Clinical Pathology Batch Cinereum Compilation 1

1.
Stenosis – Narrowing caused by fibrous thickening of submucosa, atrophy of muscularis propria, and
secondary epithelial damage.
2. Atresia – Thin, non-canalized cord, most commonly at the tracheal bifurcation.
3. Fistula – Abnormal connection can result in aspiration, suffocation, pneumonia, or severe fluid and
electrolyte imbalances.
4. Achalasia – Esophageal dysmotility; degenerative changes in neural innervation.
5. Stress ulcers – critically ill patients with shock sepsis, or severe trauma.
6. Curling ulcers – occurring in proximal duodenum associated with severe burns or trauma.
7. Cushing ulcers – stomach, duodenum, or esophagus of persons with intracranial disease, have a high
incidence of perforation.
8. Marginal ulcers (anastomotic ulcers) – may occur following partial gastrectomy; remaining stomach
connection to small intestine.
9. Aphthous ulcer (Canker sores) – shallow, hyperemic superficial ulcerations covered by a thin exudates
and rimmed by a narrow zone of erythema.
10. HSV 1 infections - group of small 1-3 mm painful vesicles.
11. Oral Candidiasis (thrush) – superficial, curd-like, gray to white inflammatory membrane readily
scraped off.
12. Fibromas – occur most often on the buccal mucosa along the bite line.
13. Pyogenic granulomas – pedunculated gingival masses, richly vascular (red to purple); dense
proliferation of immature vessels.
Causative Agents:
14. Herpes labialis – Herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV 1)
15. Oral Thrush – Candida albicans
16. Mumps – Paramyxovirus
17. Ulcer – Helicobacter pylori
18. Sialadenitis – Mumps virus
19. Squamous Cell Carcinoma of Esophagus – Human Papilloma Virus 16 (HPV 16)
Four features linked to H. pylori virulence:

20. Flagella – allow the bacteria to be motile in viscous mucus
21. Urease – generates ammonia from endogenous urea, thereby elevating local gastric pH around the
organisms and protecting the bacteria from the acidic pH of the stomach.
22. Adhesins – enhance bacterial adherence to surface foveolar cells.
23. Cytotoxin-associated gene A (CagA) - involved in ulcer or cancer development by poorly defined
mechanisms.
24. Foregut carcinoid tumor – rarely metastasize and generally cured by resection.
25. Midgut carcinoid tumor – multiple and tend to be aggressive
26. Hindgut carcinoid tumor – produce polypeptide hormones, may manifest with abdominal pain and
weight loss.
27. Hematocrit female – 0.36-0.36

28. Hemoglobin female – 12.3-15.3 g/dl
29. RBC count for male – 5.5-6.5x1012/L
BATCH CINEREUM 2021 GI COMPILATION PART 1

30. Dentigerous cyst – around the crown of an unerupted tooth
31. Odontogenic keratocytes – located within posterior mandible
32. Periapical cyst – occurring at the tooth apex resulting from long standing pulpitis.
33. Intestinal type cancer – composed of glandular structures, exophytic mass or ulcerated tumor.
34. Diffuse type gastric cancer – signet ring cell; leather bottle
35. Hematocrit male – 0.40-0.54

36. Hemoglobin male – 14.0-17.5 g/dl
37. RBC count female - 4.5-5.5x1012/L
38. Chronic gastritis – Helicobacter pylori

39. Achalasia – Trypanosoma cruzi
40. Esophageal varices – Schistosomiasis (hepatic)
41. Infectious esophagitis – CMV
42. Gastric ulcer – pain immediately after eating; pain aggravated by eating.
43. Duodenal ulcer – pain hours after eating; pain at sleep.
44. Boerhaave Syndrome – repeated episodes if severe retching and vomiting, typically in a middle aged
man with recent excessive dietary and alcohol intake, transmural esophageal rupture, and mediastinitis.
45. Plummer Vinson Syndrome – difficulty in swallowing, iron deficiency anemia, glossitis, cheilosis, and
esophageal webs.
46. Zollinger Ellison Syndrome – multiple peptic ulcerations in the stomach, duodenum, and even jejunum
due to uncontrolled release of gastrin by a tumor.
47. Hyperplastic polyp – myxoid stroma with dilated tortuous glands lined by normal or reactive foveolar
epithelium
48. Gastric polyps - have irregular, cystically dilated, and elongated foveolar glands, lamina propria
edematous.
49. Fundic gland polyps – often are multiple, and are composed of cystically dilated, irregular glands lined
by flattened parietal and chief cells.
50. Leukoplakia – a white patch or plaque that cannot be scraped off

51. Erythroplakia – red, velvety, flat or slightly depressed
52. Herpes simplex virus infections – ballooned infected cells with large eosinophilic intranuclear
inclusions.
53. Squamous cell carcinoma – well-differentiated keratinizing neoplasms to anaplastic sarcomatoid
tumors
54. Behcet Disease – genital ulcer and uveitis.

55. Sjogren Syndrome – dry mouth and dry eyes; xerostomia.
56. Mallory-Weiss Syndrome – retching/vomiting, esophageal lacerations.

57. Overtime, chronic antral H. pylori gastritis may progress to: (P-R-I-I)
-Pangastritis, resulting in multifocal atrophic gastritis
-Reduced acid secretion (hypochlorhydria)
-Intestinal metaplasia
-Increase risk of gastric adenocarcinoma
58. Trace the pathogenesis for lower esophageal adenocarcinoma using capital letters:
a. Decrease lower esophageal sphincter tone or increase abdominal pressure.
b. GERD
c. Intestinal Metaplasia (Barrett’s Esophagus)
d. Esophageal Adenocarcinoma
59. Trace the pathogenesis of Gastric Adenocarcinoma. Label with letters:

a. H. pylori infection
b. Generates ammonia
c. Increase production of acid
d. Chronic gastritis
e. Peptic ulcer disease
f. Gastric Adenocarcinoma
60. Arrange in sequence the pathogenesis of NSAID-induced ulcers using letters:

a. Direct chemical irritation
b. Cyclooxygenase inhibition
c. Prevents prostaglandin synthesis
d. Inhibit bicarbonate secretion
e. Increased acid synthesis
f. Decreased secretion of protective mucus and decreased vascular perfusion.
61. Causes of Mechanical Bowel Obstruction (SMALL/LARGE INTESTINE):

a. Intraluminal – foreign bodies, intussusception, meconium
b. Intramural – tumors, granuloma, Crohn’s Disease
c. Extrinsic – adhesions, hernia, masses, volvulus

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1.

Four features linked to H. pylori virulence:

27. Hematocrit female – 0.36-0.36

BATCH CINEREUM 2021 GI COMPILATION PART 1

35. Hematocrit male – 0.40-0.54

38. Chronic gastritis – Helicobacter pylori

50. Leukoplakia – a white patch or plaque that cannot be scraped off

54. Behcet Disease – genital ulcer and uveitis.

BATCH CINEREUM 2021 GI COMPILATION PART 1

59. Trace the pathogenesis of Gastric Adenocarcinoma. Label with letters:

60. Arrange in sequence the pathogenesis of NSAID-induced ulcers using letters:

61. Causes of Mechanical Bowel Obstruction (SMALL/LARGE INTESTINE):

BATCH CINEREUM 2021 GI COMPILATION PART 1

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