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Intelligent Road Traffic Control System for Traffic Congestion A Perspective

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 International Journal of Computer Sciences and Engineering Open Access
Review Paper Vol.-6, Issue-7, July 2018 E-ISSN: 2347-2693

Intelligent Road Traffic Control System for Traffic Congestion:

A Perspective

Pallavi A. Mandhare 1*, Vilas Kharat 2, C.Y. Patil 3

1
Department of Computer Science, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, India
2
Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, India
3
Instrumentation and Control Department, College of Engineering, Pune, India
*
Corresponding Author: [email protected], Tel.: 9422512387

Available online at: www.ijcseonline.org

Accepted: 13/Jul/2018, Published: 31/Jul/2018

Abstract— An important measurement for the cost-effective growth of any nation is rapidly increasing vehicle count. The effect of
raise in vehicle count grows the traffic congestion. It results in wastage of energy, time and environmental pollution. To meet the
demands of an overgrowing city the traditional traffic lights deployed in cities are not sufficient since these traffic lights have
specific predetermined time intervals for changing from a red phase to green phase. This major issue, that most of the cities is
facing in spite of measures being taken to palliate and reduce it. In recent years traffic congestion has become apparent as one of
the major challenges for engineers, planners, and policymakers, not in all urban setting, but worldwide. In this regard with the help
of Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS), several attempts were made to automate the traffic lights based on the density of
vehicles on the road. Some researchers suggested the use of various distinctive sorts of strategies and computerized sensor
frameworks to examine traffic density and to tackle the congestion issue depending on the traffic nature. This paper reviews
different sensor frameworks by analyzing the pros and cons of each in cost, reliability, accuracy, efficiency, and maintenance
overhead.
Keywords—Intelligent Transportation Systems; Computer Vision; Machine Learning; Wireless Sensors; Traffic Control;
I. INTRODUCTION We can say that the purpose of ITS is to take advantage of the
appropriate technologies to create “more intelligent” roads,
The transportation system is important in everyone‟s life.
vehicles and users. Several ITS technologies were developed
Traffic congestion is a major issue in our daily life. There are
and started to use in the 80s in many countries. The Zero-Sum
several reasons for the sudden surge in the traffic, in many
Ltd. Japanese firm who expertise in ITS along with
regions. The main reason can be defined as, to increase in the
Ahmadabad Municipal Corporation launched its pilot project
population which in turn has caused a rise in the number of
on real-time traffic information in the city of Ahmadabad. This
vehicles on the road. Also, there are several other issues for
was the first ITS Solution with the integrated commercial
traffic congestion like insufficient infrastructure, ineffective
system in India. One of the big milestones for ITS measure
management of capacity (i.e. poor traffic timing), work zone,
was carried out during “2010 Asian Games” at China for
special events, emergencies, unconstraint demands etc. In the
parallel traffic control and management [3].
past few years, development in wireless communication
An ITS application must detect, control and reduce congestion
technologies and the development of vehicular network
based on online data that describes traffic patterns such as,
standards tiled the way for the implementation of ITS. ITS is
density, speed, travel time, the geographic position of vehicles
defined as the application of advanced sensors, computer,
and the current time. To accomplish this goal, however, the
electronics and telecommunication technologies and
main challenge is how to forecast congestion and re-route
management strategies in an integrated way to improve the
vehicles appropriately by considering the time impact on
safety and efficiency of the transportation system [1]. The
future traffic in an area of interest [4]. Inadequate capacity or
major goal of ITS is to evaluate, develop, analyze and integrate
density and unrestrained demand are interconnected but signal
the sensors, information communications technologies, and
delays are hard coded and do not depend on the amount of
concept to make efficient traffic flow to improve
traffic density. Therefore there is a need to optimize the traffic
environmental quality, save energy, conserve time such that
control system and make it more dynamic so as to
enhance the comfort of drivers, pedestrian, and other traffic
accommodate the varying traffic density. This paper provides
groups[2].
reviews of the various techniques are proposed by different
authors to automate and optimize the traffic signal for traffic

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 International Journal of Computer Sciences and Engineering Vol.6(7), July 2018, E-ISSN: 2347-2693

flow. The paper is organized into many sections, in which auxiliaries of the ITS out of which most significant and
section II will give the historical perspective and an overview extensively used all over the world to solve the traffic and
of the state of the art on worldwide ITS. Section III highlights transportation problem are as follows:
a comparative study of all the existing methods used with
advantages and disadvantages. Section IV describes the
challenges and issues of worldwide and Indian ITS. Finally,
section V concludes the study and some future work.

II. ITS BACKGROUND

Intelligent Transportation Systems is a global trend, attracting
worldwide interest from transportation professionals,
automotive industry, and political decision makers. ITS is
related to advanced communication, information, and
electronics technology to solve transportation problems such as
traffic congestion, safety, transport efficiency and
environmental conservation, characterized as:

Figure 2: Subsidiaries of ITS

 Advanced Traveler Information System (ATIS): It
implements a broad range of technologies, such as
internet, telephones, cellular phones, television, radio,
etc. to help travelers and drivers in making informed
decisions regarding trip departures, optimum routes,
and available modes of travel.
 Advanced Traffic Management System (ATMS): It is
used by traffic police department and traffic
regulation authorities as a tool to manage and control
traffic by monitoring the flow of traffic and making
appropriate decisions in a timely manner. Traffic
Figure1: Architecture / Overview Structure of ITS
management systems optimize the movement of
As per the figure, 1 components of ITS can be defined as:
vehicles, by using real-time information to interfere
 Automated Data Collection: It needs extensive and with and adjust controls such as traffic signals to
precise strategic planning through hardware and improve traffic flow.
competent software. Automatic vehicle identification,  Advanced Public Transportation System (APTS): It is
GPS based vehicle locator, cameras, sensors etc. are concerned with increasing operational efficiency of
the some of the hardware used for data collection. all public transportation modes and increasing
With this large amount of data the analysis can be condition by making the transportation system more
done like traffic count, surveillance, travel speed, time, reliable. With the help of APTS the way public
location, delay etc. transportation systems functioning is transformed and
 Data Transmission: It is a key aspect of rapid and the nature of the transportation services that can be
real-time information communication in ITS offered by public transportation systems are changed.
implementation. Information can be communicated by  Emergency Management System (EMS): It is the
a traffic-related announcement to the traveler through newest research field in the intelligent transportation
SMS, internet, on-board units of vehicles etc. system. EMS is mainly concerned with the
 Data Analysis: It contains adaptive logical analysis, application of different intelligent transportation
error rectification, data cleaning, and data syntheses. system technologies to develop a transport system
The processed data analyzed further to forecast traffic which can provide help in the emergency conditions
scenario. Real-time information like travel time, delay, [5].
accidents on roads, change in route, work zone, The architecture and different developed models over the years
diversions etc. is the gain after data analysis [4]. of four major branches of ITS have been considered by
With respective above points ITS covers and improves almost researchers in their studies using vehicle to infrastructure (V2I)
all the aspects of transportation engineering. There are many or vehicle to vehicle (V2V) communications, for ease of life

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 International Journal of Computer Sciences and Engineering Vol.6(7), July 2018, E-ISSN: 2347-2693

quality in metropolitan, urban areas complex management  Types of parameters (input and output) such as traffic
strategies with network-wide traffic control needed. As quantity, waiting time, previous and current traffic
determined the goal of efficient traffic control using design data information/knowledge to make traffic routing.
process and investigation of algorithm and infrastructure with  Traffic data collection methods used and
proper traffic planner is done in [10][57]. communication methods applied/considered.
 Smart traffic control (STC) at a single intersection or
II-A. WORLDWIDE ITS
multiple intersections or both.
Now a day‟s many countries have accepted applications of this  The way of improvement in the performance of traffic
ITS not only for traffic congestion control but for road safety control to avoid congestion.
and proper utilization of infrastructure too. Many organizations Video Analytics Deployed in traffic domain for traffic
are coming with multiple solutions related to the ITS issues. congestion control:
Because of ITS has become a multidisciplinary conjunctive Generally, the problem of vehicle counting is mostly done
field of work, between public, private and academic sectors. using deploying inductive loops. These loops provide high
In the U.S., Department of intelligent transportation system accuracy but are very disturbing at the roadway, that's why it
focuses on automation, connected vehicles, emerging comes with high maintenance cost. Most of video analytics
capabilities, enterprise data, interoperability and accelerating system on traffic congestion focuses on counting and doing
deployment [18]. classifications for more statistics. The vehicle identification is
European ITS has taken a major step towards deployment and used with self-adaptive windows to estimate the mean travel
use of road transport since 2008. Other public-private time under traffic demand and supply uncertainty (i.e recurrent
partnership programs aim at safety applications of ITS like traffic congestion, bottleneck etc) [46]. In [8], demonstrated
connected automated driving, deployment, and use of motion-based tracking with trajectory analysis method is to
intelligent safety [43]. improve intersection behavior analysis for accurate turning
United Kingdom has done some remarkable executions of ITS movement count at the intersection. There is a major problem
as follows-electronic toll collection, cameras are installed to with mixed vehicle (e.g. cars, scooter, heavy vehicle etc)
observe the traffic activities etc. Intelligent speed adaption is traffic flow that has been tackled in [5]. Image processing
also implemented using GPS[48]. algorithm is used to estimate traffic density using cameras.
ITS features in Dubai are traffic jam alerts, parking, parking Based on analysis of traffic images from live traffic evidence
guidance, dynamic onboard navigation system for car users of congestion collapse which lasts for the extended time period
[53]. shown in [9]. Many ITS applications rely on lane-level vehicle
Canada is the first country that introduced ITS. ITS has arrangement (positioning) that requires high accuracy,
traveler information system, public transport services bandwidth, availability, and integrity. Lane-level positioning
consisting transit, management, real-time passenger methods must reliably work in real time in a wide range of
information etc[49]. environments demonstrated in[16]. There are many lighting
A few cities in India have implemented ITS projects such as and weather conditions effects on vision-based systems. Such
automatic parking, highway toll collection, traffic signal system must adopt all these lighting conditions. The different
management, and public transportation management. Chennai cues are given related to this kind of situation in [21][25][28].
city authorities have initiated traffic management by installing Because of uncertainty in the traffic flows with the machine-
surveillance cameras at intersections and supervise the traffic vision algorithm an autonomous fuzzy control system also
flow. Being a part of the project FM radio station played a very used in [39]. All representative of vision-based approaches that
good role in transmitting traffic jam in Chennai. With the help were analyzed in details are highlighted in Table 1:
of radar, accelerometer gun and smart cameras traffic control,
as well as vehicle number detection, is implemented in
Mumbai. A pilot project was implemented in Hyderabad and
Delhi by initiating SMS based system for road users and BRT Refer Algorithm Outcome
system implementation in Pune[50]. Also, because of ence
inefficient management of traffic and increasing vehicle count [5] An optimization The investigation provides
creating inconsistencies reported [52]. model for signaling queue length, queue
time at intersection clearance time
III. STUDY OF EXISTING METHODS undermixed heavy
The papers reviewed based on the following points: traffic
 Approaches used to make traffic routing and a signal [8] Vision-based Estimate turning movement
controlling decisions, i.e. adaptive (learning) versus Vehicle tracking count, speed profile and
non- adaptive, simulation versus real-time and hybrid system waiting time
strategies. [9] Road traffic Intelligent decision making
congestion system for traffic controlling

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with image [13] Trip modeling system Predict the

mosaicking traveling speed
technique profile for the
[16] Computer vision and Inertial navigation selected route
differential pseudo based on the traffic
range Global information
Positioning System [17] Distributed unsupervised Simulation on
with Kalman filter traffic-responsive signal control multi-agent system
[21] Vision-based Vehicle detection with hybrid computational provide effective
automatic vehicle intelligent techniques control of large-
detection under  fuzzy neural network scale traffic
lighting conditions  hybrid multi-agent network
[25] Night time traffic Vehicle detection, racking system
surveillance video and speed estimator [27] Generalized Beta-Gaussian Predicated traffic
[29] Detecting and Vehicle tracking Bayesian Network variables like:
tracking of traffic  link travel
shockwaves time
[37] Traffic Signal Automatically estimation of  link flow
Controlling using traffic density and duration  link
image processing of each traffic light densities
[39] Machine vision Vehicle detection and their time
algorithm and fuzzy evaluation in a real
expert system network
[40] The vision-based Vehicle detection, density [30] Discrete-Time Hidden Markov Inferring the traffic
intelligent traffic estimation Model with classical Baum- signal phases from
management system Welch or Bayesian learning sequences of
[46] Vehicle Estimation of mean travel algorithm maneuvers
Reidentification time [33] An intelligent decision-making The integrated
System system with system gave an
Table 1  Artificial Neural efficient
Machine Learning Framework: Network performance for
Machine learning and intelligence are being practical in (backpropagation) adaptable traffic
numerous ways for tackling difficult confronts in many fields  Expert System (Fuzzy control problem
including transportation, energy etc. A good machine learning- Expert system for
based system requires all elements like sensors and data decision making)
analytics capability to generate good results. A better
understanding of the new technology is also important before Table 2
system implementation to achieve high order performance for
traffic monitoring and management. For a correct prediction of Smart Technologies for Traffic Control:
traffic information in real time such as flow, density, speed
included intelligent traffic control systems to optimize the To improve safety and efficiency many research groups focus
vehicle operations. Neural network, reinforcement learning their attention on the emerging technologies as a feasible
techniques/frameworks used for efficient traffic signal policy, alternative to solve the traffic problem. The flexibility and
see [11][13][17][27][31][33]. For road network management increasing capacity of emerging technologies help to create
the optimization techniques are given in [14]. All cooperative automotive systems and reduce investment as well
representatives of vision-based approaches that were analyzed as operational cost and then making more well-organized
in details are highlighted in Table 2 : transport system. Communication technologies are also
Refer Algorithm Outcome helping to build a vehicular network to reduce traffic
ence congestion given in [11]. In order to enable the deployment of
[11] Multi-agent system and Scheduling longest the system, the vehicle must be equipped with wireless radios
reinforcement learning queue first at the and communication devices must be placed at the roadsides. In
framework, a Q-learning intersection this sense, the advanced technology, particularly in the area of
algorithm with feedforward mobile computing, wireless ad-hoc network (VANETs), is
neural networks emerging and these vehicles can communicate with other

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vehicles and infrastructures, i.e. V2V, V2I as observed in  Fuzzy expert system
[6][12][15][32]. Using inductive loop base traffic signals are  Artificial Neural
analyzed in [36]. The traffic prediction is done with VANETs Network
for traffic prediction [38].The historical traffic pattern is also a  Wireless Sensor
great asset in the maneuver of transportation management Networks
system [45]. Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) gain more [36] Inductive loop detection for Automation of
attention in traffic detection. Taxonomy of different schemes traffic traffic signal
for avoiding congestion with a number of sensors given in [45] Functional data analysis Recognizing
[41]. All representatives of smart technology approaches that patterns of daily
were analyzed in detail are highlighted in Table 3 : traffic profiles
Refer Algorithm Outcome Table 3
ence
[1] Used vehicle to infrastructure Travel time
communication and approximate estimation and
dynamic programming with the adaptive traffic IV. ISSUES AND CHALLENGES
simulation parameters like signal control Several attempts were made for the traffic optimization by
vehicle dimension, vehicle researchers. One of the challenges is to integrate the
acceleration profile, vehicle predictions for upcoming traffic conditions. Another challenge
braking profile, driving behavior is to design flexible model to deal with objectives like time,
[6] Make use of mobile phone for Detection of road financial cost, convenience and environmental pollution etc.
accelerometer-based vehicular traffic congestion From the technical point of view, correct detection of vehicle
movement detection, map- density on road by keeping high accuracy including improved
matching for the traveled road algorithmic solutions for multiple cues, for statistical and
segment, using cellular signal learning methods, sensors and telematics (e.g. V2X
traffic congestion estimation of communication, GPS). One of the key aspects in ITS is proper
traveled road collection of dataset can carried out by employing more
[12] Understanding of Internet of Predict arrival powerful sensors or developing sensor fusion to handle
Things infrastructure in bus time of buses and software and hardware issues coming at algorithmic level. In
transportation system in crowded inside the Asian nation like India, the National Development Policy
Singapore bus Committee (NTDPC) was legitimate by the government of
[15] Using Taxi GPS tracing for the Automatic bus India in 2010 to formulate long run ITS policy. It identifies
human mobility pattern in the route generation methodologies to unravel current ITS issues and targeted
city using two-phase approach towards too long run vision on 2032 by introducing multi-
for night bus route planning : model structures[26].
 Phase I- cluster hot Because of people's demand and expectation of service quality
areas with dense has changed due to the availability of maps, GPS, etc. People
passengers for plan their routes based on distance, time and cost. Therefore
identifying a location in „Information and Communication Technology' (ICT) enabled
the cluster as a transport is stressed nowadays. This functionality will help to
candidate bus stop collect more efficient data and analytics will lead towards the
 Phase II-Given the bus better decision making in systematic execution of ITS
route origin, destination, applications [54].
candidate bus stop, For the ITS implementation the key aspects that India is facing
maximum total travel are given by world bank study report : improper developed
time and bus operation road networks, economical restriction observed in the
frequency builds bus government, uncontrolled population growth, lack of resources
route graph. for function and maintenance of roads, less requirement for
[31] Using low-frequency data probe Estimated automation, less interest in decision making and lack of user
manuscript for pre-time traffic collection of awareness.
signals Signal Phase and At the same time, the number of small scaled ITS pilot projects
Timing are being implemented that are given in the previous section.
information So far there is hardly any fully implemented ITS application
[34] Smart traffic control system to Traffic control and present in India.
make traffic routing decision management In India, ITS applications must focus on emergency
management, congestion management, advanced traffic

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© 2018, IJCSE All Rights Reserved 914

 International Journal of Computer Sciences and Engineering Vol.6(7), July 2018, E-ISSN: 2347-2693

Prof. Vilas S Kharat, graduated with Physics,

Chemistry and Mathematics, subsequently
did his Master of Science from the Dr. B. A.
Ambedkar Marathwada University,
Aurangabad and Doctor of Philosophy from
the University of Pune. During late Eighties
he joined as a lecturer and in mid Nineties
University of Pune, became full Professor in
2005. He is recipient of four consecutive best
research papers awards by Indian
Mathematical Society for the years 1998, 1999, 2000 and 2001.
Professor Kharat has published number of research papers in different
international journals. Five students have obtained their Ph.D. degrees
and work of seven is in progress and importantly he has to his credit a
partial solution to a very famous Frankl‟s Conjecture in collaboration
with his research student. Kharat is also member of various learned
societies including IEEE, American Mathematical Society member of
various academic bodies which includes Board of studies, Research
and Recognition Committee, Faculty of Science of various
universities.

Prof. C.Y. Patil is the Head of Department

at Department of Instrumentation and
Control, College Of Engineering, Pune. He
has more than 22 years teaching
experiencers. A PhD in Instrumentation, he
has international journal, national journal,
international conferences and national
conference papers to his name. He is a life
member of Indian Society of Technical
Education (ISTE), Instrument Society of
India (ISOI) and Biomedical Society of India. Currently working on
the above research, he has previously worked on Design and
development of Wireless Sensor Network for Greenhouse Agriculture
and Fuzzy based energy efficient & environment friendly Air
conditioner.

© 2018, IJCSE All Rights Reserved 915

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