COURSE CODE: GEE 215

COURSE TITLE: WORKSHOP PRACTICE

NUMBER OF UNITS: 2 Units
COURSE DURATION: Two hours per week

COURSE LECTURER: ENGR. F. OAMEN ISAAC

INTENDED LEARNING OUTCOMES

At the completion of this course, students are expected to:

1. Observe safety precaution in the workshop.

2. Operate safety equipment e.g. fire extinguisher, safety water hose etc.
3. Use of personal protective equipment.
4. Observe all safety rules and regulations.
5. Use the marking out tools very well.
6. Produce simple objects by using the bench and hand tools.

COURSE DETAILS:
Week 1-2: Workshop Safety
Week 3-4: Classification of Machine Shop Marking Out Tools
Week 5-6: Machine Shop Measurement Tools and Types
Week 7-8: Carpentry
Week 9-10: The Use of Fitting Tools
Week 11: Metal Arc and Oxy-Acetylene Welding
Week 12: The Use of Machining Process /Revision

RESOURCES
• Lecturer’s Office Hours:
• Engr. F. Oamen Isaac: Thursdays 1-3pm.
• Books:
• Introduction to Basic Manufacturing Processes and Workshop Technology, 2nd
Edition by Rajender Singh. New Delhi, 2006. ISBN: 978-81-224-2316-7.

Project:
• Square filings of workpieces
• Construction of T-Lap and Dovetail joints
• Homework + Project: ~ 30% of final grade.

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• Exams:
• Final, comprehensive (according to university schedule): ~ 70% of final grade
Assignments & Grading
• Academic Honesty: All classwork should be done independently, unless explicitly stated
otherwise on the assignment handout.
• You may discuss general solution strategies, but must write up the solutions yourself.
• If you discuss any problem with anyone else, you must write their name at the top of your
assignment, labeling them “collaborators”.
• NO LATE HOMEWORKS ACCEPTED
• Turn in what you have at the time it’s due.
• All homeworks are due at the start of class.
• If you would be away, turn in the homework early.
• Late construction of projects will not be accepted, but penalized according to the percentages
given on the syllabus.

PREAMBLE:

Basic Engineering Workshop practice is important in school and industrial

environments to produce finished products for the service of mankind. The
knowledge of Engineering Workshop practices is highly essential for all engineers
and technocrats for familiarizing themselves with modern concepts of
manufacturing technologies. It is necessary to provide both theoretical and practical
knowledge of manufacturing processes and workshop practices to all the engineering
students. Therefore, an attempt has been made through this lecture note to present
both the theoretical and practical knowledge of these subjects. Considering the
general needs of engineering students in the country and the fact that they hardly get
any exposure to hand tools, equipment, machines and manufacturing setups, a basic
course in Engineering Workshop practice remains a core subject for all the branches
of engineering. This material is put together to address manufacturing
processes/technology, workshop technology and workshop practices for engineering
diploma and degree classes prescribed by different universities and state technical
boards. While preparing the manuscript of this note, the examination requirements
of the engineering students have also been kept in mind. The material is written in a
very simple language so that even an average student can easily grasp the subject
matter.

Lecture note by Engr. F. Oamen Isaac is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-
NoDerivatives 4.0 International License

[WORKSHOP PRACTICE, EDO UNIVERSITY IYAMHO] Page 2

WORKSHOP SAFETY

All tools are dangerous if used improperly or carelessly. Working safely is the first
thing the student should learn because the safe way is the correct way.

Most of the safety practices mentioned in this section are general in nature. Safety
precautions for specific tools and machines are explained in this chapter including
the analysis of the equipment.

Basics

• Always listen carefully to the teacher and follow instructions.

• Do not run in the workshop, you could cause an accident.
• Know where the emergency stop buttons are positioned in the workshop.
• Always wear an a laboratory coat or coverall as it will protect your clothes
and hold loose clothing such as ties in place.
• Wear good strong shoes. Training shoes are not suitable.
• When attempting practical work all stools should be put away.
• Bags should not be brought into a workshop as people can trip over them.
• When learning the use any machine in the workshop, carefully listen to all the
instructions given by the instructor. Ask questions, if you do not understand.
• Do not use a machine if you have not been shown how to operate it safely.
• Always be patient, never rush in the workshop.
• Always use a protective guard when working on a machine.
• Keep hands away from moving/rotating machinery.
• Use hand tools carefully, keeping both hands behind the cutting edge.
• Report any damage to machines/equipment as this could cause an accident.

Personal Protective Equipment

Personal protective equipment (PPE) includes all types of equipment used to

increase individual safety while performing potentially hazardous tasks. This
includes safety glasses, hard hats, gloves, laboratory coats or coverall, respirators,
or any equipment used to protect against injury.

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 Fig. 1 Personal Protective Equipment

Eye Protection
Eye protection is needed when there is a chance of injury from chemicals and flying
particles. Operations requiring the use of eye protection include, but not limited to:

• Chipping, grinding, and impact drilling.

• Welding or helping in welding of any type.
• Riveting, grinding, or burning metals.

Fig. 2

Foot Protection
Non-skid shoes shall be worn where floors may be wet or greasy. Where there is
obvious probability of foot or toe injury from impact and compression forces,
safety footwear shall be worn.

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 Fig. 3

Body Protection
Loose fitting clothing, neckties, rings, bracelets, or other apparel that may be
entangled in moving machinery should not be worn by machine operators or their
helpers. Laboratory coat or coverall should be worn.

Fig. 4
Hand Protection
Gloves for multiple functions shall be worn to protect the hands from injuries
caused by handling sharp or jagged objects, wood, or similar hazard-producing
materials. See Fig. 5.

Fig. 5

Head Protection
Helmets or hard hats should be worn by all personnel working below other workers
and in areas where sharp projections or other head hazards exist.

Fig. 6

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Hearing Protection
Recommended hearing protection should be used when working in designated
hazardous noise workshops and laboratories with operating noise sources, or using
tools or equipment which are labeled as hazardous noise producers.

Fig. 7

Proper Lifting Techniques

Before lifting any object in the workshop, take a moment to think about what you
are about to do. Examine the object for sharp corners, slippery spots or other
potential hazards. Know your limit and don't try to exceed it. Ask for help if
needed, or if possible, divide the load to make it lighter. Know where you are
going to set the item down and make sure that the item and your path are free of
obstructions. Then follow these steps.

1. Stand close to the load with your feet spread apart about shoulder width, with
one foot slightly in front of the other for balance.

Fig. 8

2. Squat down bending at the knees (not your waist). Tuck your chin while keeping
your back as vertical as possible.

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 Fig. 9

3. Get a firm grasp of the object before beginning the lift.

Fig. 10

4. Begin slowly lifting with your LEGS by straightening them. Never twist your
body during this step.

Fig. 11

5. Once the lift is complete, keep the object as close to the body as possible. As the
load's center of gravity moves away from the body, there is a dramatic increase in
stress to the lumbar region of the back.

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 Fig. 12

Hand and Power Tools

Tools are such a common part of our lives that it is difficult to remember that they
may pose hazards. All tools are manufactured with safety in mind but, tragically, a
serious accident often occurs before steps are taken to search out and avoid or
eliminate tool-related hazards.

Hand Tools

Hand tools are non-powered. They include anything from axes to wrenches. The
greatest hazards posed by hand tools result from misuse and improper
maintenance.

Basic Rules for Hand tool Safety

 Safety is a state of mind. Always think when using a tool:

 Is it in good condition?
 Is it sized right for the job?
 Is it in the proper working condition?
• Every tool was designed to do a certain job. Use it for its intended purpose.
• Tools subject to impact (chisels, star drill, punches, etc.) tend to
"mushroom". Keep them dressed (sharpened) to avoid flying spalls. Use tool
holders.
• Secure your work in a vise whenever possible. Never hold small work in
your hand when using a screwdriver.
• Hammers should have heads ground properly. Should not have broken claws
or handles.
• Cutting tools should be kept sharp to ensure good smooth cutting. Always
use proper handles.
• Screwdriver points should not be badly worn and handles should be in good
condition. Use the proper size and type of screwdriver for the job.

Appropriate personal protective equipment, e.g., safety goggles, gloves, etc.,

should be worn due to hazards that may be encountered while using portable power
tools and hand tools.

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Power Tools

Power tools can be extremely dangerous if they are used improperly. Each year,
thousands of people are injured or killed by power tool accidents. Common
accidents associated with power tools include abrasions, cuts, lacerations,
amputations, burns, electrocution, and broken bones. These accidents are often
caused by the following:

• Touching the cutting, drilling, or grinding components

• Getting caught in moving parts
• Suffering electrical shock due to improper grounding, equipment defects, or
operator misuse
• Being struck by particles that normally eject during operation
• Touching hot tools or work pieces
• Falling in the work area
• Being struck by falling tools

When working around power tools, you must wear personal protective equipment
and avoid wearing loose clothing or jewelry that could catch in moving machinery.
In additional to general shop guidelines, follow these guidelines for working with
power tools:

• Use the correct tool for the job. Do not use a tool or attachment for
something it was not designed to do.
• Select the correct bit, blade, cutter, or grinder wheel for the material at hand.
This precaution will reduce the chance for an accident and improve the
quality of your work.
• Always operate tools at the correct speed for the job at hand. Working too
slowly can cause an accident just as easily as working too fast.
• Watch your work when operating power tools. Stop working if something
distracts you.
• Before clearing jams or blockages on power tools, disconnect from power
source. Do not use your hand to clear jams or blockages, use an appropriate
tool.
• Never reach over equipment while it is running.
• When the chance for operator injury is great, use a push stick to move
material through a machine.

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 • Disconnect power tools before performing maintenance or changing
components.
• Remove chuck keys or adjusting tools prior to operation.
• Keep all guards in place. Cover exposed belts, pulleys, gears, and shafts that
could cause injury.

Guards

Moving machine parts must be safeguarded to protect operators from serious

injury. Belts, gears, shafts, pulleys, fly wheels, chains, and other moving parts must
be guarded if there is a chance they could contact an employee.

As mentioned before, the hazards associated with moving machinery can be

deadly.

There are three types of barrier guards that protect people from moving machinery.
They consist of the following:

• Fixed guards
• Interlocked guards
• Adjustable guards

Safety guards must never be removed when a tool is being used. For example,
portable circular saws must be equipped with guards. An upper guard must cover
the entire blade of the saw. A retractable lower guard must cover the teeth of the
saw, except when it makes contact with the work material. The lower guard must
automatically return to the covering position when the tool is withdrawn from the
work.

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 Fig. 13 Guards

Good Housekeeping

Good housekeeping shall be maintained in all shops, yards, buildings, and mobile
equipment. Supervisors are responsible for good housekeeping in or around the
work they are supervising. As a minimum, the following requirements shall be
adhered to:

• Material shall not be placed where anyone might stumble over it, where it
might fall on someone, or on or against any support unless the support can
withstand the additional weight.
• Aisles and passageways shall be kept clear of tripping hazards.
• Nails shall be removed from loose lumber or the points turned down.
• Ice shall be removed from all walkways and work areas where it may create
a hazard or interfere with work to be done. If ice cannot be removed readily,
sand or other approved materials shall be applied.
• Trash and other waste materials shall be kept in approved receptacles. Trash
shall not be allowed to accumulate and shall be removed and disposed of as
soon as practicable, at least once per shift (or more often if needed).
• Disconnect switches, distribution panels, or alarm supply boxes shall not be
blocked by any obstruction which may prevent ready access.
• Machinery and equipment shall be kept clean of excess grease and oil and
(operating conditions permitting) free of excessive dust. Pressure gauges and
visual displays shall be kept clean, visible, and serviceable at all times. Drip
pans and wheeled or stationary containers shall be cleaned and emptied at
the end of each shift.

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Tutorial

Fig. 14

(1) Look at Fig. 14 and write the correct number beside each statement:
( ) Loose tools carried while mounting a ladder.
( ) Badly arranged tools.
( ) Climbing up on unstable supports.
( ) Carrying things that limit the vision ahead.
( ) Throwing tools.
( ) Lift wood pieces with nails.
( ) Uncleaned workshop floor.
( ) Pointing compressed air on others.
( ) Broken bottles on the ground.
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 ( ) Lift pipes in the middle of the workshop.
( ) Standing bellow lifted materials.
( ) Carrying long bars.
( ) Carrying heavy loads.
( ) Uncovered pits.

(2) Which of the four sketches below shows the correct way to lift a heavy load?

Fig. 15

(3) What special precautions should be taken with regard to the storage of
flammable substances?

FITTING AND MEASURING TOOLS

These days small, medium and heavy industries are using automatic machines. But
bench and fitting work also plays a significant role for completing and finishing a
job to the desired accuracy. Most of semi-finished works can be accomplished with
fairly good degree of accuracy in a reasonable time through various kinds of quick
machining operations. They still require some minor operations to be performed to
finish the job by hand. The term bench work denotes the production of an article
by hand on the bench. Whereas fitting is the assembling of parts together and
removing metals to secure the necessary fit, and may or may not be carried out at
the bench. These two types of work require the use of a large number of hand tools
and other devices or equipment that involve a number of operations for
accomplishing the work to the desired shape and size. Some of the commonly used
tools are discussed as under.

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TOOLS USED IN FITTING SHOP

Tools used in bench and fitting shop are classified as under.

1. Marking tools
2. Measuring devices
3. Measuring instruments
4. Supporting tools
5. Holding tools
6. Striking tools
7. Cutting tools
8. Tightening tools, and
9. Miscellaneous tools

The above mentioned tools are further classified and discussed as under.

1. Marking Tools

These are sub classified as steel rule, circumference rule, straight edge, flat steel
square, scriber, semi-circular protractor, divider, trammel, prick punch, centre
punch, try square, bevel square, vernier protractor, combination set and surface
gauge.

2. Measuring Devices

Commonly used measuring devices and instruments used in bench and fitting shop
are fillet and radius gauge, screw pitch gauge, surface plate, try square, dial gauge,
feeler gauge, plate gauge and wire gauge.

3. Measuring Instruments

Line measuring and end measuring devices. While using line measuring device,
the ends of a dimension being measured are aligned with the graduations of the
scale from which the length is read directly such as scales or steel rules. Whereas,
with end measuring device, the measurement is taken between two ends as in a
micrometer, vernier calipers and gauge block, etc.

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End measuring devices are commonly used for measuring accurate and precision
dimensions of components. Some measuring instruments are employed for
measuring linear dimensions and others are suitable for determining angular or
geometric dimensions. Few measuring instruments are also kept for reference
purposes as standards of comparison. The main measuring instruments are listed as
under.

(i) Linear measurements

(A) Non-precision instruments

1. Steel rule
2. Calipers
3. Dividers
4. Telescopic gauge
5. Depth gauge

(B) Precision instruments

1. Micrometers
2. Vernier calipers
3. Vernier depth gauges
4. Vernier height gauges
5. Slip gauges

(C) Comparators

(D) Coordinate measuring machines

(ii) Angular measurements

(A) Non-precision instruments

1. Protector
2. Engineers square
3. Adjustable bevel

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4. Combination set

(B) Precision instruments

1. Bevel protector
2. Angle gauges
3. Sine bar
4. Clinometers
5. Autocollimators
6. Sprit level

(iii) Surface measurement

1. Straight edge
2. Surface gauge or Scribing block
3. Surface table
4. Optical flat
5. Profilo-meter

4. Supporting Tools

These are vee-block, marking table, surface plate, and angle plate.

5. Holding Tools

These are vices and clamps. Various types of vices are used for different purposes.
They include hand vice, bench vice, leg vice, pipe vice, and pin vice. The clamps
are also of different types such as c or g clamp, plane slot, goose neck, double end
finger, u-clamp, parallel jaw, and clamping block.

6. Striking Tools

These are various types of hammers such as ball peen hammer; straight peen
hammer; cross-peen hammer; double face hammer; soft face hammer.

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7. Cutting Tools

These involve various types of files, scrapers, chisels, drills, reamers, taps, snip or
shear and hacksaws.

Files. There are different types of files such as flat, square, round, triangular, knife,
pillar, needle and mill.

Scrapers. These are flat, hook, triangular, half round types.

Chisels. There are different types of chisels used in fitting work such as flat chisel,
cross cut chisel, diamond point chisel, half round chisel, cow mouth chisel and side
cutting chisel. The other cutting tools are drills, reamers, taps, snips, hacksaws
(hand hacksaw and power hacksaw) etc.

8. Tightening Tools

These are pliers and wrenches, which are sub classified as under.

Pliers. These are namely ordinary, needle nose, and special type.

Wrench. These are open single ended, open double ended, closed ended
adjustable, ring spanner, offset socket, t- socket, box wrench, pipe wrench and
allen wrench.

9. Miscellaneous Tools

These are die, drifts, counter sink tools, counter boring tools, spot facing bit and
drill press.

Some of above mentioned important tools are discussed as under.

CARPENTRY

Carpentry may be defined as the process of making wooden components. It starts

from a marketable form of wood and ends with finished products. It deals with the
building work, furniture, cabinet making. Etc. joinery, i.e., preparation of joints is
one of the important operations in all woodworks.
[WORKSHOP PRACTICE, EDO UNIVERSITY IYAMHO] Page 17
It deals with the specific work of carpenter like making different types of joints to
form a finished product.

TIMBER

Timber is the name given to the wood obtained from well grown trees. The trees
are cut, sawn into various sizes to suit building purposes.

The word, ‘grain’, as applied to wood, refers to the appearance or pattern of the
wood on the cut surfaces. The grain of the wood is a fibrous structure and to make
it strong, the timber must be so cut, that the grains run parallel to the length.

Timber sizes

Timber sold in the market is in various sizes and shapes. The following are the
common shapes and sizes.

a. Log ‐ the trunk of the tree which is free from branches.

b. Balk ‐ the log, sawn to have roughly square cross section.
c. Post ‐ a timber piece, round or square in cross section, having its diameter or
side from 175 to 300mm.
d. Plank ‐ A sawn timber piece, with more than 275 mm in width, 50 to 150 mm in
thickness and 2.5 to 6.5 meters in length.
e. Board ‐ A sawn timber piece, below 175 mm in width and 30 to 50 mm in
thickness.
f. Reapers ‐ Sawn timber pieces of assorted and non‐standard sizes, which do not
confirm to the above shapes and sizes.

Classification of Timber

Wood suitable for construction and other engineering purposes is called timber.
Woods in general are divided into two broad categories: Soft woods and Hard
woods.

Soft woods are obtained from conifers, kair, deodar, chir, walnut and seemal. Woods
obtained from teak, sal, oak, shisham, beach, ash mango, neem and babul are
known as hard wood, but it is highly durable.

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Another classification of woods is based on the name of the trees like teak, babul,
shisham, neem, kair, chir, etc.

Seasoning of Wood

A newly felled tree contains considerable moisture content. If this is not removed,
the timber is likely to wrap, shrink, crack or decay. Seasoning is the art of
extracting the moisture content under controlled conditions, at a uniform rate, from
all the parts of the timber. Only seasoned wood should be used for all carpentry
works. Seasoning makes the wood resilient and lighter. Further, it ensures that the
wood will not distort after it is made into an object.

Characteristics of Good Timber

A good timber must possess the following characteristics:

a. It should have minimum moisture content, i.e., the timber should be well
seasoned.
b. The grains of wood should be straight and long.
c. It must retain its straightness after seasoning.
d. It should produce near metallic sound on hammering.
e. It should be free from knots or cracks.
f. It should be of uniform color, throughout the part of the wood.
g. It should respond well to the finishing and polishing operations.
h. During driving the nails and screw, it should not split easily.

METAL JOINING OPERATION

Welding is the process of joining similar metals by the application of heat, with or
without application of pressure or filler metal, in such a way that the joint is
equivalent in composition and characteristics of the metals joined. In the
beginning, welding was mainly used for repairing all kinds of worn or damaged
parts. Now, it is extensively used in manufacturing industry, construction of ships,
tanks, locomotives and automobiles and maintenance work, replacing riveting and
bolting, to a greater extent.

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The various welding processes are:

1. Electric arc welding,

2. Gas welding
3. Thermal welding
4. Electrical Resistance welding and
5. Friction welding

However, only electric arc and gas welding processes are discussed in the subject
point of view.

ELECTRIC ARC WELDING

Arc welding is the welding process, in which heat is generated by an electric arc
struck between an electrode and the work piece. Electric arc is luminous electrical
discharge between two electrodes through ionized gas.

Fig.16 Arc welding set up

Any arc welding method is based on an electric circuit consisting of the following
parts:

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a. Power supply (AC or DC);
b. Welding electrode;
c. Work piece;
d. Welding leads (electric cables) connecting the electrode and work piece to the
power supply.

Electric arc between the electrode and work piece closes the electric circuit. The
arc temperature may reach 10000°F (5500°C), which is sufficient for fusion the
work piece edges and joining them. When a long joint is required the arc is moved
along the joint line. The front edge of the weld pool melts the welded surfaces
when the rear edge of the weld pool solidifies forming the joint.

Transformers, motor generators and rectifiers’ sets are used as arc welding
machines. These machines supply high electric currents at low voltage and an
electrode is used to produce the necessary arc. The electrode serves as the filler rod
and the arc melts the surface so that, the metals to be joined are actually fixed
together.

Sizes of welding machines are rated according to their approximate amperage

capacity at 60% duty cycle, such as 150,200,250,300,400,500 and 600 amperes.
This amperage is the rated current output at the working terminal.

Transformers

The transformers type of welding machine produces A.C current and is considered
to be the least expensive. It takes power directly from power supply line and
transforms it to the voltage required for welding. Transformers are available in
single phase and three phases in the market.

Motor generators

These are D.C generators sets, in which electric motor and alternator are mounted
on the same shaft to produce D.C power as pert the requirement for welding. These
are designed to produce D.C current in either straight or reversed polarity. The
polarity selected for welding depends upon the kind of electrode used and the
material to be welded.

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Rectifiers

These are essentially transformers, containing an electrical device which changes

A.C into D.C by virtue of which the operator can use both types of power (A.C or
D.C, but only one at a time). In addition to the welding machine, certain
accessories are needed for carrying out the welding work.

Welding cables

Two welding cables are required, one from machine to the electrode holder and the
other, from the machine to the ground clamp. Flexible cables are usually preferred
because of the case of using and coiling the cables. Cables are specified by their
current carrying capacity, say 300 A, 400 A, etc.

Electrodes

Filler rods are used in arc welding are called electrodes. These are made of metallic
wire called core wire, having approximately the same composition as the metal to
be welded. These are coated uniformly with a protective coating called flux. While
fluxing an electrode; about 20mm of length is left at one end for holding it with the
electrode holder. It helps in transmitting full current from electrode holder to the
front end of the electrode coating. Flux acts as an insulator of electricity. Figure.4
shows the various parts of an electrode.

Fig. 17 Parts of an electrode

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METAL MACHINING PROCESS (TURNING)

In a machine shop, metals are cut to shape on different machine tools. A lathe is
used to cut and shape the metal by revolving the work against a cutting tool. The
work is clamped either in a chuck, fitted on to the lathe spindle or in‐between the
centers. The cutting tool is fixed in a tool post, mounted on a movable carriage that
is positioned on the lathe bed. The cutting tool can be fed on to the work, either
lengthwise or cross‐wise. While turning, the chuck rotates in counter‐clockwise
direction, when viewed from the tail stock end.

PRINCIPAL PARTS OF A LATHE

Fig. 18 shows a center lathe, indicating the main parts. The name is due to the fact
that work pieces are held by the centers.

Fig. 18 Parts of a center lathe

Bed

It is an essential part of a lathe, which must be strong and rigid. It carries all parts
of the machine and resists the cutting forces. The carriage and the tail stock move
along the guide ways provided on the bed. It is usually made of cast iron.

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Head stock

It contains either a cone pulley or gearings to provide the necessary range of

speeds and feeds.

It contains the main spindle, to which the work is held and rotated.

Tail stock

It is used to support the right hand end of a long work piece. It may be clamped in
any position along the lathe bed. The tail stock spindle has an internal Morse taper
to receive the dead center that supports the work. Drills, reamers, taps may also be
fitted into the spindle, for performing operations such as drilling, reaming and
tapping.

Carriage or Saddle

It is used to control the movement of the cutting tool. The carriage assembly
consists of the longitudinal slide, cross slide and the compound slide and apron.
The cross slide moves across the length of the bed and perpendicular to the axis of
the spindle. This movement is used for facing and to provide the necessary depth
of cut while turning. The apron, which is bolted to the saddle, is on the front of the
lathe and contains the longitudinal and cross slide controls.

Compound Rest

It supports the tool post. By swiveling the compound rest on the cross slide, short
tapers may be turned to any desired angles.

Tool Post

The tool post, holds the tool holder or the tool, which may be adjusted to any
working position.

Lead Screw

It is a long threaded shaft, located in front of the carriage, running from the head‐
stock to the tailstock. It is geared to the spindle and controls the movement of the
tool, either for automatic feeding or for cutting threads.
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Centers

There are two centers known as dead center and live center. The dead center is
positioned in the tail stock spindle and the live center, in the head‐stock spindle.
While turning between centers, the dead center does not revolve with the work
while the live center revolves with the work.

Lecture note by Engr. F. Oamen Isaac is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-
NoDerivatives 4.0 International License

[WORKSHOP PRACTICE, EDO UNIVERSITY IYAMHO] Page 25