CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT

CIE 531
Excavating and Lifting Equipment

Lecture 3
1
Excavator
 An excavator is defined as a power-driven digging machine.
 The major types of excavators used in earthmoving operations
include hydraulic excavators and the members of the cable-
operated crane-shovel family (shovels, draglines, hoes, and
clamshells).
 Dozers, loaders, and scrapers can also serve as excavators.

2
Hydraulic Excavators
 The hydraulic excavator with a backhoe front end, is a hydraulically powered
machine that has largely replaced the cable-operated backhoe and shovel of
the crane-shovel family.

 Hydraulic excavators have a number of advantages over cable-operated

excavators,

 faster cycle time,

higher bucket penetrating force

more precise digging and easier operator control.

3
Hydraulic Excavators
In addition to backhoe and shovel front ends, there are a number of
attachments available for hydraulic excavators.
Among these are clamshells, augers, vibratory plate compactors, and
hammers.
Most of these attachments are designed to fit the backhoe front end

4
Excavator Production
Estimating the production of an excavator
Production = Volume per cycle x Cycles per hour
it is necessary to know the volume of material actually contained in one
bucket load.
 Plate line capacity is the bucket volume contained within the bucket when
following the, outline of the bucket sides.
 Struck capacity is the bucket capacity when the load is struck off flush with
the bucket sides.

5
Excavator Production
 Water line capacity assumes a level of material flush with the lowest edge of the bucket
(i.e., the material level corresponds to the water level that would result if the bucket were
filled with water
 Heaped volume is the maximum volume that can be placed in the bucket without spillage
based on a specified angle of repose for the material in the bucket.
Bucket capacity rating methods

6
Excavator Production
A better estimate of the volume of material in one -bucket load will be obtained if the
nominal bucket volume is multiplied by a bucket fill factor or bucket efficiency factor.
Example
Estimate the actual bucket load in bank cubic meters for a loader bucket whose heaped
capacity is 3.82 m3. The soil's bucket fill factor is 0.90 and its load factor is 0.80.
Solution:
Bucket load = 3.82 x 0.90 = 3.44 Lm3 x 0.80 = 2.75 Bm3

7
The Crane-Shovel Family
Members of this family include the mobile crane, shovel, dragline, backhoe,
clamshell, and pile driver

8
The Crane-Shovel Family
The crane-shovel consists of three major assemblies:
a carrier or mounting,
a revolving superstructure containing the power and control units (also called
the revolving deck or turntable),
and a front-end attachment.

Carriers available include crawler, truck, and wheel mountings

9
The Crane-Shovel Family
Crawler mountings are widely used for drainage and trenching work as well as
for rock excavation.
 Truck and wheel mountings provide greater mobility between job sites but are
less stable than crawler mountings and require better surfaces over which to
operate.
 Truck mountings use a modified truck chassis as a carrier and thus have
separate stations for operating the carrier and the revolving superstructure
Wheel mountings, on the other hand, use a single operator's station to control
both the carrier and the crane-shovel mechanism.
10
The Crane-Shovel Family
 Wheel mountings, on the other hand, use a single operator's station to control both the carrier and the crane-shovel
mechanism.
 Truck mountings are capable of highway travel speeds of 80 km/h or more, whereas wheel mountings are usually limited
to 50 km/h or less.
 The name of a particular member of the crane-shovel family is determined by the front-end attachment used.
 Thus a crane-shovel with a shovel attachment is referred to simply as a shovel.
Bucket fill factors for excavators

11
Trenchless Excavation
 There is a growing demand for methods of installing utility systems below
ground with minimum open excavation.
 Such construction is often called trenchless excavation.
 Trenchless excavation is much less disruptive to urban areas than are
conventional trenching methods.
 the principal categories include
pipe jacking
horizontal earth boring
utility tunneling.
12
Pipe jacking
The process of pipe jacking involves forcing pipe horizontally through the
soil.

Working from a vertical shaft, a section of pipe is carefully aligned and

advanced through the soil by hydraulic jacks braced against the shaft sides.

As the pipe advances, spoil is removed through the inside of the pipe.

After the pipe section has advanced far enough, the hydraulic rams are
retracted and another section of pipe placed into position for installation.

13
Pipe jacking
 The excavation and spoil removal process can be manual or mechanical.
 The process requires workers to enter the pipe sections during the pipe jacking
operation.

14
Horizontal earth boring
Horizontal earth boring methods include
auger boring,
rod pushing (thrust boring),
rotational compaction boring,
impact piercing,
horizontal (directional) drilling,
fluid boring
Micro-tunneling.

15
Horizontal earth boring
After the bore has been completed, several methods are available to
place pipe into the borehole.
1.In one method, pipe is pulled through the bore using the tool's air hose
or a steel cable pulled by the air hose.
2.Another method uses the piercing tool to push the pipe through the
borehole.
3.A third method uses a pipe pulling adapter attached to the piercing tool
to advance the pipe at the same time as the piercing tool advances the
bore. 16
Utility tunneling
Utility tunneling is similar to the conventional tunneling except for the tunnel
size and use,
The tunnels are used as conduit for utility systems rather than for vehicle
passage,
they are normally smaller than road or rail tunnels.
They differ from other trenchless excavation methods in their use of a
conventional tunnel liner instead of using the pipe itself as a liner.

17
Shovels
Operation and Employment
The hydraulic shovel is also called a front shovel or hydraulic excavator-front shovel

18
Shovels
The hydraulic shovel digs with a combination of crowding force and breakout (or prying) force
 Crowding force is generated by the stick cylinder and acts at the bucket edge on a tangent to
the arc of the radius from point A.
 Breakout force is generated by the bucket cylinder and acts at the bucket edge on a tangent to
the arc of the radius through point B.

19
Shovels
 Embankment digging with the material dumped to one side (sidecast) or
loaded into haul units provides the best application of the shovel.
 The ability of the shovel to form its own roadway as it advances is a- major
advantage.
 Other possible applications of the shovel include dressing slopes, loading
hoppers, and digging shallow trenches

20
Shovels production estimating
 Production for hydraulic shovels may be estimated using the following
equation and figures from the table of hydraulic shovels which has been
prepared from manufacturers’, data.
Production (Lm3/h) = C x S x V x B x E
where C = cycles/h
S = swing factor
V = heaped bucket volume (Lm3)
B = bucket fill factor
E = job efficiency
21
Shovels production estimating
Standard cycles per hour for hydraulic shovels

22
Example :
Find the expected production in loose cubic meters (Lm3) per hour of a 2.3 m3 hydraulic
shovel equipped with a front-dump bucket. The material is common earth with a bucket fill
factor of 1.0. The average angle of swing is 75° and job efficiency is 0.80.

23
Shovels production estimating
Example :
Find the expected production in loose cubic meters (Lm3) per hour of a 2.3 m3 hydraulic shovel equipped with a
front-dump bucket. The material is common earth with a bucket fill factor of 1.0. The average angle of swing is
75° and job efficiency is 0.80.
Solution
Standard cycles = 150/60 min
Swing factor = 1.05
Bucket volume = 2.3 Lm3
Bucket fill factor = 1.0
Job efficiency = 0.80
Production = 150 x 1.05 x 2.3 x 1.0 x 0.80 = 290 Lm3/h

24
Job Management shovels
The two major factors controlling shovel production are the swing angle and lost time during
the production cycle.
 The angle of swing between digging and dumping positions should always be kept to a
minimum.
 Haul units must be positioned to minimize the time lost as units enter and leave the loading
position.
 When only a single loading position is available, the shovel operator should utilize the time
between the departure of one haul unit and the arrival of the next to move up to the digging
face and to smooth the excavation area.

25
Job Management shovels
The floor of the cut should be kept smooth to provide an even
footing for the shovel and to facilitate movement in the cur area.
The shovel should be moved up frequently to keep it an optimum
distance from the working face.
Keeping dipper teeth sharp will also increase production.

26
Trucks and Wagons
Operation and Employment
 Because hauling (or the transportation of excavation material ) is a major earthmoving
activity,
 there are many different types of hauling equipment available to the constructor.
 Hauling equipment includes trucks, wagons, conveyor belts, and trains.
 Trucks and wagons are still the most common forms of construction hauling equipment.
 The heavy-duty, rear dump -truck is most widely used because of its flexibility of use and
the ability of highway models to move rapidly between job sites.
 There are a wide variety of :types and sizes of dump truck available

27
Trucks and Wagons
 Wagons are tractors equipped with earthmoving semitrailers.
 Wagons are available in end-dump and side-dump models as well as the more common bottom-dump model.
 Bottom-dump models are preferred for moving earth and crushed rock cause of their ability to dump and spread while
moving at a relatively high speed

28
Determining the Number of Trucks Units Needed
 The total cycle time is the sum of the fixed time (spot, load, maneuver and dump) and the variable time (haul
and return).
 The fixed time elements of spot, maneuver and dump may be estimated by the use of the table below.
Spot, maneuver and dump time for trucks and wagons

29
Calculation of the loading time

30
Calculation of the loading time
 If there is a change in the number of trucks i.e. due to break down
 The expected production in this situation may be calculated by the use of the equation
below.
 In performing this calculation, use the precise value of N, not its integer value

31
Calculation of the loading time
Example
Given the following information on a shovel/truck operation, (a) calculate the number of trucks theoretically required and the
production of this combination; (b) calculate the expected production if two trucks are removed from the fleet.
Shovel production at 100% efficiency = 283 Bm3/h Job efficiency = 0.75 Truck capacity = 15.3 Bm3
Truck cycle time, excluding loading = 0.5 h

32
 Job Management

 An important consideration in the selection of excavator/haul unit combinations is the effect of the size of the
target that the haul unit presents to the excavator operator.
 If the target is too small, excessive spillage will result and excavator cycle time will be increased.
 Studies have found that the resulting loss of production may range from 10 to 20%.
 As a rule, haul units loaded by shovels, backhoes, and loaders should have a capacity of 3 to 5 times excavator
bucket capacity.
 Because of their less precise control, clamshells and draglines require larger targets.
 A haul unit capacity of 5 to 10 times excavator bucket capacity is recommended for these excavators. Haul
units that hold an integer number of bucket loads are also desirable.
 Using a partially filled bucket to top off a load is an inefficient operation.

33
 Job Management
Time lost in spotting haul units for loading is another major cause of inefficiency.
As discussed under excavator operations, reducing the excavator swing angle
between digging and loading will increase production.
The use of two loading positions, one on each side of the excavator, will reduce
the loss of excavator production during spotting.
When haul units are required to back into loading position, bumpers or spotting
logs will assist the haul unit operator in positioning his vehicle in the minimum
amount of time.

34
Some other techniques for maximizing haul unit production

If possible, stagger starting and quitting times so that haul units do not bunch up at the
beginning and end of the shift.
Do not overload haul units. Overload results in excessive repair and maintenance.
Maintain haul roads in good condition to reduce travel time and minimize equipment wear.
Develop an efficient traffic pattern for loading, hauling, and dumping.
Roads must be wide enough to permit safe travel at maximum speeds.
Provide standby units (about 20% of fleet size) to replace units that breakdown or fail to
perform adequately.
Do not permit speeding. It is a dangerous practice; it also results in excessive equipment
wear and upsets the uniform spacing of units in the haul cycle.
35
Advantages of utilizing the construction equipment

 Good project management in construction must vigorously pursue the

efficient utilization of labor, material and equipment.

 Increase the rate of output through work progress with the best
effective and efficient methods.
 Reduce the overall construction costs especially for large contracts.
 Carry out activities which cannot be done manually or to do them
more economically and much faster

36
Advantages of utilizing the construction equipment
Eliminate the heavy manual work by human thus reducing
fatigue and eliminates various other hazards and health issues.
Maintain the planned rate of production where there is a
shortage of skilled or unskilled labor.
Maintain the high quality standards often required by present-
day design and specifications (technical standards).

37
Factors affecting the selection of equipment's
economic Considerations
Company-Specific
Site-Specific
Equipment-Specific
Client And Project-Specific
Manufacturer-Specific
Labour Consideration

38
Assignments 1
Mulungushi University is expanding at a faster rate. A number of infrastructural project
are been implemented at Kabwe main campus. The resident Engineer has requested
management to procure heavy duty construction equipment. You happen to be a technical
consultant for Mulungushi University and management has asked for your input over this
matter.
What advice would you give to Mulungushi University management for them to make a
decision whether to procure the equipment or not?

The number of pages for the assignments should be between 3-4 pages excluding the
cover page and font size 12.
The due date 30th September 2020.

39
THANK YOU

40