Experiment 0 Lab Partner 1:

Lab Section: Lab Partner 2:

Meters, Power Supplies and

Safety /2

Purpose
This lab is designed to familiarize students with the equipment and safety rules of the machinery
lab.

Apparatus

1 clamp-on ammeter 1 100 watt lamp

1 analogue AC ammeter 1 60 watt lamp
1 digital multimeter

Part A - Meters

Procedure

1. Connect the lamps and meters as shown in Figure

120 VAC
0-1. Leave the 60 watt lamp loose in the socket so it
won’t come on.
V
2. Energize the circuit and measure:
▸ circuit current using the analogue ammeter
▸ circuit current using the clamp-on ammeter
60 W
3. Tighten the 60 watt lamp till it comes on. Repeat A
step 2 .
100 W
4. Measure the circuit voltage with the digital
multimeter set on AC volts. Figure 0-1
5. Measure the circuit voltage with the digital
multimeter set on DC volts.

6. Measure the voltage using the digital multimeter with the leads not connected to the circuit.
Note the units on the meter display.

7. Measure the voltage using the digital multimeter with the leads touching each other and
nothing else.

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 2. 100 W lamp analogue ammeter clamp-on ammeter
3. both lamps analogue ammeter clamp-on ammeter
4. voltage with digital meter on AC volts
5. voltage with digital meter on DC volts
6. voltage with digital meter leads not touching
7. voltage with digital meter leads shorted
Table 0-1: Measuring current and voltage.

Part B - Power Supplies

8. There are two DC power supplies - one fixed voltage and one variable voltage. What is the
rating of the fixed voltage supply?

rated voltage maximum current

9. What is the rating of the three phase variable supply?

rated voltage to maximum current

Lab Report

1. Read the safety regulations posted on BlackBoard.

2. Complete the safety quiz.

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 Experiment 1 - Pre-lab Lab Partner 1:
Lab Section: Lab Partner 2:

Introduction to Transformers
/2

1. What relationship would you expect to find between the values of primary apparent power
and secondary apparent power in Table 1-1?

2. What relationship would you expect to find between the values of primary apparent power
and secondary apparent power in Table 1-2?

3. What is the formula for percent impedance of a transformer?

4. What is the percent impedance used to calculate? Why is this important?

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 Experiment 1 Lab Partner 1:
Lab Section: Lab Partner 2:

Introduction to Transformers
/3

Part A - Power in a Single Phase 120 VAC

Transformer

Purpose V

To examine the voltage, current and power

relationships in a simple transformer.
H1 H3 H1 H3
Apparatus

1 T-100 transformer
2 digital multimeters
1 clamp-on ammeter
1 lamp rack
3 100 watt lamps
V
Procedure

1. Connect the transformer and meters as shown in

Figure 1-1.
A
2. Without any lamps installed, energize the circuit
and measure:
▸ primary voltage
▸ primary current
▸ secondary voltage A
▸ secondary current
Figure 1-1
3. Repeat step 2 for 1, 2, and 3 lamps.

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4. Complete the calculations of power and efficiency. Place an asterisk beside any efficiency
value that is impossible.

Load primary primary primary secondary secondary secondary Efficiency

voltage current apparent voltage current apparent Pout/Pin
power power %

0
100
200
300
Table 1-1: Apparent power in single phase transformers.

Part B - Power in a Single Phase Auto-transformers

Purpose
Demonstrate the distribution of
H1 H3 H1 H3
current and power in auto-
transformers.

Apparatus

1 T100 transformer
2 digital multi-meters
1 clamp-on ammeter
1 lamp rack
3 100 watt lamps Variable
AC Supply V
Procedure
5. Connect the transformer and
meters as shown in
Figure 1-2. V

6. Adjust the primary voltage so

that the secondary voltage is 120
A
volts.

7. Without any lamps installed,

energize the circuit and measure:
▸ primary voltage Figure 1-2
A
▸ primary current
▸ secondary voltage
▸ secondary current

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8. Repeat step 2 for 1, 2, and 3 lamps.

9. Complete the calculations of power and efficiency. Place an asterisk beside any efficiency
value that is impossible.

Load primary primary primary secondary secondary secondary Efficiency

voltage current apparent voltage current apparent Pout/Pin
A1 power A2 power %

0
100
200
300
Table 1-2: Power in single phase auto-transformers.

Part C - Transformer Impedance

Purpose

Demonstrate the calculation of transformer impedance.

Apparatus

1 T-100 transformer 1 digital multi-meter

1 clamp-on ammeter

Procedure
This experiment involves short circuiting the transformer.

Be sure the transformer is energized with the voltage set to 0 volts

10. Note the rated transformer power and current from the name plate.

rated power VA
rated current A

Calculated rated voltage based on the above power rating ___________ Volts

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11. Connect the transformer and meter to the
variable AC supply as shown in Figure 1-3.
variable AC
12. Set the power supply to 0 and energize the supply
transformer.
V
13. Slowly increase the primary voltage until the
rated secondary current flows.

14. Note the voltage and turn the power off.

H1 H3 H1 H3

Measured voltage @ rated V

current

Figure 1-3

15. Calculate the percent impedance of the transformer.

16. Based on your calculated percentage impedance. Calculate the potential maximum short
circuit current at rated voltage for this transformer.

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 Experiment 2 - Pre-lab Lab Partner 1:
Lab Section: Lab Partner 2:

Transformer Polarity
/2

1. Calculate the voltage to the load for A and B.

6V 7V 6V 7V

A B

2. In Figures 2-4 and 2-5 the only load on the transformer is a voltmeter. About how much
current would you expect the voltmeter to draw?
2 mA 200 mA 2A or 20 A

Explain.

3. a) Complete the graphic at the right to

show the correct connections to 12 V 12 V
“boost” a car.
- + + -

b) What kind of circuit do you have if

you connect the batteries the wrong
way?

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4. What will the voltmeter in the top
graphic read?

12 V 12 V

- + + -

What will the voltmeter in the lower

graphic read?
12 V 12 V

- + + -

5. If the voltmeter in the bottom drawing was replaced by a wire. What would happen?

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 Experiment 2 Lab Partner 1:
Lab Section: Lab Partner 2:

Transformer Polarity
/3

When single phase transformers are connected in banks, it is critical that correct polarity is
observed.

Purpose

This experiment demonstrates the testing procedures required to identify transformer polarity
and to correctly connect windings in series or parallel.

Apparatus

1 T100 transformer
1 clamp-on ammeters
2 digital multi-meters variable AC
supply
Procedure

Part A - Transformer Winding Polarity V

1. Connect the transformer as shown in Figure 2-1. Set the

supply voltage to 50 volts AC. H1 H3 H1 H3

2. Measure the voltage between X1 and X7.

secondary voltage V
X1 X7

Figure 2-1

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 variable AC variable AC
supply supply

V V

H1 H3 H1 H3 H1 H3 H1 H3

V V

X1 X7 X1 X7

Figure 2-2 Figure 2-3

3. Connect the transformer as shown in Figure 2-2 and measure the voltage from H1 to X1.

primary to secondary voltage V

Is this wiring configuration referred to as Buck, or Boost? BUCK or BOOST

4. Connect the transformer as shown in Figure 2-3 and measure the voltage from H1 to X1.

primary to secondary voltage V

Is this wiring configuration referred to as Buck, or Boost? BUCK or BOOST

Part B - Series Connection of Transformer Windings

5. Connect the transformers as shown in Figure 2-4 to the variable AC supply.

6. Set the supply voltage to 0 volts.

7. Slowly raise the supply voltage. Stop when the supply voltage is 50 volts or if the current
reaches 5 amps. If the supply voltage reaches 50 volts and the ammeter appears to read zero,
use multiple turns in the ammeter to obtain a reading. See Appendix D.

8. Record the voltages and current in Table 2-1.

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 variable AC variable AC
supply supply

V
V

H1 H3 H1 H3 H1 H3 H1 H3

X1 X7 X1 X7

V V

Figure 2-4 Figure 2-5

9. Connect the transformers as shown in Figure 2-5.

10. Set the supply voltage to 0 volts.

11. Slowly raise the supply voltage. Stop when the supply voltage is 50 volts or if the current
reaches 5 amps. If the supply voltage reaches 50 volts and the ammeter appears to read zero,
use multiple turns in the ammeter to obtain a reading. See Appendix D.

12. Record the voltages and current.

Connection Diagram Primary Voltage Primary Current Secondary Voltage

Figure 2-4
Figure 2-5
Table 2-1: Series connecting windings.

Which is the correct connection for series connected windings?

Figure 2-4 Figure 2-5

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Part C - Parallel Connection of Transformer Windings

variable AC variable AC
supply supply

V1 V1
V2 V2

H1 H3 H1 H3 H1 H3 H1 H3

X1 X7 X1 X7

Figure 2-6 Figure 2-7

13. Connect the transformers as shown in Figure 2-6. Set the supply voltage to 50 volts.

14. Record the voltage on meter V2. voltage V

15. Connect the transformers as shown in Figure 2-7.

16. Record the voltage on meter V2. voltage V

Which is the correct connection for parallel connected windings?

Figure 2-6 Figure 2-7

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Part D - Reversing Primary and Secondary Windings

17. Connect the transformer as shown in Figure 2-4. Do not include the ammeter. Set the supply
voltage to 75 volts.

18. Measure the secondary voltage. voltage V

19. Move the variable supply to X1 and X7 of the transformer. Set the supply voltage to 75 volts.
Note the secondary voltage is now present on the top terminals H1 and H3.

20. Measure the secondary voltage. voltage V

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 Experiment 3 - Pre-lab Lab Partner 1:
Lab Partner 2:
Lab Section:

Wye - Wye Transformer Connection

/2

1. Use AutoCAD to draw a diagram for a four-wire wye/wye connection using three T100
transformers (one per phase). This drawing will be identified as Figure 3-1. Use a single
winding H1 and H3 on each of the transformers as the primary and X1 and X7 as the
secondary. Show 3 loads wye connected. Label all lines, meters, and transformer terminals.
Label the meters as listed below.
Show a meter for:
▸ primary line volts (EP-L) ▸ secondary line amps (IS-L)
▸ primary phase volts (EP- ) ▸ secondary phase amps (IS- )

2. What information must be given on a transformer nameplate? See C.E.C.

a) b)

c) d)

e) f)

g) h)

i)

3. What is the formula for the current in a neutral when the line currents are known?

4. Calculate the neutral current if the current in line 1 is 55 amps, in line 2 is 90 amps and the
current in line 3 is 75 amps. Show your calculations.

5. Calculate the neutral current if the current in line 1 is 55 amps, in line 2 is 0 amps and the
current in line 3 is 75 amps. Show your calculations.

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 Experiment 3 Lab Partner 1:
Lab Section: Lab Partner 2:

Wye - Wye Transformer

Connections /3

Purpose
This lab demonstrates the operating characteristics of the WYE / WYE connection with respect
to line and phase voltage and current. The importance of grounding the primary is also
demonstrated.

Apparatus

3 single phase transformers 1 digital multimeter

3 lamp racks 1 208 volt three phase power supply
3 200 watt lamps 1 100 watt lamps
2 40 watt lamps 1 clamp-on ammeter

Procedure
1. Connect the circuit as shown in your Figure 3-1 without any meters. Use a single winding
H1 to H3 as the primary for each transformer. Connect the primary to the fixed 120/208
supply using the yellow, fused leads for line connections.

2. Measure and record the secondary line and phase voltages with no load attached. Record
your readings in table 3-1.
Voltages phase A phase B phase C line AB line AC line BC
No - load
Table 3-1: Wye secondary voltages with no load.

3. Measure the secondary line and phase voltages with a 200 watt load on each phase
(balanced). Record your readings in table 3-2.

4. Measure secondary line and phase voltages with a 200 watt load on phase A and B and 100
watts on C. Record your readings in table 3-2.

5. Measure secondary line and phase voltages with a 200 watt load on phase A only and no
load in phase B & C. Record your readings in table 3-2.

6. Remove the neutral connection from the primary.

7. Repeat steps 3, 4, and 5. Record your readings in table 3-2.

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 Secondary Voltages (V)
Load with primary neutral phase A phase B phase C line AB line AC line BC
200 watts - balanced
A & B: 200W, C: 100W
A: 200W, B & C: 0
Load with primary Neutral removed
200 watts - balanced
A & B: 200W, C: 100W
A: 200W, B & C: 0
Table 3-2: Comparison of wye secondary with, and without a primary neutral.

8. Replace the primary neutral.

9. Connect a balanced load of 200 watts in each secondary phase.

10. Measure the secondary current in each line and the neutral. Calculate the neutral current
from the measured line currents. Record your readings and calculation result in table 3-3.

11. Connect a load of 40 W on line A, 100 W on line B and 200 W on line C. Repeat step 10
and record your readings and calculation result in table 3-3.

12. Connect no load on line A, 100 W on line B and 200 W on line C. Repeat step 10 and
record your readings and calculation result in table 3-3.

13. Connect 40 W on line A, 40 W on line B and 400 W on line C (2x200 W lamps in parallel).
Repeat step 10 and record your readings and calculation result in table 3-3.

Secondary Currents (A) Measured Calculated

Load phase A phase B phase C Neutral Neutral
current
200 watts - balanced
A: 40W, B: 100W & C: 200W
A: 0 , B: 100 & C: 200W
A: 40 , B: 40 C: 400W
Table 3-3: Neutral current in a WYE system.

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 Experiment 4 - Pre-lab Lab Partner 1:
Lab Section: Lab Partner 2:

Wye - Delta Transformer Connection

/2

1. Use AutoCAD to prepare a diagram for a four-wire wye/delta transformer connection. This
drawing will be identified as Figure 4-1.

▸ use a single high voltage winding for the primary on each transformer
▸ use the fixed 120/208 volts as the primary voltage
▸ delta connect the loads - show 3 lamps (1 per phase)

Label all lines, meters, and transformer terminals. Label the meters as listed below.
Show meters for:
▸ primary line volts (EP-L)
▸ primary phase volts (EP- )
▸ secondary line amps (IS-L)
▸ secondary phase amps (IS- )

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 Experiment 4 Lab Partner 1:
Lab Section: Lab Partner 2:

Wye/Delta Transformer Section

Connections /3

600 volt delta connections are sometimes used to supply interior wiring for motors and similar
loads. Delta systems are also used for high voltage distribution. The wye-delta transformer
connection has a step down ratio 1 to 0.577 if the transformers in the bank have a 1: 1 turns ratio.

Purpose
1. Demonstrate the voltages in the delta system.
2. Verify the relationship between phase and line current.

Apparatus
1 208 volt fixed three phase power supply 4 lamp holders
3 single phase transformers 3 100 watt lamps
1 digital multimeter 1 clamp-on ammeter

Procedure
1. Connect the transformers according to your Figure 4-1 but without any meters. Connect the
primary to the fixed 120/208 supply using the yellow, fused leads. Measure the primary
line voltages, and phase voltages to ground. Record your readings in table 4-1.
voltage AB voltage BC voltage AC voltage A to voltage B to voltage C to
ground ground ground

Table 4-1: Wye/delta system primary voltages.

2. Measure the secondary line voltages, and secondary voltages to ground. Record your
readings in table 4-2.
voltage AB voltage BC voltage AC voltage A to voltage B to voltage C to
ground ground ground

Table 4-2: Wye/delta system secondary voltages.

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3. Connect a balanced load of 100 watts per phase to the secondary. Measure the secondary
line voltages, and secondary voltages to ground. Record your readings in table 4-3.
voltage AB voltage BC voltage AC voltage A to voltage B to voltage C to
ground ground ground

Table 4-3: Wye/delta system secondary voltages with 100W balanced loads.

4. Install a 40 W lamp in a fourth lamp holder. Connect one side of the fourth lamp holder to
ground.

5. Connect the ungrounded side of the fourth lamp holder to line A of the secondary. Note
whether the lamp lights or not. Record your results in table 4-4.

6. Repeat step 5 connecting one side of the 40W bulb to line B and C. Note whether the lamp
lights or not. Record your results in table 4-4.

7. Connect a jumper lead between ground and the secondary A phase.

8. Repeat steps 5 and 6. Record your results in table 4-4.

9. Disconnect the lead between secondary phase A and ground.

10. Connect a jumper lead between ground and the secondary B phase.

11. Repeat steps 5 and 6. Record your results in table 4-4.

12. Disconnect the lead between secondary phase B and ground.

13. Connect a jumper lead between ground and the secondary C phase.

14. Repeat steps 5 and 6. Record your results in table 4-4.

no ground on system line A on ☐ off ☐ line B on ☐ off ☐ line C on ☐ off ☐

ground on A line A on ☐ off ☐ line B on ☐ off ☐ line C on ☐ off ☐

ground on B line A on ☐ off ☐ line B on ☐ off ☐ line C on ☐ off ☐

ground on C line A on ☐ off ☐ line B on ☐ off ☐ line C on ☐ off ☐

Table 4-4: Delta system with ground detector lights.

15. Disconnect the lead between secondary phase C and ground.

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16. Measure the line and phase secondary currents in each phase with the balanced load of 100 watts
per phase. Record your results in table 4-5.

17. Replace the 100 watt lamps with 200 watt lamps and repeat step 11. Record your results in
table 4-5.

Phase A Phase B Phase C

16. Line Current 100 W
16. Phase current 100 W
18. Calculate Ratio:
Iline/Iphase

17. Line Current 200 W

17. Phase current 200 W
18. Calculate Ratio:
Iline/Iphase
Table 4-5: Current relationships in a delta connection.

18. Calculate the Iline/Iphase ratios in Table 4-5

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 Experiment 5 - Pre-lab Lab Partner 1:
Lab Section: Lab Partner 2:

Special Transformer Connections

/2

1. Use AutoCAD to prepare a diagram for a delta - delta connection. This drawing will be
identified as Figure 5-1. Label all lines, meters, and transformer terminals. Label the meters
as shown below. Delta connect a load on each phase.
Show meters for:
▸ primary line volts (EP-L)
▸ primary phase volts (EP- )
▸ secondary line amps (IS-L)
▸ secondary phase amps (IS- )

2. Use AutoCAD to prepare a diagram for a three phase auto-transformer supplying a balanced
three phase load. Use the X terminals of the three T-100 transformers. This drawing will be
identified as Figure 5-2. The primary will be a 3-wire wye connection (X1 and X7) and the
loads will be wye connected (X1-X4). Make terminal X1 your common neutral point in
the WYE. Make no connections to the H transformer terminals.

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 Experiment 5 Lab Partner 1:
Lab Section: Lab Partner 2:

Special Transformer
/3
Connections
Purpose
1. Demonstrate the voltages in the wye - delta system.
2. Demonstrate the significance of transformer polarity.
3. Demonstrate the operation of three phase auto-transformers
4. Demonstrate the operation of current transformer.
.
Apparatus
1 208 volt three phase power supply 3 lamp holders
3 single phase transformers 3 100 watt lamps
2 digital multimeters 1 clamp-on ammeter
1 current transformer

Procedure

Part A - Closing the Delta

1. Connect three transformers to form a delta/delta bank as shown in Figure 5-1, but without the
load connected.
▸ Ensure you use two windings in series for the primary on each transformer
▸ Connect the primary to the fixed 120/208 supply using the yellow, fused leads.
▸ Complete your wiring so that there are only four leads connected to the third transformer
(two on the primary, two on the secondary – i.e. don’t stack the connections.)

line voltages AB AC BC
Table 5-1: Secondary DELTA line voltages with no load.

2. Connect three transformers to a balanced load of 100 watts as shown in your Figure 5-2.

3. Energize the transformers and measure the secondary line voltages and line currents.
line voltages AB AC BC
line currents A B C
Table 5-2: Secondary DELTA line voltages and currents with 100W loads.

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4. De-energize the transformers. Open the secondary connection (X1 or X7) to the third
transformer. Replace the removed connection with through a voltmeter. Energize the
transformers and measure the voltage.

line voltages AB AC BC
line currents A B C
4. voltage X1 to X7
Table 5-3: Closing the delta.

5. Reverse the third transformer secondary polarity and measure the voltage. i.e. move the
remaining secondary connection to the other end of the secondary winding

line voltages AB AC BC
5. voltage X1 to X1 voltage X7 to X7
Table 5-4: Reverse polarity.

Part B - The Open Delta

The open delta transformer configuration will supply three phase power with only two
transformers.

6. Remove the voltmeter from the secondary and reconnect the secondary with the correct
polarity.

7. Remove the connections to the third transformer without disturbing the load connection.

8. Energize the transformers and measure the secondary line voltages and line currents.

line voltages AB AC BC
line currents A B C
Table 5-5: The open delta connection.

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Part C - Three Phase Auto-transformer

9. Connect a three phase auto-transformer bank as shown in Figure 5-2. Use the low voltage
windings only. Nothing should be connected to the “H” terminals. Connect a balanced load
of 100 watts in a WYE configuration using the X4 terminals.

10. Measure the voltages to the loads.

11. Move the load to the X6 terminals and repeat step 9.

line voltages - X4 AB AC BC
line voltages - X6 AB AC BC
Table 5-6: Three phase auto-transformers.

Part D - Current Transformer

12. Examine the information on the back of the current transformer. Use the 5A set of
connections on the side as the output. If there are two turns through the current transformer,
what is the ammeter reading multiplied by? _______

13. Connect the three 100 watt lamps in parallel on 120 volts AC variable single phase supply.
Loop the conductor between L1 and the load through the current transformer twice. Connect
the digital multimeter as an ammeter to the current transformer terminals (mA terminals).
Open the shorting switch if the current transformer has one.

14. Energize the circuit adjust the supply voltage to 120 Vac and measure the current using the
clamp-on ammeter.

15. Record the reading of the ammeter connected to the current transformer.

16. Calculate the circuit current from the current transformer data.

12. current transformer multiplier ratio

14. measured current - clamp-on ammeter

15. measured ammeter reading from current transformer

16. calculated current using current transformer (step 15 x step 12)

Table 5-7: Current transformer operation.

16. Disconnect the current transformer and CLOSE the shorting switch if the current
transformer has one.

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