Manual 05

Hand Calculations for Chapter
Selected Items HC
Tutorial 1: Two-Column Pier, Auto Load Generation
(AASHTO LFD)
This example demonstrates the design of a two-column pier with rectangular pier cap beam, as shown in
Figure TH-2. This example illustrates in detail the design of the cap at two different sections, the design of
the column, spread footing and pile cap footing under left column. The design will be carried out in
accordance with AASHTO Standard Specifications for Highway Bridges, Seventeenth Edition, 2003.
27'-0"
4'-6" 9'-0" 9'-0" 4'-6"

1'-6" 3'-0" 3'-0" 1'-6"
3'-0"
8"
3'-0"
6" 4'-0" 4'-0" 6"

A
4'-0"
A
1'-6" 3'-0" 17'-0" 3'-0" 1'-6"
26'-0"
18'-0"
B B
3'-0" 3'-0"
3'-0"
4'-0"
Section B-B
Section A-A
3'-0"
12'-0"
Figure HC-1 Elevation of Bridge Pier with Cross-Sections for Cap and Column (Tutorial 1)
LEAP® RC-PIERv10.00.01.00 HC-1

© Bentley Systems, Inc. No part of this user manual may be reproduced in any form or by any means without the written permission of the publisher.
HC Hand Calculations for Selected Items
32 kips 32 kips
8 kips
46'-0" 14'-0" 14'-0" 46'-0"
60'-0" 60'-0"
R
(a) Longitudinal View
27'-0"
4'-6" 9'-0" 9'-0" 4'-6"
2'-0" 6'-0"
1'-6"
2'-0" 7'-0"
(b) Cases LL1 and LL4
4'-6" 6'-0" 3'-0"
(c) Cases LL2 and LL3
Figure HC-2 Live Load Truck Positions (Tutorial 1)
HC-2 LEAP® RC-PIERv10.00.01.00

Hand Calculations for Selected Items HC
26 ft
3 ft x
θ = +30 deg
Wind Pressure = 40 psf
(a) Plan View of the Pier Cap where wind pressure acts on
26 sin θ
3 cos θ
30 deg
3 ft
30 deg
26 ft
(b) Calculation of projected area for wind pressure acts on a pier cap
Figure HC-3 Wind Load on Substructure (Tutorial 1)
Problem Data
Concrete Strength
Cap f’c = 4000 psi
Columns f’c = 4000 psi
Footings f’c = 4000 psi
Modulus of Elasticity Ec = 3834 ksi
Concrete Density
Cap ρ = 150 pcf
Columns ρ = 150 pcf
Footings ρ = 150 pcf

Steel Yield Strength

Cap fy = 60 ksi
Columns fy = 60 ksi
Footings fy = 60 ksi
Modulus of Elasticity Es = 29000 ksi
Concrete Type
Cap Normal
Columns Normal
Footings Normal
Other Parameters
Crack Control Factor, z = 170 kips/in
Pier Configuration
Rectangular non-tapered multi-columns, with straight cap
Superstructure Parameters
Number of lanes =2
(Note that, in this tutorial, the pier is only designed for 1 lane loaded)
Beam Height = 36 in
Beam Section Area = 369 in2
Barrier Height = 36 in
Slab Depth = 8.0 in
Total number of spans =2
Span Information
Bridge Overall Width, ft Forward = 27 ft Rear = 27 ft
Curb to Curb Distance, ft Forward = 24 ft Rear = 24 ft
Span Length, ft Forward = 60 ft Rear = 60 ft
Substructure Parameters
Cap: Length × Height × Depth = 26 ft × 48 in × 36 in
Skew Angle = 0 degrees
Start Elevation = 22 ft
End Elevation = 22 ft
Factor of Reduced Moment of Inertia = 1.0 (non-cracked section)
Columns: Fixed at base
Column Height = 20 ft
Width × Depth = 36 in × 36 in
Factor of Reduced Moment of Inertia = 1.0 (non-cracked section)
Bearings = one line with no eccentricity
Loads
Dead Load
Self-weight = 150 pcf
Slab Girder = 150 pcf
Girder Weight = 150 pcf
Barrier Weight = 600 plf each side
Total Barrier Weight = 2 × 600 = 1200 plf
Future Wearing Surface Load = 20 psf
= 20 × 27 = 540 plf

Live Load
HS20 Truck
Wind on Structure
Direction of wind = + 30°
Elevation above which wind acts = 0 ft
Trans. wind pressure on superstructure = 41 psf
Longitudinal pressure on superstructure = 12 psf
Wind pressure on cap = 40 psf
Wind pressure on column = 40 psf
Wind on Live Load

Wind Angle = + 30°
Trans. wind pressure on live load = 82 plf
Longitudinal wind pressure on live load = 24 plf
Length of live load = 60 ft
Footing Surcharge
Footing σ = 0.200 ksf
Load Combinations
Service Group I
Q = 1.00 (1.00 DL + 1.00 (LL + I)1 or 2 or 3 or 4)
Service Group IA
Q = 1.00 (1.00 DL + 2.00 (LL + I)1 or 2 or 3 or 4)
Service Group III

Q = 1.00 (1.00 DL + 1.00 (LL + I)1 or 2 or 3 or 4 ± 0.30Wl ± 1.00WLl)
Service Group VI
Q = 1.00 (1.00 DL + 1.00 (LL + I)1 or 2 or 3 or 4 ± 0.30Wl ± 1.00WL1)
Load Factor Group I

Q = 1.30 (1.00 DL + 1.67 (LL + I)1 or 2 or 3 or 4)
Load Factor Group IA

Q = 1.30 (1.00 DL + 2.20 (LL + I)1 or 2 or 3 or 4)
Load Factor Group III. Q = 1.30 (1.00 DL + 1.00 (LL + I)1 or 2 or 3 or 4 ± 0.30Wl ±
1.00WLl)
Load Factor Group VI
Q = 1.25 (1.00 DL + 1.00 (LL + I)1 or 2 or 3 or 4 ± 0.30Wl ± 1.00WLl)

Load Generation
Dead Load from Superstructure
The tributary width of deck to each beam is 9 ft. The tributary span length to the pier is 30 ft rear and 30 ft
forward (for simple span distribution). Thus, the total length is 60 ft.
Load Type Exterior Bearing Interior Bearing
Points (kips) Points (kips)
Due to slab weight (8/12)(0.150)(9)(60) = 54.00 (8/12)(0.150)(9)(60) = 54.00
Due to girder weight (369/144)(0.150)(60) = 23.06 (369/144)(0.150)(60) = 23.06
Due to barrier weight (1.2)(9/27)(60) = 24.00 (1.2)(9/27)(60) = 24.00
Due to wearing surface (0.54)(9/27)(60) = 10.80 (0.54)(9/27)(60) = 10.80
Total 111.86 111.86
Dead Load
Bearing 1 P = -111.86 kips
Live Load: Due to HS20 Truck Only

Live load generation assumes only one lane loaded.
To get maximum reaction from the truck at the pier, position the truck such that the middle axle is over the pier
centerline, first axle is at 14 ft from pier centerline in right span, and third axle is at 14 ft from pier centerline in
left span, as shown in Figure TH-2a.
Therefore, total reaction at the pier is:
R = 32 + (8 × 46)/60 + (32 × 46)/60 = 62.67 kips (per lane)
Cases LL1 and LL4
To get maximum reaction at exterior girders, position truck so the distance between the inner face of the barrier
and the nearest wheel of the truck equals 2 ft, as shown in Figure TH-2b. Therefore, the weight of the truck will
be distributed between the exterior and interior girders, as follows:
• Exterior girder takes 7/9 = 0.778 of truck reaction at the pier
• Interior girder takes 2/9 = 0.222 of truck reaction at the pier
• Bearing load from Exterior girder = 62.67 × 0.778 = 48.74 kips
• Bearing load from Interior girder = 62.67 × 0.222 = 13.93 kips
LL1:
Bearing 3 P = 0 kips
LL4:

Cases LL2 and LL3

To get maximum reaction at interior girder, position truck so that one line of wheels lies exactly on centerline
of interior girder, as shown in Figure TH-2c. Therefore, the weight of the truck will be distributed between the
exterior and interior girder, as follows:
• Exterior girder takes 3/9 = 0.333 of truck reaction at the pier
• Interior girder takes 6/9 = 0.667 of truck reaction at the pier
• Bearing load from Exterior girder = 62.67 × 0.333 = 20.89 kips
• Bearing load from Interior girder = 62.67 × 0.667 = 41.78 kips
LL2:
LL3:
Wind Load
Assume wind load at an angle θ of +30 degrees, as shown in Figure TH-3a.
Transverse Wind Loads:
The transverse pressure is 41 psf, acting on the height of superstructure at the center of this area.
The total height of the superstructure is:
36 barrier + 8 deck slab + 36 beam = 80 in
Total transverse load is:
(41/1000) (80/12) (60) = 16.4 kips
Distribute the total load equally between the bearing points, and the transverse load is:
Fx = 16.4/3 = +5.47 kips/bearing
Since this load is applied at the center of the height of superstructure, it creates an overturning moment =
(16.4)(80/12)/2 = 54.67 kips-ft at the bearing elevation.
This moment will be distributed to the two exterior girders, where
• One exterior girder (at bearing point #3) applies a downward force, that is, -Fy, on the pier cap, and
• Exterior girder on other side (at bearing point #1) applies upward force, +Fy.
This force, Fy = 54.67/18 = +3.04 kips at bearing 1 and -3.04 at bearing 3.
Longitudinal Wind Loads:
The longitudinal pressure, 12 psf, is acting on the height of superstructure (AASHTO Std. 3.15.1.2). Therefore,
total longitudinal load is:
= (12/1000) (80/12) (60) = 4.8 kips
Distribute this force equally between the bearing points, and longitudinal force, Fz, is 4.8/3 = -1.6 kips/bearing.

The bearings are considered to act as a hinge about the X-axis of the pier and do not transmit any Mx moment
to the substructure due to longitudinal loads. Therefore, the longitudinal wind load results only in Fz force
acting at the bearing elevation, which is the top surface of pier cap.
Loads from Superstructure:
For wind load with skew angle of 30 degrees, transverse pressure = 41 psf and longitudinal pressure = 12 psf
(AASHTO Std. 3.15.2.1).
Bearing Loads:
Bearing 1
X P = 5.47 kips
Y P = 3.04 kips
Z P = -1.6 kips
Bearing 2
X P = 5.47 kips
Z P = -1.6 kips
Bearing 3
X P = 5.47 kips
Y P = -3.04 kips
Z P = -1.6 kips
Loads on Substructure:
According to AASHTO Std. 3.15.2.2, a 40 psf wind pressure acting on an angle of θ = +30 degrees, should be
applied. Since the wind load is not normal to the exposed surface area, the wind force should be calculated
based on the projected area of exposed surface.
Loads on Pier Cap:
Total projected length of pier cap (normal to the wind direction) is
= 26 sin(30) + 3 cos(30) = 15.598 ft
Total wind force = 0.04 × 4 (depth) × 15.598 = 2.496 kips
Therefore,
Transverse Load, Fx, is
= 2.496 cos(30) = +2.162 kips
Longitudinal Force, Fz, is
= 2.496 sin(30) = -1.248 kips = -1.248/26 = -0.048 kip/ft
Cap Loads
X-dir:P = 2.162 kips
Z-dir:ω = - 0.048 klf
Loads on the Column:
Total projected length of the column (normal to wind direction) is
= 3 sin(30) + 3 cos(30) = 4.098 ft

Total wind force = 0.04 × 4.098 = 0.164 kip/ft of column length

Therefore,
Transverse load, Fx = 0.164 cos(30) = +0.142 kip/ft
Longitudinal load, Fz = 0.164 sin(30) = -0.082 kip/ft of column length
y1 0.0ft
Column load start location = = = 0.0
L 20.0ft
y 2 18.0ft
Column load end location = = = 0 .9
L 20.0ft
Column Loads
Column 1
x-dir: ω = 0.142 klf
z-dir: ω = -0.082 klf
Column 2
x-dir: ω = 0.142 klf
z-dir: ω = -0.082 klf
y1 y2
All column loads starting at = 0 .0 and ending at = 0.9
L L
Wind Load on Moving Live Load:
With wind acting at an angle of θ = +30 degrees, the lateral wind in X-direction = 82 lb/ft and the longitudinal
wind in Z-direction = -24 lb/ft. The wind load is applied to the tributary span length of the bridge (AASHTO
Std. 3.15.2.1.2), i.e., 60 ft.
Total transverse force, Fx is
= +82(60)/1000 = +4.920 kips total
= 4.920/3 = +1.640 kips/bearing
The transverse load, Fx, acting 6ft above the deck, creates an overturning moment in longitudinal direction =
4.920(6 + 8/12 + 36/12) = 47.560 kip-ft.
Distributing this force between the exterior girders, creates an upward force on the left exterior girder and
downward force on right exterior girder.
Fy = 47.560/18
= +2.642 kips at bearing 1
= -2.642 kips at bearing 3
Total longitudinal force applied at bearing elevation is:
Fz = -24(60)/1000
= -1.440 kips total
= -1.440/3
= -0.480 kips/bearing
Bearing Loads:

Bearing 1
X P = 1.64 kips
Y P = 2.642 kips
Z P = -0.48 kips
Bearing 2
X P = 1.64 kips
Z P = -0.48 kips
Bearing 3
X P = 1.64 kips
Y P = -2.642 kips
Z P = -0.48 kips
Impact Factor
Span Length = 60 ft
50 50
Impact = ------------------- = --------------------- = 0.27 [AASHTO Std. 3.8.2]
L + 125 60 + 125
Load Combination (Global Axis System)

Analysis Results
Service Group 1: Node 1:
Fy = 47.7 + 167.8+ 53.25*1.27
= 283.13 kips (283.1 by RC-PIER)
Fx = -1.771 + 13.17 + 1.979*1.27
= 17.45 kips (17.46 by RC-PIER)
Service Group 18: Node 1:
1.00(1.00D1 + 1.27L2 + 0.3W1 - 1.00WL1)
Fy = 47.7 + 167.8+ 40.73*1.27 + 0.3(-13.82) – (-5.14)
= 268.22 kips (268.3 by RC-PIER)
LFR Group 41: Node 1:
Fy = 1.3(47.7 + 167.8+ 53.25*1.27*1.67)
= 426.97 kips (427.0 by RC-PIER)
Section & Design Parameters

Width b = 36 in
Overall Depth h = 48 in
Minimum clear concrete cover = 2.5 in
Longitudinal reinforcement = #8 bars
Trans. reinforcement (shear) = #4 bars
Effective Depth d = 48 - 2.5 - .5 - .5(1) = 44.5 in
Strength Reduction Factor φ = 0.9 for flexure
φ = 0.85 for shear

Design of Positive Moment Section At Center of Cap

For center of cap, see analysis results of Member 5 Node 7 and Member 6 Node 7.
Factored Moment Mu = 1326.8 kft (Envelope Strength)
Flexure Design
Mu ≤ φ Mn
Mu = 1326.8 kft
Mu 1326.8 × 12 × 1000
Required Ru = ------------- = ----------------------------------------------- = 248.15 psi
2 2
φbd 0.9 × 36 × ( 44.5 )
′
0.85f c  2R u  0.85 × 4000 2 × 248.15
ρ = ---------------  1 – 1 – --------------- = ----------------------------  1 – 1 – ----------------------------
fy  ′  60000  0.85 × 4000
 0.85f c
= 0.0043
0.85β1f c′  87000 
ρb =  87000 + f y  [AASHTO Std. 8.16.4.2.3]
fy  
0.85 × 0.85 × 4000  87000 

=  
60000  87000 + 60000 
= 0.0285
0.75ρb= 0.75 × 0.0285 = 0.021
ρ < 0.75ρb [AASHTO Std. 8.16.3.1]
As = 0.0043 × 36 × 44.5 = 6.89 in2
Provided 10 - #8 bars = 7.90 in2 > 6.89 in2 OK

36 – 2 × 2.5 – 1
Spacing of reinforcement = ------------------------------------- = 3.33 in > 1.5db OK
9
[AASHTO Std. 8.21.1]
Clear spacing = 3.33 in - 1 in = 2.33 in > 1.5in OK

Check Moment of Resistance (AASHTO 8.16.3.2)
10 × 0.79
ρ = ---------------------- = 0.00493
36 × 44.5
Mr = φMn
0.00493 × 60
= 0.9 7.9 × 60 × 44.5  1 – 0.6 ------------------------------- × ------
1
 4  12
= 1511.78 kft > 1326.8 kft

Check Minimum Reinforcement (AASHTO 8.17.1)

φMn ≥ Mn-min
where:
Mn-min = smaller of 1.2 Mcr and 1.33 Mu
′
Mcr = 7.5 f c × S
t
St = section modulus for the extreme top fiber of non-composite concrete section
I
= ----g-
yt
where:
1 3
Ig = ------ × 36 × 48 = 331776 in4
12
yt = 48
------ = 24 in
2
St = 331776
------------------ = 13824 in
3
24
1
Mcr =( 7.5 4000 × 13824 ) --------------- = 546.4 kft
12000
1.2Mcr = 1.2 × 546.4 = 655.7 kft ← controls
1.33Mu = 1.33 × 1326.8 = 1765 kft
Mn-min = 655.7k-ft ≤ φMn = 1511.78 kft
Design of Shear Section at Inside Face of Column 1

For maximum design values see the strength envelope results for Member 4 Node 2.
Factored Shear Vu = 435.0 kips (Fy max/min)
Factored Torsion Tu = 3.7 kft (Mx max/min)
Shear Design
Vu ≤ φVn
Vn = Vc + Vs
′
Vc = 2 f cb w d = 2 4000 × 36 × 44.5 = 202.64 kips
φVc = 0.85 × 202.64 = 172.2 kips

Vu − φVc 435 − 172.2

Vs = = = 309.2 kips
φ 0.85
Av Vs 309.2
= = = 0.116 in2/in = 1.39 in2/ft
s fy × d 60 × 44.5
 Acp 2 
φ f ′
c
 
Tlim =  [ACI 318-99 Art. 11.6.1]
 Pcp 
Acp = bh = 36 × 48 = 1728in2
Pcp = 2(b + h) = 2(36 + 48) = 168 in
 17282  1
Tlim = 185 4000  ×

 168  12000
= 79.62 kft > 3.7 kft (Therefore, no torsional steel is needed.)
Check for minimum transverse reinforcement:
 Av  50b w 50 × 36
= 0.03 in2/in[AASHTO Std. 8.19.1.2]
  = =
 s  min fy 60000
= 0.03 × 12 in2/ft
= 0.36 in2/ft < 1.39 in2/ft
Maximum Spacing:
(i) d 44.5
--- = ---------- = 22.25 in
2 2
(ii) 24 in
Therefore, maximum spacing of 22.25 in governs.
Cracking and Fatigue Check at Midspan

Distribution of Flexural Reinforcement (AASHTO 8.16.8.4)
Service Moment Ms = 978.1 kft (Envelope Service)
Self Moment Mself = 58.2 kft (Self Load Case)
Dead Moment Md = 495.2 kft (due to D1)
Live Moment, max MLmax = 167.2 kft (due to LL3)
Live Moment, min MLmin = 67.6 kft (due to LL4)
z
fs = ------------------------- ≤ 0.6f y [AASHTO Std. Eq. 8-6]
1⁄3
( dc A )
0.6 fy = 0.6 × 60 = 36 ksi

Modular ratio, n = 29000

--------------- = 7.56 [AASHTO Std. 8.15.3.4]
3834
nA s 7.56 × 7.9
m = ---------- = ------------------------ = 0.0372
bd 36 × 44.5
2
k = m + 2m – m
2
= ( 0.0372 ) + 2 × 0.0372 – 0.0372
= 0.24
j = + 48  – k
--- = 1 – 0.24
---------- = 0.9
 3 3
Ms 978.1 × 12
fs = ------------ = ----------------------------------------- = 36.29ksi
A s jd 7.9 × 0.92 × 44.5
1
dc = 2 + --- = 2.5 in
2
A =2 × 2.5 × 36 = 18 in2
-----------------------------
10
170
fs =----------------------------------
1 ⁄ 3 = 47.8 ksi > 36 ksi, use 36 ksi
( 2.5 × 18 )
Cracking Ratio =36.29

------------- = 1.008
36
Fatigue Check (AASHTO 8.16.8.3)

The range between a maximum tensile stress and minimum stress in straight reinforcement caused by live load
plus impact at service load shall not exceed:
ff = 21 - 0.33 fmin + 8  ---

r
 h
where:
 --r- = 0.3
 h
ff = 23.4 - 0.33 fmin

Service moment stress due to dead load (permanent loads):
= 58.23 + 495.20 = 553.43 kft

Stress due to dead loads in bottom reinforcement:

553.43 × 12 = 20.53 ksi (tension)
fs = ----------------------------------------
-
7.9 × 0.92 × 44.5
Maximum live load moment with impact:

= 167.20 × 1.27 = 212.3 kft
Service load stress due to maximum live load:
212.3 × 12 -
fs = ----------------------------------------
7.9 × 0.92 × 44.5 = 7.88 ksi (tension)
Minimum live load moment with impact:
= 67.56 × 1.27 = 85.80 kft
Service load stress due to minimum live load moment:
85.80 × 12
fs = ----------------------------------------- = 3.18 ksi (tension)
7.9 × 0.92 × 44.5
Fatigue Stress Range: 7.88 - 0 = 7.88 ksi

Minimum Stress Level:
ff = 23.4 - 0.33 × 23.71 = 15.58
7.88 = 0.506
Fatigue Ratio = ------------
-
15.58
Column Design
Section Properties
Square Column:
Width of column = 36 in.
Depth of column = 36 in.
Height of column = 20 ft. (bottom of the column to the
centerline of the cap)
Reinforcement
12 # 8 in X-direction
10 # 8 in Z-direction
Bar dist = 3.0 in.

Design Loads
At base of the column:
Pu = Factored axial load = 328.3 kips
Muz = Transverse moment = 251.6 kft
Mux = Longitudinal moment = 51.2 kft
At top of the column:

Determine if slenderness needs to be considered

Consider the column braced in both X and Z directions.
kl  M 1
Slenderness may be neglected if ----- < 34 – 12  --------
r  M 2
where:
 M 1
M1 and M2 are the smaller and larger end moments, respectively, and  -------- is positive
 M 2
for single curvature flexure.
kx = kz =1.0
rx = rz =0.3(36) = 10.8 in
Slenderness About The X-Axis
M   46 
34 − 12 1  − 34 − 12  = 23.2
 M2   51.2 
k x l x 1.0(2.0 × 12 )
= = 22.2 < 23.2
rx 10.8
Therefore, neglect slenderness in the X-direction.

Slenderness About the Z-Axis
M   251.6 
34 − 12 1  = 34 − 12  = 27.3
 M2   449.3 
k z l z 1.0(240)
= = 22.2 < 27.3
rz 10.8
Therefore, neglect slenderness in the Z-direction.

Interaction Diagram
The moment interaction diagram in RC-PIER as shown in Figure TH-5, is compared to that from PCACOL, as
shown in Figure TH-4. The results for the bottom of the leftmost column is illustrated in Figure TH-5.
Figure HC-4 PCACOL Interaction Diagram - Bottom Column
Figure HC-5 Moment Interaction Diagram Column Component No. 1 at Bottom Location
Determine the Axial and Moment Capacity of Column

The results for the bottom of the leftmost column are used to show how to calculate the axial and moment
capacity. First, locate the point representing the factored load and factored moment on the interaction diagram.
Then, draw a horizontal line passing Pu = 331.9 kips, as shown in Figure TH-5, and a vertical line passing M,
where
2 2 2 2
Mu = Mux + Muz = 57.2 + 251.6 = 256.8 kft

The intersection point (point a) is well within the boundary of the interaction diagram; therefore, the capacity
of the column is adequate. Next, locate point b, as shown in Figure TH-4. Point b is the intersection of the
horizontal line passing the factored load (Pu = 331.9 kips) with the moment interaction diagram. The
corresponding load and moment values for point b are:
φPn = 328.3 kips
φMn = 1150 kft
Therefore,
φP n
---------- = 1.0
Pu
φM n 1150
------------ = ------------- = 4.48
Mu 256.8
Check Minimum Area of Steel

As,min > 0.01 Ag
As,min > 0.01 Ag = 0.01 (36 × 36) = 12.96 in2
As,prov = 18 - #8 = 18(0.79 in2) = 14.22 in2 > As,min OK
Footing Design
Spread Footing
12'
6' 6'
2 1
6'
12' x
6'
3 4
z
3' 0"
12' 0"
Figure HC-6 Plan and Elevation of Isolated Spread Footing Design

Section Properties
A = Area of footing = (12)(12) = 144 ft2
1
Iz = Moment of inertia = ------ (12)(12)3 = 1728 ft4
12
1
Ix = Moment of inertia = ------ (12)(12)3 = 1728 ft4
12
Determine Maximum Factored Soil Pressures

Pu = 432.44 kips
Muz = 167.0 kft
Mux = 0.00 kft
P u M uz X 432.44 167.0 ( 6 )
q1,4 = ------ – ---------------- = ---------------- – --------------------- + 1.30 ( 0.20 + 0.45 ) = 3.27 ksf
A Iz 144 1728
P u M uz X 432.44 167.0 ( 6 )
q2,3 = ------ + ---------------- = ---------------- + --------------------- + 1.30 ( 0.20 + 0.45 ) = 4.43 ksf
A Iz 144 1728
Max Soil Pressure for Design
Pu M uz x 432.44 167.0(6)
qmax = + = +
A Iz 144 172.8
= 3.58 ksf
Flexure Design
X-Dir
Loc. =± 1.5 ft.

d = 36 – 3 clr. – 0.5(1.0) = 32.5 in
2 2
wl 3.58x12 ( 6 – 1.5 )
Mu = --------- = --------------------------------------------- = 435 kft
2 2
Determine the Required Area of Steel
Mu 435 ( 12000 )
Rn = ------------- = ----------------------------------------
2 2
φ bd s 0.9 ( 144 ) ( 32.5 )
= 38.1 psi

′
0.85f c  2R n  0.85 ( 4 ) 2 ( 38.1 )
ρ = ---------------  1 – 1 – --------------- = ------------------  1 – 1 – ---------------------------
fy  ′ 60  0.85 ( 4000 )
 0.85f c
= 0.0006386
As,req= ρbd = 0.0006386(144)(32.5) = 2.99 in2
Provide 10 - #8 bars (As = 10 × 0.79 = 7.90 in2)

Check Moment of Resistance
10 × 0.79
ρ = ----------------------------------- = 0.001688
12 × 12 × 32.5
Mr = φMn
0.001688 × 60
= 0.9 7.9 × 60 × 32.5  1 – 0.6 ---------------------------------- × ------
1
 4  12
= 1137.8 kft > 438 kft
Check Minimum Reinforcement
φMn ≥ Mn-min
where Mn-min = smaller of 1.2 Mcr and 1.33 Mu
Mcr = 7.5 f c′ × St
St = section modulus for the extreme top fiber of the non-composite concrete section
Ig
= -----
yt
where:
1
Ig = × 12 × 12 × 363 = 559872 in4
12
yt = 18 in
559872
St = = 31104 in3
18
(
Mcr = 7.5 4000 × 31104 )12000
1
= 1229.5 kft
1.2 Mcr= 1.2 × 1229.5 = 1475.4 kft

1.33 Mu= 1.33 × 435.0 = 578.6 kft
Since 1.33 Mu < 1.2 Mcr
Mn-min= 578.6 kft

As-min-req= 4.0 in2 for Mn-min = 578.6 kft
As-req= 4.00 in2 < 7.9 in2 OK
Crack Control
X-Dir:
z
fsa = --------------- ≤ 0.6f [AASHTO Std. 8.16.8.4]
y
3d A
c
where:
z = 170 k/in
dc = 2.0 max. + 0.5(1.0) = 2.5 in
A = 2(2.5)(144 in/10 bars) = 72 in2
fsa 170
= ---------------------------- = 30 ksi < 0.6(60) = 36 ksi
3 ( 2.5 ) ( 72 )
Therefore, use fsa = 30.1 ksi
M s × 12
fs =
A s jd
E s 29000
n = = = 7.56 [AASHTO Std. 8.15.3.4]
E c 3834.3
nA s 7.56(7.9)
m = = = 0.0128
bd (144 )(32.5)
k = m 2 + 2m − m = 0.0128 2 + 2(0.0128) − 0.0128
k 0.148
j = 1− =1− = 0.95
3 3
Service Load Moment
q = 3.35 – 0.2 – 0.45 = 2.7 ksf
2 2
wl 2.7 × 12 ( 6 – 1.5 )
M = --------- = -------------------------------------------- = 328.05 kft
2 2
328.05 ( 12 )
fs = -------------------------------------- = 16.14 ksi
7.9 ( 0.95 ) ( 32.5 )
fs = 16.14 < fsa = 30.1 ksi
16.14
Ratio= ------------- = 0.53 < 1.0 OK
30.1

Fatigue Check
= 21 − 0.33f min + 8.0 

r
ff [AASHTO Std. 8.16.8.3]
h
= 21 - 0.33fmin + 8.0(0.3)
= 23.4 - 0.33fmin
Maximum Soil Pressure Due to Live Load:

PLmax= 53.25 kips
MLmax= 13.29 kft
q = 53.25 13.29 ( 6 )
------------- + --------------------- = 0.416 ksf
144 1728
2 2
ωl ( 0.416 × 12 ) ( 6 – 1.5 )
Mr = --------
- = ------------------------------------------------------
- = 50.5 kft
2 2
Minimum Soil Pressure Due to Live Load:
Plmin = 9.417 kips
Mlmin= 12.97 kft
9.417 12.97 ( 6 )
q = ------------- – --------------------- = 0.020 ksf
144 1728
2 2
ωl ( 0.020 × 12 ) ( 6 – 1.5 )
Mr = --------- = ------------------------------------------------------- = 2.43 kft
2 2
Minimum Permanent Load Moment:
Pdl = 47.7 + 167.8 = 215.5 kips
Mdl = 11.76 + 87.45 = 99.21 kft
q1 = 215.5 99.21 ( 6 )
------------- + --------------------- = 1.84 ksf
144 1728
2 2
ωl ( 1.84 × 12 ) ( 6 – 1.5 )
Mdl = --------- = ---------------------------------------------------- = 223.7 kft
2 2
X-Dir:
Service Load Stress Range Due to the Maximum Live Load:
M s × 12 50.5 ( 12 )
fs = -------------------- = -------------------------------------- = 2.48 ksi (tension)
A s jd 7.9 ( 0.95 ) ( 32.5 )
Service Load Stress Due to Minimum Live Load:

2.43 ( 12 )
fs = -------------------------------------- = 0.120 ksi (tension)
7.9 ( 0.95 ) ( 32.5 )
Service Load Stress Due to Permanent Loads:
223.7 ( 12 )
fs = -------------------------------------- = 11.005 ksi (tension)
7.9 ( 0.95 ) ( 32.5 )
Live Load Stress Range = 2.48 − 0 = 2.48 ksi
fmin = 11.005 + 0.120 = 11.125 ksi
Allowable Fatigue Stress Range:
ff = 23.4 − 0.33(11.125) = 19.73 ksi
2.48 = 0.13 < 1.0

Ratio = ------------ OK
-
19.73
One Way Shear Design

X-Dir
[AASHTO Std. 8.16.6.6.1(a)]
Vu ≤ φVn [AASHTO Std. 8.16.6.1]
d = 32.5 in (Critical section location from column centerline)

distance = 1.5 + 32.5/12 = 4.21 ft
qmax = 3.58 ksf
Vu at 4.21 from column centerline is
= 3.58 ksf × 12 × (6 – 4.21)
= 76.9 kips
φVc = φ2 f ′ bd [AASHTO Std. 8.16.6.2]

c
φVc = 0.85(2 ) 4000 (144 )(31.5) / 103 = 503.2 kips
φVc = 503.2 kips = φVn > Vu = 76.9 kips
Two Way Shear Design

[AASHTO Std. 8.16.6.6]
d1 + d2 31.5 + 32.5
davg = ------------------ = --------------------------- = 32.0
2 2

bo ( 36 + 32 -) = 22.67 ft
= 4-------------------------
12
Ao = (36 + 32)2 / 144 = 32.11 ft2
Vu = 3.58 ksf × (144 – 32.11) = 401.4 kips
′
φVc = φ4 f c bd
0.85 ( 4 ) 4000 ( 22.67 × 12 ) ( 32 )

φVc = ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- = 1871.9 kips
3
10
φVc = 1871.9 kips > Vu = 401.4 kips
Footing Design
Pile Cap Forces
12'
6' 6'
2' 4'
2'
6' 1 2
4'
12' x
3 4
6'
z
3' 0"
12' 0"
Figure HC-7 Plan and Elevation of Isolated Pile Cap Footing Design
Pile Reactions
For symmetric pile pattern with pile group c.g. concentric with column,
P Mz Xi Mx Zi
Pp = --- ± --------------± --------------
n 2 2
ΣX i ΣZ i

Pile Reactions, Service

Service loads:
P = 321.99 + (0.2 + 0.45) × 144 = 415.59 kips
Mx = 0 kft
Mz = 125.81 kft
415.59 125.81 × 4
P1,3 = ---------------- + ------------------------- =111.76 kips
4 2
4( 4)
415.59 125.81 × 4
P2,4 = ---------------- – ------------------------- = 96.03 kips
4 2
4(4)
Pile Reactions, Factored:

Factored loads:
P = 432.44 kips + 1.3(0.2 + 0.45) × 144 = 554.12 kips
Mx = 0 kft
Mz = 167.01 kft
554.12 167.01 × 4
P1,3 = ---------------- + ------------------------- = 148.97 kips
4 2
4(4)
554.12 167.01 × 4
P2,4 = ---------------- – ------------------------- = 128.09 kips
4 2
4(4)

Tutorial 2: Multiple Column Pier (AASHTO LRFD)

This design example demonstrates the design of a multiple column pier with a tapered cap beam, as shown in
Figure TH-8. This example demonstrates the design of the cap beam, columns, rectangular combined spread
footing under columns 1 and 2, and a rectangular combined pile cap footing under columns 3 and 4. The design
will be carried out in accordance with AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications, 3rd Edition, 2004.
CL Pier
75'-0"
12'-0" 16'-0" 9'-6" 10'-6" 16'-0" 11'-0"

21 22 23 24 25 26
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
3'-6"
1'-6"
9'-0"
54" φ (Typ.)
20'-6"
29'-0"
3'-6"
36'-0" 36'-0"
(Combined Spread Footing) (Combined Pile Cap Footing)
Figure HC-8 Longitudinal Pier Elevation (Tutorial 2)

Legend:

4'-6"
4-54" φ Columns
29'-0"
3'-6"
10'-0" 10'-0"
20'-0"
Figure HC-9 Transverse Pier Elevation (Tutorial 2)
CL Pier
4.8" 24"
Bearing Line #1
Bearing Line #2
42"
60"
18"
27" 27"
54"
Figure HC-10Section of Cap Beam (Tutorial 2)

Materials
Concrete Strength
Cap f’c = 4 ksi
Columns f’c = 4 ksi
Footings f’c = 4 ksi
Concrete Density
Cap ρ = 150 pcf
Cap fy = 60 ksi
Columns fy = 60 ksi
Concrete Type
Cap Normal
Columns Normal
Footings Normal
Bearing Location
Bearing Line #1 Bearing Line #2
Distance from left Distance from left
Bearing Point Bearing Point
edge of pier cap (ft) edge of pier cap (ft)
1 3.06 1 7.50
2 12.90 2 19.50
3 22.74 3 31.50
4 32.58 4 43.50
5 42.42 5 55.50
6 52.26 6 67.50
7 62.10
8 71.94
Loads
Dead Load
Bearing Loads
Bearing Line 1 P = -300 kips (all bearings)
Bearing Line 2 P = -100 kips (all bearings)
Vehicular Live Load
Bearing Loads (LL1)
Line 1
Bearing 1 P = -20 kips

Line 2
Bearing Loads (LL2)
Line 1
Line 2
Bearing Loads (LL3)
Line 1
Bearing Loads (LL4)
Line 1
Wind on Structure
Bearing Loads
Line 1
Line 2
Cap Loads
X dir: P = 40 kips
Z dir:
UDL ω = 0.4667 klf
Creep
Creep in the Cap Beam εsh = 0.0003
Shrinkage
Shrinkage in the Cap Beam εsh = -0.00027
Footing Surcharge
Footing σ = 0.200 ksf

Load Combinations
Strength Group I
Q = 1.00 (1.25 max./0.90 min. DC + 1.35 EV + 1.75 (LL+I)
+ 0.50/1.20 (CR/SH))
Strength Group III

Q = 1.00 (1.25 max./0.90 min. DC + 1.35 EV + 1.40 WS
+ 0.50/1.20 (CR/SH))
Service Group I
Q = 1.00 (1.00 DC + 1.00 EV + 1.00 (LL+I) + 0.30 WS
+ 1.00/1.20 (CR/SH))
Service Group III

Q = 1.00 (1.00 DC + 1.00 EV + 0.80 (LL+I) + 1.00/1.20 (CR/SH))
Fatigue
Q= 1.00(0.75(LL+I))
Dynamic Allowance Factor
IM = 33%
Cap Beam Flexure Design for Maximum Positive Moment

At 42.4 ft (Abs.Loc.) from cap left end (inside span #3)
Service Moment Ms = 899.84 kft
Factored Moment Mu = 1145.5 kft
Self Moment Mself = 43.37 kft
Dead Moment Md = 835.71 kft
Shrinkage Moment Msh = 27.89
Creep Moment MCR = -30.99
Fatigue Moment max Mftgmax = 8.72 kft
Fatigue Moment min Mftgmin = -17.39 kft
Section Geometry Properties

Width b = 54 in
Overall depth h = 60 in
Minimum bar distance = 3.5 in
Longitudinal reinforcement = #11 bars
Trans. reinforcement (shear) = #4 bars
Effective Depth d = 60 − 3.5 = 56.5 in
Strength Reduction Factor φ = 0.9 for flexure

Flexure Design
Mu ≤ φ Mn
Mu = 1145.5 kft
Mu 1145.5 × 12 × 1000
Required Ru = ------------- = ----------------------------------------------- = 88.60 psi
2 2
φbd 0.9 × 54 × ( 56.5 )
0.85f c  
0.85 × 4 2 × 88.60

= ----------------- = 1 – 1 – ----------------- = -------------------  1 – 1 – ----------------------------
2R 
ρ
fy  ′ 60  0.85 × 4000
 0.85f c 
= 0.0015
As = 0.0015 × 54 × 56.5 = 4.65 in2
Provide 6 − #11 bars = 9.36 in2

54 – 2 × 2 – 6 × 1.41
Spacing of reinforcement = -------------------------------------------------- = 8.31 in
(6 – 1)
Check Moment of Resistance
c 9.36 × 60
= ------------------------------------------------ = 3.6 in
0.85 × 0.85 × 4 × 54
a = 0.85 × 3.6 = 3.06 in
Mr = φM = 0.9 9.36 × 60  56.5 – ---------- × ------

3.06 1
n  2  12
= 2315 kft > 1145.5 kft
Check Minimum Reinforcement

φMn ≥ Mn-min
where:
Mn-min = smaller of 1.2 Mcr and 1.33 Mu
′
Mcr = 0.24 f c × S
t
St = section modulus for the extreme top fiber of non-composite concrete section
Ig
= -----
yt
where:
1 3
Ig = ------ × 54 × 60 = 972,000 in4
12

yt 60- = 30 in
= -----
2
St = 972000 = 32400 in3

------------------
30
1
Mcr = ( 0.24 4 × 32400 ) ------ = 1296 kft
12
1.2Mcr = 1.2 × 1296 = 1555.2 kft
1.33Mu = 1.33 × 1145.5 = 1523.5 kft ← controls
Mn-min = 1523.5k-ft ≤ Mcr = 2315 kft
Check Maximum Reinforcement

0.42d = 0.42 x 56.5 = 23.73 in > 3.6 in
Distribution of Flexural Reinforcement

z
fs = ≤ 0.6f y
(d c A )1/ 3
0.6 fy =0.6 × 60 =36 ksi
Modular ratio n = 29000

--------------- = 7.56
3834
nA s 7.56 × 9.36
m = = = 0.0232
bd 54 × 56.5
k = m 2 + 2m − m = (0.0232)2 + 2 × 0.0232 − 0.0232 = 0.193

k 0.193
j = 1− =1− = 0.936
3 3
Ms 899.8 × 12
fs = ------------ = ----------------------------------------------- = 21.81 ksi
A s jd 9.36 × 0.936 × 56.5
1.41
dc = 2+ = 2.705 in.
2
2 × 2.705 × 54
A = = 48.69 in 2
6
170
fs = = 33.4 ksi < 36 ksi, use 33.4 ksi
(2.705 × 48.69)1/ 3
21.81
Cracking Ratio = ------------- = 0.65
33.4

Design for Fatigue

The range between a maximum tensile stress and minimum stress in straight reinforcement caused by live load
plus impact at service load shall not exceed:
= 21 – 0.33f min + 8  ---

r
ff
 h
where:
 --r- = 0.3
 h
ff = 23.4 − 0.33 fmin

Service Moment due to permanent loads
= 43.37 + 835.71 = 879.08 kft
Service Moment due to permanent loads, creep, and shrinkage
= 43.37 + 835.71 + 27.89 − 30.99
= 875.98 kft
Service Moment due to permanent loads only governs.
Stress Due to Permanent Loads
879.69 × 12
= ----------------------------------------------- = 21.33 (tension)
9.36 × 0.936 × 56.5
Service Stress in Bottom Reinforcement due to Maximum Fatigue Moment = 8.72 kft
f1 8.72 × 12
= ----------------------------------------------
- = 0.21 ksi (tension)
9.36 × 0.936 × 56.5
Service Stress in Bottom Reinforcement due to Minimum Fatigue Moment = -17.39

kft
f2 = -0.11 ksi (compression)
Fatigue Stress Range = 0.21 − (-0.11) = 0.32
fmin = 21.33 + (-0.11) = 21.44
Allowable Fatigue Stress Range:
ff = 23.4 − 0.33 × 21.44 = 16.32
0.32
Fatigue Ratio = ------------- = 0.020
16.32

Cap Shear and Torsion Design (Outside Face of First Support)

12 ft from left end of the beam (inside span #1)
Tu = Maximum factored torsional moment
= 774.5 kft
Vu = Maximum factored shear force
= 696.2 kips
Mu = Maximum factored moment that occurs simultaneously with MaxTu or MaxVu
= 5056.37 kft
Section Properties
bv = width of beam = 54 in. (used for shear)
h = depth of beam = 60 in.
Longitudinal Reinforcement = #11 bars at 3.5 in
de = 60-3.5 = 56.5in
Resistance factor φ = 0.9 for shear and torsion
Check If Torsion May Be Neglected [LRFD Art. 5.8.2]

Torsion may be neglected if Tu < Tlim=0.25φTcr
2
′ A cp f pc
Tcr = 0.125 f ---------- 1 + ------------------------ [LRFD Eq. 5.8.2.1-4]
c P ′
c 0.125 f c
where:
φ = 0.9
′
fc = Specified strength of concrete, ksi
fpc = Compressive stress in concrete after prestress losses have occurred, ksi
Acp = total area enclosed by outside perimeter of concrete cross-section, in2

= 54 × 60
= 3240 in2
pc = the length of the outside perimeter of the concrete section, in
= 2 × (54 + 60)
= 228 in
2
3240 0
0.125 4 --------------- 1 + ---------------------
228 0.125 4-
Tcr = ----------------------------------------------------------------------- = 959.2 kft
12

φTcr = 0.9(959.2) = 863.3 kft

Tu = 934.2 kft > Tlim
where:
Tlim = 0.25 x 863.3 = 215.83 kft
Therefore, torsion must be considered.
Determine Required Area of Stirrups for Torsion

φTn≥ Tu
2A ° A t f y
Tn = ---------------------- cot θ [LRFD Eq. 5.8.3.6.2-1]
s
Ao = 0.85Aoh
Aoh = [(60 – 2(3.5 – 0.5 (1.41) – 0.5 (0.625))) × (54 – 2 (2 + 0.5 (0.625)))]
= 2718 in2
Ao = 0.85(2718) = 2310 in2
At Tu 774 .5(12000 )
= =
s 2φ Ao f y cot θ 2 (0 .9 )(2310 )(60000 )(1 .0 )
= 0.037 in2/in/leg
= 0.45 in2/ft/leg
2At 2
---------- = 0.89 in /ft
S
Calculate Required Area of Stirrups for Shear

′
Vc = 0.0316β f c b v d v [LRFD Eq. 5.8.3.3-3]
where:
a
d v = d e – ---
2
where:
As fy 21.84 ( 60 )
a = ------------------
′
- = ----------------------------- = 7.14 in.
0.85 ( 4 ) ( 54 )
0.85f c b
7.14
dv = 56.5 – ---------- = 52.93 in
2
φVc = ( 0.9 ) ( 0.0316 ) ( 2 ) 4 ( 54 ) ( 52.93 ) = 325.2 kips

Vu 696.2 325.2
Vs, = ------- – Vc = -------------- – ------------- = 412.2 kips
req φ 0.9 0.9
Av Vs 412.2
------- = ----------- = ------------------------ = 0.13 in2/in=1.55 in2/ft
S fy dv 60 ( 52.93 )
Determine Combined Shear and Torsion Stirrup Requirements

Av At
------- + 2 × ------ = 1.55 + 0.89 = 2.44 in2/ft
S S
Check Minimum Stirrup Area

′ bv S
Av = 0.0316 f c --------- [LRFD Eq. 5.8.2.5-1]
fy
Av 54
------- = 0.0316 4 ------ = 0.05688 × 12 = 0.68 in2/ft < 2.44 in2/ft
S 60
Check Maximum Stirrup Spacing

′
0.1f c b v d v = 0.1(4)(54)(52.93) = 1143.3 kips > Vu [LRFD Eq. 5.8.2.7-1]
Therefore, S ≤ 0.8d v ≤ 24 in
S ≤ 0.8(52.93) = 42.34 in ≥ 24 in
Therefore, Smax = 24 in
Provided Stirrup Capacity

Provided, 4 Legged #5 @ 6" c/c
Total Stirrup Area Provided
A prv
-------------- = 2.48 in2/ft
S
Provided Stirrup Area for Shear
 Av
-------- = 2.48 – 0.89 = 1.59 in2
 S  prv
Provided Stirrup Shear Capacity
=  -------- fy dv
Av
Vs
 S

= (1.59/12) × 60 × 52.93
= 420.79 kips
Calculate Longitudinal Reinforcement
2 2
M u 0 .5 N u  Vu   0.45p h Tu 
A s f y + A ps f ps ≥ + + cot θ  − 0.5Vs − Vp  +  
φd v φ  φ   2A o φ 
ph = 2[(60 − 2 (3.5) + 2 × 0.5 × (1.41) + 2 × 0.5(0.625)) + (54 – 2(2) – 2 × 0.5(0.625))]

= 208.84 in
5056.37(12)   0.45(208.84)(774.5 × 12) 

2 2
 696.2
Asf y + 0 ≥ + 0 +1  − 0.5(420.79) − 0  +  
0.9(52.93)  0.9   2(2310)(0.9) 
Asfy ≥ 1875 kip
Al = As = 31.25 in2
Alx = Al – Apvr = 31.25 – 21.84 = 9.41 in2 for top
Column Design: Column #1 (Left Column)

Section Properties
dia = diameter of column = 54 in.
h = height of column = 23.75 ft
Reinforcement
19 − #10
Bar dist = 3.13 in
Loads
0 ft.(Bottom):
23.8 ft. (Top):

Determine If Slenderness Needs To Be Considered [LRFD Art. 5.7.4.3]

Consider the column braced in both the X and Z directions.
kl  M 1
Slenderness may be neglected if ----- < 34 – 12  --------
r  M 2
where:
 M 1
M1 and M2 are the smaller and larger end moments, respectively, and the term  -------- is
 M 2
positive for single curvature flexure.
kx = kz = 1.0
rx = rz = 0.25(54)= 13.5 in
lx = lz = 23.75 ft × 12= 285 in
X-Dir:
 M 1
34 – 12  -------- = 34 – 12  ---------------- = 23.1
1547.5
 2
M  1705.8
kx lx 1.0 ( 285 )
----------- = --------------------- = 21.1 < 23.1
rx 13.5
Therefore, neglect slenderness in the X-direction.

Z-Dir:
 M 1
34 – 12  -------- = 34 – 12  ------------------ = 28.522
525.7
 M 2  1150.2
kx lx 1.0 ( 285 )
----------- = --------------------- = 21.1 < 28.52
rx 13.5
Therefore, neglect slenderness in the Z-direction.
Interaction Diagram
Moment interaction diagram from RC-PIER is compared to that from PCACOL, as
shown in Figure TH-11. The result for the bottom of the leftmost column from RC-PIER
is shown in Figure TH-12.

1149
1781 3250
Figure HC-11PCACOL Interaction Diagram

9
Figure HC-12Column Component #1 at Bottom Location
Determine the Axial and Moment Capacity of the Column

Using the results for the bottom of the leftmost column as an example, we will show you how to calculate the
axial and moment capacity. The factored load Pu = 1149.4 kips and results of factored moment is
Mu = Mux 2 + Muz 2 = 1705 .8 2 + 525 .7 2 = 1785 kft
Now, draw a horizontal line passing Pu = 1149.4 kips and a vertical line passing M = 1785.7 kft, as shown in
Figure TH-11. The intersection point (point a) is shown to be within the boundary of the interaction diagram;
therefore, the capacity of the column is adequate. Next, locate point b, as shown in Figure TH-11. Point b is the
intersection of the horizontal line passing the factored load (P = 1149.4 kips) with the moment interaction
diagram. The corresponding load and moment values for point b are:
φPn = 1149.4 kips
φMn = 3250 kft
Therefore,

φP n
---------- = 1.0
Pu
φM n 3250
------------ = ------------ = 1.82 > 1.0 OK
Mu 1785
Check Minimum Area of Steel

For non-prestressed components:
As fy
-------------- ≥ 0.135 [LRFD Eq. 5.7.4.2-3]
′
Ag fc
As fy 19 ( 1.27 ) ( 60 )
-------------- = -------------------------------------- = 0.158 > 0.135 OK
′ 2
Ag fc ( 27 ) ( 3.14 ) ( 4 )
Footing Design - Spread
2 1
20'-0"
3 4
10'-0" 16'-0" 10'-0"
36'-0"
z
3'-6"
36'-0"
Figure HC-13Plan and Elevation of Combined Spread Footing (Tutorial 2)

Section Properties
A = Area of footing = (20)(36) = 720 ft2
1 3
Iz = Moment of inertia = ------ ( 20 ) ( 36 ) = 77760 ft4
12
1- 3
Ix = Moment of inertia = ----- ( 36 ) ( 20 ) = 24000 ft4
12
Sz = Section modulus = 77760

--------------- = 4320 ft3
18
Sx = Section modulus = 24000 = 2400 ft3

---------------
10
Loads
Self-weight = 0.15 kcf × 3.5 ft = 0.525 ksf
Surcharge = 0.20 ksf
Determine the Maximum Service Soil Pressure

Corner 3 for Load Combination 17:
Column #1:
P = Service axial load = 1174.30 kips
Mz = Service transverse moment = -288.53 kft
Mx = Service longitudinal moment = 1084.81 kft
Column #2:
Mz = Service transverse moment = 266.65 kft
ΣP = 1174.30 + 658.6 = 1832.9 kips
ΣMz = 1174.30 (8) – 658.6 (8) + 266.65 – 288.53 = 4103.72 kft
ΣMx = 1084.81 + 1112.56 = 2197.37 kft
The maximum service soil pressure occurs at corner 3 is
P Mz Mx
q3 = ---- + -------- + --------
A Sz Sx
1832.9 4103.72 2197.37

= ---------------- + ------------------- + -------------------
720 4320 2400
= 4.42 ksf
q3 = 4.42 + 0.525 + 0.20 = 5.14 ksf

Determine the Maximum Factored Soil Pressure

Corner 3 for Load Combination 1:
Column #1:
Muz = Factored transverse moment = -474.07 kft
Mux = Factored longitudinal moment = 1439.85 kft
Column #2:
Muz = Factored transverse moment = 250.36 kft
ΣPu = 1463.98 + 828.87 = 2292.85 kips
ΣMuz = 1463.98 (8) – 828.87 (8) + -474.07 + 250.36 = 4857.17 kft
ΣMux = 1439.85 + 1470.47 = 2910.32 kft
The maximum factored soil pressure occurs at corner 3 is
P u M uz M ux
q3,fac = ------ + ----------- + -----------
A Sz Sx
2292.85 4857.17 2910.32

= --------------------- + --------------------- + -------------------
720 4320 2400
= 5.52 ksf
q3,fac = 5.52+ 1.25(0.525) + 1.35(0.20) = 6.45 ksf
Flexure Design
X-Dir:
q3,fac (used for design) = 5.52 ksf
Area of equivalent square = 0.25π(54)2 = 2290 in2
Side of square = 2290 = 47.85 in/12 = 3.99 ft

From two dimensional frame analysis maximum, Mu = 3979.4 kft

de = 42 – 3 clr. – 0.5(1.0) = 38.5 in
Mu
Rn = -------------
2
φbd s

3979.4 ( 12000 )
= ----------------------------------------
2
0.9 ( 240 ) ( 38.5 )
= 149.15 psi
′
0.85f c  2R n 
ρ = --------------
-  1– 1– -
--------------
fy  ′
 0.85f c
0.85 ( 4 ) 2 ( 149.15 )
= ------------------  1 – 1 – ---------------------------
60  0.85 ( 4000 )
= 0.00254
As,req. = ρbd = 0.00254(240)(38.5) = 23.50 in2
Provide 39 – #8 bars (As = 39 × 0.79 = 30.81 in2)
Check Minimum Steel

Mn ≥ Mn -min
where: Mn -min = smaller of 1.2 Mcr and 1.33 Mu [LRFD Eq. 5.7.3.3.2]
′
Mcr = 0.24 f c x St
St = Ig/Yt
3
20 × 12 × ( 42 )
Ig = bh3 /12 = -------------------------------------- = 1481760 in4
12
Yt = 21 in.
St = 1481760
---------------------- = 70560 in
3
21
1
Mcr = 0.24 4 x 70560 x ------ = 2822.4 k-ft
12
1.2 Mcr = 3386.9 k-ft

1.33 Mu = 1.33 (3979.4) =5292.602 k-ft
Mn min = 3386.9 k-ft

Mu
------------- 3386.9
---------------------------------------------
Rn = 2 = 126.942 psi [P-T.O]
φbd 2
0.9x20x12 ( 38.5 )
0.85f c'  2R n 
ρ = ----------------  1 – 1 – ---------------
fy  ′
 0.85f c
0.85 ( 4 )
= ------------------  1 – 1 – ----------------------------
2x126.942
60  0.85 x 4000 
= 0.00216
As = 0.00216x20x12x(38.5) = 19.92 in2

LRFD 5.7.3.3.2 requires to check temperature and shrinkage steel as per 5.10.8
As per LRFD 5.10.8.2
0.11Ag
A ≥ -------------------- [LRFD 5.10.8.2-1]
fy
Ag = 200 (42) = 10080 in2

RC-PIER separately checks half of the reinforcement to be placed on each face.
----------  -------- =
0.11 Ag 10080x0.11 1-
----------------------------- x ----- = 9.24 in2
2  fy  2 60
Also for footing:

ΣAb = 0.0015 Ag [LRFD 5.10.8.2-2]
RC-PIER separately checks half of this applies to each face.
0.0015Ag 0.0015 ( 10080 )

-------------------------- = ---------------------------------------- = 7.56in2
2 2
Therefore temperature and shrinkage steel = 7.56in2
As prov > temperature and shrinkage steel. OK
Z-Dir :
q3,fac (used for design) = q3,fac – 1.35(0.20) – 1.25(0.525) = 5.52 ksf
Area of equivalent square = 0.25π(54)2 = 2290 in2
Side of square = 2290 = 47.85 in/12 = 3.99 ft

Distance from centerline column to face of equivalent square = 3.99/2 = 1.99 ft

2 2
wl ( 5.52 × 36 ) ( 10 – 1.99 )
Mu at 1.99 = --------- = ---------------------------------------------------------- = 6374.94 kft
2 2

de = 42 – 3 – 1 – 0.5(1.0) = 37.5 in
Mu 6374.94 ( 12000 )
Rn = - = ----------------------------------------- = 139.91 psi
------------
2 2
φbd e 0.9 ( 432 ) ( 37.5 )
0.85f c  2R n 
ρ = ---------------  1 – 1 – ---------------
fy  ′
 0.85f c
( 4 )- 
1 – 1 – --------------------------
0.85
-----------------
2x139.91
=
60  0.85 x 4000
= 0.002381
As required = ρ bd
= 0.002381(432)(37.5)
= 38.586 in2
Provide 80 – #8 bars (As = 80 × 0.79 = 63.2 in2)
Check Minimum Steel

φMn ≥ Mn min
where Mn min is smaller of 1.2 Mcr and 1.33 Mu [LRFD 5.7.3.3.2]
3
36 ( 12 ) × ( 42 )
Ig = --------------------------------------- = 2667168 in4
12
yt = 21 inch
st = 127008 in3
1
Mcr = 0.24 ( 4 ) × 127008x ------ = 5080.32 kft
12
1.2 Mcr = 6096.38 kft
1.33 Mu =8478.67 kft
Mn min = 6096.38 kft
6096.38x12000
Rn = ----------------------------------------------- = 133.80 psi
2
0.9 ( 36x12 ) ( 37.5 )

= ------------------  1 – 1 – ---------------------------
0.85x4 2 x133.8
ρ
60  0.85 x4000
ρ = 0.00228
As = 0.00228 (36x12) (37.5) = 36.94 in2
As (provided) >As (min) OK
LRFD 5.7.3.3.2 requires to check temperature and shrinkage steel as per 5.10.8. As per
LRFD 5.10.8.2
0.11Ag
As prov ≥ ------------------ [LRFD 5.10.8.2-1]
fy
Ag = 36x12x42=18144 in2
RC-PIER separately checks half of the reinforcement to be placed on each face.
-----------  -------- = 8.136 in2

0.11 Ag
2  fy 
Also for footings

ΣAb = 0.0015Ag
0.0015
---------------- = 13.608 in2
2
As (temp) = 8.136 in2

As prov ≥ As (temp)
Crack Control
X-Dir (At inside face of first column):
z
fsa = ≤ 0.6f y [LRFD Eq. 5.7.3.4-1]
3 dcA
where:
z = 170 k/in
dc = 2.0 max. + 0.5(1.0) = 2.5 in
A = 2(2.5)(240 in/39 bars) = 30.8 in2/bar

170
fsa = --------------------------------- = 39.96 ksi > 0.6(60) = 36 ksi
3 ( 2.5 ) ( 30.8 )

Therefore, use fsa = 36 ksi
M s x12
fs =
A s jd
E s 29000
n = = = 7.56
E c 3834.3
nA s 7.56(30.81)
m = = = 0.025
bd (240)(38.5)
k = m 2 + 2m − m = 0.025 2 + 2(0.025) − 0.025 = 0.200
k 0.200
j = 1− =1− = 0.933
3 3
Service Load Moment, q3,service (used in design)
= 5.14 – 0.2 – 0.525 = 4.42 ksf
From two dimensional frame analysis, Mservice at the face of the equivalent square =
3179.2 kft
3179.2 ( 12 )
fs = ----------------------------------------------- = 34.47 ksi
30.81 ( 0.933 ) ( 38.5 )
fs = 34.47 ksi < fsa = 36.0 ksi

34.47
ratio = ------------- = 0.96
36
Z-Dir (At face of column):

z
fsa = ≤ 0.6f y [LRFD Eq. 5.7.3.4-1]
3 dcA
where:
z = 170 k/in
dc = 2.0 max. + 0.5(1.0) = 2.5 in
A = 2(2.5)(432 in/80 bars) = 27.0 in2/bar

170
fsa = --------------------------------- = 41.75 ksi > 0.6(60) = 36 ksi
3 ( 2.5 ) ( 27.0 )
Therefore, use fsa = 36 ksi

M s x12
fs =
A s jd
E s 29000
n = = = 7.56
E c 3834.3
nA s 7.56(63.2 )
m = = = 0.0295
bd (432 )(37.5)
k = m 2 + 2m − m = 0.0295 2 + 2(0.0295) − 0.0295 = 0.215
k 0.215
j = 1− =1− = 0.930
3 3
Service Load Moment, q3,service (used in design)
= 5.14 – 0.2 – 0.525 = 4.42 ksf
2
( 4.42 × 36 ) ( 10 – 1.99 )
Ms = ---------------------------------------------------------- = 5104.57 kft
2
5104.57 ( 12 )
fs = -------------------------------------------- = 27.79 ksi
63.2 ( 0.930 ) ( 37.5 )
fs = 27.79 ksi < fsa = 36 ksi
ratio = 27.79
------------- = 0.77
36
Fatigue Check
X-Dir:
The range between a maximum tensile stress and minimum stress in straight reinforcement caused by fatigue
combination should not exceed.
= 21.0 − 33fmm + 8  ---

r
ff
 n
where  --- = 0.3

r
 n
Maximum soil pressure due to fatigue combination occurs for combination #17.
Column #1
P = 65.71 kip
Mz = -31.49 kft
Mx = 9.74 kft

Column #2
P = -15.75 kip
Mz = 22.61 kft
Mx = 9.56 kft
Determine the Maximum Fatigue Soil Pressure
ΣP = 65.71 + (-15.75) = 49.96 kip
ΣMz = 65.71 (8) − (-15.75)(8) − 31.49 + 22.61 = 642.8 kft
ΣMx = 9.74 + 9.56 = 19.3 kft
Maximum Soil Pressure
P M z M x 49.96 642.8 19.3

q3, fatigue = ---- + -------- + -------- = ------------- + ------------- + ------------ = 0.23 ksf
A Sz Sx 720 4320 2400
The minimum soil pressure due to fatigue combination is negative which is not considered. Therefore, for fmin,
use fatigue soil pressure = 0.
Determine the Soil Pressure due to Permanent Loads, Creep, and Shrinkage Loads
Column #1
P = 1052.12 kip
Mz = -273.36 kft
Mx = 1133.7 kft
Column #2
P = 688.9 kip
Mz = 178.2 kft
Mx = 1158.54 kft
ΣP = 1052.12 + 688.9 = 1740.9 kip
ΣMz = 1052.12(8) − 688.9(8) − 273.36 + 178.2 = 2809.64 kft
ΣMx = 1133.7 + 1158.54 = 2292.2 kft
Maximum Soil Pressure
q3 =1740.9 2809.64 2292.2

---------------- + --------------------- + ---------------- = 4.02 ksf
720 4320 2400
Stress in Steel Due to Fatigue Load
q = 0.23 ksf
w = 0.23 × 20 = 4.28 kft
M = 163.00 kft

Stress in steel due to this moment:
fs 163.00 ( 12 )
= ----------------------------------------------- = 1.77 ksi
30.81 ( 0.933 ) ( 38.5 )
Stress in Steel Due to Permanent Loads
q = 4.02 ksf
w = 4.0221 × 20 = 80.44 kft
M = 2900.00 kft
Stress in steel due to this moment:
2900.00 ( 12 )
fs = -----------------------------------------------
30.81 ( 0.933 ) ( 38.5 ) = 31.44 ksi
frange = 1.77 − 0 = 1.77 ksi
fmin = 31.44 + 0 = 31.67
ff = 23.4 − 0.33(fmin)
= 23.4 − 0.33(31.44)
= 13.02 ksi
1.77- = 0.14
Ratio = ------------
13.02
Footing Design – Pile Cap
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17
19 21
20' 0"
x
20 22
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
10' 16' 10'
36' 0"
z
3' 6"
36' 0"
Figure HC-14Plan and Elevation of Combined Pile Footing (Example 2)

Geometry
n = number of piles = 22
Pile Reactions
P Mz Xz Mx Xx
Pp = --- ± --------------- ± ----------------
n 2 2
ΣX z ΣX x
2
Σd z = 4(4)2 + 4(8)2 + 4(12)2 + 8(16)2 = 2944 ft2
2
Σd x = 4(4)2 + 18(8)2 = 1216 ft2
Maximum Service Pile Reaction

Pile #18 for Load Combination 14:
Column #1:
Mz = Service transverse moment = -192.37 kft
Column #2:
Mz = Service transverse moment = 247.80 kft
42
ΣP = 694.13 + 1095.50 + 0.15 × 20 × 36 × ------ ( 1.0 ) + 0.2 × 20 × 36 ( 1.0 )
12
= 2311.63 kips
ΣMz = 694.13(8) – 1095.50(8) – 192.37 + 247.80 = -3155.53 kft
ΣMx = 1232.46 + 1209.42 = 2441.9 kft
P18 = 2311.63 3155.53 × 16 2441.9 × 8

------------------- + ------------------------------- + ------------------------- = 38.29 kips
22 2944 1216
Maximum Factored Pile Reaction

Pile #18 for Load Combination 9:
Column #1:
Muz = Factored transverse moment = -380.55 kft
Column #2:
Muz = Factored transverse moment = +221.50 kft

ΣPu = 865.62 + 1375.53 + 0.15 × 20 × 36 × 42

------ (1.25) + 0.2 × 20 × 36 (1.35)
12
= 2908.05.4 kips
ΣMuz= 865.62(8) – 1375.53(8) – 380.55 – 221.50 = – 4238.33 kft
ΣMux= 1724.83 + 1710.96 = 3435.8 kft
2908.05 4238.33 × 16 3435.8 × 8

P18 = ------------------- + --------------------------------- + ------------------------- = 177.82 kips
22 2944 1216
Maximum Factored Pile Reaction Excluding Self-weight and Surcharge
P = 865.62 + 1357.53 = 2241.15 kips
Muz = 865.62(8) − 1375.53 x (8) − 380.55 − 221.50 = -5022.46 kft
Mux = 1724.83 + 1710.96 = 3435.8 kft
2241.15 5022.46 × 16 3435.8 × 8

P18 = ------------------- + ------------------------------- + ------------------------- = 147.51 kips
22 2944 1216

X-Dir:
a
dv = de −
2
where:
de = 38.5
As fy 30.81 ( 60 )
a = ------------------- = -------------------------------- = 2.265 in
′ 0.85 ( 4 ) ( 240 )
0.85f c b
2.265
dv = 38.5 – ------------
2
- = 37.37 in
The distance from column centerline to distance dv from the face of the equivalent square is
= 1.99 + 37.37
------------- = 5.10 ft.
12
Vu at 5.10 ft from column centerline = 4 × 147.51 = 590.04 kips
We will use Table 5.8.3.4.2-2 to determine θ and β because there is no transverse

reinforcement in footing.
By iterations we determine θ = 53.83 [LRFD Eq. 5.8.3.4.2-2]

1706.4 × 12
------------------------------- + 0.5 × 590 × 731
37.367
∈ = = 0.0008456
29000 x 30.81
Sxe = 37.367
θ = 53.83
β = 1.61
′
φVc = φ ( 0.0316 )β f c b v d v [LRFD Eq. 5.8.3.3-3]
= 0.9 ( 0.0316 ) ( 1.61 ) 4 ( 240 ) ( 37.37 ) = 821.3 kips
φVc = 821.3 kips > Vu = 625.2 kips

Z-Dir:
a
dv = de −
2
where:
de = 37.5
As fy 63.2 ( 60 )
a = ------------------
′
- = -------------------------------- = 2.58 in
0.85 ( 4 ) ( 432 )
0.85f c b
2.580
dv = 37.5 – ------------- = 36.21 in
2
The distance from column centerline to a distance dv from the face of the equivalent square is
= 1.99 + 36.21/12 = 5.01 ft
Vu at 5.01 from column centerline = 9 × 147.51 = 1327.59 kips
We will use Table 5.8.3.4.2-2 to determine θ and β because there is no transverse

reinforcement in footing/pile cap.
By iterations we determine θ = 54.64 [LRFD Eq. 5.8.3.4.2-2]
Final iterations calculations.

Mu u + 0.5Nu + 0.5 ( Vu – V p ) × cot θ × A × F

--------
dv ps po
_____________________________________________________________
∈ = EsAs + EpAp
=
3967.6 × 12
---------------------------- + 0.5 × 1327.6 × 0.7096
36.21
= = 0.0009743
29000 x 63.2
From table 5.8.3.4.2-2
θ = 54.64
β = 1.518
φVc = φ(0.0316)β f c′ b v d v
= 0.9(0.0316)(1.518) 4( 432)(36.21)
= 1350.65 kips
φVc = 1350.65 kips > Vu = 1327.59 kips
Two Way Shear Design

dv = (dvx + dvy) / 2 = (37.37 + 36.21) / 2 = 36.79 in
bo = 0.5(2πd) = πd = π(54 + 36.79) / 12 = 23.77 ft
Ao = 0.25πd2 = 0.25π(7.56)2 = 44.89 ft2

From Frame Analysis:
Vu = 1622.6 kips
′
φVc = φ ( 0.0632 )β f c b o d v [LRFD Eq. 5.13.3.6.3-3]
φVc =0.9 ( 0.0632 ) ( 2 ) 4 ( 23.77 × 12 ) ( 36.79 ) = 2387.6 kips

φVc = 2387.6 > Vu = 1622.6 kips
′
Vn = V c + V s ≤ 0.192 f c b o d v [LRFD Eq. 5.13.3.6.3-2]
2387.6
Vn = ---------------- = 2653kips ≤ 0.192 4 ( 23.77 × 12 ) ( 36.79 )
0.9
= 4029.7 kips

Tutorial 3: Hammerhead Pier, Strut-and-Tie Model Design

(AASHTO LRFD)
This example demonstrates the design of a hammerhead, as shown in Figure TH-15, by using the Strut and Tie
Method (STM). The design will be carried out in accordance with AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design
Specifications, 3rd Edition, 2004.
35'-0"
4'-0" 6'-9" 6'-9" 6'-9" 6'-9" 4'-0"

1'-6" 2'-6"
3'-0"
3'-0" 8"
2'-6"
A
3'-0"
A
5'-0"
8'-0"
4'-0"
4'-0"
3'-0"
12'-0"
B B
Section B-B
Section A-A
12'-0" 8'-0" 12'-0"
32'-0"
Figure HC-15Hammerhead Bridge Cross Section at the Pier
Materials
Concrete Strength
Cap f ’c = 4.0 ksi
Columns f ’c = 4.0 ksi
Footings f ’c = 4.0 ksi
Modulus of Elasticity Ec = 3834.3 ksi
Concrete Density
Cap ρ = 150 pcf
Cap fy = 60 ksi
Columns fy = 60 ksi

Modulus of Elasticity Es = 29000 ksi
Other Parameters
Crack control factor z = 170 kips/in
Superstructure Parameters
Number of lanes =2
Beam height = 36 in
Beam section area = 369 in2
Barrier height = 36 in
Slab depth = 8.0 in
Total number of spans =2
Wearing surface load = 20 psf
Barrier load = 600 plf each side
Span Information
Bridge overall width Forward = 35 ft Rear = 35 ft
Curb to curb distance Forward = 32 ft Rear = 32 ft
Span Length Forward = 60 ft Rear = 60 ft
Substructure Parameters
Dimensions as shown in Figure TH-15
Skew Angle = 0 degrees
Top elevation = 20 ft
Factor of reduced moment of inertia = 1.0 (non-cracked section)
Five bearing points, spaced at 6.75 ft, on one line with no eccentricity
Loads
Dead Loads
Self load = 150 pcf
Slab Weight = 150 pcf
Girder Weight = 150 pcf
Barrier Weight = 600 plf each side × 2 = 1200 plf
Wearing Surface = 200 psf × 35 ft = 700 plf
Live Load
HL-93 (a combination of HS-20 Truck with a lane load of 0.64 klf)
Design Truck + Design Lane Load
Loads to be considered: Dead load, Live load, Wind load on the structure, and Wind on
live load.
Wind Load
Bridge Location = city
Direction of wind = 0o
Elevation above which wind acts = 0 ft
Trans. wind pressure on superstructure = 50 psf
Longitudinal pressure on superstructure = 0 psf
Wind pressure on cap = 40 psf
Wind pressure on column = 40 psf

Load Generation
Dead Loads, DC
1. Self-weight of the pier cap:
Total weight of the pier cap
= [(3x32) + (0.5)(8+32)(5)](4)(0.150) = 117.6 kips
Distribute the total weight equally between all nodes of the STM
= 117.6/21 = 5.6 kips/node
2. Dead loads from the superstructure:
The tributary span length of the pier is 30 ft rear and 30 ft forward = 60 ft total.
Load Type Exterior Bearing Interior Bearing

Points (kips) Points (kips)
Tributary width Tributary width
= 4 + 0.5 × 6.75 = 6.75 ft
= 7.375 ft
Slab Weight (8/12)(0.150)(7.375)(60) (8/12)(0.150)(6.75)(60)
= 44.250 = 40.500
Girder Weight (369/144)(0.150)(60) (369/144)(0.150)(60)
= 23.063 = 23.063
Barrier Weight 1.2(7.375/35)(60) 1.2[6.75/35](60)
= 15.171 = 13.886
Total DL 82.484 77.449
NOTE: In RC-PIER, all loads have negative signs, if they are downwards.
Wearing Surface Loads, DW:
Wearing Surface, DW
 -----------
700   7.375
- ------------- 60  -----------
700   6.75
- ---------- 60
 1000  35   1000  35 
= 8.850 = 8.100
Live Load, LL2:

Auto live load generation is used. One design truck plus one design lane loaded is selected. Also, one lane
loaded is selected. The auto live load generation provides, for this example, two live loads, where the
calculation for the second live load (LL2) is shown in Figure TH-16.
To get maximum reaction from the truck at the pier, position the truck such that the middle axle is over the pier
centerline, the first axle is at 14 ft from the pier centerline in the right span, and the third axle is at 14 ft from
the pier centerline in the left span, as shown in Figure TH-16a. Thus,
Reaction from the truck =32 + (8 × 46/60) + (32 × 46/60) = 62.7 kips
Reaction from the lane load = 0.64 klf × 60 ft = 38.4 kips

32 kips 32 kips
8 kips
0.64 kLF
46'-0" 14'-0" 14'-0" 46'-0"
60'-0" 60'-0"
R
(a) Longitudinal View
1'-6" 2'-0" 6" 5'-6"
2'-6" 4'-3"
(b) Truck Positioning
1'-6" 2'-6" 6'-9" 6'-9"

2'-1 1/2" 4'-7 1/2" 4 1/2" 6'-4 1/2"
3.84(2.5+6.75) 3.84(0.75)
3.84 kLF
10'-0"
(c) Lane Load Positioning
Figure HC-16Live Load Positioning (a, b, c) - Tutorial 3

Cases LL2: Maximum Bearing Load at the Exterior Girder
To get maximum reaction at exterior girders, position the truck such that the distance between the inner face of
the barrier and the nearest wheel of the truck = 2 ft, as shown in Figure TH-16b. Therefore,
Bearing load from the exterior girder = 62.7(4.25/6.75) = 39.5 kips
Bearing load from the first interior girder = 62.7(2.5/6.75) = 23.2 kips
To get reaction from the lane load, position the 10 ft wide lane such that it starts from the inner face of the
barrier, as shown in Figure TH-16c. Distributing the total reaction of the lane load (38.4 kips) over the 10 ft
wide lane results in 3.84 kip/ft.
Bearing load from the exterior girder
= (3.84)(2.5+6.75)(4.625/6.75)
= 24.3 kips
Bearing load from the first interior girder
= (3.84)(2.5 + 6.75)(2.125/6.75) + (3.84)(0.75)(6.375/6.75)
= 13.9 kips
Bearing load from the second interior girder
= (3.84)(0.75)(0.375/6.75)
= 0.16 kips

Taking into consideration, a multi presence factor of 1.2 for one loaded lane, bearing loads are:
Bearing Truck Load Lane Load
1 1.2 × 39.5 = 47.4 1.2 × 24.3 = 29.16
2 1.2 × 23.2 = 27.84 1.2 × 13.9 = 16.69
3 0 1.2 × 0.16 = 0.19
4 0 0
5 0 0
Impact factor, IM = 33% (applied to Truck only). Note the impact factor is only applied to the analysis results
(moments and forces) of the load combinations and envelopes.
Wind Load on Structure, WS

Assume zero degree of the wind and bridge location is city.
Loads from the Superstructure:
The transverse pressure is acting on the height of the superstructure at the center of this area.
The superstructure has a total height = 36 barrier + 8 deck slab + 36 beam = 80 in.
Total transverse load =  ------------ ×  ------ × 60 = 20 kips

50 80
 1000  12
Distribute the total load equally at the five bearing points, thus,
20
Transverse load, Fx = ------ = +4.0 kips/bearing
5
Since this load is applied at the center of the height of the superstructure, it creates an overturning moment
where
20  ------
80
 12
------------------ = 66.7 kips-ft at the bearing elevation.
2
This moment will be distributed to the two exterior girders. Thus, one exterior girder (at bearing point #5)
applies a downward force, i.e. -Fy, on the pier cap and the exterior girder on the other side (at bearing point #1)
applies upward force, i.e. +Fy. This force, Fy is
66.7
------------------- = +2.47 kips at bearing 1 = – 2.47 kips at bearing 5
4 × 6.75
NOTE: 4 × 6.75 = 27 ft is the distance between bearing point #1 and bearing point #5.
Loads on the Substructure
A 50 psf wind pressure should be applied to the pier cap.
Loads on the Pier Cap
Total projected area of the pier cap (normal to the wind direction) is = 8 × 4 = 32 sq ft

32 × 50
Total wind force = ------------------ = 1.6 kips
1000
Distribute this force equally between all of the nodes of the STM, and each node will have an applied X-force
= 1.6 kips / 21 nodes = 0.076 kips
Loads on the Column
Assume that the column is subject to wind load from its bottom upwards.
40
Total wind force = ------------ × 4 = 0.16 kip/ft of the column length
1000
Analysis and Load Combinations

Analysis
Figure TH-17 shows an example of a strut and tie model. Assume that the truss member thickness is 0.4 ft (4.8
in.) and the member width equals the pier cap width, 4ft (48 in.).
30.5'
1.75' 3.37' 3.38' 4.75' 2' 2' 4.75' 3.38' 3.37' 1.75'
#12
16 15 14 11 9 7 6
1.9' 13 12 10 8
#27 #38
0.6' 17 5
6.03' 1.2' 18 4
1.2' 19 3
#1
1.13' 20 2
21 1
Figure HC-17Strut and Tie Model (STM) of Cap
Load Combination
Two limit states should be considered, Strength I and Strength III.
Strength I = 1.0[(1.25 or 0.9) DC + (1.5 or 0.65) DW + (1.75)LL]
Strength III = 1.0[(1.25 or 0.9) DC + (1.5 or 0.65) DW ± (1.4)WS]
Design of the Pier Cap

Top Tension Ties
Maximum tension force is at element # 12 = 776.8 kips
776.8kips
Required area of mild steel = T/(φfy) = --------------------------- = 14.4 in2.
0.9 × 60ksi
Try 19 #8, provided area = 19 × 0.79 = 15.01 in2.
′
fc 4
ρmin = 0.03 × ----- = 0.03 ------ = 0.002
fy 60
Asmin = 0.002 × 8 × 4 × 144 = 9.22 in2 < 15.01 OK

Bottom Compression Struts

Try member #1 where the compression force in this member is 447.9 kips. The angle α is the one between
member #1 and member #27.
Therefore,
tan  ------------------------ + 90
2.3 – 1.17
α = = 103.4
6.75 – 2.0
ε1 = εs + (εs + 0.002) cot2 α
60
εs = fy/Es = --------------- = 0.00207
29000
Therefore, ε1 = 0.00230 and the limiting compressive stress, fcu (per LRFD Eq. 5.6.3.3.3-1) is:
fc 4.0
fcu = ----------------------------- = ------------------------------------------------
0.8 + 170ε 1 0.8 + 170 × 0.00230
= 0.84(4.0)
= 3.360 ksi < 0.85(4.0) = 3.4 OK
Applied compressive stress in the strut member #1 is
447.9
P/(φ Astrust) = --------------------------------
- = 2.78 ksi < fcu = 3.36 OK
0.7 × 48 × 4.8
Vertical Compression Struts

Try Member #38 where the force in this member is 408.8 kips.
7.2 – 3.5
cot α = ------------------------------ = 1.098, α = 42.328 deg.
13.5 – 10.13
ε1 = εs + (εs + 0.002) cot2 α
εs 60 - = 0.00207
= fy/Es = --------------
29000
Therefore, ε1 = 0.00698 and the limiting compressive stress, fcu is

fc 4.0
fcu = ----------------------------- = ------------------------------------------------
0.8 + 170ε 1 0.8 + 170 × 0.00698
= 0.503 (4.0)
= 2.01 ksi < 0.85(4.0) = 3.4 ksi
Applied compressive stress in strut is
408.8 - = 2.53 ksi > f = 2.01
P/(φ Astrust) = -------------------------------- NG
cu
0.7 × 48 × 4.8
Since actual stress in strut exceeds the allowable stress, additional steel (may be in terms of shear stirrups) is
required.

Vertical Tension Ties

The tension force at element #27 is 223 kips.
223.0kips
Required area of mild steel = T/(φfy) = --------------------------- = 4.13 in2
0.9 × 60ksi
Design of the Pile Cap

Analysis
Figure TH-18 shows a plan view of the pile cap and Figure TH-19 and Figure TH-20 shows an example of the
STM model in X and Z directions. For all members of the STM model, assume that the member thickness is
0.4 ft (4.8 in.) and the member width equals the pile cap width.
20'-0"
3'-0" 7'-0" 7'-0" 3'-0"

2'-0"
258 kip 109.9 kip -38.2 kip

3'-0"
4'-0"
10'-0"
258 kip 109.9 kip -38.2 kip X

3'-0"
258 kip 109.9 kip -38.2 kip

2'-0"
8'-0"
Figure HC-18Strut and Tie Model of Pile Cap - Plan View (Tutorial 3)
5 4
4
3 6 7 5
2 1 1 x 2 3
510 510 510

Figure HC-19Strut and Tie Model in Z-Direction (Tutorial 3)

2 4 5 3
6 x 7
510 510 510

Figure HC-20Strut and Tie Model in X-Direction (Tutorial 3)
NOTE: These calculations are based on load combination #1.

Total Reaction from Load Combination #1
Vertical force = 990.88 kips, and moment about the Z-axis = 2334.6 kip-ft
Maximum reaction on piles on the left-hand side
Σz2 = 3(72 + 02 + 72) = 294 ft2
P = 990.88 + 1.25 (20 × 10 × 6 × 0.15) + 1.35 (20 × 10 × 1) = 1485.88 kips
P Mx Z 1485.88 2334.6 × 7
--- + ------------ = ------------------- + -------------------------
n 2 9 294
ΣZ
= 165.09 + 55.6
= 220.68 kips
Reaction on piles applied in a strut and tie model are those without the self-weight of the pile cap and
surcharge.
P Mx Z ×7
990.88 -------------------------
- = ------------------ + 2334.6
--- + ----------- = 165.68 kips
n 2 9 294
ΣZ
Since there are three rows of pile, 3 × 165.68 = 497.05 kips will be applied at pile
location.
Design of the STM Members

Bottom Tension Ties
X-Dir:
T = 298.23 kips
298.23
0.9 × 60ksi

Check minimum reinforcement

′
fc 4
ρmin = 0.03 × ----- = 0.03 ------ = 0.002
fy 60
Asmin = 0.002 × 6 × 10 × 144 = 17.28 in2

Therefore, use minimum reinforcement.
Z-Dir:
T = 99.41 kips
99.41 kips
0.9 × 60ksi
Check minimum reinforcement
Asmin = ρmin × 6 × 20 × 144 = 0.002 × 6 × 20 × 144 = 34.6 in2
Therefore, use minimum reinforcement.
Compression Struts
X-Dir:
Maximum compression force = 579.66 kips in member #2.
7–4
cot α= --------------------- = 0.6
5.5 – 0.5
ε1 = εs + (εs + 0.002) cot2 α
60
εs = fy/Es = --------------- = 0.00207
29000
Therefore, ε1 = 0.0035 and the limiting compressive stress, fcu is
fc 40
fcu = ----------------------------- = ---------------------------------------------
0.8 + 170ε 1 0.8 + 170 × 0.0035
= 0.71(4.0)
= 2.88 ksi < 0.85(4.0) = 3.4 ksi
Applied compressive stress in the strut is
579.66
P/(φ Astrut) = --------------------------------------------- = 1.44 ksi < fcu OK
0.7 × 10 × 12 × 4.8
Z-Dir:
Maximum compression force = 506.90 kips in member #3
–2+3
cot α= --------------------- = 0.2
5.5 – 0.5
ε1 = εs + (εs + 0.002) cot2 α

εs 60
= fy/Es = --------------
- = 0.00207
29000
Therefore,
ε1 = 0.00223
fc 40
fcu = ----------------------------- = ------------------------------------------------
0.8 + 170ε 1 0.8 + 170 × 0.00223
= 0.848(4.0)
= 3.39 < 0.85(4.0) = 3.4 ksi OK
Applied compressive stress in the strut is
520.15
P/(φ Astrust) = --------------------------------------------- = 0.65 < fcu
0.7 × 20 × 12 × 4.8

Example 1: Seismic Auto Load Generation (AASHTO

LFD)
This example illustrates in detail the seismic load generation using the single mode spectral method for the
bridge pier, as shown in Figure TH-21. The load generation will be carried out in accordance with AASHTO
Standard Specifications for Highway Bridges, Seventeenth Edition, 2003. The pier geometry and material
properties used in this example are the same as those used in Tutorial 1 (refer to input file seismic.rcp).
C
L Pier
C
L Abutment C
L Abutment
60' 60'
Figure HC-21Two Span Bridge
Materials
Concrete Strength
′
fc = 4000 psi
Modulus of Elasticity
E = 3834 ksi
Concrete Density
ρ = 150 pcf
fy = 60 ksi
Concrete Type
Normal
Seismic Parameters
Acceleration Coeff = 0.4
Soil Profile = Type III
Response Modification Factor =1
AASHTO Type II Girder
A = 369 in2
Ix = 50980 in4
Iy = 5332.5 in4
y = 15.83 in
Barrier

Height = 3 ft
Avg. Width = 1’-4” = 1.33 ft
Area = 4 ft2
y = 1.5 ft
3
1.333 ( 3 )
Ix = ------------------------ = 3 ft4
12
3
3 ( 1.333 )
Iy = ------------------------ = 0.6 ft4
12
Seismic Load Generation

Section Properties of the Superstructure
= Area = 3  --------- + 27  ------ + 2 × 4 = 33.7 ft2 (4853 in2)

369 8
A
 144  12
3 ( 369 ) ( 15.83 ) + ( 27 × 12 ) ( 8 ) ( 40 ) + 2 ( 4 × 144 ) ( 62 )

y = ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
3 ( 369 ) + ( 27 × 12 ) ( 8 ) + ( 2 ) ( 4 ) ( 144 )
= 39.7 in
Iy = Moment of inertia
1
= ------ (8)(27 × 12)3 + 3(5332.5) + (2)(369)(9 × 12)2
12
+ 2[(0.6 × 124 + 4(12)2 × (12.83 ×12)2]
= 58854319 in4 (2838 ft4)
Ix = Moment of inertia
1
= 3[50980 + 369(39.7 – 15.83)2] + ------ (27 × 12)(8)3
12
+ (27 × 12)(8)(40 – 39.7)2 + 2[3(12)4 + 4(12)2(62 – 39.7)2]
= 1495034 in4 (72.1 ft4)
L = Length of structure = 120 ft.
Section Properties of the Substructure

A = Area = 2(3 × 3) = 18 ft2
1 3
Iz = Moment of Inertia = 2 × ------ ( 3 ) ( 3 ) = 13.5 ft4 (279936 in4)
12
1 3
Ix = Moment of Inertia = 2 × ------ ( 3 ) ( 3 ) = 13.5 ft4 (279936 in4)
12
H = Height of column = 20 ft.

Longitudinal Earthquake Loading

Calculate the Static Displacement, vs(x)
Neglecting axial deformation in the deck and assuming that the deck behaves as a rigid member, the bridge
may be idealized as a beam with roller supports at the abutments and a pier at midspan, as shown in Figure TH-
22.
Figure HC-22Structural Idealization and Application of Assumed Uniform Loading for Longitudinal Mode of
Vibration
The bridge is idealized so that the abutments do not contribute to the longitudinal
stiffness. Applying an assumed uniform longitudinal loading of 1 kip/ft yields a
constant displacement along the bridge. Assuming that the columns alone resist the
longitudinal motion, the displacement is obtained by using a column stiffness of 12 EI/
H3 in the longitudinal direction.
Using the column properties included in the section preceding this one, the stiffness for
the pier is calculated as:
3 EI 3 ( 3834 ) ( 279936 )
k = --------- = ------------------------------------------- × 12 = 2795 k/ft
3 3
H ( 20 × 12 )
po 1 1.0 ( 120 )
vs = --------- = --------------------- = 0.04293 ft
k 2795
Calculate α, β, γ
Wt = [33.7 (120) + 4(3)(26) + 2(3 × 3 × 9)] × 0.150 k/ft3 / 120
= 5.65 k/ft
Abut1 vs( x )dx = vs1 = 0.04293 × 120 = 5.152 ft

Abut2
α = 2
Abut1 w( x )vs( x )dx = wvs1

Abut2
β =
= 5.65 k/ft × 0.04293 × 120

= 29.109 k-ft

Abut1 w( x )v ( x ) dx = wvs 1
Abut2 2 2
γ = s
= 5.65 k/ft × (0.04293)2 × 120

= 1.2498 k-ft2
Calculate the Period, T
T γ - = 2π ------------------------------------------
= 2π ------------
1.2498 - = 0.5453 sec
p o gα 1.0 ( 32.2 ) ( 5.152 )
Calculate the Elastic Seismic Response Coefficient, Cs
1.2AS
Cs =
T2/3
where:
A = 0.4
S = 1.5
1.2 ( 0.4 ) ( 1.5 )

Cs = -------------------------------- = 1.078 > 2.0A = 2.0(0.4) = 0.8
2⁄3
( 0.5453 )
Therefore, Cs = 0.8
Calculate the Equivalent Static Earthquake Loading, Pe(x)
βC s w ( x )v s ( x ) 7.277 ( 0.8 ) ( 5.65 ) ( 0.01073 )

Pe(x)=------------------------------------- = ------------------------------------------------------------------ = 4.52 kft
γ 0.139
Calculate the Bearing Loads
4.52 × 120
Force per bearing = ---------------------------- = 180.8 kips
3 bearings
Transverse Earthquake Loading

Calculate the Static Displacement, vs(x)
Apply an assumed uniform transverse loading of 1 kip/ft to the bridge as shown in Figure TH-23. The resulting
transverse displacements, vs(x), are tabulated at the span ¼ points and shown in the table on page A2-71. The
displacements were determined by using frame analysis.

Figure HC-23Plan View of Two Span Bridge Subjected to Assumed Transverse Loading
Calculate the α, β, and γ factors by evaluating the integrals numerically
Wt = 5.65 k/ft
Abut1 vs( x )dx

Abut2
α = = 0.1055 ft2
·
Abut1 w( x )vs( x )dx
Abut2
β = = 0.5961 kft
Abut1
Abut2 2
γ = w ( x )v 3 ( x ) dx = 0.00066 kft2
Calculate the Period, T
γ 0.00066
T = 2π ------------- = 2π -------------------------------------------- = 0.088 sec
p o gα 1.0 ( 32.2 ) ( 0.1055 )
Calculate the Elastic Seismic Response Coefficient, Cs
1.2AS
Cs =
T2/3
where:
A = 0.4
S = 1.5
1.2 ( 0.4 ) ( 1.5 )

Cs = --------------------------------
2 ⁄ 3 = 3.65 > 2.0A = 2.0(0.4) = 0.8
( 0.088 )
Therefore, Cs = 0.8

Calculate the Equivalent Static Earthquake Loading, Pe(x)
βC s w (x )v s (x ) 0.5961(0.8)(5.65)v s (x )
Pe(x)= =
γ 0.00066
= 4080.3 vs(x) kips/ft2

The following table shows the displacements and seismic loading intensity for transverse loading.
Displacements and Seismic Loading Intensity for Transverse Loading
Displacements due to Seismic Loading Seismic Loads at

Location Uniform Transverse Intensity Pe(x), Quarter Points,
Loading Vs(x), (ft) (kips/ft) kips
Abutment 1 0 0 0
Span 1 1/4 0.000545 2.22 33.36
Span 1 1/2 0.000995 4.06 60.90
Span 1 3/4 0.001285 5.24 78.65
Pier 1 0.001384 5.65 84.71
Span 2 1/4 0.001285 5.24 78.65
Span 2 1/2 0.000995 4.06 60.90
Span 2 3/4 0.000545 2.22 33.36
Abutment 2 0 0 0
Calculate the Member Forces
From frame analysis, the transverse force on the pier = 66.2 kips
66.2 kips
Force at each bearing = ---------------------------- = 22.07 kips/bearing
3 bearings

Example 2: Longitudinal Force Calculation

for Pier in Tutor1
This example illustrates in detail the longitudinal load generation for the bridge pier, as
shown in Figure TH-21. The load generation will be carried out in accordance with
AASHTO Standard Specifications for Highway Bridges, Seventeenth Edition, 2002.
The pier geometry and material properties used in this example are the same as those
used in Tutorial 1.
1.88 K
3
LF 26’ 2
1.88 K 18’
1.88 K
1
Figure HC-24Longitudinal Forces on Pier Bearings

Generating for H20/HS20 lane load:
Loading = 0.64 K/ft with 18k rider
Contributing length = 60 ft
Number of lanes = 2
Lane reduction factor for 2 lanes = 1
LF = 5% lane load x number of lanes x lane reduction factor
LF = 0.05 (0.64 x 60 + 18) x 2 x 1
= 2.82 x 2 x 1
= 5.64K
This force is applied 6 ft above the deck:
Arm = 6 + 36/12 + 8/12 = 9.667 ft
Load per bearing = 5.64/3 = 1.88k
Moment generated by LF and Arm:
Mx = 5.64 x 9.667 = 54.52
This moment is applied as Cap load as moment about X at the center of the CAP.

Example 3: Centrifugal Force Calculation for

Pier in Tutor1
This example illustrates in detail the centrifugal load generation for the bridge pier, as
shown in Figure TH-21. The load generation will be carried out in accordance with
AASHTO Standard Specifications for Highway Bridges, Seventeenth Edition, 2002.
The pier geometry and material properties used in this example are the same as those
used in Tutorial 1.
CF
. 2
. Z
Figure HC-25Direction of Centrifugal Force on Pier Bearings

Considering HS20 Truck
Radius of curve = 1500 ft
Design Speed, S = 35 mph
Number of lanes = 2
Lane Reduction factor = 1

Considering the CF is applied in + X direction as shown in Figure TH-23.

2 2
6.68S 6.68 ( 35 )
C = ----------------- = ------------------------ = 5.455% of LL
R 1500
4.2185 4.2185 K
Y 1 2 3
. X
Z
18’
Figure HC-26Vertical Forces on Exterior Bearings

CF = 0.05455 x 72 * 2 x 1
= 7.855 Kip
Forces / bearing = 7.855/3 = 2.6184
CF is applied 6’ above the deck
Arm = 6 + 36/12 + 8/12 = 9.667’
CF generates moment about Z = axis, RC-PIER applies this moment as couple force in
& direction.
Mz = 7.855 x 9.667 = 75.934
75.934
Coupling force = ---------------- = 4.2185 K
18

Index IX
A D
Analysis and Load Combinations Design for fatigue HC-33
Analysis HC-60 Design Loads
Design of the Pier Cap HC-60 Interaction diagram HC-17
Load Combination HC-60 Slenderness About The X-Axis HC-16
Slenderness About the Z-Axis HC-16
Design of Positive Moment Section At Center of Cap
B Check Moment of Resistance (AASHTO 8.16.3.2)
HC-11
Bearing Loads Design of Shear Section at Inside Face of Column 1
manually add T2-15 Shear Design HC-12
Bridge Pier Diagram T4-2 Design of the Pile Cap
Analysis HC-62
Design of the STM Members
C Bottom Tension Ties HC-63
Compression Struts HC-64
Cap beam flexure design for maximum positive moment HC-
30
Cap shear & torsion design (inside first interior support) F
Calculate Longitudinal Reinforcement HC-37
Calculate Required Area of Stirrups for Shear HC-35 Fatigue Check
Check Maximum Stirrup Spacing HC-36 Allowable Fatigue Stress Range HC-23
Check Minimum Stirrup Area HC-36 Minimum Permanent Load Moment HC-22
Determine Combined Shear and Torsion Stirrup Minimum Soil Pressure Due to Live Load HC-22
Requirements HC-36 Minimum Stress Level HC-23
Determine Required Area of Stirrups for Torsion HC-35 X-Dir HC-22
Provided Stirrup Capacity HC-36 Flexure Design
Section Properties HC-34 Check Minimum Steel HC-43, HC-45
Column Design Crack Control HC-46
Reinforcement HC-15 Determine the Required Area of Steel HC-42, HC-45
Column design HC-15 X-Dir
Column #1 (left column) HC-37 HC-42
Cracking and Fatigue Check at Midspan Z-Dir
Distribution of Flexural Reinforcement (AASHTO HC-44
8.16.8.4) HC-13 Z-Dir (At face of column) HC-47
Fatigue Check (AASHTO 8.16.8.3) HC-14 Footing
Isolated Pile/Shaft Cap Design screen T1-29
Footing Design
Pile Reactions HC-24
Pile Reactions, Factored HC-25
Pile Reactions, Service HC-25
LEAP® RC-PIERv10.00.01.00 Index-1

IX Index
Footing design Load generation HC-57

Pile cap HC-24 Dead load from superstructure HC-6
Spread HC-18 Live Load
Footing Design – Pile Cap Due to HS20 Truck Only HC-6
Geometry HC-51 Wind Load HC-7
One Way Shear Design HC-52 Loads HC-28
Pile Reactions HC-51 Longitudinal earthquake loading HC-68
Footing Design - Spread Cap shear & torsion design (inside first interior support)
Determine the Maximum Factored Soil Pressure Check If Torsion May Be Neglected HC-34
HC-42
Determine the Maximum Service Soil Pressure
HC-41
Loads HC-41 M
Section Properties HC-41
Materials
Concrete Strength HC-28
Maximum tensile stress HC-33
H Minimum stress HC-33
Hammerhead Pier, Strut and Tie Model Design Multiple Column Pier (AASHTO LRFD)
(AASHTO LRFD) Analysis/Design Parameters (LRFD) screen T2-16
Analysis screen T3-13 Bearings/Girders screen T2-11
Bearings/Girders screen T3-5 Cap screen T2-17
Footing screen T3-16 Column screen T2-19
Geometry screen T3-3 Footing screen T2-20
Hammer Head Cap Parameters screen T3-4 Geometry screen T2-9
Loads screen T3-9 Image screen T2-13
Materials screen T3-6 Loads screen T2-14
Model screen T3-9 Materials screen T2-13
Project screen T3-3 Model screen T2-14
Strut and Tie Model Edit screen T3-6, T3-17 Pier Configuration screen T2-9
Superstructure Parameters screen T3-4 Project screen T2-8
Hand calculations for selected items HC-1 Tapered Cap Parameters screen T2-10
Hand Calculations for Selected ItemsProblem data
HC-3
O
I X-Dir HC-23
Interaction diagram HC-38
P
L Problem Data
Hammerhead Pier, Strut and Tie Model Design
Load Combination (Global Axis System)
(AASHTO LRFD) T3-2
Analysis results HC-10 Multiple Column Pier (AASHTO LRFD) T2-6
Load combinations HC-10, HC-30 Two-Column Integral Pier (AASHTO LRFD) T4-3
Load Factor Group I HC-5 Two-Column Pier, Auto Load Generation (AASHYO
service group I HC-5 LFD) T1-5
Two-Column Pier, Design for Plastic Hinging T1A-1
Index-2 LEAP® RC-PIERv10.00.01.00

Index IX
S Two-Column Integral Pier (AASHTO LRFD)

Analysis screen T4-19
Section & Design Parameters HC-10 Bearings/Girders screen T4-9
Cap screen T4-21
Seismic Auto Load Generation (AASHTO LFD)
Column screen T4-23
Longitudinal Earthquake Loading HC-68 Footing
Seismic Load Generation HC-67
Isolated Pile/Shaft Cap Design screen T4-26
Seismic load generation HC-67 Footing Design Results - Pile Cap screen T4-28
Single mode spectral method HC-66 Footing screen T4-26
Starting the Tutorial Geometry screen T4-6
Hammerhead Pier, Strut and Tie Model Design Integral Cap Parameters screen T4-7
(AASHTO LRFD) T3-3 Load Dependency Table screen T4-20
Two-Column Integral Pier (AASHTO LRFD) T4-5 Loads
Two-Column Pier, Design for Plastic Handling Load Data screen. T4-14
(AASHTO LFD) T1A-2 Materials screen T4-9
Project screen T4-5
Round Column screen T4-8
Structure Model screen T4-10
T Superstructure Parameters screen T4-6
Two-Column Pier, Auto Load Generation (AASHTO LFD)
Transverse earthquake loading HC-69
Analysis/Design Parameters (Standard) screen T1-20
Tutorial 3 Auto Load Generation
Hammerhead Pier, Strut-and-Tie Model Design Wind on Structure screen T1-19
(AASHTO LRFD) HC-55 Bearings/Girders screen T1-11
Tutorial Sessions Cap screen T1-21
Hammerhead Pier, Strut and Tie Model Design Column screen T1-24
(AASHTO LRFD) T3-1 Diagram screen T1-32
Tutorial sessions Footing Design Results - Spread screen T1-28
Hammerhead Pier, Strut and Tie Model Design T3-1 Footing screen T1-27
Multiple Column Pier T2-1 Geometry screen T1-8
Two-Column Integral Pier (AASHTO LRFD) T4-1 Image screen T1-13
Two-Column Pier, Auto Load Generation T1-1, T1A-1, Intermediate Strut screen T1-10
T4-1 Isolated Spread Footing screen T1-27
Two-Column Pier, Design for Plastic Hinging Loads screen T1-14
(AASHTO LFD) T1A-1 Materials screen T1-12
Pier Configuration screen T1-8
Two Way Shear Design HC-23
Project screen T1-7
Rectangular Non-Tapered Column screen T1-10
Save As screen T1-21
Straight Cap Parameters screen T1-9
Structure Model screen T1-12
Superstructure Parameters screen T1-9
LEAP® RC-PIERv10.00.01.00 Index-3

IX Index
W
Wind Load
Impact Factor HC-10

Loads from Superstructure HC-8
Loads on Pier Cap HC-8
Loads on Substructure HC-8
Loads on the Column HC-8
Longitudinal Wind Loads HC-7
Transverse Wind Loads HC-7
Wind Load on Moving Live Load HC-9
Index-4 LEAP® RC-PIERv10.00.01.00


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What is the design being demonstrated in this example?

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What design code is being used for this design?

Hand Calculations for Chapter

4'-6" 9'-0" 9'-0" 4'-6"

6" 4'-0" 4'-0" 6"

LEAP® RC-PIERv10.00.01.00 HC-1

46'-0" 14'-0" 14'-0" 46'-0"

4'-6" 9'-0" 9'-0" 4'-6"

(b) Cases LL1 and LL4

4'-6" 6'-0" 3'-0"

(c) Cases LL2 and LL3

Figure HC-2 Live Load Truck Positions (Tutorial 1)

HC-2 LEAP® RC-PIERv10.00.01.00

Wind Pressure = 40 psf

Figure HC-3 Wind Load on Substructure (Tutorial 1)

LEAP® RC-PIERv10.00.01.00 HC-3

Steel Yield Strength

HC-4 LEAP® RC-PIERv10.00.01.00

Wind on Live Load

Service Group III

Load Factor Group I

Load Factor Group IA

LEAP® RC-PIERv10.00.01.00 HC-5

Live Load: Due to HS20 Truck Only

HC-6 LEAP® RC-PIERv10.00.01.00

Cases LL2 and LL3

LEAP® RC-PIERv10.00.01.00 HC-7

HC-8 LEAP® RC-PIERv10.00.01.00

Total wind force = 0.04 × 4.098 = 0.164 kip/ft of column length

LEAP® RC-PIERv10.00.01.00 HC-9

Load Combination (Global Axis System)

Section & Design Parameters

HC-10 LEAP® RC-PIERv10.00.01.00

Design of Positive Moment Section At Center of Cap

0.85 × 0.85 × 4000  87000 

As = 0.0043 × 36 × 44.5 = 6.89 in2

Provided 10 - #8 bars = 7.90 in2 > 6.89 in2 OK

Clear spacing = 3.33 in - 1 in = 2.33 in > 1.5in OK

LEAP® RC-PIERv10.00.01.00 HC-11

Check Minimum Reinforcement (AASHTO 8.17.1)

Design of Shear Section at Inside Face of Column 1

φVc = 0.85 × 202.64 = 172.2 kips

HC-12 LEAP® RC-PIERv10.00.01.00

Vu − φVc 435 − 172.2

Cracking and Fatigue Check at Midspan

0.6 fy = 0.6 × 60 = 36 ksi

LEAP® RC-PIERv10.00.01.00 HC-13

Modular ratio, n = 29000

Cracking Ratio =36.29

Fatigue Check (AASHTO 8.16.8.3)

ff = 21 - 0.33 fmin + 8  ---

ff = 23.4 - 0.33 fmin

HC-14 LEAP® RC-PIERv10.00.01.00

Stress due to dead loads in bottom reinforcement:

Maximum live load moment with impact:

Fatigue Stress Range: 7.88 - 0 = 7.88 ksi

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At top of the column: