( I )
EXTERNAL A J f N T * A K I N T * A L l N T
EXTEQNAL G J
CDMMON/ASPEC/AJ(2)rAK(2)tALorFZfrCZZ~GZZ~AZZ~~ZZ
COMMON/COEFS/A ( 5 0 1 R (50) *
COMMON/iNPUT/CC*ALPHAICAPX
COMYON/fNTGND/NGFFSrTTrZZ~~rK
C A L L S H A P E ( 2 2 TT S CALL FACTOR(ZZ*FZZ)
GZZ=G J ( ZZ ) S FFICC-(CC/(2.O+TT))**2
AJ(I)'-FF*TT/(2.O*CC*FZZ) S AK(f)=AL(I)=O*O
CALL O N E f N T G L ( A J f N T * A J ( 1 ) ) S CALL ONEINTGL(AKfNT*AK(f))
CALL O N E f N T G L ( A L l N T r A L ( f ) )
END

36
 FUNCTION AKINT(2)
EXTERNAL G J
COMMON/ASPEC/AJ(E)*AK(~~~AL(~)~FZZ~GZZ~AZZ~~ZZ
COMMON/INTGND/NGFESITT~ZZ~N~K
CALL SHAPE(Zr1) S CALL FACTOR(ZeF2)
CALL G E E S ( l * T T r T ~ Z Z * Z r G ~ G T T ) S AKINT~GTT*FZ*(GZZ+GJ(Z))
END

SURROUTINE OEONS(1)
EXTERNAL BINTrFJ
TYPE R F A L L H S
COMMON/ADDFD/FZ(SO)
COMMON/ I N P U T / C C A L P H A C A P X
COMMON/INTGND/NG~S~TT*ZZ~N~K
COMMON/MATRIX/RHS(50r50).LHS(SOll)
NN=N+t S CALL SHAFF(Z2rTT)
GTTG=GGMPO.O
NGEES= 1 S CALL ONEINTCL(BINTIGTTG)
NGEE S=3 S CALL ONEINTGL(R1NTrGGM)
DO 30 J = l r N N
K= J S 1F (J-NN) 10120r20
lo TFRM=FJ(ZZIK)/(CAPX-Z~)-FZ~/C~PX
RHS(I~J)~-SQRTF(CC)+FJ(CAPX.J)+dLPHA+TERM+GTTG
GO TO 30
PO RHS(I*J)=GGM+ALPHA+(TT-l*O)+GTTG
30 C O N T I N U F
LHS( I 1 )=RHS ( I *NN)
FND

FUNCTION BINTCZ)
F X T E R N A L FJ
COMMON/dDDFD/FZ(W)
COMM~N/INPUT/CC*ALPHAICAPX
COMMON/INTGNn/~~FFS.TT.Zt.NIK
C A L L SHAPE ( Z i t 1 S CALL VORTFX(Z*CAM)
CALL FACtOR(2tFAC) S CAM=FAC+GAM
C A L L GEES(NGEES.TTITIZZIZIC~C~T)
GO T O ( 1 0 * 3 0 * 2 0 ) * N G E E S
l o RINT=GTT+GAM S GO TO 30
20 R I N T = - G + G A M
30 END

SURROUTINE FACTOR(X*FAC)
FXTEPNAL FJIFPJ
COUMON/COEFS/A(SO).B(50)
COWMON/INPUT/CCIALPHAICAPX
COMMON/NUMRERXS/NXS*NXG
TPs0.O S 801n C A P X - X
06 l o T r l r N X S
TP~TP+B(I)+(FPJ(XtI)/~OT+FJ(X~I)/BOT*+2)
10 C O N T I N U E
F A C = S Q R T F ( 1 sO+TP++2)
END

37
 FUNCTlON F J ( X * J )
FJ=X++J
END

S GO T O 30

SlJBRDUTINE G ~ F S ( N U M I T T I T I Z Z I Z I ~ ~ G T T )
COMMON/lNPOT/CC r A L P H A r C A P X
01=3.14 1 4 9 P 7
h X = ( 7 7 - Z ) *+2 S DTr(TT-f)+*2
DZ=(ZZ-2.O*CAPX+Z)**2 S TERM=SQRTF(TT*T)
AQGA=l.O+(DT+DX)/(2.O*TERM**2) B C A L L QPMHALF(ARGAIOPA*QMA)
AQGB=l.O+(DT+DZ)/(2.O*TERM**2) 5 C A L L QPMHALF(ARGBrQPBrQMB)
GO T O ( 1 0 1 2 0 r l O ) r N U M
10 D T = T T * * 2 - T * * 2 B BOT=B.O+PI*TERM
R O T A r A R G A + * 2 - I .O J ROTR=ARGB*X2-I.O
AA= (DX+DT )*QPA/ (BOT*T ) S BBn(DX-DT)*OMA/(BOT*TT)
EE=(DZ+DT)+QPB/(BOT+T) 5 DD=(DZ-DT)*OMB/(BOT*TT)
GTT=(AA+BB)/ROTA-(EE+DD)/ROTR B GO TO ( 3 0 * 2 0 r 2 0 ) r N U M
20 GrTERM+(OPA-OPR)/(2.0*Pl )
30 FNO

FUNCTION GGG(2)
COMMON/lNTGND/NGEESrTTrZZ~NrK
CALL SHAPE(2rT) S CALL VORTEX(ZrG)
C A L L FACTOR(ZrFAC) B G=FAC*G
C A L L G F F S ( 2 * T T r T r 72.2 r GG *DUM 1
GGG=GG+G
FND
1

FUNCTlON G J ( X )
COMMON/~NPUT/CCIALPHAICAPX
GJ=(CAPX-X)+*2/SQRTF(X)
FNI?
 SUBROUTINE M A T I N V ( A ~ N ~ B ~ M ~ D E T E R M )
DIMENSION I P I V O T ~ 5 ~ ~ * A ~ S O * S 0 ~ ~ 8 o . I N D € X ~ 5 O r 2 ~ r P ~ V O T ~ 5 O ~
DETFRM=IoO
DO 10 J n l t N
IPIVOT( J)=O
10 CONTINUE
t70 200 I * l r N
AMAXaO 0
t7O 60 J r l r N
1F ( I P I V O T ( J ) - l ‘ 20r60r20
?O 00 5 0 K = l r N
I F ( IPIVOT(K)-I ) 3orqor?4n
30 IF ( A R S F ( A M A X ) - A R S F ( A ( J r K ) ) ) 40rE50r50
40 IROWrJ S ICOLUMPK
AMAXeA(JrK)
50 CONTINUE
60 CONTlNUE
I P I V O T ( ICOLUM)=IP1VOT(ICOLUM)+l 5 I F ( I R O W - I C O L U M ) 70r110170
70 nFTFRMr-DFTFRM
00 80 L = l r N
SWAP=A( I R O W r L ) S A ( I ROC1r L ) = A ( I C O L O M r L )
A( ICnLUMtL)=SWAP
8” CONTINtJE
IF (M) 1 1 O r 1 1 0 r 9 0
on 00 1 0 0 L = l r M
SWAP=@,( IROWrL) B B ( IROK r L ) = E ( I C O L U M r L )
R ( ICOLUMrL)=SWAP
100 CnNTlNUE
110 I N D E X ( I . 1 )=TROW
INDEX( I r 2 ) = ICOLUV 5 P I V O T ( I )=A ( ICOLUMr ICOLUM1
DETERM=DETERM*P I VOT ( I 1 B A ( ICOLUMr ICOLUM) = 100
DO 1Po L = l r N
A ( I C O L U Y r L ) = A ( ICOLUM rL ) / P I V O T ( I )
1 CONT I NUE
IF ( M ) 1 5 0 r 1 9 0 r 1 7 0
1-30 DO 140 L = l r M
B ( I COLUH L ) - B ( I COLUM *L ) /P I VOT ( I )
140 CONT INCJF
le0 DO ?Oo L l n l r N
IF(L1-ICOLUM) 160*200*160
160 T = A ( L l r ICOLUM) 5 A(LlrlCOLUM)=O~O
DO 170 L = l r N
A (L1 r L ) = A (L1 r L )-A ( I COLUM r L ) * T
170 CONT I N V F
IF ( M ) 2 0 0 1 2 n 0 1 1 A 0
180 00 100 L Z 1 . M
E ( L 1 tL ) = B (L1r L ) - B ( I C O L U M * L ) * T
19 0 CONT 1NtJE
2c)O CONTINUE
DO 2S0 I x l r N
L=N+l-I
IF (INDEX(L*I)-INDEX(Lr2)) 210r230r210
2lc JROW=INDEX(Lrl) 5 J C O L U M Z I N D E X ( Lr 2 )
DO ? P O K n l r N
SWAP=A ( K r JROW 1 B A(KrJROW)=A(K*JCOLUM)
A ( K r JC0LUM)xSWAP
220 CONTINUF
230 CONTINUF
P4@ QFTORN
FND

39
 SUBROUTINE NGAUSS(BIA*FX~NTIME*INTEGRAL)
TYPE R E A L I N T E G R A L
D 1 MENS I ON R (5) r U ( 5 )
DATA ~ R ~ 0 o 1 4 7 7 6 2 1 1 2 4 ~ 0 o 1 3 4 6 3 3 3 5 9 7 ~ 0 o 1 0 9 5 4 3 1 8 1 3 * ~ 0 0 7 4 7 2 5 6 7 4 5 ~ *
* 0.03333567215)r
* ~U~0o0744371695~0o2166976971~0o3397047E41~004325316E33~
* 004869532643)
INTEGQAL-O 0
DO 20 J = l r N T I Y F
X L = A + ( J-1 ) * ( B - A ) / N T I M E S XU=B-INtlME-J)+(B-A)/NTIME
OrXU-XL s S=~XU+XL)/2.O
TEMPrO.0
DO 1 0 K n l t 5
TEMP=TEMP+R(K)*(FX(S+D*U(K))+FX(S-D+U(K)))
10 C O N T I N U E
TEMP=TEMP*D S INTEGRAL=INTEGRAL+TEMP
20 t O N T I N I J E
FND

S U B R O U T I N E ONEINTGL(FAIA)
COMMON/LIMITS/TOP(5)rBOTorNCD(~)
DO 20 I = l r 5
I F ( A B S F ~ T O P ( I ) - R O T ~ I ) ) - O ~ O O O O O O 20920*10
l)
10 C A L L N G A U S S ( T O P ( I ) ~ B O T ( I ) r F A . N C D ( l ) r A A )
A=A+AA
20 CONTINOF.
END

SUBROUT I NE OIJTPUT
COYMON/ADDED/FZ ( 5 0 )
COMMON/COEFS/A(SO)*B(~~)
COMMON/INPUT/CC*ALPHA*CAPX
COMMON/INTGND/NGEESITTIZZINIK
COMMON/NUMBERXS/NXS*NXG
COMMON/PRINT/XS(50~~XG~SO~~XP~~O)~SR~~O~~SC~5O)~~TER~IM~ID~
COMMON/SAVE/NP* I N D E X . SRS ( 5 0 t S C S ( 5 0 )
1000 F O R M A T ( l H 1 * 2 5 X * 3 2 H R 0 T 0 R I N C R 0 U N D
* 35HE F F E C T ( N A S 1 - 6 3 4 9 )*5X*lH(*I2*lH/* 2 r
* 1H/* I ? * 1 H ) )
1 0 1 0 FORMAT(lHO*35X*29HDAMPING C O E F F I C I E N T S I A L P H A t * F 5 . 2 * 9 H BE A
* 4H O . O * / * 3 6 X *
* 24HLOADING COEFFICIENT* C = * F 7 0 4 r / r 3 6 X *
* l 6 H H U B R A D I U S = 0.0)
1C2c FORMAT(lH0*21X*29HSHAPE COLLOCATION POINTS. M = * 1 3 1 1 2 X *
* 29HGAMMA C O L L O C A T I O N P O I N T S * N = * 1 3 * / )
1330 F O R M A T ( 1 H r 2 B X 1 5 H X S U B * I 3 * 2 H = * F 8 . 4 . 2 6 X * S H X S U B I I J ~ ~ H =*F804)
1040 FORMAT(1H r72X.SHX S U B o 1 3 * 2 H rqF8.4)
1050 FORMAT(IH r2AXeSHX SUBt13.2H =oFR.4)
1060 F O R M P ~ ( I H ~ I ~ ~ H I T E R A T INOON. r I T J * / )
1070 FORMAT(1H * 7 9 X * 3 5 H S L I P S T R E A M SLIPSTREAM CIRCULATION*/r7X*
* 1 R H S H A P E C O E F F I C I E N T S ~ ~ ~ X I I ~ H G ACMO M EA F F I C 1 ~ N T S r l l X t l H X *
* I l X ~ 3 O H R A D I U S rT GAMMA SUB S r / )
1071 FORMAT(1H * 4 X * l O H B SUB 1 = * F 1 2 0 4 * I C ' X * l O H A SUB 1 =*F1204*8X*
* 4HoOOO* 1 1 X ~ 6 H 1 0 0 0 0 0 ~ F 1 8 0 4 )
1072 F O R M A T ( 1 H r 4 X 1 1 0 H A SVB I = * F I T . ~ ~ ~ C ' X I ~ @ HSUBA 1 **F1204*8X*
* *
4 H 0 00 1 1 X 6H I -0000 1 OX 8 H I NF I N I T Y )
1080 FORMAT(1H * 4 X + 5 H B S U B * I 3 * 2 H + r F 1 2 . 4 * 1 0 X * 5 H A SUBv13r2H =*Fl204*
* F1203~F17.4rF1804)
1C9O FOQMAT(IH 14X15Ha SUB*13*2H =rF12.4rlOX*SHA SUB*13*2H =*F12*4*
* 6HCAP X = . F 6 . 3 . 9 X ~ 8 H I N F I N I T Y I F 1 8 . 4 )
1103 FORMAT(1H r 4 X 1 5 H B S U B * 1 3 * 2 H = * F 1 2 . 4 r l O X * 5 H A SUB*13*2H rrF12.4)
1110 FORMAT(1H r 4 X * 5 H B SUBeI3.2H ~ ~ F 1 2 0 4 ~ 3 2 X ~ F 1 2 ~ 3 * F 1 7 0 4 * ~ 1 ~ ~ 4 )

40
112c F O R M A T ( 1 H r 4 X r 5 H E s U B r 1 3 t 2 H P r F 1 2 e 4 r 3 2 X 1
* 6 H C A P X = r F 6 03 r 9 X r 8 H I N F I N I T Y rF18.4 )
1130 F O R M A T ( 1 H r 4 X r 5 H B S U E r 1 3 r 2 H s r F 1 2 . 4 )
1 1 4 0 FORMAT(1H r 3 6 X r 5 H A SUBr13r2H ~rF12.4rF12.3rF17.4rFrB.4)
1 1 5 0 F O R M A T ( 1H r 3 6 X r 5 H A S U B * I 3 r 2 H I r F 1 2 0 4 r
* 6 H C A P X = r F 6 . 3 1 9 X r BHINF 1NT T Y rF 18.4 )
1160 F O R M A T C I H r 3 6 X r S H A S U B r I 3 r 2 H =rF12.4)
1170 F O R M A T ( 1 H r S R X r F 1 2 . 7 r F 1 7 . 4 r F l R . 4 )
1 1 8 0 FORMAT(1H r58Xr6HCAP X=*F6.3r9Xr8HINF NITYrFI8.4)
NP3.26
no 60 1-2rNP
GO TO ( S r 4 ) r l N D E X
4 SRS(I)=SR(I) s scs
GO TO 50
T TF ( 1 - 5 ) 2 0 r 2 0 r 1 0
10 I F (1-22) 3 O r 3 0 r 4 0
20 J=2*1-3 S XP(I)=O.Ol*J
GO T O 5 0
30 J = I - 4 S XP(I)=0.04*J
GO Tn SO
40 J x l - 2 2 S XP(1)=0.9+0.02+J
50 C A L L S H A P E ( X P ( I 1 r SR ( I ) ) S C A L L V O R T E X ( X P ( I ) r SC I ) ?
60 CONTTNIJE
65 P R I N T 1000rIMrIDrIY S PRINT 1010eALPHArCC
PRINT I@20rNXSrNXG s IF (NXS-NXG) 7 o r 7 0 r e
70 M-NXS S GO TO 90
eo MINXG
90 P R I N T I O 3 O r ( T r XS ( I ) r T 9XC ( I ) r I 1 r M )
H=M+ 1 S TF ( N X S - N X G ) 100r120r110
100 P R I N T 1 0 4 0 . ( I r X G ( 1 ) e I = M r N X G ) S GO T O 120
1 I 0 OQ I NT 1 (rqc r ( I r X S ( 1 ) r I t M r NXS 1
1P3 PRINT InBOrITEP S P R l N T 1070
I F (NXS-hAG) 130r140r140
130 TF ( N X G - N P ) 150r150r160
140 I F ( N X S - N P ) 150rISOt170
I S C M=NP+l S GO TO 180
160 M=NXG S GO TO 1 0 0
170 M=NXS
180 K O U N T = l S TF ( I T E R ) 1 8 l r l ! 3 l r 1 8 2
181 TEMP=SORTF(CC) S PRINT 1 0 7 1 r R ( I ) r A ( l ) r T E M P
GO TO 143
IA? PRINT 1072rCl(l ) r A ( l )
187 DO ?Q3 1 = 2 r V
IF ( T - N X S ) 1 9 o ~ 1 0 0 ~ 2 2 0
190 I F ( I - N X G ) 20nr2nn,210
200 IF (I-NP) 25nr2qnr26o
210 I F (1-NP) 290r290r300
220 I F ( I - N X G ) 230r230r240
230 1F ( I - N P ) 330r330r340
24 @ I F ( I - N P ) 3 7 0 r 3 7 0 r 3 8 0
250 P R I N T l O € I O r I r B ( I ) r I r A
GO T O 390
260 GO TO ( 2 7 0 r 2 R O ) r K b U N T
270 P Q I N T 1 0 9 0 r I r 9 ( I ) t I r A
KOUNTr2
280 P R I N T 1 1 0 0 r T ~ 8 ( 1 ~ * 1 * A
290 P R T N T I ! l O r T r R ( I ) t X P (
Gd T O 390
700 GO TO ( S I O r 3 T O ) r K O U N T
310 P R I N T 1 1 2 0 t T r E ( I )*CAPXITEMP
KOUNT-2 S GO T O 390
320 P R I N T ll30r1rB(T) S GO TO 390
330 P R I N T 1 1 4 0 r Ir A ( I ) r X P ( I ) r S R ( I ) r S C ( f )
GO TO 390
340 GO TO ( 3 5 O r 3 6 0 ) r K O I J N T

41
 S GO T O 390
S GO T O 390
S GO T O 390

K=SQRTF(2.O/(Z+l.O))
€LE~1~0~000000000+~4432§~4~463*A~+~06260601220*A2
* +.O47573A7546*A1+.0171~5O64~1*A4+
* ~~2499A~h~71O*A1+~O9?O~lflOOl7*A2+
* .04069697526*Al+.00526449639*A4)*ALO
ELK=1.38629436112+.09666344259*A1+.035900~2383*A2
* +~03742567713*A1+~01451196712*A4+
* ~~50000000000+~1249A5~3597*A1+~068~024l3576*A2
* +~0332835S346*AI+~O04417A7012+A4)+ALO
OPH=7+Y*FLK-R*FLE B QMH=K*ELK
F?3

42
I GO T O 160

43
 C
i PROGRAM ROTOROGE

C ROTOR OUT O F GROUND E F F E C T ( N A S I - 6 3 4 9 )

C
F X T E R N A L FJ
TYPF RFAL LHSrLAPRDA
COMMON/ADDED/FZ(SO)rTl
COMMON/COEFS/A(S~)~B(~~)
COMMON/INPUT/LAMBDA~CC~ALPHA.BFTA
COMMON/1NTGND/NGEESrTTrZZ~NrK*Gl
COMMON/MATRIX/RHS(5Or5O)~LHS(5Orl)
COMMON/NUMEEQXS/NXSINXG
COMMON/PRINT/XS~5O~rXG~5O)rXP~5O~rSR~5O)~SC~5O~rlTERrlMrlDrlY
COMMON/SAVE/NP~lNDEXISRSOrSCS(SO)~SCS(50)
1 0 0 0 FORMAT 4 1 5 )
1 0 1 0 F O R M A T 1 OFB.5)
1 0 2 0 FORMAT l H O ~ 2 8 H I N l T l A LC O N D I T I O N S - AT M O S T * l 3 r 1 4 H I T E R A T I O N ( S ) r
1 A H W l L L A F ATTEMPTFn. 1
1030 F O R M A T l H O r 1 9 H U N I F O R M ACCURACY O F * F 8 * 5 r 1 6 H P E R C E N T IS NOT
4 7 H A T T A l N E D F O R S L I P S T R E A M R A D I U S AND C I R C U L A T I O N
14HDISTRIBUTIONS.r/r8H A T M 0 S T 1 1 3 r l 9 H MORE I T E R A T I O N ( S )
it l 8 H W l L L BF ATTEMPTED.)
1 0 4 0 FORMAT l H O r 4 7 H R E S U L T S OF T H I S I T E R A T I O N I N D I C A T E A N I M P R O P E R r
* 4 2 H S T R E A M L l N E SHAPE - 1 T E R A T l O N IS T E R M l N A T E D )
1050 FORMAT l H O r 4 7 H R E S U L T S OF T H I S I T E R A T I O N I N D I C A T E A N I M P R O P E R r
* 5OHCIRCULATION DISTRIBUTION - I T E R A T l O N IS T E R M I N A T E D )
1060 FORMAT l H O r 1 9 H U N I F O R M ACCURACY O F r F 8 . 5 . 1 2 H P E R C E N T IS 9
* 4 7 H A T T A I N E D F O R S L I P S T R E A M R A D I U S AND C l R C U L A T l O N r
* 1 4 H D I STR I BUT I O N S )
1070 FORMAT ~ H O I ~ ~ H U N I F O RACCURACY M OFrF8.!3*16H P E R C E N T . I S NOT r
* 4 7 H A T T A I N E D F O R S L I P S T R E A M R A D I U S AND C I R C U L A T I O N 9
* 1 4 H D 1 STR I B I J T I O N S . )
1 0 8 0 F O R M A T ( 1 H * 4 7 H l T E R A T I O N IS T E R M I N A T E D . D Y N A M I C AND K l N E M A T l C *
* 4 1 H C O N D l T l O N S ON S T R E A M L I N E W I L L BE CHECKED.)
RFAD 1 0 0 0 r l M * l ~ r l Y
i o READ ~ O O O * M M I N N I N I T E R S I F ( M M ) 190r190r20
20 READ I O I O ~ C C ~ L A M B D A ~ A C C
R E A D 1 0 1 Or ( X S ( 1 1 r 1s 1 r M M ) S READ l O l O r ~ X G ( l ) * I ~ l r N N )
NXS=MM S NXG=NN
A L P H A S 10 0 d BETA=O.O
DO 30 I r l r N X S
R ( I )=Ooo
30 C O N T I N U E
DO 40 I = l r N X G
A t 1 )=OoO
4 0 CONTINUF
CALL SHAPE(ErO.OrT1 1 % FI=CC-(CC/(2.O*TI))**2
G I = S O R T F ( L A M R D A + + 2 + F I )-LAMBDA
I TER=O S ACCP=lOOeO*ACC
INDEX= 1 S C A L L OUTPUT
M=NP+I S SC ( M ) = S C S ( M ) = G I
INDEXL2 S PRINT 1020rNITER
DO I30 l T E R = l r N I T F R
flS=TI 0 NtNXS
DO 9 0 I = l r N
zz=xs ( 1 ) % CALL TOPEOT(Z2)
CALL LIMITCHK S C A L L BEONSC I )
50 C O N T I N U E
CALL MATINV(RHS.N~LH~~I~DET)
DO 6 0 J = l r N

44
 R ( J ) = L H S ( JI 1 )
60 C O N T I N U E
CALL SHAPE(2rOoO*TI 1 S FI~CC-(CC/(2.O*Tl))**2
C~'S0QTF(LAMBDA*+2+FI)-LAMRDA B NtNXG
n0 70 1 - 1 t N
ZZ=XG ( I 1 S C A L L TOPBOT ( 2 2 )
CALL LIMITCHK S CALL AEONS( I )
70 C O N T l N U E
CALL MATlNV(RHS*N*LHS*l rDET)
DO A 0 J = l r N
A ( J) = L H S ( J * 1 )
80 C O N T I N U E
C A L L OUTPUT
C A L L S H A P E ( 1 +O.OSrTTEST) S IF (TTEST-1.0) 90r140t140
90 C A L L V O R T E X ( O . O l * G I r G T E S T ) S IF ( G T E S T - G I ) 150*150*100
100 S Q ( M ) = T I S SRS(M)=TIS
DO 1 0 2 1 = 2 r M
CACC=ACC*SC ( I ) S TACC=ACC*SR(I)
1F ( A B S F ( S C ( 1 ) - S C S ( 1 ) I - C A C C ) 101 * 101 1 1 0
101 1F (ARSF(SR(II-SRS(I))-TACC) 102r102r110
102 C O N T I N U E
GO T O 160
110 L E F T = N l T E R - I T E R I IF ( L E F T ) 170*170*120
120 P R I N T ~ O ~ O I A C C P I L E F T
130 C O N T I N U E
140 P R I N T 1040 S GO TO 10
lcio P R l N T 1050 S GO T O 10
160 P Q l N T 1 0 6 0 r A C C P B GO T O180
1 7 0 PRINT 1070rACCP S GO TO 1AO
1 0 0 PRINT ion0 S CALL DYKlCHCK
GO T O 10
190 F N D

SURROUT I NE AEONS ( I )
EXTEQNAL G J
T Y P E R E A L LHSILAMBDA
COMMON/lNPUT/LAMROAtCCIALPHAIBETA
CO~MON/lNTGND/NGEESrTTrZZ~NrKrGl
COMMON/LIMlTS/TOP(7)~0OT(7)rNGD~7~
COMMON/MATQIX/QHS~50r50).LHS(50rl~
O l M E N S I O N X I (400 ) e G T T R ( 4 0 0 )
D I MENS I ON R ( 5 ) + U ( 5 1
DATA ~R~0~1477621124~0~1346333597*0~10954~1813~0~07472567450~
* 0003333567215)r
~U~0~0744371695+0~2166976971~0~3397041~41~0~4325316833~
* 004869532643 1
C A L L SHAPE ( 1r Z Z r T T 1 B C A L L FACTOR (22 F A C )
CALL VORTEX(ZZ*GlrGAM) 0 CON=2.O*GAM**2*FAC
FF=CC-(CC/(2mO*TT))*+2
NN = N + l
KK = 0
no 7 0 J = l r 7
IF(ABSF(TOP(J)-BOT(J))-OoOOOOOOl)7O+7O~lO
10 N T f Y F = NGD(J)
R = TOP(J) S A x FIOT(J)
D O 60 l l = l r N T l M F
X L II A + ( 1 1 - 1 ) * ( B - A ) / N T l M E S XU t B-(NTIME-lI)*(B-A)/NTlME
D XU-XL S S (XU+XL)/EmO
DO 5 0 L + l * l O

45
 K K = KK+1
I F (L-5 )2O t20q 30
PO JJ L S X I ( K K ) = S+D*U(JJ)
GO TO 4 0
30 JJ s 1 1 - L '6 X I ( K K ) = S-D*UfJJ)
40 CALL S H A P F ( l * X I ( K K ) r T )
CALL F A C T O R ( X l ( K K ) * R O O T )
CALL G E E S ( l . T T ~ T ~ Z Z * X I ( K K ) r C 1 C T I C T T I
GTTRt K K = D*R ( J J)*GTT*ROOT
50 CONTINUE
60 CONTINUE
70 CONTINUE
DO 1 4 0 J z l r N N
K t J S lF(J-NN)R0190*90
80 100
RHS( I J ) = F F * T T * G J ( Z Z * J ) / C O N S GO T O
90 RHS(ltJ)=TT*(LAMRDA+FF*Gl/CON-FF/(FAC*GAM))/Gl
1 0 0 DO 1 3 0 L S l e K K
I F (J-NN ) 1 10 1 2 0 1 1 2 0
1 10 RHS( 1 J) = R H S ( I J ) + G T T R ( L ) * G J ( X I (L) J)
GO TO 130
120 RHS(1rJ) RHS(I*J)+GTTR(L)
130 C O N T I N U E
140 C O N T t N U F
L H S ( 1 1 1 ) o - R H S ( I rNN)
END

SlJRROUT INF R F O N S ( I )
EXTERNAL B I N T e F J
TYPF RFAL LHS*LAMBDA
COMMON/ADDFD/FZ(SO)oTl
COMYON/~NPUT/LAMRDAICC~PLPHA~RFTA
CO~~ON/INTGND/NCEESITTIZZINIK~C~
COMMON/MATRIX/RHS(50*50) r L H S ( 5 0 r 1 )
NN=N+ 1 %
! CALL SHAPEtl*ZZ*TT)
GTTC=GGM=O o
NGFES= 1 S CALL ONEINTGL(BiNT*GTTG)
NGEES-3 B CALL ONEINTGL(SINT*GGM)
ADD=GGM+ALPHA* ( T T - 1 . 0 )*GTTG
no i o J=I *NN
Y= J S I F (J-NN) 1012OtPO
1 0 ' C O N z F J ( 7 7 e 3 ) -F7 ( J 1
QHS(1~J)=LAMBDA*TT*CON+(LAMBDA+Gl~*Tl*FZ~J~+ALPHA*CON*GTTG
GO TO 3 0
20 R H S ( I I J ) ~ ( L A M B D A + G I )*TI*(l~O-0~5*TI)-LAMBDA*TT*~l~O~O~S*TT)+ADO
30 C O N T I N U E
L H S ( I t 1 )=RHS(1 9 NN)
END

FUNCTION B l N T ( Z )
FXTERNAL F J
COMMON/ADDFD/FZ(SO)~TI
COMMON/ INPUT/LAMBDAICCIALPHA*BETA
COMMON/INTGND/NGEES~TT*ZZ*N*K*GI
CALL SHAPF ( 1 r Z *T ) S CALL VORTFX(Z*GI*CAM)
CALL FACTOR(Z*FAC) S GAM=FAC*GAM
CALL GEES(NGFFSrTT*T*ZZ*Z*G*GTT)
GO TO ( I ~ ~ ~ o , ~ ~ ) * N C E F S
10 R I N T = G T T * G A M S GO T O 30
20 R I NT=-G*GAM
30 FNO

46
 S U B R O U T 1NE D Y K I CHCK
E X T E R N A L GTGIGGG
T Y P E R E A L LAMBDA
COMMON/INPUT/LAMBDA*CC*ALPHA*6ETA
COMMON/1NTGND/NGEES~TT~ZZ~N~K~GI
COMMON/MIMBERXS/NXS*NXC
COMMON/PR I N T / X S ( 5 0 ) r X G ( 5 0 ) * X P ( S O SR (50 SC ( 5 0 ) I T F R e I MI I D I I Y
DIMENS10N X ( 1 9 )
DATA ~ X ~ O ~ 0 1 r O ~ 0 2 ~ 0 ~ 0 3 * 0 ~ 0 4 ~ 0 ~ 0 5 * 0 ~ 1 0 ~ 0 ~ 1 5 ~ 0 ~ 2 0 ~ 0 ~ 3 0
* 0~75rl~00~1~25~1~50~2~00*3~00~S~00~10~00~
1000 F O R M A T ( l H I r 2 2 X * 4 0 H R 0 T 0 R 0 U T 0 F G R 0 U N D *
*
*
35HE F F E C T
lH/*12*1H))
( N A S I - 6 3 4 9 )rSXtlH(*I2*lH/*f2e

1010 F O R M A T ( ~ H O I ~ ~ X I ~ ~ H D A MCPOIE N F FGI C I E N T S I A L P H A = * F 5 * 2 * 9 H BETA SI

* FS02r/t36X*
* 24HLOADING COEFFICIENT* C =rF7.4r/*36X*
* 2 3 H A D V A N C E R A T I O * LAMBDA = * F 7 . 4 r / t 3 6 X *
* 36HNO. OF S H A P E C O L L O C A T I O N P O I N T S 9 M m r I 3 * / * 3 6 X c
* 36HNO. O F GAMMA C O L L O C A T I O N P O I N T S * N = r I 3 r / r 3 6 X *
* l6HHUR RADIUS 0.0)
1020 F O R M A T ( l H O * / / * 4 5 H N U M E R I C A L CHECK OF D Y N A M I C ( F O R C E - F R E E ) AND 9
* 4 7 H K I N E M A T I C ( S T R E A M L I N E ) C O N D I T I O N S ON S L I P S T R E A M * / / )
1030 F O R M A T ( I H r 5 O X ~ B H @ Y N A M I C ~ . 2 S X t 1 0 H K r N E M A T 1 C . r / / r 5 4 X ~
* 2OHU*GAMMA S H O U L D EQUAL 9 I 1XI 1P H T O T A L ( C A P ) P S I ON *
lOHSLIPSTREAM*/*9X*36HTOTAL X-VEL. SLIPSTREAM VORTICITY*
* 1 8 X * 3 H F / 2 * 1 5 X * 3 6 H S H O U L D EQUAL I T S VALUE AT X E I N F I N I T Y I
* /rBX*36HON SLIPSTREAM* P E R U N I T X-LENGTH..~XIBH--------~
* 14H -------------- *5X13lH-‘-----------------------’-------,
* 7H-------r/14H XI~X*~HU(X)~~~XIBHGAMMA(X)*I~X*~HLHS*~IX*
* ~HRHS~I~XI~HLHS.I~XIJHRHS./)
1040 F O R M A T ( 1 H *F5.?*F12.5rF2~.5rF22~5*FI4.5rF20.5rF16.~)
1050 F O R M A T ( 1 H t 5 H I N F ~ r F 1 2 ~ ! 5 ~ F 2 0 ~ 5 r F 2 2 ~ 5 ~ F I 4 ~ ! 5 ~ F 2 0 ~ 5 ~ F l 6 ~ 5 ~
DRlNT 1000.IM*lD*lY
P R I N T 101 0 * A L P H A . B E T A . C C * L A M B D A * N X S * N X G
P R I N T 1020 S P R I N T 1030
CALL SHAPE(E*O.O*Tl) S CBtO.S*TI**2*(LAMBDA+GI)
DO 60 I r l . 2 0
IF (1-20) 20.10*10
10 U ~ L A M B i ? A + O . S + G l S GAMtGI
CA=O*5*(CC-(CC/(2.O*TI))**2)
P+ I =re B GO TO 30
20 z z = x ( I ) S CALL S H A P E ( l r Z Z i T 1 )
CAIO.S*(CC-(CC/(~.O*TT))**~)
CALL VORTEX(ZZ*GI*GAM) J CALL FACTOR(ZZ*FAC)
GAMoFACWGAM S CALL TOPBOT(Z2)
CALL LIVITCHK B IkLAMRDA
PSIrO.S+LAMBDA*TT**2 S CALL f W O I N T G L ~ G T G ~ G G G ~ U ~ P S I )
30 UG=U*GAM 1 IF ( 1 - 2 0 ) 4 0 r S O r 5 0
40 P R I N T 1040 -22r U * GAMIUG r CA P S I * CB
60 TO 60
50 P R I N T I O S O * U * G A M . U G * C A t P S I * C B
60 C O N T I N U F
END

SIJBROUT INE F A C T O R ( X * F A C )
F X T F R N A L FPJ
COMMON/COFFS/A(SO)~R(S~)
COMMON/NUMRERXS/NXS NXG
TPtO.0
no I O i=I.Nxs
TPsTP+B(I ) * F P J ( X * I )
10 C O N T I N U E
FACxSQRTF(I.O+TP**2)
FND

47
 FUNCTION FJ(XI J)
FJ=FXPF(-J*X)
END

FIJNCTION F P J ( X 1 JI
FPJ=-J+FXPF(-J+X)
END

SUBROUTINE GEES(NUMITTITIZZ~ZIGICT.CTT)
P1=301415927 S TERM=SORTF(TT+T)
DEL=(ZZ-Z)*+E S ATOPmDEL+TT*+2-T+*2
0TOP=DEL+T**2-TT+*2 % ABOT~8oO*PI+TERM+T
B0OT=0.O+PI*TERM*TT
A=ATOP/ABOT S R=BTOP/BROT
ARC~I.O+((TT-T)++~+(ZZ-Z)~*~)/(~OO+TT+T)
C A L L QPMHALF ( AQG 1OPH O M H ) % GO T O ( 3 0 * 2 0 1 1 0 ) r N U M
10 C=TERM+OPH/(2.O+PI )
20 GT= (B*OPH+A+OMH / f ARG*+2-1 0)
30 GTT~(A*OPH+B*OMH)/(ARG**2-loO)
FNr)

F U N C T I O N GGGCZ)
COMM~N/INTGN~/NGEESITT~ZZ~N~K~G~
CALL SHAPE ( 1 1 2 1 T ) S CALL VORTEX(ZIGI~G)
CALL FACTOR ( Z 1 F A C S G=FAC*G
CALL GEFS~(31fTrTrZZrZrCG1DllMrD~JMM)
CGG=GG*G
FND

FUNCTION G T G ( Z )
COMMON/INTGND/NGEES~TT~ZZ~N~K~Gl
CALL SHAPE ( 1eZ.T ) % CALL VORTEX(Z*GI r G )
CALL FACTOQ(Z9FAC) B G=FAC+G
C A L L G F E S ( 1 t T T 1 T ~ Z Z I Z I DUM19UMY r G T T )
GTG=GTT*G/TT
FND

SUBROUT INE L IM 1 TCHK

COMMON/LIMlTS/TOP~7~rBOTorNGD~7~~NGD~7~
DO 40 Is117
IF ( B O T ( I ) - T O P ( I ) ) 40*40*10
10 I F ( 1 - 7 ) 20130.30
20 BOT( 1+1 ) = D O T ( I )
70 ROT(l)=TOP(I)
40 CONTINUE
END

48
 SUBROUTINE M A T I N V ( A ~ N I B I M I D E T E R M )
DIMENSION I P I V O T ~ 5 ~ ~ * A ~ S 0 ~ 5 0 ) r B ~ 5 O ~ l ~ ~ l N D E X ~ 5 0 ~ 2 ~ ~ P I V O T ~ ~
nETeRM= 1 0
DO 10 J = l * N
IPIVOT( J)=O
10 CONT1hlUE
DO 200 l = l r N
AMAXIOmO
00 60 J - l r N
IF ( I P I V O T ( J ) - I ) 20r60.20
20 DO 5 0 K = I r N
IF ( l P I V O T ( K ) - l ) 30*50*240
30 I F (ABSF( AMAX ) - A B S ( A t JIK) 1 ) 40r50150
40 IROWrJ S ICOtUM=K
AMAX=A( J I K )
50 CONTINUE
60 CONTINUE
IPIVOT(ICOLUM)~lPIVOT~ICOLUM)+lS I F ( I R O W - I C O L U M ) 701110170
70 DETERMI-DETERM
DO 8 0 L = l r N
SWAP=A( I R O W a L )
A ( ICOLUM*L)=SWAP
80 CONTINUE
IF (M) 110~110~90
90 no 100 L = I * M
S W A P n B t IROWIL)
R(1COLUMtL)PSWAP
100 C O N T I N U E
110 INDEX(lr1)tlROW
INDEX(lr2)=lCOLUM S P I V O T ( I ) = A ( ICOLUMI I C O L U M )
DETERM=DET€RM*PIVOT(l) S A(ICOLVM~ICOLUM)=lmO
no i ? o L=I*N
A ( I C O L U M *L ) = A t I C O L U M L / P I V O T
120 CONTINUE
IF ( M ) 1 5 0 ~ 1 5 0 ~ 1 3 0
130 DO 140 L = l r M
B ( I C O L U M - L 1 x 8 ( I C O L U M * L) / P I V O T I )
140 CONT INUE
190 DO 2 0 0 L1tl-N
IF(Ll-1COLUM) 160r200r160
160 T=A(LlrlCOLUM) S A(LlrlC0LUM)~OmO
DO 170 L ’ l r N
A ( L 1 r L ) = A ( L l tL ) - A (1COLUM.L )+T
170 CONTINUE
I F ( M ) 200r200r180
180 DO 190 L = l * M
B ( L 1 * L 1=B (L I * L ) -B ( I COLUM *L )+T
190 CONTINUE
200 CONTINUE
DO 230 l = l r N
L=N+l-l
I F ( I N D E X ( L I I ~ - I N D E X ( L ~ ~ )210*230r210
)
210 JROW=INDEX(Ltl) S J C O L U M I NDEX L * 2 )
DO 220 K S l r N
S W A P = A ( K * JROW) 0 A(K*JROW)=A(KsJCOLUM)
A ( K * JC0LUM)SSWAP
220 CONTIMJE
230 CONTINUE
240 RETURN
END

49
 S U B R O U T I N E NGAUSS(EIAIFXINTIMEIINTEGRAL)
TYPE R F A L I N T E G R A L
DIMENSION R ( S ) r U f 5 )
DATA ~ R f 0 ~ 1 4 7 7 6 2 1 1 2 4 ~ 0 ~ 1 3 4 6 3 3 3 5 9 ? ~ 0 ~ 1 0 9 5 4 3 l ~ I 3 ~ 0 ~ 0 7 4 7 2 5 6 7 4 ~ ~ ~
* 0.03333567215)*
* (U'0~0744371695~0.2166976971~0~339704704~~0~~32~3168331
* 0.4869532643)
INTEGRALIO. 0
DO 20 J = l * N T I M E
X L = A + ( J-1 ) * ( B - A ) / N T l M E S XU~E-(NTlME-J)*(E-A)/NTIME
D=X\J-XL I S=(X(J+XL)/2.O
TEMP=OeO
170 10 K = I * S
T E M P = T E M P + R ( K ) *( F X ( S+D*U (K ) ) + F X ( S-D*U ( K ) 1 )
10 CONT I NUE
TEMP=TEMP*D s INTEGRAL=INTEGRAL+TEMP
20 CONT I NU€
END

SUBROUTINE ONEINTGL(FA9A 1
COMMON/L1MlTS/TOP~7~.BOTorNCD~7~~NGD~7~
DO 20 I s 1 9 7
IF ~ A B S F ~ T O P ( 1 ) - R O T ( I ~ ) - O ~ O ~ O O O 20O*l2~0 * 1 0
10 C A L L N G A U S S ( T O P ( I ) rEOT ( I ) ~ F A I N G D ( I ) r AA )
AmA+AA
20 CONT I NU€
END

SIJEROUT INF 01JTPUT

TYPE R F A L LAMBOA
COMMON/AbDED/Ft(50)~TI
~OMMON/COEFS/A (70) B ( SO )
COMMON/ I N P U T / L A M E D A CC * A L P H A B E T A
COMMON/INTGNO/NGEES~TT~~~~N~K~GI
COMMON/NUMBERXS/NXS*NXG
C O M M O N / P R I N ~ / X S ~ ~ ~ ~ r X G ~ 5 O ~ ~ X P ~ 5 O ~ ~ S R ~ ~ O ~ ~ S C ~ 5 O ~ ~ ~ T E R ~ I M
COMMON/SAVE/NP~INDEX~SRS(50)~SCS(50)
*
1000
*
*
FORMAT(IHlr22X*40HR 0 T 0 R
35HE F F E C T
lH/* 1 2 9 1 H ) 1
( N A S 1
0 U T
- 0 F G R 0 U N 0
6 3 4 9 )15X*lH(r12rlH/*12*

1010 F O R M A T ( ~ H O I ~ ~ X I ~ ~ H D A MC P OEI FNFGI C I E N T S * A L P H A r * F 5 * 2 * 9 H B E T A = I

* F 5 . P / e 36x1
* 24HLOADING COEFFICIENT* C =rF7.4*/136X*
* 23HADVANCF R A T I O 0 LAMBDA x * F 7 . 4 * / * 3 6 X e
* 1 6 H H U R R A D I U S = 0.0)
1020 FORMAT(lHO*21Xt29HSHAPE COLLOCATION POINTS9 M r * I 3 r 1 2 X *
* 29HGAMMA C O L L O C A T I O N P O I N T S * N ~ * 1 3 9 / )
1030 F O R M A T ( 1 H r 2 8 X d j H X S U B * I 3 * 2 H = * F B o 4 * 2 6 X * 5 H X S U B e 1 3 r 2 H =*F8.4)
1040 F O R M A T ( 1 H * 7 2 X * 5 H X S U E * 1 3 r 2 H nrF8.4)
1050 F O R M A T ( 1 H r 2 8 X 9 5 H X S U R * 1 3 * 2 H SrF8.4)
1060 F O R M A T ( I H O I I J H I T E R A T I O N NO.~I~,/)
1070 FORMAT(1H *79X*35HSLlPSTREAM SLIPSTREAM C I R C U L A T I O N * / ~ ~ X I
* 1 8 H S H A P E COEFFICIENTS~14X*l6UGAMMACOEFFICIFNTS~IIXIIHXI
* ~IXI~OHRADIUSIT GAMMA S U E $ I / )
1071 F O R M A T ( 1 H r 4 X * I O H E SUB 1 =*F12.4rlOX*lOHA SUE 1 = * F l E e 4 * 8 X 1
* 4HbOOO11 l X + b H l e 0 0 0 0 ~ F I R . 4 )
1072 F O R M A T ( I H * 4 X * l O H B SUR 1 f*F12.4*10X*lOH4 SUR 1 =*F12*4*8X*
* ~ H ~ O O ~ ~ ~ ~ X ~ ~ H ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ I ~ O X ~ ~ H I N F I N I T Y ~
1080 F o R M A T I ~ H 9 4 X * S H E S U B * I 3 * 2 H = r F 1 2 * 4 r l O X * 5 H A S U B * 1 3 * 2 H P t F 1 2 0 4 r
* F12.3rF17.4rFl8.4 )
1090 F O R M A T ( 1 H r 4 X * 5 H B s U B 1 1 3 . 2 H =rF12.41lOX*5HA SUB.13r2H =*F1204*5X1
* 8 H 1 NF I N I T Y tF16.4 * F l e a 4 1
1100 FORMAT(1H *4)<*§HB S U B * I 3 * 2 H =rF1204rlOXrSHA SUBe13r2H trF12.4)
1110 FORMATtIH *4X*SHB S U B * 1 3 * 2 H = r F 1 2 . 4 r 3 2 X r F 1 2 . 3 r F 1 7 ~ 4 r F l ~ o 4 )
1120 FORMAT(1H t4X15HB SUBrI3r2H ~rF12.4r37XrAHINFINITYrF1604rFl804)
1130 FORMAT(1H r4XrSHR SURrI3r2H =rF12.4)
1140 FORMATtIH r36X15HA SuB113r2H = r F 1 2 . 4 r F I 2 . 3 r F 1 7 . 4 r F 1 8 . 4 )
llS0 FORMAT(1H t36X*5HA SUBrI3r2H ~ r F 1 2 . 4 r 5 X r R H I N F I N I T Y I F 1 6 . 4 r F 1 8 . 9 )
1160 FORMAT(1H r3hXrTHA S U B * I 3 * E H nrF12.4)
1170 FORMAT(1H r58XrF12.3rF17.4rF18.4)
1180 FORMAT(1H r 6 3 X r 8 H I N F I N I T Y r F l 6 r 4 r F i B . 4 )
W=3O
DO 60 I=2rNP
GO TO (594)rINDEX
4 SRS(I)=SR(I)
GO T O 45
5 IF ( 1 - 5 ) 3or?n.io
10 IF (1-10) 40r40r20
20 T F (1-17)4 5 . 4 ~ ~ 2 5
25 IF (1-25) 50r50r51
30 J=?*I-? s XP(T)=O.OI*J
GO TO 59
4 0 JnI-4 S XP(1 )=O.O'=*J
GO TO S 5
45 J=I-7 S XP(1 )=O.l@*J
GO T O 55
'50 J=1-13 S XP(t )=0025*J
GO T O 55
51 J=I-2? S XP(I)=l.On+J
55 CALL SHAPE ( 1 r XP ( I ) r SR C I ) ) S CALL VOQTEX(XP( I ) rG1rSCC 1 ) 1
60 CONTINUE
65 PRINT 1000rIMrIDrIY S PRINT I O I O r A L P H A r B E T A r C C r L A M B D A
PRINT 1020rNXS r NXG S IF (NXS-NXG) 70r70r8O
70 M=NXS 9 GO T O 90
86 U=NXG
90 PRINT 1 0 3 O r ( f r X S ( I ) r I r X G ( 1 ) r I t l r M )
M=M+l S IF (NXS-NXG) 100r120r110
100 PRINT 1 0 4 6 r ( l r X G ~ I ) r l ~ M 1 N X G ) S GO T O 120
1 1 0 PR I N T 1 0'50r ( I r XS ( I 1 r I =M r NXq )
120 PRINT 1060rITF9 S PRINT 1070
TF (NXS-NXG) l ? ~ r 1 4 0 r 1 4 0
130 IF (NXG-NP) 1 4 O r 1 5 @ r 1 6 0
140 IF (NXS-NP) 15Cr150r170
150 M=NP+l S GO TO 180
160 M=NXG S GO T O 180
170 M=NXS
180 YOuNTal J IF (ITER) 181r181t182
181 PRINT 1071rB(1 )rA(I ) * G I J GO T O 183
182 PRINT 1072*011)*A(l)
183 DO 390 1=2rM
TF (I-NXS) 190r190r?20
190 IF (I-NXG) 23012')01210
200 IF (I-NP) ?53t250r260
210 IF (I-NP) 290r?90r300
220 IF (I-NXG) 230r230r240
270 1F (I-NP) 330r330r?40
240 TF (I-NP) 770t370r780
250 PRINT 10801I re( I 1 r I r A ( 1 ) rXP( I ) rSR( I ) rfC ( 1 )
GO T O 390
26n GO TO (270r2AO)rKOUNT
270 PRINT 1090rIrB(I)rIrA(I)rTIrGI
KOtJNT 2 S GO T O 390
280 PRINT 1100rIrB(I)rIrA(I) S GO TO 390
290 PRINT 1 1 1 0 1 1 r e ( I rXP( 1 ) r S R ( I ) * S C ( 1 )
GO T O 790

-
m o GO TO (~IO.VO).KOUNT
310 PRINT 112OrIrR(I)rTIrGI
KOUNT 2 S GO TO 390
 320 P R I N T 1 1 3 0 r I r B ( I ) S GO TO 790
330 P R I N T 1 1 4 0 r I r A ( I ) r X P ( I )r SR ( 1 ) r SC ( I )
GO T O 390
3 4 0 GO T O (350r36O)rKOUNT
390 P R I N T 1 1 5 0 ~ I * A ( I J r T l r G I
KOUNT=2 S GO TO 390
360 PRINT 1 1 6 ~ * 1 r A ( ? ) S GO TO 390
370 P R I N T 1 1 7 0 r X P ( l ) r S R ( l ) r S C ( I ) S Go TO 390
>)A0 P R I N T 1 1 0 0 r T I * G I
390 C O N T I N U F
END

SUBROUTINE Q P M H A L F ( Z r O P H * 6 M H )
TYPF RFAL KPRIMFSQrK
KPRIMESQ~I.6-(2.O/(Z+l~o)) J A I=KPR I MESQ
A2=A l * A 1 S Al=A?+A1
A 4 = A 2* A 2 S A L O r L O G F ( 1 .O/KPRIMESO)
K=SORTF(2.0/(2+1.0)) J R=SQRTF(2.O*(Z+l.O))
FLE~1~00000~00000+~4432514146j+A1+.06260601220*A2
+.04757367546*A3+.017365O6451*A4+
* (~?4990~68710*A1+~09?00180037*A2+
* .04069697526*A3+rO0526449639*A4)*ALO
ELK~1.38629436112+.096h6344259+A1+.0759009270~*A?
* +~O3742567717*A7+~0145r10hP1P+A4+
(~50000000000+~12498593597*A1+~06880248576*A2
* +.03328355346*A3+.00441787012+A4),ALO
OPHtZ+K+ELK-B*ELE
FND

SUBROUTINE SHAPF(KODF*X.S)
FXTFRNAL FJ
COMMON/ADDFD/F~(~O)~TI
COMMON/COEFS/A(SO)rR(50)
COMON/NUMRERXS/NXSrNXG
GO T O ( l O r 3 0 ) * K O f 7 F
10 S a T I
n0 20 J I l e N X S
S=S+R(J)+FJ(X*J)
70 C O N f l N I J F
GO T O S O
70 S t l . 0
no 4 0 J=I.NX~
S=S-R( J ) * F Z ( J 1
40 C O N T l N U E
'io FND

52
 90

160
170 S TOPf6)=BOT(7~~ZZ+10*0

SUBROUTINE T W O I N T G L ( F A r F B i A t B )
COMMON/L I M I T f / T O P ( 7 1 * R O T ( 7 r N G D ( 7 )
no 20 1 = 1 r 7
IF ~ A B S F ~ l O P ~ I ) - R O T ~ I ~ ~ - O ~ 2 GCOr ~
2 0O. 1O0O l~
10 C A L L N G A U S S ( T O P ( I ) r R O T ( I ) r F A 1 N C n o r A A )
C A L L NGAUSS(~OP(I)rBOT(I).FB,NCD(I).BB)
A=A+AA I RaR+RB
20 C O N T I N U E
END

SUBROUTINE V O R T E X ( X r G 1 r V )
Exiewa; GJ
COMM~N/COEFS/A(S~)~B(~~)
COMMON/~MBERXS/hlXSrNXG
V = l *0
00 10 J = l * N X G
V=V+A(J)+GJ(XtJ)
10 C O N T I N I J E
V=G I + V
END
END ROTOROGE
FlNlS

NASA-Langley, 1968 -1 CR-1027 53

I

ADMINISTRATION
N A T I O N A L A F R O N A U T I C S A N D SPACE POSTAGE A N 6 FLES P.AD
WASHINGTON.
D. C. 20546 NATIONAL AERONAUTICS A\
-- SPACE ADhlINISTRATION
OrrICIAL BuslNrss FIRST CLASS MAIL

NASA SCIENTIFIC -4ND TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS

TECHNICAL REPORTS: Scientific and TECHNICAL TRANSLATIONS: Information
technical infornxition considered iir?portmt, phiislied in n foreign 1:ingtiage considered
complete, and a lasting contribution to existins to merit NASA distribution in Engiish.
knowledge.
SPECIAL PUBLICATIONS: Information
TECHNICAL h'OTES: Inforinntion less hrond derived from or of value to NASA activities.
in scope but nevertheless of importance as a Publications include conference proceedings,
contr ihu tion to esisting knoivledge. monographs, datn compilations, handbooks,
sourcebooks, rind special bibliographies.
TECHNICAL RlEhlORANDUMS:
Information receiving limited distribution TECHNOLOGY UTILIZATION
became of preliminary data. security classific,i- PUBLICATIONS: Information on technology
tion. or other reasons. used by NASA that map be of particular
interest in commercial and other non-aerospace
CONTRACTOR REPORTS: Scientific and
.ipplications. Publications include Tech Briefs,
technical information generated under a NASA
Tcchnolog~~ Utiliz'ition Reports and Notes,
contract or grant and considered an important
and Technology Surveys.
contribution to esisting knowledge.

Details o n the availability of these publications may be obtained from:

SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL INFORMATION DIVISION

NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION
Washington, D.C. 20546