NACA-TM-7 15

TECHNICAL MEMORANDUMS
NATIONAL ADVISORY COMMITTEE FOR AERONAUTICS

715

PRESSURE AND FRICTIONAL RESISTANCE OF A CYLINDER

AT REYNOLDS NUMBERS 5,000 TO 40,000
By L. Schiller and W. Linke

Zeit schrift ffir Flugtechnik und Motorluftschiff ahrt

Vol. 24, No. 7, AprS1 13, 1933
Verlag von R. Oldenbourg, dunchen and Berlin

'

:
1

REPRODUCED BY

NATIONAL TECHNICAL
INFORMATION SERVICE
U. S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE
SPRINGFIELD, VA. 22161

Washington
July 1933

WATIONAL ADVISORY COLIUITTEE BOR AEIIONAUTICS

1.

This report p

40,'?00.
2.
T h e s k i n f r i c t i o n i s 5 p e r c e n t of the t o t a l r e s i s t a n c e a t Re = 5,000, and has dropped t o 2 ps
Re = 40,000, w
11 s u p p o r t s T B o m l s t h e o r y ,

inder w a l l w i t h

b e divide

(1)
normal f o r c e s

*vgl.

Ergebn. d, A e r o d - y n , V e r s . - A n s t ,

3, 8 7 , 1927,

N,A,C,A.

Te

wherein P = f l u i d d e n s i t y ,
V
w i t h D = c y.-l i n d
v i sco s i t y
----.-.-

wa

w = v e l o c i t y of f l o w ,

ence between p r e s s u r e p on the s u r f a c e f o r a n g l e 8 and

pr'essurs po of t h e u n d i s t u r b e d f l o w measured i n f r a c t i o n s
of dynamic p r e s s u r e ; $ i s a f u n c t i o n of t h e c i t e d q u a n t f F o r t h e i n t e g r a t h o n f r o m 0 t o 60'.
Thom used equnties.
t i o n ( 2 ) , f r o r d 60 t o 90 t h e e x p e r i m e n t a l v e l o c i t y p r o f i l e s ,
a n d thus o b t a i n e d , i n s o f a r as a t t r i b u t a b l e t o p u r e f r i c t i o n a l d r a g o f t h e f r o n t h a l f , t h e c o e f f i c i e n t of f r i c t i o n

F = p r o j e c t i o n of c y l i n d e r onto a p l a n e
( W r = C y F ?!wij2 ,
p e r p e n d i c u l a r t o the d i r e c t i o n of flow,)
With an increment
f o r the a d m i t t e d l y s m a l l f r i c t i o n ox" tho r e a r h a l l , D r .
fhom p u t s t h e approximate v a l u e at

Thorn's own e x p e r i m e n t s ranged f r o m l ~ . 28

= t o 1'7,000,
of which o n l y two p o i n t s excegded 8,000 ( f i g . 2).
It w a s
t h e r e f o r e d e s i r a b l e t o r a i s e t h e number of t e s t p o i n t s h g
i n c r e a s e d measuring a c c u r a c y and t o extend t
h i g h e r Ra (which 8 more d i f f i c u l t be
ing skin f r i c t i o n )
This w a s s e p a r a t e 1
c g min a t Bif~)
transition z
squared zone
Mereby i t w a s found t h a t t h o r i s e of
c
i s accompas t e m a t i c changes of p r e s s u r e d i s t r f b u t i o n , f o r
on t h e f l o w and p r e s s u r e f i e l d downstream from
t h o c y l l n d o r w a s made tfic s u b j e c t o f a s p e c i a l i n v a s t i g a tion.

4
AMALYSIS OF COE

cm (23.6

in,) 1

To measure t h e t o t a l d r a
t h e CyliiTder had t o be movabl
c e s s i t a t e d tlscaling" with very l i t t
a t e boundary l a y e r e f f e c t s were a l l
detailed description of this experi
given i n r e f e r e n c e 4,

tream (Q = 60
nt)
Two f i x e d ,
t h e cy
onent s c a l e
t e s, which
c l e a r a n c e space.
d f o r separately,
t a l set-up i s

For measuring t h e p r e s s u r e , t h e c y l i n d e r had a n o r i f i c e i n a middle s e c t i o n : and t h e d i f f e r e n t angles 8 ( s t a r t i n g f r o m s t a g n a t i o n p o i n t ) were o b t a i n e d by t u r n i n g t h e c y l i n d e r , which a t t h e same timo also served as p r e s s u r e p i p e .
The e f f e c t o f s i 5 e o f t h e p r e s s u r e o r i f i c e on t h e p r e s s u r e
i n d i c a t i o n s i s shown i n t h e f o l l o w i n g s e c t i o n ,
The measurements were made on f i v e c y l i n d e r s (I) = 1.00,
2.00, 3.00, 4.00 cm (0.39, 0.55, 0.79, l e 1 8 , and 1.57
i n . , r e s p e c t i v e l y ) ) , a t Reynolds Numbers of 5,O
o 41,000.
g the
The d i f f e r e n t d i a m e t e r s served i n 2art f o r e x t e
measurfng r a n g e , and i n p a r t as check t h a t t h e
te jet
diameter d i d n o t e x e r t any p e r c e p t i b l o e f f e c t r F i g u r e 1
shows cg and cp for D = 1 em *(0.39 in.) a n d 4 cm (1.57
in.) and o f a p o r t i o n f o r 2 em (0.79 i n , ) , t o g e t h e r w i t h
R e l f and W i e s s l s b e r g e r ' s cg data.
There a r e no narken
a t Re between
between t h e -eg c u r v e s ex
ed range.
Another
1.39,

c u r i n t h e cr diagram wben t h e d i f
tween t w o c u r v e s of one c y l t n d e r ,

"Which p r o v e s t h a t tbg b o u n d a r i e s of t h e a i r j e t e x e r t n o
e f f e c t on the r e s i s t q n c e ,

N,A.C..A.

ance i s 6 p e r c e n t
a t R e r= 40,000 (1
c e n t ( c g = 1.19).

Technical Eiemorandum No.

725

e t

--

The d i s c r e p a n c y of our f i g u r e s f r o m T
(See f i g . 2.)
ences, which amount t o N 0.5 p e r c e n t of t
SLance, l i e w i t h i n measuring accuracy.
The comparisoa slipp o r t s t h e r e f o r e D r , Thomts t h e o r y o f t h e c o e f f i c i e n t o f
f r i c t i o n up t o t h e s a u a r e d range.
F i g u r e 2 a l s o sbows
t h e p o i n t s o f Thom-Relf and Ermisch-Wieselsberger, of t7hicI.i
t h e l a t t e r i n p a r t i c u l a r a r e a t v a r i a n c e w i t h our meas-iremeats and w i t h t h e t h e o r y ,
(4) a v e r a g e s *IO p e r c e n t .

As concerns t h e c o r r e l a t i o n between f r i c t i o n and chwra c t e r o f f l o w , i t seems that Cy. r e a c h e s a c e r t a i n minimum i n t h e squared r a n g e , which changes v e r y l i t t l e as >*st,
whereas at s m a l l e r Re, where t h o g r a d i e n t o f C y i s
s t r o n g e r , t h e chazgos i n t h o p r o s s u r e and i n t h e rrholo
f l o w f o r m are s u b s t a n t i a l l y g r e a t e r .
T h i s i s already ind i c a t e d by t h o p r c s s u r o d i s t r i b u t i o n on tho s u r f a c e ( f i g .
3).
Aside f r o m a general incroaso i n negatfvo pressure
at i n c r e a s i n g Rg, t h e r e i s a p r e s s u r e nninirsum at 8 =
'Phe t r a n s f o r m a t i o n o c c u r s p e r f e c t l y p a r a l l e l t o t3-&e
180'.
r i s e i n t h e r e s i s t a n c e f a c t o r s ; a t around BQ = 25,000,
t h e p r e s s u r e d i s t r i b u t i o n has r e a c h e d a d e f i n i t e forn.
PRESSURIC XBDICATION AND O R I F I C l D I W T B R

Thorn's e x p e r i m e n t s covered t h e range between 8 = '0

and 8 = 70'
( r e f e r e n c e 2).
According t o them t h e p r e s s u r e d i s t r i b u t i o n s m e a s u r e d on a c y l i n d e r w i t h o r i f i c e s of
d i f f e r e n t d i a m e t e r h , can be made t o a g r e e when

b u t not by c o o r d i n a t i n g t h e measured p r e s s u r e s w i t h t h e
c e n t e r o f t h e o r i f i c e , i,e.,
a n g l e 8,.
Simi1a.r experiments of onr own were c a l c u l a t e d t o c"neck t h e a p p l i c a b i l i t y of e q u a t i o n (5) t o o u r p r o s s u r e - d i s t r i b u t i o n neasuremcnts v i t b 1 2 d i f f e r e n t h o l e s (h = 0.135 mm (0.098 i n . )
t o 3.04 mrn $12 i n . ) ) a t Bo = 6,800 and R 5 = 11,650
(D = 1. cm (0.39 i n * ) ) , T h e ' i n t e r p r e t a t i o n of 0 between
O0
72' ( p o i n t of s e p a r a t i o n ) r e v e a l e d a l i n e a r i n t e r d e (See
pendence between 'la and t h e p r e s s u r e i n d i c a t i o n ,

..-

eo

I
-

10

0.30

0.7

0.43

20

0.72

1.8

0.40

30

1.035

2.3

0.45

40

1.18

2.8

0.42

50

1.13

2.4

0.47

60

0.525

1.3

0.40

72

0.00

0.0

LI

-to

With t h e assumption t h a t t h e e x t r a p o l a t i o n a c c o r d i n g
11 = 0 g i v e s t h e t r u e p r e s s u r e , t h e e r r o r A q a r
when
9

3.8

= A
A comparison of

A with
v a i l i n g a t t h e same
Thus w i t h

pressure g r a d i e n t s

(6)
aqa

pre-

ma.t e p r o p o r t i o n a i l i t y ,

t h e approximation may b

c t curve.

For s

But a c c o r d i n g t o t a b l e I, 3 = 0.43,
t h a t i s , n o t very
much d i f f e r e n t f r o m Thorn's v a l u e , 0.5,

E q x a t i o n (9) s i g n i f i e s ;
One o b t a i n s t h e p o i n t at
which t h e measured p r e s s u r e i s t h e t r u e pressare when r e ducing t h e raeasured a.ngle by 0.43 t i m e s t h e axnoant o f t h o
'frel a t i v e o r if9. ce ifiame t o r

FIELD OF PRESSURE 3EHIND CYLIBDER

According t o a p r e v i o u s s e c t i o n (pages 4 a n d 5 ) , t h e
p r e s s u r s d i s t r i b u t i o n changes a p 2 r e c i a b l y w i t h i n t h e ra.ngo
o f Reynolds Xumbers i n mhi
cg i n c r e a s e s .
Presumably
t h i s t r a n s f o r m a t i o n i s r e l a t e d t o , p r o c e s s e s i n the zones
i n which t h e t r a n s i t i o n f r o m u n d i s t u r b e d f l o w t o dead a i r
space occurs. F o r t h e squared r a n g e t h e s e t r a n s i t o r y zones
a r e , a c c o r d i n g t o FFage and Jobansen ( r e f e r e n c e j), turbul e n t mixing zones emanating f r o m t h e r e g i o n o f t h e e q u a t o r .
They Rppxoximately f o l l o w the FollmSen-PrsndtZ mixir,g tLeoxy.
I n order t o e s t a b l i s h t h e connections at smaller

Ra,

we must f i r s t d e f i n e t h e p r o c e s s of t h e t r a n s i t i o n zone,
o r as we shall c a l l i t , t h e "mixing
Tithin this
zone the v e l o c i t y d r o p s f r o m c o n s t a n t t o ' z e r o i n t h o o u t side flow o r t o a v
m a l l v a l n e i n t h e dead a i r space.

Since t h e p r e s s u r e
the l a t t e r is negative, the pressure
i n d i c a t i o n o f a F i t o t t u b e mounted p a r a l l e l t o tbe main
flow direction
i n t r o d u c e d from w i t h o u t t;mct:is;h t h e mixone i n t o t h e
ad a i r space
p r o g r e s s e s from conpressure va
s t o lower m o u n t s .
O.;li:ig t o t h e d i f t i e s involve
n effecting accurate static pressure
e l o c i t y r e c o r d s i n such zones ( r e f e r e n c e 6). t h e said

* R i t h o u t , however, m a i n t a i n i n g thiz'c there i s any t u r b u l e n t

nixing i n it.

ough t h e c e n t e r of t h

s u r e (up t o a c o n s t a n t ) ,
The p r o j e c t e d p i e c e s A-B ( f i g . 6 ) i n d i r e c t i o n y ,
t h a t is, t h e w i d t h s o f t h e mixing zones, 12lotted f o r t h e
d i f f e r e n t s p a c i n g s x,
a f f o r d diagrams such as those
shown i n f i g u r e s 7, 8 , and 9 f o r D = 1,4 cc1 ( G . 5 5 in,) at
three different

Re.

R Q = 5,000 ( f i g .

' t h e zafxing zone i n c r e a s e s

only gradually i n width at f i r s t , tho e
a p p r e c i a b l e u n t i l about L D b a h i
e symmetrical a x i s s
is re
expanse o f t h e dead a i r space i s conpar
At

'7)

(EP

Beginning a t t h e c y l i n d e r t h e p r e s s u r e

p1

i n the

F i g u r e 10 s h o w s t h e dead
le
e
the p o i n t s E, p l o t t e d agains
seem t o s t r i v e toward a a o n s t a a t V a l
i s , t h e L c h a r a c t e r o f t h e flow approaches permanency,
a n t i c i p a t ed

F i g u r e 10 a l s o shows t h e d i s t a n c e s f ,
o f t h e aboveThe p a r
mentioned p r e s s u r e minima f r o m t h e c y l i n d e r .
i s m o f t h e curves s i g n i f i e s t h a t changes i n f l i k e w i s e
r e p r e s e n t a c r i t e r i o n f o r t h e t r a n s f o r m a t i o n of t h e flow,

F o r i n t e r p r e t i n g t h e d e s c r i b e d changes of t h e p r e s sure p a t t e r n G/D

= t h i c k n e s s of mixing zone) may be
p l o t t e d a g a i n s t x D o r Re6 = 6 w / O may be p l o t t e d v e r s u s Re, = x w / U ,
The n u l l p o i n t f o r t h e x v a l u e s i s
taken a t 8 = 45 i n f i g u r e 11. V i t h t h i s c h o i c e of nul.?.
p o i n t t h e Reg a r e a p p r o x i m a t e l y c o i n c i d e n t on one curve
f o r the d i f f e r e n t Reynolds Numbers.
F u r t h e r m o r e , at small
Re, Reg, and ReX o r i n a d i f f e r e n t r e p r e s e n t a t i o n a t
small Re, &/D, and x/D,
t h e i n d i v i d u a l c u r v e s assume
t
h
e
power
law:
a f o r m which f o l l o w s

Res = c o n s t / R e x

or

D = const

J%

(10)

S i n c e t h e s e l a w s , conformably t o P r a n d t l f s boundary
l a y e r t h e o r y , r e p r e s e n t c h a r a c t e r i s t i c r e l a t i o n s f o r larnin a r boundary l a y e r s , whereas o u r mixing zones may eqna1l.y
b e c o n s i d e r e d d e t a c h e d , f r e e boundary l a y e r s , t h e e x i s t ence o f e q v ! & t i o n s (10) can be t a k e n as proof of t h e lami n a r c h a r a c t e r o f t h e mixing zone.
The p o i n t s diverging
from e q u a t i o n (10) a r e given as c r i t i c a l Reynolds Numbers
i n table 11. The l a s t column shows that t h e c r . i t i c a 1
p o i n t s approach t h e c y l i n d e r as Be i n c r e a s e s ; %he turbul e n t n i x i n g zone d i s p l a c e s t h e laminap p i e c e more and maze,
t h e t u r b u l e n t i n t s r f o r e n c e s advance toward t h e cylilzd.er
and have p e r h a p s r e a c h e d i t a t . t h e b e g i a n i h g o f t h e squa,rcd
zone*

10

___I--

11
111

IV

0.89

1.04

VI

1.e 41

EXPERINENTS WITH A R T I F I C I A L TURBULEBCE

OF TEE IIFREEfl BOUNDARY LAY32

--

The d e s c r i b e d development i n t h e range of

R e = 3,000
t o R e = 15,000 can be c o n s i d e r a b l y a c c e e r a t e d by t h e
u s e o f t h i n w i r e s on t h e s u r f a c e o f t h e c y l i n d e r a t , o r i n
f r o n t o f t h e e q u a t o r , as i l l u s t r a t e d by t h e d i s p l a c e m e n t
o f t h e p r e s s u r o minimum ( f = i t s d i s t a n c e f r o m c y l i n d e r )
t o w a r d t h e c y l i n d e r i n f i g u r e 1 2 , F i g u r e 1 3 shows t h e s i multaneous stoop r i s e i n cg ( w i t h a wire of
d = 0.3 mm
(0.012 in.) diamoter a t tho equa.tor of t h o I) = 1.4 cm
(0.55 i n . ) c y l i n d e r ) .
Thego expsrimonts are analogous t o t h o s e of P r a n d t l
( rof e r on ce 7), i n which at h i g h e r Re t h e change 30 l o w e r
d r a g c o e f f i c i e n t s w a s speeded up by w i r e s , as m a n i f e s t e d
l e n c e of t h e boundary 1
by t h e i n c i
t h e sphere,
st t o t h a t , o
problem of i n c i p i e n t t u r b u l e n c e o f t h e d e t a c h e d I1free"
boundary l a y e r , A t t h e h i g h e r Reynolds Numbers of t h e
P r a n d t l experiments i t rntght, a c c o r d i n g t o t h e above r e s u l t s r e g a r d i n g t h e advancing t u r b u l e n c e t o w a r d t h e c y l i n d e r , be t o t a l l y t u r b u l e n t , s o that t h e w i r e r i n g a t t h o
e q u a t o r remained i n e f f e c t i v e up t o aTound Re = 180,000.
B u t a t o u r s m a l l Ro t h e f r e e boundary l a y e r i s l a m i n a r
and becomes l a m i n a r because o f t h e w i r o , which s t i p u l a t e s
A v i s i b l e p r o o f i s g i v e n i n f i g m e 12.
t h e i n c r e a s e d drag.

Technical Memorandum No.

N.A.C,A.

735

The wire d = 0.1 mm (0.004 in.) p l a c e d a t 9 0 ,

but a minor e f f e c t , whereas, when s h i f
boundary l a y e r (0.2 ml]. (0.008 i n , ) a w
t h e change i s complete.

11

T r a n s l a t i o n by J. V a n i e r ,
R a t i o n a l Advisory Committee
f o r Aeronautics.

REFEXEX CE S

1. Ermisch, H.:
1927.
2.

Abh, a.d.

Aerodyn. I n s t . Aachen 6 , 1 8 ,

An I n v e s t i g a t i o n o f F l u i d Flow i n Two DimonB. & M. No. 1194, B r i t i s h A.R.C.,

1929,

Thom, A , :
sions.

3 . Thom, A , :
The Boundary Layer of t h e F r o n t P o r t i o n o f
a Cylinder.
R. & M. No. 1 1 7 6 , B r i t i s h A,R,C.,
1928.

4, Linke, W,:
5, Fage, A , ,
1928,

Phys.

Zeitschr.

3 2 , 900, 1 9 3 1 .

and Johansen, F. C.:

6.

S c h l i c h t i n g , H.:

7.

P r a n d t l , L.:

Ing. Arch.

P h i l . Iddag,

I, 568,

1930.

d t t , Nachr. 1914, p. 177.

( 7 ) 5, 417,

I 3=1.00
I1 3=1.39
I11 D = 2.00
IV i3= z.00
v D=4.00

CT?.

I'

"

Figure 4
1.0
.8
.6
.4
N
O B
? N

a\

.4

- -6
- .8
-1.0

-1.2

Fiwre 3

Fi<J;ure5

T?.A,C.A.

Technical 1;enorancfwn 170, 715

7i.C;s. 6 , 7 , 8 , 9

Be = I ; , 540
Distance from s , mi
y10 8 6 4 2 0

1.21

'

-..I

'

Fie= 5,000

-.
//

$-1 1.4

.=
..

.8-

-,/

aa
'

-1.2 -

-2.8
-2.4[

__10
I_o

-1.6.
r

IG

3 m
x= 6

_h'

-2.0 -

crri

\Qx+3---------0

4 '-a

x = 17 :.xi
x neasured from equator
o f cyliader

x=distarxe fron cylinder

Re = 1-%,'>80
Fiwe S

-4

/4
1T.A.C .A. Technical Xemorandm Bo

o Leiigths of dead

2.0

1.6

1.4

715

1-

::

Distame of f
minim.

.2

2 4

-v
8 10 12 1-1

Re lo3
Figure 10

Figs, 10,11,12,13