What Are The Different Investigation Methods Carried Out Before Grouting?

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UNIT - 2 Grouting
1. What are the different investigation methods carried out before

grouting?
 Drilling and direct inspection to accurately locate and determine local

conditions
 Taking coring samples for laboratory tests
 Drilling with drilling data recording to locate fissured zones, voids and the
interface between structure and surrounding ground
 Borehole logging with BHTV Scanner examination (optical/seismic)
 Non-destructive geophysical investigations (seismic resistivity)
 Water testing (constant head or falling head tests conducted in borehole)
 Underground flow & temperature measurements
 Pumping test to assessment of initial hydraulic conditions.
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2. What are the applications of grouting?
A. Grouting May Be Used In The Following Applications:
 Filling Voids To Prevent Excessive Settlement

 To Increase Allowable Pressure Of The Soil Both For New Structures And / Or
Additions To Existing Structures.
 Control Of Groundwater Flow
 Prevention of Loose - Loose to Medium Sand Densification under Adjacent
Structures (i.e. both for Vertical and Lateral Movements) Due To Adjacent
Excavations, Pile Driving Etc. Ground Movement Control During Tunneling
Operations
 Soil Strengthening To Reduce Lateral Support Requirement
 Soil Strengthening To Increase Lateral And Vertical Resistance Of Piles.
 Stabilization Of Loose Sands Against Liquefaction
 Foundation Underpinning
 Slope Stabilization
 Volume Change Control Of Expansive Soils Through Pressure Injection Of
Lime Slurry (Only For Some Expansive Soils Not All)
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3. Give the systematic representation of different methods of grouting?
A.
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4. Explain about different grouting materials?
A. Grout Materials:
1. Suspensions: Small particles of solids are distributed in a liquid dispersion
medium.
Example: cement and clay in water
2. Emulsions: A two phase system containing minute (colloidal) droplets of liquid
in a disperse phase.
Example: bitumen and water. Foams created by emulsifying a gas into the grout
material, which could be cement or an organic chemical. Foaming agents increase
surface tension; assist in forming bubbles by agitation.
3. Solutions: Liquid homogeneous molecular mixtures of two or more substances.
Example: sodium silicate, organic resins, and a wide variety of other so called
chemical grouts.
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5. Give the classification of grouting?
A.
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6. Explain briefly different types of grouting?
A. Types of Grouting
 Penetration grouting or Permeation grouting

 Displacement grouting
 Compaction grouting
 Grouting of Voids
 Jet grouting
 Electro grouting
Penetration grouting or Permeation grouting
This method describes the process of filling joints or fractures in rock or pore
spaces in soil with a grout without disturbing the formation
Displacement grouting
It is the injection of grout into a formation in such a manner as to move into the
formation, it may be controlled, as in compaction grouting or uncontrolled. As in
high pressure soil or rock grouting which leads to splitting of the ground, also called
hydro fracture.
Compaction grouting
Grout mix is specifically designed so as not to permeate the soil voids or mix with
the soil. Instead, it displaces the soil into which it is injected.
Jet grouting
The high-pressure water or grout is used to physically disrupt the ground, in the
process modifying it and thereby improving it
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Grouting of Voids
Using this process, grout is pumped under pressure into a void beneath a structure.
The cavity might have been caused by a water supply or drainage line break where
the soils have been washed away.
Ideal for situations during new construction or machine placement where a void
cannot be easily filled without extensive rip out. To account for proper travel and
strength qualities, the grout mix is custom-designed for each application.
Electro grouting
Electro grouting is a term used for promoting electrochemical hardening during

electro osmosis by adding chemicals, such as sodium silicate or calcium chloride, at
the anode. Under the influence of the electric field, these chemicals permeate the
ground, flowing in the direction of the cathode, while the anode becomes a grout
injection pipe.
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7. Explain compaction grouting?
 Compaction grouting is a ground treatment technique that involves injection

of a thick-consistency soil-cement grout under pressure into the soil mass,
consolidating, and thereby densifying surrounding soils in place.
 The injected grout mass occupies void space created by pressure-
densification.
 Pump pressure, as transmitted through low-mobility grout, produces
compaction by displacing soil at depth until resisted by the weight of
overlying soils.
 When injected into very dense soils or bedrock, compaction grout remains
somewhat confined, since the surrounding material is quite dense.
 However, when injected into under-consolidated or poorly compacted soils,
grout is able to "push" these materials aside.
 When grouting treatment is applied on a grid pattern, the result is improved
compaction of displaced soils and greater uniformity of the treated soil mass.
 As a secondary benefit, the resulting grout columns add strength in the
vertical axis, as typical grout compressive strengths exceed those of the
surrounding soils.
 Compaction grouting applications include densification of foundation soils,
raising and relieving of structures and foundation elements, mitigation of
liquefaction potential, augmentation of pile capacity and pile repair, and
densification of utility trench backfill soils.
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COMPACTION GROUTING
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8. Explain Permeation Grouting?
 Permeation grouting is a term used to describe a ground treatment method

in which grout is injected into a porous medium without disturbing its original
structure.
 In geotechnical engineering, this usually refers to the process of filling the
pores and joints in a soil and/or rock deposit to change its geotechnical
properties.
 Almost any grout material may used for permeation grouting, but there are
distinct limits on the grout mix used for specific types of soil or rock.
 Applications are for enhanced foundation bearing value, improvement of
excavation character in sands and reduction of liquefaction potential.
 The image shows a sample of permeation grouted sand from a project that
required steep-walled footing excavations in running sands.
 The proposed excavation area was permeation grouted with a microfine
cement slurry prior to cutting footing trenches, resulting in a significant
reduction in project cost. Unconfined compressive strength tests performed
confirmed the improvement
 Particulate grouts are typically water-based slurries of cement, fly ash, lime
or other finely ground solids that undergo a hardening process with time.
These materials may be used to fill pores and joints in soil and rock, provided
the grout particles are small enough to be carried through the pore or joint
openings.
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 A good rule of thumb is that the effective particle diameter in the grout
suspension should be less than the dimension of the pore or joint aperture
divided by 5.
 Slurry grout mixes used for permeation grouting are designed primarily to
promote passage of the grout particles into the porous medium. The grain
size of the slurry is matched to the pore aperture and steps are taken to
assure the grout particles are properly dispersed in the grout.
 To eliminate the effect of bleed on Portland cement grout, additives are used
to hold the cement grains in suspension at water to cement ratios that would
otherwise be quite unstable. The most common additive is a water
suspension of bentonite. Even small amounts of bentonite increase the
interparticle forces dramatically and hold the cement particles in suspension.
 Permeation grouting is also known as Penetration grouting

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9. Explain Displacement Grouting?
A. Displacement grouting is the injection of grout into a formation in such a

manner as to move the formation, it may be controlled, as in compaction grouting
or uncontrolled, as in high-pressure soil or rock grouting which leads to splitting of
the ground, also called hydro fracture.
 Displacement grouting involves the use of grout to displace soil
 Such displacement can fill voids, cap sinkholes, deal with poor soils and leave
grout mass in place.
 Displacement grouting constitutes a method of introducing support elements
into a soil which cannot otherwise be modified readily.
 Such grouting takes on a number of names such as pressure grouting,
cement grouting, slurry grouting, all of which are designations of both
grouting and grout.
 The grouts involved in Displacement grouting range from compaction grout,
through low mobility non-cohesive grout, to thinner and less viscous
materials.
 Many are cement based because of low cost although ground rubber, walnut
shells, oyster shells, and many other available things have been used in
grout, depending on the problem.
DISPLACEMENT GROUTING
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10. Explain Jet Grouting?
A. Jet grouting is a technique where high-speed water jets emanating from a drill
bit cut into alluvial soils; as the drill bit is withdrawn, grout is pumped through
horizontal nozzles and mixes with or displaces the soil. The original foundation
material is thus replaced with a stronger and/or more impermeable grout-soil
mixture. Jet grouting may be used to form cutoff walls, do underpinning, or form
deep foundations similar to grouted auger piles.
 The high-pressure water or grout is used to physically disrupt the ground, in

the process modifying it and thereby improving it
 Jet grouting blasts extremely high pressure fluids into the ground at ultra
high velocities. The soil is broken up and mixed with the fluids to become
one mass which then hardens.
 Depending on the application and soils to be treated, one of three variations
is used: the single fluid system (slurry grout jet), the double fluid system
(slurry grout jet surrounded by an air jet) and the triple fluid system (water
jet surrounded by an air jet, with a lower grout jet).
 The jet grouting process constructs soilcrete panels, full columns or anything
in between (partial columns) with designed strength and permeability.
 Jet grouting has been used to underpin existing foundations, construct
excavation support walls, and construct slabs to seal the bottom of planned
excavations.
 Jet grouting is effective across the widest range of soil types of any grouting
system, including silts and most clays. Because it is an erosion-based
system, soil erodibility plays a major role in predicting geometry, quality and
production.
 Cohesionless soils are typically more erodible by jet grouting than cohesive
soils. Since the geometry and physical properties of the soilcrete are
engineered, the properties of the soilcrete are readily and accurately
predictable.
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 Jet grouting’s ability to construct soilcrete in confined spaces and around

subsurface obstructions such as utilities, provides a unique degree of design
flexibility.
 Indeed, in any situation requiring control of groundwater or excavation of
unstable soil (water-bearing or otherwise) jet grouting should be considered.
JET GROUTING STAGES IN JET GROUTING

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11. Explain stages in Grouting flow?
A. Grouting in stage may be in a descending or ascending direction.
In descending method, impregnation of the ground occurs in advance of the

borehole, which is advantageous in loose soil or rock.
In ascending technique, grouting follows drilling as a separate phase.
Water pressure testing is possible immediately prior to grouting, allowing for a

choice of the most suitable grout type, pressure and quantity of grout for that
particular stratum.
Following points to be taken care of:
 Minimum wastage of grout.

 Least damage to the ground.
 Maximum gain in strength or reduction in seepage.
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12. Explain Grouting Techniques and controls?
 The hole is drilled and cased

 A steel or plastic tube, slotted at regular intervals is inserted. The vertical
slots are covered with a rubber sleeve.
 As the casing is withdrawn, the space between the sleeve tube and the
borehole wall is sealed with a cement-bentonite grout.
 After the seal has set, the grouting tube is inserted grout exist between two
packers allowing injection through selected slots with increasing pressure,
the rubber sleeve bursts and grout flows into the soil.
 With the sleeve tube technique, grouting can be repeated in the same hole
using different viscosity grout or different chemicals in a planned sequence.
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13. Write a note on post grout test.
A. Post Grouting of anchors can significantly improve the load carrying capacity of
anchors in cohesive soils by increasing the skin friction of the anchor grout body
with the soil.
Post-grouting process is performed by the following stages:
 Constructing bored pile with the nowadays commonly used technology is

grout spouting technology attached to the steel cage at least 2 bottom sealed
steel pipe D90, symmetry through the center, along the length of the pile,
10-20cm distance from the bottom of pile
 The bottom of the pile spouting grout structure; after installing steel cages
conducting concrete bored piles
 Drilling the bottom hole of two D90 steel pipes to soil under the pile tip
 Pumping high pressure water with 80-200 bar to wash bottom of the pile
until the ejected water is as fresh as pumped water

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[Type text]

1. What are the different investigation methods carried out before

 Drilling and direct inspection to accurately locate and determine local

2. What are the applications of grouting?

A. Grouting May Be Used In The Following Applications:

 Filling Voids To Prevent Excessive Settlement

3. Give the systematic representation of different methods of grouting?

4. Explain about different grouting materials?

5. Give the classification of grouting?

6. Explain briefly different types of grouting?

 Penetration grouting or Permeation grouting

Penetration grouting or Permeation grouting

Electro grouting is a term used for promoting electrochemical hardening during

7. Explain compaction grouting?

 Compaction grouting is a ground treatment technique that involves injection

8. Explain Permeation Grouting?

 Permeation grouting is a term used to describe a ground treatment method

 Permeation grouting is also known as Penetration grouting

9. Explain Displacement Grouting?

A. Displacement grouting is the injection of grout into a formation in such a

10. Explain Jet Grouting?

 The high-pressure water or grout is used to physically disrupt the ground, in

 Jet grouting’s ability to construct soilcrete in confined spaces and around

JET GROUTING STAGES IN JET GROUTING

11. Explain stages in Grouting flow?

A. Grouting in stage may be in a descending or ascending direction.

In descending method, impregnation of the ground occurs in advance of the

In ascending technique, grouting follows drilling as a separate phase.

Water pressure testing is possible immediately prior to grouting, allowing for a

Following points to be taken care of:

 Minimum wastage of grout.

12. Explain Grouting Techniques and controls?

 The hole is drilled and cased

13. Write a note on post grout test.

Post-grouting process is performed by the following stages:

 Constructing bored pile with the nowadays commonly used technology is

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