ABDULAH MACHANICAL WORKSHOP 2017-ME-384

ABDULLAH MACHANICAL WORKSHOP 2017-ME-384

Machine shop

Lab report

Submitted to:

Mr.

Submitted by:

ABDULLAH

Registeration No:

2017-ME-384
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Introduction to LATHE Machine:

“LATHE” is one of most important machine tools in the metal
working industry. A “LATHE” operates on the principle of a rotating work
piece and fixed cutting tool.

The cutting tool is feed into the work piece, which rotates about its own
axis, causing the work piece to be formed to the desired shape.

“LATHE” machine is also known as “ mother\father of entire tool family ”.

Type Of LATHE Machine :

Following are some types of LATHES machine.

1)TREE LATHE:

A pole lathe is a wood-turning lathe that uses a long pole as a

return spring for a treadle. Pressing the treadle with your foot pulls on
a cord that is wrapped around the piece of wood or billet being turned.
2) Center Lathe:

Angle of 75° is used. A It is a common type of lathes that is mostly

used in industries.  They usually have an included angle of 60°, but in
heavy machining situations an center is also used to support longer
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workpieces where the cutting forces would deflect the work

excessively, reducing the finish and accuracy of the workpiece, or
creating a hazardous situation.

3)Engine Lathe:

In this type of LATHE Machine power is supplied by an engine . Soit

onvert the heat energy into mechanical power. The engine lathe is a
basic machine tool that can be used for a variety of turning, facing, and
drilling operations. It uses a single-point cutting tool for turning and
boring.
4)Speed Lathe:

It is a very high speed LATHE machine . Iwork at a very high speed. It is

very precise . Ahighly trained person is required to operate this type of
LATHE machine . It is mostely used for small work piece .

5)Bench Lathe:

It is used for small size workpiece . A small sizd workpiece is fixed on

the bench and is used for different purpose like Facing , Turning ,
Reaing , Taper turning etc .

6)Turret Lathe:

It is the most advanced type of lathe machine . It has a turret on its

chuck , on which a number tool can be attached for some special
purpose . It is a special type LATHE Machine . It is mostly used in
industries for the facing , turning , knurling (etc) of very very heavy
material worlpiece .
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7) Capston Lathe: It is most precise Lathe Machine. It is used for special

purpose.
A capstan machine is a processing machine used to make the
same parts again and again. Capstan lathe is one of the types of
semi-automatic lathe. In semi-automatic lathes machining operations
are done automatically. Functions other than machining like loading
and unloading of job, positioning of tools coolant operations are done
manually.
8) Special purpose Lathe:
In order to make our work more easy sometime we add some special
type of tools and parts to the lathe machine . Such a type of lathe
machine is called social lathe machine .
9) Auto moted Lathe:
It has two type of lathe machine .
a) Semi-Automoted :-
This type of lathe machine is also called numerical control
machine (NC) .  the numerical control machine is defined as the
machined that is controlled by the set of instructions called as the
program.
b)Full-Automoted :-
It is fully automatic control machine .It is also called computer
numerical control machine . It is commonly called CNC ( Computer
Numerical Control) .
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10) Coppy Lathe:

It
machine used for the reproduction of plane and curved surfaces  
made of various materials.

PARTS OF LATHE MACHINE

There are major four parts of lathe machine ,

HEAD STOCK
Mounted in a fixed on inner ways, usually at left end. Using a
chuck, it rotates the work. It has further following parts;
Gearbox: inside head stock, providing multiple speeds with a
geometric ratio by moving levers.

Spindle: Hole through head stock to which bar stock can be fed,
which allows shaft that are up-to 2 times the length between lathe
centers to be worked on one end at a time.
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Chuck: It is used to hold the work piece . Allows the mounting of

difficult work-pieces that are not rounded, square or are of many kinds
like;
1)Three Jaws Chuck :
It is the basic chuck used for cylindrical work piece .It is also self
centering chuck because all the jaws moves simultenously .
2)Four Jaws Chuck:
It is used for irregular shaped work piece . In this types every jaws
moves independently . A skilled person is required for its operation.
3) Face Plate Chuck :
it is a plates shaped chuck which is used to hold the irregular
shaped work piece like having minimum length.

4)Magnetic Chuck :
It is used to hold the work piece with magnetic sensitivity and light
in weight .It is not used to hold the heavy work piece .

5) Collet Chuck:
It is a self centering chuck . It is used for very small and specially
designed work piece.

Input Power
A power unit to give the lathe an electric power for it’s operation.

Feed Mechanism:
A feed mechanism to control the feed to lathe .
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TAIL STOCK:
Tail stock is the most right part of lathe machine . It us commonly used
for supporting or holding the long and heavy work piece .

CARRIAGE:
is commonly used to feed the cutting tools . All the cutting tools are
fixed on It .
BED :
Bed is always held on foundation . It is the biggest part of
lathes machine .

R.P.M Changing Liver:

It is used to change the speed of lathe .

*System Switch:
It is used to control the threading liver .
*Tumbler Liver :
*Threading Liver:
It is the below part of gear system . We use it according to
specification
*Emergency Stop Button

it is used to stop to lathe machine in emergency case.

*Feed Direction Liver: Set the direction of feed
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CARRIAGE
Following are the different component of CARRIAGE.

1-Carriage Wheel: We rotate it in order to move the carriage. There

are total three carriage wheel.

2-Carriage Slide : Carriage move on it .It always move in z-axes .

3-Cross Slide : These are the slides on which carriage move in z-

axes.

4- Cross Slide Wheel: It is the component which rotate in order to

move carriage.

5-Compound Slide : These slides rotates to move tool post

6-Tool Post: It is the post which hold the tools of all kind .

7-Tool Post Handle: It is used to set the position of tool post.

8-Feed Knob : It is used to set the axes of feed in automatic lathe.

9-Feed ON/OFF Liver: It can ON and OFF the liver .

10-Half Nutt Liver: It is used to ON and OFF the threading liver.

11-Chasing Dial: It set the starting position in threading.

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12-Cluch Machines: |It is used to ON and OFF the machine and also
used to set the direction (Clockwise, Anti-clock wise) of motor.

TAIL STOCK
It is the most right part of lathe . It has following different parts

1: Frame Body ; It is the main part of tail stock .

2: Spindle ; It is used to hold the dead center .

3: Dead Center ; The dead center will always be in static position .

4; Tail Stock Log Liver ;

5:Spindal Log Liver ;

6 : Live Center ; If the spindle move the workpiece then it is called live
center .

BED
Usually it is made of cast iron. Provides a heavy rigid frame on which all
main components are mounted .It has following parts ;

Bed Base : It has two part

a)Internal Bed Base b) External Bed Base
Coolant Pump
They are used to cool down the work piece when it is going very hot .
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Operations of a LATHE machine:

1. Facing 9.Driling
2.Turning 10. Chamfering
3.Taper Turning 11.Boring
4.Step Turning 12.Reaming
5.Grooving 13.Counter Boring/Sinking
6.Threading 14.Counter Turning
7.Taping 15.Forming
8.Knurling 16.Filling

Facing:
In machining, facing is act of cutting face, which is a planar
surface, onto the work-piece. Within this broadest sense there are
various specific types of facing, with two most common being facing in
the course of turning and boring work and facing in the course of
milling work. Other types of machining also cut faces (for example,
planning, shaping, and grinding)

.
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Turning:
It is a machining process in which a cutting tool, typically a non- rotary
tool bit, describes a helical tool path by moving more or less linearly
while the workpiece rotates. The axis of tool of movement may be
literally a straight line, or they may be along some set of curves or
angles, but they are essentially linear. Usually term “turning” is
reserved for generation of external surfaces by this cutting action,
whereas this same essential cutting action when applied to internal
surfaces is called “boring”.

Taper Turning:
Taper turning as machining operation is the gradual
reduction from one part of a cylindrical workpiece to another part.
Tapers can be either enternal or external.
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Step Turning:

|It is used to make the steps on work piece

Chamfering:
It is required to introduce a chamfer.

Drilling:
Drilling is an economical way of removing large amounts of
metal to create semi-precision round hole or cavity.
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Threading:
Both standard and non-standard screw threads can be turned
on a lathe using an appropriate cutting tool. Either internally or
externally or within above. Generally referred to as single-point
threading, tapping of threaded nuts and hole using hand taps and
tailstock using a tapping device with a slipping clutch to reduce risk of
breakage of tap using operations include all type of external and
internal thread forms using a single point tools also taper threads,
double start threads, multi stars threads, worms are used in worm
wheel reduction boxes, lead screw with single or multi star threads. By
use of threading boxes fitted with four form tools up-to 2” diameter
threads but it is possible to find large boxes then this.

Taping :
A type of threading , to make internal theading of small diameter .
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Knurling:
The cutting of a serrated pattern onto the surface of a part to
use as a hand grip using a special purpose knurling tool.

Grooving/Parting Off:
After parting off we have finished the product.

Boring:
To increase the diameter of drilled hole.
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Reaming:
To finished the internal surface of drilled hole.

Counter Boring/Sinking :
It is used to make space for the head of screw or bore.

Forming:
In this process we use the cutting tool of specific shape to cut down metal

Filling / Finishing:
Thus process is used to finish the surface of work piece .

CUTTING TOOLS
There are any cutting tools but here we discus only a few but important and
widely used cutting tools.

1)Single Point Cutting Tools:

They have two basic types ,

A: Left Hand Cutting Tools ( move from left to right)

B: Right Hand Cutting Tools (move from right to left)

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Types w.r.t Rack Angle

TURNING TOOLS
It is single point cutting tool. It is commonly used for Facing ,Turning ,Step

Turning ,Taper Turning,

THREADING TOOLS
These tools are used for making thread on work piece.
They have V shaped cutting edge . They have an angle of 60degree.

There are two types of threading tools ;

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Measuring Tools
There are many type of measuring tools but here we are going to discus only
some of important type of measuring tools, that are being used commonly,

1: Steel Rule
It is used for measuring length , width , height and depth . It is made
of mild steel (MS) , Stainless steel, Plastic, wood etc

2:Measuring Tape
It is used for measuring length , width , height and depth. Mostly for very
long distances . It is usually made of Steel , Fiber , Clothes , Plastics etc .
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3: Tri square
A try square is a woodworking or a metalworking tool used for
marking and measuring a piece of wood. The square refers to the
tool's primary use of measuring the accuracy of a right
angle (90 degrees)
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4:Vernier Caliper
It is used to measure the length , width , Internal , diameter ,
external diameter etc . It is made of mostly stainless steel or mild steel
(MS). It’s least count is L.C=0.5 mm

It has further two types

1)Digital 2)Analogue

L.C=0.01mm L.C=0.02 or 0.01

Micrometer screw gauge:

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It has the same use as that of venire caliper . But it is also used for very
precise measurement .I’s least count is

L.C=0.01mm

They also have two types

a) Digital b)Analogue

-They are very precise and accurate .Different types of screw gauge are used for
measuring internal and external diameter.
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