Advanced in Viscid Problems Solutions

MECH 660 Advanced Fluid Mechanics
American University of Beirut, Spring 2004
March 17, 2004

Handout # PS2 Solution
Problem Set 2 Solution: Inviscid Flow

Advanced Fluid Mechanics Problems by Shapiro and Sonin
Problems 4.4, 4.7, 4.8, 4.9, 4.10, 4.13, 4.18, 4.19, 4.21, 4.23, 4.24, 4.28.
Problem 4.4
Refer to Figure 1 for the schematic. The flow is 1D, inviscid and incompressible. Gravi-
dS
n
x
p
A1
A(x)
A2
A(x)
A(x) + dA
x+dx
Figure 1: Schematic of Problem 4.4

tational effects are negligible.
(a) Applying Bernoullis equation along a streamline from location x to location 2,
p2 u22
p(x) u2 (x)
+
=
+
2
p(x) p(a) =
u2 u2 (x)
2
!
Q2 1
1
p(x) p(a) =
2
A22 A2 (x)
(b) We consider a differential volume between x and x + dx. The cross sectional areas are
respectively A(x) and A(x) + (dA/dx)dx. The nozzle wall area onto which the pressure
x
= p(x) dA,
acts is dS so that the corresponding force xcomponent is dFx = p(x)dS n
is the unit vector normal to dS and pointing into the wall. The total force
where n
component in the x direction is
Fx =
Z 2
1
dFx =
Z A2
pdA =
A1
Fx = Q2
(A1 A2 )
2A1 A22
Z A2
Q2 1
A1
1
dA
2
2
A2 A (x)
(c) The product p dA has always the same sign.

If A %, dA > 0 u & p %
If A &, dA < 0 u % p &
Problem 4.7
Refer to Figure 2 for the schematic.
pa, a
pa
ua
uf

The fuel-air mass flow rate ratio is
m
f
f uf (d2 /4)
=
=
m
a
a ua (D2 /4)
d
a ua
=
D
f uf
!1/2
In order to determine the ration ua /uf , we apply Bernoullis equation along two stream
lines, one for air from the ambient to location 1 in the vicinity of the fuel jet and one for
fuel from the reservoir to location 1.
pa
p1 u2a
=
+
a
a
2
pa
p1 u2f
=
+
f
f
2
for air
for fuel
so that
ua
=
uf
f
a
!1/2
Then
d
a
= 1/2
D
f
!1/4
Problem 4.8
Refer to Figure 3 for the schematic. The flow is inviscid and incompressible.
F
D1
u1
D2
u2
(a) We apply Bernoullis equation along a stream line starting from location 1 the top of
the bellows and ending at location 2 at the nozzle exit.
p1 u21
pa u22
+
=
+
2
p1 pa =
u2 u21
2
F
2
=
u2 u21
A1
2
(1)
Next we apply the conservation of mass in integral form for a control volume that is
moving with the piston
D22
d
(V) + u2
=0
dt
4
4 dV
u2 =
D22 dt
By also applying conservation of mass in integral form for fixed control volume we find
the relation
u1 D12
u2 D22
D2
u1 =
D1
4 dV
D22 dt
Substituting expression for u1 and u2 into equation (1)
1/2
D22
dV
1
2F
=
4
dt
4
A1 1 D2
D1
Integrating from t = 0 to t = at which V = 0,
D1
= V 2
D2
D1
' V 2
D2
2
F
2
F
1/2
1/2
D2
1
D1
4 !1/2
(b) For STP air with V = liter, D1 = 10 cm, D2 = 1 cm, and F =2kgf: = 0.2 s.
Problem 4.9
Refer to Figure 4 for the schematic. The flow is inviscid and steady.
d
g
h
Ta + T
Ta

(a) We apply Bernoullis equation along the stream line 2 3:
Z 3
2
dp +
Z 3
2
g z ds +
Z 3
1
u2 ds = 0
1
(p3 p2 ) + H g h + u23 ' 0
2
1
g h (a H ) ' H u23
2
"
!#1/2
a
u3 ' 2 g h
1
H
T
u3 ' 2 g h
Ta
6
1/2
where p3 p2 = a g h, 2 = 3 = H , u22 << u23 , and pa = a RTa = H R (Ta + T ).

(b) In the case the cap is closed,
Z 3
2
dp +
Z 3
Z 3
1
u2 ds = 0
2
(p3 p2 ) + H g h ' 0
p3 ' pa H g h
p3 p3a ' g h (a H )
T
(p)cap ' a g h
Ta + T
2
g z ds +
where p2 = pa , p3a = pa a g h, 2 = 3 = H , u2 ' 0, u3 = 0 and pa = a RTa =

H R (Ta + T ).
Problem 4.10
Refer to Figure 5 for the schematic. The flow is inviscid and quasi-steady.
V
pa
p(t)
2
u2
A
1

We apply Eulers equation along a streamline from 1 inside the vessel to 2 at the exit
Z 2 u
1 2
2
+ g(z2 z1 ) +
u u1 +
ds = 0
2 2
1 t
Z 2
dp
1
We neglect gravitational effects. The flow is quasi-steady so that

1, u1 = 0. Then
2
Z 2
dp
1
R 2 u
1 t ds ' 0. At location
= u22
(2)
Now we find an expression for u2 by employing the integral form of the conservation of
mass for a fixed control volume
d
d
V d
(V) + u2 A = 0 V
+ u2 A = 0 u2 =
dt
dt
A dt
(3)
Substituting expression for u2 (equation (3)) into equation (2)
!1/2
Z 2
dp
1
V d
A dt
(4)
(a) We employ p = R Ta and noting that d/ = dp/p then
2R Ta
!1/2
Z 2
dp
1
2R Ta ln
p
pa
p
!1/2
V dp
p1
=
2R Ta ln
A dt p
p2
!1/2
V dp
A dt p
V dp
A
1
(2R Ta )1/2 dt =
dp
p 1/2
A dt p
V
p ln
pa
where p2 = pa , p1 = p(t), p0 (t) = p(t) pa . Integration from t = 0 to t and p from pi to

p, we get
A
(2R Ta )1/2 t = 2
V
"s
pi
ln
pa
p
ln
pa
(b) We start with equation (4 )
!1/2
Z 2
dp
1
V d
A dt
Noting that p/pi = (/i ) d/ = (1/)dp/p then
2 pi
1 i
! 1 1/2
!1/2 ! 1
pa
p
pi
pi
V dp
A dt p
! 1
!1/2
! 1 1/2
p
pa
pi
dt = p1
dp
2
1 i
pi
pi
Performing Taylor series expansion in p0 /pa around zero and integrating from t = 0 to t
yields
A
2 pi
1 i
!1/2
t=
p0 =
p0 1/2
i
2
0 1/2
0 1/2
p
p
i
( pa )1/2
pa
where = ( 1)/.
1/2
A
V
pi
i
!1/2 2
t
Problem 4.13
Refer to Figure 6 for the schematic. The flow is two-dimensional, inviscid and steady.
air, pa
z
g
s
ds
dx
zs - zw

(a) We consider a stream line along the free surface, Eulers equation in differential form
is
1 dp
d
1 d(u2 )
+ (gzs ) +
=0
ds ds
2 ds
where the subscript s denotes the free-surface. Since p ' pa on the surface, then
g
dzs 1 d(u2 )
+
=0
ds
2 ds
One the surface ds = dx/ cos s so that

g
dzs 1 d(u2 )
+
=0
dx
2 dx
Conservation of mass
Q = uh
!
1 d(u2 )
1 d Q2
Q2 dh
u2 dh
=
=
2 dx
2 dx h2
h3 dx
h dx
Noting that h ' zs zw then
u2
dzs
'
g
dx
h
dzs
'
dx
dzs dzw
dx
dx
u2
gh
u2
gh
where tan = dzw /dx.

10
tan
Vorticity form of Eulers equation
Eulers equation in differential form is

u
1
+ (u ) u = p + g
t
We invoke the identity

1
u ( u) = (u u) (u ) u
2
Noting that = u then
u
1
1
u = p (gz) |u|2
t
2
Next we take the curl of the above equation
1
u =
p
t
We invoke another identity
u = u( ) + ( )u ( u) (u )
Noting that = 0 and u = 1 D
from the continuity, then
Dt
1
D
+ (u ) = ( )u +
p
t
Dt
D D
1
= ( )u
p
Dt
Dt
We invoke the identity

(aA) = a( A) + (a) A
so that
1
1
1
1
p = ( p) +
p = 2 p
So that
D D
1
= ( )u + 2 p
Dt
Dt
Noting that
D
D D
=
Dt
Dt
Dt
Then
D
Dt
= ( )u +
1
p + Fb
2
where body force Fb was included in the equation.

Analysis of equation (17)
22
(17)
If the body force is conservative ( Fb = 0) and the flow is incompressible, then

D
= ( )u
Dt
(18)
If additionally the flow is steady

( )u = 0
(19)
If the body force is conservative (Fb = 0) and the flow is barotropic (p =

0), then
D
Dt
23
(20)

Advanced in Viscid Problems Solutions

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Advanced in Viscid Problems Solutions

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Advanced in Viscid Problems Solutions

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

How does Bernoulli's equation relate pressure and velocity in fluid flow?

How does Bernoulli's equation relate pressure and velocity in fluid flow?

How can the conservation of mass principle be applied to fluid flow problems?

How can the conservation of mass principle be applied to fluid flow problems?

MECH 660 Advanced Fluid Mechanics

American University of Beirut, Spring 2004

March 17, 2004

Problem Set 2 Solution: Inviscid Flow

Figure 1: Schematic of Problem 4.4

(c) The product p dA has always the same sign.

Figure 2: Schematic of Problem 4.7

Figure 3: Schematic of Problem 4.8

Substituting expression for u1 and u2 into equation (1)

Figure 4: Schematic of Problem 4.9

where p3 p2 = a g h, 2 = 3 = H , u22 << u23 , and pa = a RTa = H R (Ta + T ).

where p2 = pa , p3a = pa a g h, 2 = 3 = H , u2 ' 0, u3 = 0 and pa = a RTa =

Figure 5: Schematic of Problem 4.10

We neglect gravitational effects. The flow is quasi-steady so that

Substituting expression for u2 (equation (3)) into equation (2)

(a) We employ p = R Ta and noting that d/ = dp/p then

where p2 = pa , p1 = p(t), p0 (t) = p(t) pa . Integration from t = 0 to t and p from pi to

(b) We start with equation (4 )

Noting that p/pi = (/i ) d/ = (1/)dp/p then

Figure 6: Schematic of Problem 4.13

One the surface ds = dx/ cos s so that

where tan = dzw /dx.

Vorticity form of Eulers equation

Eulers equation in differential form is

We invoke the identity

We invoke another identity

We invoke the identity

where body force Fb was included in the equation.

If the body force is conservative ( Fb = 0) and the flow is incompressible, then

If additionally the flow is steady

If the body force is conservative (Fb = 0) and the flow is barotropic (p =

You might also like