This document classifies different types of syncope based on their underlying causes and clinical features. It divides syncope into cardiac, neurally mediated, orthostatic hypotension, and other categories. Cardiac syncope can be due to arrhythmias, structural heart disease, or other structural problems. Neurally mediated syncope includes situations like carotid sinus syndrome or vasovagal responses. Orthostatic hypotension syncope has causes such as drugs, postural tachycardia syndrome, or autonomic nervous system disorders. Each type of syncope is described in terms of common scenarios, features on examination, and any relevant medical history.
This document classifies different types of syncope based on their underlying causes and clinical features. It divides syncope into cardiac, neurally mediated, orthostatic hypotension, and other categories. Cardiac syncope can be due to arrhythmias, structural heart disease, or other structural problems. Neurally mediated syncope includes situations like carotid sinus syndrome or vasovagal responses. Orthostatic hypotension syncope has causes such as drugs, postural tachycardia syndrome, or autonomic nervous system disorders. Each type of syncope is described in terms of common scenarios, features on examination, and any relevant medical history.
This document classifies different types of syncope based on their underlying causes and clinical features. It divides syncope into cardiac, neurally mediated, orthostatic hypotension, and other categories. Cardiac syncope can be due to arrhythmias, structural heart disease, or other structural problems. Neurally mediated syncope includes situations like carotid sinus syndrome or vasovagal responses. Orthostatic hypotension syncope has causes such as drugs, postural tachycardia syndrome, or autonomic nervous system disorders. Each type of syncope is described in terms of common scenarios, features on examination, and any relevant medical history.
This document classifies different types of syncope based on their underlying causes and clinical features. It divides syncope into cardiac, neurally mediated, orthostatic hypotension, and other categories. Cardiac syncope can be due to arrhythmias, structural heart disease, or other structural problems. Neurally mediated syncope includes situations like carotid sinus syndrome or vasovagal responses. Orthostatic hypotension syncope has causes such as drugs, postural tachycardia syndrome, or autonomic nervous system disorders. Each type of syncope is described in terms of common scenarios, features on examination, and any relevant medical history.
Cardiac syncope Arrhythmia (e.g., bradyar- Generally abrupt and unprovoked; palpitations Abnormal electrocardiographic findings, family history rhythmias, ventricular may precede symptoms of sudden death, personal history of heart disease, tachyarrhythmias, sudden onset of palpitations, symptoms during or supraventricular tachyar- after exertion while in supine or prone position rhythmias), pacemaker dys- function, channelopathies Obstructive cardiomyopathy Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy or exertional Often asymptomatic; may cause arrhythmias, chest syncope in persons with a family history of pain, shortness of breath, or syncope; dynamic sudden cardiac death systolic murmur that intensifies from squatting to standing or during Valsalva maneuver Structural cardiac disease Acute myocardial infarction or ischemia Diaphoresis, exertional chest pain, nausea, shortness of breath; rare cause of syncope Arrhythmogenic right ventricular Asymptomatic, atypical chest pain, dizziness, exertional cardiomyopathy syncope, family history of sudden cardiac death, palpitations, right ventricular structural abnormalities Infiltrative (e.g., amyloidosis, Arrhythmias, heart block, heart failure hemochromatosis, sarcoidosis) Valvular disease (e.g., aortic stenosis, mitral Symptoms dependent on severity; severe aortic stenosis, pulmonary stenosis) stenosis can manifest with congestive heart failure, exertional angina, or syncope Other structural disease Acute aortic dissection Hypotension or shock, severe sharp chest pain with or without radiation to the back, history of hypertension Cardiac masses (e.g., atrial myxoma, cardiac Arrhythmia via direct invasion, embolization, heart tumors) failure, systemic symptoms, valvular regurgitation Cardiac tamponade Elevated jugular venous pressure, hypotension, pulsus paradoxus, sinus tachycardia Pulmonary hypertension Often asymptomatic; may cause fatigue and shortness of breath Saddle pulmonary embolus Acute shortness of breath, chest pain, hypoxia, right heart strain, sinus tachycardia Neurally mediated (reflex) syncope Carotid sinus syndrome/ Head rotation or pressure on the carotid Ventricular pause or decreased systolic blood pressure hypersensitivity sinus (e.g., from shaving or tight collar) can after carotid sinus massage; may coincide with reproduce symptoms; consider in patients syncope with unexplained falls Situational Brought on by coughing, defecation, Absence of heart disease; history of similar syncope; gastrointestinal stimulation, or urination; prolonged standing, eating, or voiding may occur after exercise or meals Vasovagal Mediated by fear, heat exposure, noxious Prodromal symptoms (e.g., diaphoresis, dizziness, stimuli, pain, or stress nausea), precipitating factors Orthostatic hypotension syncope Drug induced Alcohol, antianginal agents, antidepressants, Initiation or change in dosage antidiabetic agents, antihypertensives, antiparkinsonian agents, diuretics, flibanserin (Addyi), insulin Postural tachycardia Young adults (predominantly female); Severe orthostatic intolerance with marked tachycardia syndrome associated with chronic fatigue syndrome and mitral valve prolapse Primary autonomic failure Multiple sclerosis, multiple system atrophy Orthostatic hypotension with postural change (e.g., Shy-Drager syndrome), Parkinson disease/ parkinsonism, Wernicke encephalopathy Secondary autonomic failure Amyloidosis, chronic inflammatory Orthostatic hypotension with postural change demyelinating polyneuropathy, connective tissue diseases, diabetes mellitus, Lewy body dementia, older age, spinal cord injury, uremia Volume depletion Acute blood loss (e.g., gastrointestinal Hypotension, tachycardia, history of volume/blood bleeding, ectopic pregnancy), diarrhea, loss, dehydration on examination inadequate fluid intake, vomiting
The Ideal Heart Healthy Diet Cookbook; The Superb Diet Guide To Lower Your Blood Pressure And Cholesterol Levels With Nutritious Low Sodium Low Fat Recipes
