Homogeneous Flow Model: NPTEL, IIT Kharagpur, Prof. Gargi Das, Department of Chemical Engineering

Module 5 :
Homogeneous Flow Model
Lecture 11 :
Homogeneous Flow Model (Contd.)
NPTEL , IIT Kharagpur, Prof. Gargi Das, Department of Chemical Engineering Page 1
From the above equation the two phase frictional pressure drop has been expressed in
terms of related single phase pressure drop that is the pressure drop encountered when
the entire mixture flows as liquid at the total mass flow rate. Such ratios are termed as
two phase multipliers in two phase terminology. There are four types of two phase
multipliers. Two of them φ Lo
2
and φ L2 are expressed in terms of liquid flow only
through the pipe and the other two φ go2 and φ g2 are in terms of gas flow only through
the same conduit under the same conditions of temperature and pressure.
The definitions are as follows:
⎛⎜ − dp ⎞⎟
⎝ dz ⎠ fTP
φ L2 = → 5.31)
0
⎛⎜ − dp ⎞⎟ fLO
⎝ dz ⎠
⎛ − dp ⎞
where ⎜ ⎟ is the frictional pressure drop when the entire mixture flows as
⎝ dz ⎠ fLO
liquid in the pipe. Mathematically,
2
⎛ − dp ⎞ 2f G u
⎜ ⎟ = Lo TP 1 → 5.32)
⎝ dz ⎠ fLO D
⎛⎜ − dp ⎞⎟
⎝ dz ⎠ fTP ⎛ − dp ⎞
and φ L2 = where ⎜ ⎟ is the frictional pressure drop when the liquid
⎛⎜ − dp ⎞⎟ ⎝ dz ⎠ fLl
⎝ dz ⎠ fL
portion of the two phase mixture flows alone in the pipe. Mathematically,
2 f G (1 − x )v1
2
⎛ − dp ⎞
⎜ ⎟ = L TP → 5.33)
⎝ dz ⎠ fLLo D
It may be noted that the friction factors used in eqns (4.32) and (4.33) are not equal
⎛ DGTP ⎞
since f Lo = fn(Re Lo ) = fn⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ whereas
⎝ μl ⎠
⎡ DGTP (1 − x ) ⎤
f L = f (Re L ) = fn ⎢ ⎥ → 5.34)
⎣ μL ⎦
16 16 μ l
Considering these, it can be noted that, for laminar flow f Lo = = and
Re Lo DGTP
16 16 μ L
fL = = → 5.35)
Re DGTP (1 − x )
2 f L GTP (1 − x ) u1
2 2
fL 1 φ 2
Hence = and Lo
= D = (1 − x ) → 5.36)
f Lo 1 − x φ L
2 2
2 f Lo GTP u1
D
−1 / 4
f ⎛ Re ⎞
And for turbulent flow if Blausius equation is assumed: Lo = ⎜⎜ Lo ⎟⎟ = (1 − x )
1/ 4
f L ⎝ Re L ⎠
And
φlo2
=
(1 − x )2 = (1 − x )1.75 → 5.37)
φ L2 (1 − x )1 / 4
Both φlo2 and φ L2 can be used to find the two phase frictional pressure gradient but
generally φ Lo
2
and φGo
2
are used in problems of boiling (and condensation) when
saturated liquid (or vapour) enters from one end of the pipe and changes phase as it
flows. φ L and φ g are generally used in separated flows(Lockhart-Martinelli
2 2
correlation) which shall be discussed later.
Significance of the denominator term:

It may be recalled that a similar expression is obtained for predicting pressure drop
during single phase compressible flows through closed conduits. The expression as
given below comprises of a frictional term, gravitational term and an acceleration
term arising due to area change of the conduit in its numerator and (1-Ma2) as the
denominator where Ma is the Mach number (u/a) with u being the velocity of flow
and a the velocity of sound in the same medium at the same conditions of temperature
and pressure.
Proceeding in a similar manner, it can be postulated that the denominator in eqns (5.9)
and (4.11) should also correspond to (1-MaTP2) where MaTP refers to Mach number of
the two phase mixture under homogeneous flow.
In the denominator of eqn (5.9)
GTP = ρTP uTP
2 2 2
→ 5.38)
dv2 d ⎛ 1 ⎞ − 1 dρ 2 1 ⎛ dp ⎞
= ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = 2 = − 2 2 ; where⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = a2 2 → 5.39)
dp dp ⎝ ρ 2 ⎠ ρ 2 dp ρ2 a ⎝ dρ 2 ⎠ s
dv1 −1
= 2 2 → 5.40)
dp ρ1 a1
dv1 2 u
G2 = − Ma1 andMaTP = TP → 5.41)
dp aTP
2⎡ − x 1− x ⎤
2
2 ⎡ dv dv ⎤
= − ρTP uTP ⎢ x 2 + (1 − x ) 1 ⎥ = − ρTP uTP ⎢ 2 2 − 2 2 ⎥
uTP 2 2
→ 5.42)
⎣ ρ 2 a2 ρ1 a1 ⎦
2
aTP ⎣ dp dp ⎦
2⎡ 1− x ⎤
2
uTP x
= ρTP uTP ⎢ 2 2 + 2 2 ⎥
2
→ 5.43)
⎣ ρ 2 a2 ρ1 a1 ⎦
2
aTP
Or,
2 1 1
aTP = = → 5.44)
ρTP 2 ⎡ x
+
1− x ⎤ ⎡ αρ 2
ρTP ⎢ +
(1 − α )ρ1 ⎤
⎢ 2⎥
⎣ (ρ 2 a2 ) (ρ1a1 ) ⎦
2
⎣ (ρ 2 a2 )
2
(ρ1a1 )2 ⎥⎦
xρTP = αρ 2 and (1 − x )ρ m = (1 − α )ρ1 → 5.45)
1 ⎛ α
= (αρ 2 + (1 − α )ρ1 )⎜⎜ +
(1 − α ) ⎞⎟ → 5.46)
aTP
2
⎝ ρ 2 a2
2
ρ1a12 ⎟⎠
ρ1a12 >> ρ 2 a2 2 ⇒ ρ1 >> ρ 2 → 5.47)
1 α
= [αρ 2 + (1 − α )ρ1 ] → 5.48)
2
aTP ρ 2 a22
1 (1 − α )ρ1α
For air-water mixture: = → 5.49)
2
aTP ρ 2 a 22
ρ a2 ⎡ d 1 ⎤ ρ 2 a 22 ⎡ 1 − 2α ⎤
d 2
( )
aTP = 2 2 ⎢
ρ1 ⎣ dα α (1 − α )⎥⎦
= ⎢− ⎥ → 5.50)
dα (
ρ1 ⎣⎢ α − α 2 2 ⎥⎦ )
For
dα
( )
d 2
aTP = 0 1-2α = 0 or α = ½ → 5.51)
For this value of α, the double differential of aTP is positive. Hence, aTP is minimum
for α = ½.
Limitations of the Homogenous Flow Model:-
• Inapplicable for flow through rapid change in area where no slip

condition fails.
• Not applicable for counter-current flows, which are driven by gravity
acting on the different densities of phases because a suitable average
velocity cannot be determined in this case.
• Applicable for well dispersed flow with a limited void fraction of the
dispersed phase.
• Properties of the phases do not vary widely.
• Body force filled does not segregate the phase.
• Re-circulatory flow should be absent.
Model valid for bubbly and wispy annular flows especially at high phase flow rates
and pressure

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Module 5 :

Homogeneous Flow Model

correlation) which shall be discussed later.

Significance of the denominator term:

xρTP = αρ 2 and (1 − x )ρ m = (1 − α )ρ1 → 5.45)

ρ1a12 >> ρ 2 a2 2 ⇒ ρ1 >> ρ 2 → 5.47)

Limitations of the Homogenous Flow Model:-

• Inapplicable for flow through rapid change in area where no slip

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