Department of Electrical Engineering

Faculty Member: Muhammad Zeeshan__ Dated: __17 Oct, 2020___

Semester:____Third________________ Section: ______B__________

EE-212: Basic Electronics

Lab1: INTRODUCTION TO BASIC LABORATORY EQUIPMENT

Name Reg. No Report Viva Total/15

Marks / Marks / 5
10
KAINAT FATIMA 285666

FAZAILA IMRAN 286996

EE-212: Basic Electronics Page 1

Introduction
The first laboratory execise is to familiarize the students with the use of basic
1.
laboratory equipment including the breadboard, power supply and the Digital
multimeter (DMM) and some of the basic definitions. The students will be
measuring the currents and voltages of the circuits mentioned below using the
DMM.

Objectives
The objectives of this lab are:
1.1. To use MULTIMETER as a voltmeter and Ammeter in order to measure voltage and
current respectively.
1.2. Learn the COLOUR CODES scheme to determine the values of resistances.
1.3. Learn to patch up/make simple circuits.
2.3.1. The student will be required to use the breadboard to plug in various resistor
combinations, calculate the expected voltages and currents and compare those
with the measured values. The differences between the calculated values and
measured values would be analyzed.

Conduct of Lab
3. The students are required to work in groups of three to four; each student must attempt
to understand and use the laboratoy set-up and conduct at least one or two parts of the
requirement experimentation. The lab attendents and Teaching Assistants will be
available to assit the students.
4. In case some aspect of the lab experiment is not understood the students are advised to
seek help from the teacher, the lab attendent or the assigned Teaching Assistant (TA).

Basic Definitions

1. Voltage: It is the pressure from an electrical circuit's power source that pushes charged electrons (current)
through a conducting loop, enabling them to do work such as illuminating a light.

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 2. Current:
Electric current, any movement of electric charge carriers, such as subatomic charged particles (e.g., electrons
having negative charge, protons having positive charge), ions (atoms that have lost or gained one or more
electrons), or holes (electron deficiencies that may be thought of as positive particles).

3. Resistance: Electrical resistance is the opposition to current flow

4. Ohm: It is the unit in which resistance is measured. Its unit is Ω.

5. DMM: A DMM is an electronic measuring instrument with a digital display. A common way to measure
resistance, continuity, and voltage for general electrical troubleshooting is using a DMM.

6. Ohms Law: Ohm's law states that the current through a conductor between two points is

directly proportional to the voltage across the two points. Here Resistance is the proportionality constant. so
mathematically it is V=IR

7. Voltmeter: A Voltmeter is an instrument used for measuring voltage (V). To measure a voltage (potential

difference), a voltmeter must be connected in parallel with the component whose voltage you wish to measure.

8. Multimeter: An instrument designed to measure electric current, voltage, and usually resistance, typically over
several ranges of value.

Lab Equipment

The following equipment would be used in this experiment, the students are to
familiarize themselves with the equipment before its use:
5.1. Test bench (See Annexure 1)
5.2. The Multimeter
5.3. The Power Supply (See Annexure 2)
5.4. The Breadboard (See Annexure 1)
5.5. Resistors (See Annexure 2)

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 Laboratory Experiment DISPLAY
PART I

Familiarization with Digital Multimeter.

The two measuring leads of the

mulltimeter. The red pin is put at the
point of higher (or +ve) potential
while the black pin is put at points of
Adjustment Buttons for lower (or –ve) potential.
different parameters

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THE MILLIMETRE CONNECTED AS AN AMMETRE

Red and White Probes are

connected as shown in the
diagram, for measuring the max
current of 2A

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THE MULTIMETRE CONNECTED AS THE VOLTMETRE

Press the button for the required

parameter value to be measured.

e.g Press DCV button in order to

measure the DC Voltage

Red and Black Probes are

connected as shown in the
diagram, for measuring the max
voltage of 1000V

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MEASURING RESISTANCE WITH DMM

The button is pressed

to measure resistance.

Notice that for measuring both voltage and resistance, the

positive (red) pin is connected in the same socket
Consider your DMM and the pictures given above. What is the
range of voltage and current that the DMM can measure?

Range of I:__2A-20A___________________

Range of V:____0-1000V__________________

Range of R:__________-___________________

The circuits for this lab report are designed using a simulation software. The following legend
details the symbols used to represent different electronic equipment.

Legend

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 Resistance

Power supply

Multimeter

Connecting Wires

PART II
MEASUREMENTS USING DMM

Simple Circuit using a known resistor / resistors

FIGURE 1

I. Calculate the current passing through the resistor R1 (known as I R1), power absorbed
by resistor R1 (PR1) and the power delivered by the source (PS).

IR1:__________460 µA__________________________________________

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 PR1:__________2.5 mW__________________________________________

PS:___________2.3 mW_________________________________________

II. Now connect the DMM as volt meter in order to measure the voltage in the circuit as
shown in the configuration below. Here the voltmeter is shown connected across
points B and C. To measure voltage across a different set of points you will have to
disconnect the voltmeter and connect it between the desired points. Fill in the
required results in Table 1.

FIGURE 2a

Now connect the DMM as ammeter in order to measure the current in the circuit as
shown in the configuration on the following page. Here the ammeter is shown
connected between points A and B. To measure current at different points you shall
have to disconnect the ammeter and connect it between the desired points. Fill in the
required results in Table 1

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 FIGURE 2b

SNo Value Calculated Measured Difference

0V 0V 0V
1 Voltage A-B

0V 0V 0V
2 Voltage C-D

4.6 V 4.4 V 0.2 V

3 Voltage A-C

500 µA 460 µA 40 µA
4 Current A-C

500 µA 460 µA 40 µA
5 Current C-D
6 500 µA 460 µA 40 µA
Current A-B

TABLE 1
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 Comment on
any variations observed between the measured and the calculated values of the voltages and
currents.
___Yes it can be observed that there is a slight difference between the measured and
calculated values, these differences are due to the error is the measuring
instruments.____
Vary the voltage from 0 to 5 V in 5 steps of 1V each and note down the values of voltage and
current. Use these values to plot a graph below. From the slope of the graph calculate the
resistance and compare against the given value

S.No Voltage Current Resistance

(V) (µA) (kΩ)

1. 1 90.2 11.08

2. 2 183.3 10.91

3. 3 274.3 10.93

4. 4 375.9 10.65

5. 5 460 10.86

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V

Value of R :______10.886 kΩ (Mean Value)_________________________________

%age Deviation :________8.86 %__________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

III. Repeat the method employed in part II page 9 for the following configurations
and note down the results in the table 2.
FIGURE 3a

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FIGURE 3b

TABLE 2

SNo Value Calculated Measured Difference

9V 9V 0V
1 Voltage A-B

0V 0V 0V
2 Voltage C-D

0.909 mA 0.9 mA 0.009 mA

3 Current A-D

0.9 mA
Comment on any variations observed between the measured and the calculated
values of the voltages and currents.
_There is no variation observed in the voltage in the asked area of the circuit. There
is a slight difference in the value of the calculated and measured current due the
random error. ____

IV. Repeat the method employed for part II page 9 for the following
configurations and note down the results in the table 3.

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 FIGURE 4a

FIGURE 4b

SNo Value Calculated Measured Difference

10 V 9V 1V
1 Voltage A-B

0V 0V 0V

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 2 Voltage C-D

34.386 mA 34.375 mA 0.011 mA

3 Current A-
D

34.375 mA

TABLE 3

Comment on any variations observed between the measured and the calculated
values of the voltages and currents.
___Due to random error there can be seen variation of the calculated value from the
measured value.______

Figure A Figure B

Consider Figure A and B above. Utilizing what you have learned in this lab and in class about
nodes, explain in which configuration the resistor is short or active. Explain. (Refer to
Annexure 2 for further help)
ANSWER:

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 __In our
opinion and from the knowledge we have of breadboard, the resistor in figure A will be short
as the one in the Figure B will be active. The reason for this is that in a Breadboard the
connection in vertical in the 6 rows in between not horizontal, so the resistor in F-A is
connected in the same connection hence being short. In F-B the resistor is active because they
are not connected in the same connection._______

In your own words, summarize what you have learned in the lab and explain any difficulties
you encountered
ANSWER:
_In these Labs we learnt how to connect components on the Breadboard and also the
internal connectivity of the breadboard. We also got to learn how to connect and
measure the values of resistance, voltage and current using a DMM and where to
connect the black and red probes on a DMM for the current and where for voltage
and resistance. We also used a power supply to supply voltage to our circuit. So
basically we learnt how basic electronic circuits are made and supplied with power
and also how to measure the required values using a Digital Multi-meter.____

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 THE HORIZONTAL
NODES

The Vertical
Nodes

THE VERTICAL NODES OF A BREADBOARD ANNEXURE 2

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 RESISTORS
CONNECTED
IN
SERIES WITH
POWER
SUPPLY
ACROSS
THEM

RESISTORS
IN
PARALLEL
WITH
POWER
SUPPLY
ACORSS
THEM

ANNEXURE 1
OSCILLOSCOPE
TRAINER WITH MULTIMETER POWER MULTIMETER
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Basic Electronics Page 18
Generator BREADBOARD BENCHTOP SUPPLY HANDHELD
BOARD
THE POWER SUPPLY IS SET TO DELIVER A VOLTAGE OF 4.9Volts
NOTICE THAT THE CURRENT KNOB IS TURNED A LITTLE UP. IF IT WERE SET TO
ZERO, THE POWER SUPPLY WOULD NOT SUPPLY ANY VOLTAGE

DISPLAY
Voltage CURRENT
Knob KNOB

NEGATIVE TERMINAL POSITIVE TERMINAL

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TWO RESISTORS CONNECTED IN SERIES AND PARALLEL

Notice that the left end of

the 1st resistor is
connected at node #7
while the right end is
connected at node #16
and the left hand end of
the 2nd resistor is
connected at node #16
and the right end at node
#28. Hence the resistors
share one common node
i.e. node #16.

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