Name: Jerome L.

Legaspi Section: BSIE – 2A

BLOG ENTRY

The History of Science, Technology and Intellectual Revolutions that

defined Society

Outline of the Blog Entry:

I. History of Science
a. Scientific Revolution
II. History of Technology
a. Technological Revolution
III. How Science and Technology correlates each other and affects society
IV. Intellectual Revolution that defined society

The historical backdrop of science contemplates the rise and advancement of

deliberate information. The historical backdrop of science is an old interest, yet a
generally youthful order. This can be said to have happened when improvements in
different parts of studies, particularly in science, material science, math, astronomy and
science, totally changed the method of doing numerous things. The Scientific
Revolution is a muddled and curved term upon whose particular periods and
entertainers no one concurs upon. Various researchers and history specialists have
figured out how to make their own rendition of the upheaval, with their own
confirmations of different occasions. Immediately, a few history specialists guarantee
that it started with Copernicus and was done with Sir Isaac Newton a hundred and
after fifty years.

According to the study of Tim Lambert (Lambert, 2012), the classification of the
scientific revolution is as follows:
Ancient Greek Science

 The Ancient Greeks were the first scientists. Greek philosophers tried to explain
what the world is made of and how it works. Empedocles (c. 494-434 BC) said
that the world is made of four elements, earth, fire, water, and air. Aristotle (384-
322 BC) accepted the theory of the four elements. However, he also believed that
the Sun, Moon, and planets are made of a fifth element and are unchanging.
Aristotle also studied zoology and attempted to classify animals.

Advances in Astronomy

 In the 2nd century AD a man called Ptolemy stated that the Earth is the center of
the universe. The sun and the other planets orbit the Earth. In the 16th century a
Pole called Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543) realized this is untrue. The Earth
and the other planets orbit the Sun. However, his theory was not published until
just before his death.

Galileo

 Then in 1609 Galileo heard of a new invention from Holland. A man named
Hans Lippershey had invented the telescope. Galileo made his own telescope
and soon improved it. Using a telescope Galileo was able to see several things
invisible to the naked eye. Firstly he could see many stars not visible without a
telescope. Secondly, the ancient Greeks believed that the Moon was smooth.
Looking through a telescope Galileo could see the Moon's surface is actually
rough, with mountains and craters. He also discovered 4 small 'moons' orbiting
the planet Jupiter. At the time these were astonishing discoveries. Until then
nobody knew that any of the other planets, apart from Earth, had 'moons'.

Advances in Medicine

 At that time doctors made great progress in understanding how the human body
works. In 1628 William Harvey published his discovery of how blood circulates
around the body. The Roman writer Galen said that blood passes from one side
of the heart to the other through the septum. However, by 1555 the great surgeon
Vesalius had reached the conclusion that no such holes exist and that blood can
not pass from one side of the heart to the other in that way.

Scientists in the 17th Century

 Isaac Newton is Britain's greatest scientist. In 1668, he invented a reflecting

telescope.
  Newton published his masterpiece Philosophiae Naturalis Principia
Mathematica in 1687. It set out his theory of gravity and his laws of motion.
Newton realized that there is a universal force (gravity) that attracts all objects in
the universe to each other. His theory of gravity explained the movements of the
planets. In 1704 Newton also published a book on light called Optics. Newton
showed that white light is made up of several colors.

Science in the 18th Century

 During the 18th century chemistry made great advances. In 1751 a man named
Axel Cronstedt discovered nickel. In 1766 Henry Cavendish (1731-1810) isolated
hydrogen and studied its properties. (He also calculated the density of the Earth).
In 1772 Daniel Rutherford (1749-1819) discovered Nitrogen. In 1774 Joseph
Priestley discovered oxygen. In 1756 Joseph Black (1728-1799) discovered carbon
dioxide.

Science in the 19th Century

 During the 19th century science made great progress. In 1808 John Dalton (1766-
1844) published his atomic theory. According to the theory, matter is made of
tiny, indivisible particles. Dalton also said that atoms of different elements had
different weights. John Dalton also studied colour blindness. In 1827 the German
chemist Friedrich Wohler (1800-1882) isolated aluminium. In 1828 he produced
urea, an organic compound from inorganic chemicals. A Russian, Dmitri
Mendeleev (1834-1907) formulated the Periodic Table, which arranged all the
known elements according to their atomic weight.

Charles Darwin

 In 1831 Darwin sailed on the beagle. In February 1832 the Beagle reached Brazil.
Darwin spent three years in different parts of South America collecting
specimens. Then in September 1835, the Beagle sailed to the Galapagos Islands.
Darwin was surprised to learn the local people could tell by looking at a tortoise
which island it came from. Darwin also studied finches. Each island had a
different species of finch. Later Darwin came to the conclusion that all were
descended from a single species of finch. On each island, the finches had
diverged and become slightly different.
Science in the 20th Century

 During the 20th century science continued to go forward at fantastic speed.

Scientists came to understand the atom. In 1910 Ernest Rutherford (1871-1937)
discovered the atomic nucleus. He realized that almost all the mass of an atom is
in the nucleus with electrons orbiting it. In 1932 James Chadwick (1891-1974)
discovered the neutron.

The historical backdrop of technology is the historical backdrop of the creation of

apparatuses and procedures and is one of the classes of world history. Technology can
allude to techniques going from as basic as stone apparatuses to the complex hereditary
designing and data innovation that has risen since the 1980s. It was first used to portray
applied expressions, yet it is presently used to depict progressions and changes which
influence the earth around us. A technological revolution is a period wherein at least
one advances is supplanted by another, novel innovation in a short measure of time. A
technological revolution for the most part expands profitability and effectiveness. It
might include material or philosophical changes brought about by the presentation of a
gadget or framework. The technological revolution modifies the material states of
human presence and can reshape culture. It can assume a function as a trigger of a
chain of different and erratic changes.

In the study about Structures of and Revelations from Technological Revolutions by He,
Chuanqi. (2011) he categorized the technological revolutions as follows:

The first technological revolution, marked by the invention of steam engine and
machinery, was mainly about motive power technology (steam engine) and machine
manufacturing (spinner and machine tool), and drove the development in such areas as
coal, iron, metallurgy, petrochemicals and transportation. It lasted more than 120 years
from 1698 when the first steam pump was made to 1825 when the first practical railway
was built.

The second technological revolution, marked by the invention of electric generator and
internal combustion engine, was mainly about power technology (electric generator and
electric motor), transportation technology (internal combustion engine) and
telecommunication technology, and drove the development in areas such as steel,
petrochemicals, automobile, aircraft, electrical appliances, etc. It lasted more than 70
years from 1832 when the electric generator was invented to 1906 when radio
broadcasting was invented.
The third technological revolution, marked by the invention of computer and the
Internet, included two stages which were overlapped to some extent, i.e., electronics
and information technology. Both the revolutions in electronics and information
technology consisted of the main areas and driven areas; and such driven or affected
areas were broader than in the previous two technological revolutions, involving many
fields of technologies. The revolution in electronics lasted a short span of time from
about 1946 to 1970 while that in information technology will last longer from 1970 to
2020. The two stages together will last over 70 years, as long as the span of the second
technological revolution.

Technological revolutions can produce a “sheep effect”. The technological

breakthrough in one field may lead to the technological progress in related fields or
affect the technological advances in other fields, giving rise to one after another new
technology and eventually turning into a revolution that change people’s lifestyle and
mode of production.

Science and technology studies, or science, technology and society contemplate is

the investigation of how society, governmental issues, and culture influence logical
exploration and mechanical advancement, and how these, thusly, influence society,
legislative issues and culture. Science and technology are key drivers to improvement,
in light of the fact that mechanical and logical upsets support financial advances,
upgrades in wellbeing frameworks, training and foundation.

Relationship of Science, Technology and Society by Chavda, Sagarkumar (Chavda,

2010)

 Infrastructures in the society has developed with the help of science and
technology. The invention of the telephone and radio services has expanded
human communication. Society cannot exist without the industry we have
today. Society needs science and technology. A computer helps us. The impact
of science and technology can be seriously recognized.
 Science and technology have greatly contributed in practice to the vision of man
over himself. Science has changed the opinion about the origin of man and place
of origin as well. Through the results of scientific discoveries, the perception of
people about his behavior and his place of origin was diversely changed.
Experiments in science today are in one way or another to the detriment of
society. Take for example of the attempt to clone a human being. The experiment
has a lot of controversy, as the company skeptical about them.
  As science and technology is linked to society is something that calls also for
government intervention. Science and technology issues are actually discussed
worldwide today. Progress in this has led to produce the ability to integrate
different types of physical products.

The intellectual revolution was a power to determine the essentials of a person; it

was a continuous discovery of self-worth, determination, and knowledge to open one’s
mind in the world of authoritarian leaders. It was a place for improvement,
reconstruction, and a free-will to make self-more valuable. It will transform societies
through critical-thinking, evaluation, and creating appropriate rules for equal
opportunity. It is a continuous process of development to achieve the needs of society.
The collaborations of great minds make the world peaceful and progressive. The
challenges of intellectual revolutions were the diversity of culture, religions, traditions,
and philosophies. Fortunately, culture and traditions were now included in the
curriculum of education; therefore, the conflict will be lessened. The consensus of all
leaders, communities, and all the elements around the world must be reflected in every
era to make the world a place of everybody.

References

Tim Lambert. (2012). A BRIEF HISTORY OF SCIENCE. Retrieved from

(http://www.localhistories.org/science.html)

He, Chuanqi. (2011). The scientific and technological revolution and world
modernization. Retrieved from
(https://www.researchgate.net/publication/216522452_The_scientific_and_technological
_revolution_and_world_modernization/)

Chavda, Sagarkumar. (2012). RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY

AND SOCIETY. Retrived from
(https://www.researchgate.net/publication/312921786_RELATIONSHIP_BETWEEN_SC
IENCE_TECHNOLOGY_AND_SOCIETY)