Cripple stud 1.

In a building frame, a structural element that is shorter than usual, as a

stud above a door opening or below a window sill is called
Cogged joint 2. A carpentry joint by two uneven timbers, each of which is notched at
the place where they cross
Bull-nosed step 3. A step usually lowest in a flight, having one or both ends rounded to a
semi-circle and projecting beyond the face of the stair string/s
Gravity wall 4. A massive concrete wall that resists overturning by virtue of its own weight
Quoin 5. In masonry, a hard stone or brick used to reinforce an external corner
of a wall
Scarf joint 6. A type of half lapped joint used to resist tension
Baluster 7. One of a number of short vertical member often circular in section,
used to support a stair handrail
Fenestration 8. The arrangement and design of window in a building
Fig. A-1 9. What concrete block that is used in making a corner of an anchor wall
12mm 10. Lateral ties used for 36mm main bars for column is
Inflection point 11. Refer to the portion of a beam where bending moment changes from
positive to negative
Rowlock 12. A brick laid on its edge so that its end is visible
Scab 13. A short flat piece of lumber which is bolted, nailed or screwed to
butting pieces in order to splice them together
Cross bridging 14. Diagonal bracing in pairs between adjacent floor joist to prevent the
joist from twisting
Web 15. A bar used to hold the reinforcement on a beam
Brad 16. A small finishing nail is called
Pyramid roof 17. A roof wherein the four sides are sloping towards the center
terminating at a point
Stirrup 18. A metal sheet used to connect girder and floor joist at the same level
Pile 19. A slender structural unit introduced onto the ground to transmit load
to underground strata
Soldier 20. Brick set on end with the narrow side showing is called
Pigment 21. Finely divided solid particles added to the vehicle to contribute color
and durability to the paint
30cm 22. End lapping of corrugated G.I. roofing sheets
Carriage 23. Inclined structural member that supports the steps of a stair
Channel 24. Structural steel shape having unsymmetrical balance
6cm 25. Hooked end of a 12mm stirrups
Fig B-2 26. Which among the concrete block is the header block
Miter box 27. A device used as a guide of the hand saw in cutting object to form a
miter joint
Plastic hose 28. The best and accurate tool for guiding the work in establishing a
with water horizontal level
10cm 29. Minimum thickness of suspended R.C. slab
40 bd.ft. 30. Total board foot of 10 pcs. 2"x2"x12'
Fig. C-3 31. Which among the brick work is a common flemish bond
Boysen 32. Xyladecor is a product of
Load bearing wall 33. Wall that support weight from above as well as their own dead weight
Effective length 34. The distance between inflection point in the column when it breaks
Volume 35. The amount of space measured in cubic units.
Stirrups 36. A bended rod to resist shear and diagonal stresses in a concrete
Cement 37. The most important component to determine the strength of concrete
Gypsum board 38. Another term for plaster board
Façade 39. The face or front of a building
Skylight 40. An opening in the roof for admitting light
Soft wood 41. Wood coming from trees with needle leaves, rather than broad leaves
Fire brick 42. A kind of brick used for high temperature
Plaster ground 43. A nailer strip incorporated in rough concrete wall to be plastered to
act as guide and support for finish trim around opening and near the base
of the wall
Span 44. The distance between two structural supports
Rip-rap 45. Stone placed on a slope to prevent erosion
Striking tool 46. Hammer is a
Fig. D-2 47. Which among the finger joint is the hidden dove tail
Stripping 48. The process of removing concrete forms from the cured concrete
Purlins 49. A structural member spanning fron truss to truss or supporting
rafters
Anchor bolts 50. Steel bent inserted in masonry construction for scouring wood or
plates to concrete construction
Lintel 51. A horizontal piece of wood, stone, steel or concrete across the top of
door or window opening to bear the weight of the walls above the
opening
Glazing 52. The placing of glass in windows and doors
Cull 53. A rejected building material because of its below standard grade
Lap joint 54. A joint produced by lapping two pieces of materials
Green lumber 55. Lumber that still contains moisture or sap
Valley 56. The internal angle formed by the two roof slopes of a roof
Fascia 57. A vertical board attached on the ends of the rafters. It is part of the cornice
Spike 58. A large heavy nail is referred to as
Xylem 59. What is the scientific name of wood
Retaining wall 60. A wall that holds back on earth embankment
61. The term used to indicate top and lower principal member of a roof or bridge
Chord truss
Sleeper 62. Strips of hardwood usually 2"x2" laid over a concrete slab floor
Stud 63. A vertical structural member which acts as a supporting element in a
wall or partition
Tyrolean finish 64. Rough plaster finish obtained by flinging plaster on a wall with a hand
operated machine
Adiabatic curing 65. The curing of concrete or mortar without the gain or loss of heat
during the curing period
Vinyl tile 66. A floor tile composed principally of polyvinyl chloride
Creep 67. The permanent deformation of a materials under a sustained load
Riser 68. The vertical face of a stair
Plough 69. A groove extended along the edge or face of the wood member
being cut parallel to grain
Post-tensioning 70. The stressing of unbonded tendons after concrete has cured
Ashlar brick 71. A brick whose face has been hacked to resemble roughly hacked stone
Perforated tape 72. A type of tape used in finishing joints between gypsum board
Control joint 73. Employed to reduce restraint by accomodating movement of masonry walls
Hopper 74. A window sash which opens inward and is hinged at the bottom
Parquet 75. Inlaid wood flooring usually set in simple geometric pattern
Wrought iron 76. Anchor bolts and strap are molded out of
Lag screw 77. Common hardware fastener for truss braces
Lead 78. Sealer type of washer for G.I. roofing sheets
Solignum 79. Trade name for anti-termite surface application on wood
Admixture 80. Retarders or accelerators concrete setting
Galvanized 81. Coated with zinc
Seismic 82. Technical term for earthquake
Stile 83. Vertical frame of paneled door
Baseboard 84. Fascia between floor and wall
Mortar 85. Cement, sand, and water
Balangkas 86. Filipino term for framework
Barakilan 87. Filipino term for bottom chord
Sinturon 88. Filipino term for collar
Kusturada 89. Filipino term for plastered course
Reostra 90. Filipino term for purlins
Asolehos 91. Filipino term for wainscoating tiles
Platsuela 92. Filipino term for wrought iron strap
Kostilyahe 93. Filipino term for ceiling joist
Batidora 94. Filipino term for door fillet
Guililan 95. Filipino term for girder
Lastilyas 96. Filipino term for masonry fill
Tubo de banada 97. Filipino term for downspout
Espolon 98. Filipino term for cabinet hinge
Pie de gallo 99. Filipino term for brace
Baniera 100. Filipino term for bathtub
CAPRICORN AND TIP REVIEWER
SUBAN Filipino term for temper (metal work)
BACKSET Horizonatal distance from the face of a lock or latch to the center of the knob or lock
cylinder
CHORD A principal member of a truss
TYROLEAN FINISH Rough plaster finish obtained by flinging plaster on a wall with a hand operating
machine
PANTILE A roofing tile which has the shape of "S" laid on its side
WROUGHT IRON A commercially pure iron of fibrous nature, valued for its corrosion resistance and
ductility
COLD JOINT A joint formed when a concrete surface hardens before the next batch of concrete
is placed against it
CAST IRON Has high compressive strength but low tensile strength
BED Horizontal surfaces on which the stone units lie on course
FOUNDATION WALL That part of the foundation for a building which forms the permanent retaining wall
of the structure below grade
GRADE BEAM That part of the foundation system which supports the exterior wall of the
superstructure and bears directly on the column footing
BATTEN A narrow strip of wood applied to cover a joint along the edges of two parallel boards
in the same plane
BEAM BLOCKING The boxing in or covering a joist beam or girder to give appearance of a larger beam
A system of framing building in which floor joist of each storey rest on the top plates
WESTERN FRAMING of
the storey below and the bearing walls and partitions rest on the subfloor of each
storey
HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE The pressure equivalent to that exerted on a surface by a column of a water at a
 given height
BAY A window which projects outside the mainline of the building created by the presence
in the soil
ACI INSULATION Fashion tone ceiling tiles manufacturer
JACINTO COLOR STEEL Pre painted longspan roofing manufacturer
THERMAL INSULATION Combination of aluminum foil, installed beneath the ceiling under G.I. Roofing
ELECTROLYTIC ACTION Anodizing gives aluminum oxide coating by means of this
HIGH TENSILE STRENGTH Use of aluminum sheets is not allow in this material
PLACA ROMANA A brand name of asbestos roofing
STEEL Anchor bolts and column straps are made of this
FORMICA Tradename for plastic materials
TANGUILE First group of wood used as shoring
250mm Minimum thickness of footing according to NBC
FLUE A passageway of a chimney
PITCH POCKET A defects in softwood consist of an opening in the grain that contains pitch or resin
KNOTS Lumber defects caused by broken twigs
PRIMER SEALER They are used for unpainted surfaces or those to be repainted after most of the
original paint has been removed
AA Concrete mixed ideal for road pavement and waterproof structure
MOLDS AND STAINS Lumber defects due to the effects of fungi
GALVANIZING To coat steel or iron by immersing in a bath of zinc
COUNTERSINK A boring bit having a conical shaped cutter to accommodate the head of the screw
ROSE A metal plate attached to the face of a door, around the shaft for the door knob
SCRIBE The process of marking wood, metal bricks using pointed material
DAVIES A brand of liquid solution of pigment in suitable vehicle of oil, organic solvent or water
A building material made of fused silica with alkaline bases, drawn up with a metal
GLASS bar
from a tank
ZOCALO A low wall around a chalet type house
LAG SCREW Common hardware fastener for truss braces
COMPRESSION SEAL A material which provides a seal as a result of pressure between he faces of a joint
CRASH BAR The cross bar of a panic exit device; serves as a push bar to actuate the panic
hardware
BLEEDER MASS Rock volume to collect water in retaining wall
SOLEPLATE A horizontal timber which serves as a base for the stud in a stud partition
STILE One of the outer structural member of a frame; as at the outer edge of a door or
a window sash
SOLIGNUM A tradename for for anti-termite surface application on wood
COLOROOF A roofing material having a galvanized steel as base with acrylic overglazedd
LEAN Concrete with low cement content
FLOOR PANEL Pre-casted custom designed architectural panel with specially designed waterproof
joints
SHEET PILE A barrier or diaphragms formed to prevent the movement of the soil, to stabilize the
foundations
KALAMEIN A fireproof door with metal covering
HARDWOOD Comes from decidous or broadleaf trees and are typically used for flooring, stairs,
paneling, furniture and interior form
SOFTWOOD The evergreens and are used for general construction relatively soft and easy to cut
and work
YACAL Used for posts, girder, jambs attached to concrete and also for wooden decks
TINDALO Finest wood for furniture
DAO Used for paneling and plywood veneer
KAMAGONG/RED LAUAN Tanguile like for framing chests, jewel boxes, stair frames
WHITE LAUAN Philippine mahogany for framing chests, stair, frame
APITONG Used for framing joist, truss
NARRA Most expensive used for furniture and paneling, flooring, door pnels, stairs
The most common lumber in the market; used generally for framing, joists, nailer,
TANGUILE studs
ALMACIGA Used for paneling
KNOTS The hard cross grained mass of wood formed in a trunk at the place where a branch
joins a trunk
SHAKES A crack due to natural causes occuring in timber; includes ring shakes, cup shakes
heart shakes, star shakes and wind shakes
PITCHPOCKETS A defects in softwoods; consist of an opening in the grain that contains pitch or resins
SPLIT A cracks that extends completely throug a piece of wood or veneer
CHECK A small crack running parallel to the grain in wood and across the rings, usually
caused by shinkage during drying
WARP Distortion in shape of parallel plane surface
WANE A round edge or bark along an edge at a corner of a piece of lumber; usually caused
by sawing too near the surface of the lag
DRY ROT The decay of seasoned wood caused by fungi of a type capable of carrying water
into the wood they infest
1 BOARD FOOT 1 inch x 12 inches x 1 foot of length
BOARD FOOT FORMULA Thickness x Width x Length / 12
BOARDS 1" TO 1 1/2" thk and wider
DIMENSION LUMBER 2" to 4" thk
TIMBERS 5" x 5" and larger
PLYBOARD A bi-product of wood where waste wood boards are compressed finishes on both
sides with a thin layer of wood, glued together with industrial glues
JACK RAFTER Hip roof support
GYPSUM BOARD Another term for plaster board
A nailer strip incorporated in rough concrete wall to be plastered to act as a guide
TRIMMING GUARD and
support for finish trims around openings and near the base of the wall
RIPRAP Stone placed on a slope to prevent erosion
SLEEPERS Strips or hardwods usually 2" x 2" laid over a concrete slab floor
Z BAR Steel window section for muntins
POLYMER A hardener mixture mixed with marble dust to fill-up the gap of marble slabs during
installatiuon of floor or wall finishes
DEAD BOLT LOCK A type of handless lockset key operatd to give double security
TRUSCON Admixture that impart color on concrete
PRE-TENSIONED
CONCRETE Tension is placed on the reinforcing prior to the placing of the concrete
PRE STRESSING Subjecting reinforcement bars, tendons to tension on a stress bed prior to pouring
concrete
FOUNDATION BED The soil or rock directly beneath the footing
3 DAYS Minimum time required for removing the form for sides of beams and girders
SAHARA To improve the water repellant qualities of cement in concrete mixing
BLISTERING A paint defects causes by applying a finish coat over too damp a base coat
FLAT SLAB A type of concrete floor which has no beam
WOOD PLANK A 2" to 5" thick piece of lumber
FLOAT GLASS A flat glass sheet possesing high quality polished, smooth surface
CASEIN A protein; the chief nitrogenous ingredient of milk
ASPHALTIC A type of roofing materials made from semi solid mixture of complex
hydrocarbons derived from coal of petroleum and before installation dissolved
in solvent, emulsified, heated to a liquid state

TEFLON The tradename for flouroplastic which is transparent to opaque in character

and is used primarily for electrical fixture and pipe sealing

HYDRATION The chemical reaction between cement and water which produces
hardened cement
SCREEDING The process of striking the concrete in order to bring the surface to the
required grade
FALSEWORK Temporary structure used to support a permanent structure during its erection
and until its become self supporting
TRENCH An excavation whose length greatly exceeds its width
WEATHERING STEEL A type of steel that develops a protective oxide coat on its surface upon
exposure to the elements so that the painting is not required for protection
FLEMISH BOND A pattern bond with alternate strechers and headers in each with headers
centered over stretchers in the course below
HEAVYWEIGHT Such as barite, magnitite and steel punching and is used primarily for nuclear
CONCRETE radiation shielding
PUTLOG SCAFFOLD A type of scaffold which has one line of standard to support the outside of the
scaffold deck, while the inside edge is supported from the wall being built
ASTM C 150 A portland cement specification
ALCLAD A clad aluminium sheet used for standrad corrugated, ribbed or V-beam section
and various embossed pattrens for industrial roofing and curtain wall sheets
CHALKING A common paint film defect where progressive powdering from the surfaces
inward occurs
PARQUET Inlaid wood flooring usually set in simple geometric patterns
POLYURETHANE FLOOR A special coating system with high gloss shine while maintaining the natural
COATING wood qualities, maintenance free, used to finish topcoat and wood flooring
PVC A type of plastic rigid to flexible, translucent to opaque and is used in insulation,
siding, wood imitation, flooring and piping
GLAZING PUTTY The paint materials used for sealing, filling, correcting surface defects on
wood surfaces
TYPE III HIGH EARLY A type of cement that provides 190% of type I strength after one day curing
STRENGTH and also produces about 150% of the heat of hydration of normal cement
during the first seven days
BATCHING The process of proportioning cement, water, aggregates and additives prior to
concrete mixing
2 to 5 INCHES Minimum slump recommended for mass concrete
SHOTCRETE The placing of concrete using pneumatic pressure of dry mix concrete or mortars
SOLDIERS A standing position of brick construction having length and height as the
exposed surface
VACUUM DEWATERING A process employed to reduce the amount of free water present in plastic
concrete after the concrete has been placed and screen
ANODIZING An electrolytic process in which the aluminum is emmersed in a specific acid
 solution through which a direct current is passed between the aluminum
and the solution
VEHICLES The substance in the paint which gives continuity and provides adhesion
to the surface or subtrite
STAGING A more substantial framework progressively built up as tall building rises up
16mm No. 5 designation of a bar
CAISSON A water tight structure or chamber within which work is carried
on in building foundation or structures below water level
CHECKS A wood defect that is a small crack running parallel to the grain in wood and
across the rings, usually caused by shrinkage during drying
TENSION SET BOLTS Bolts that incorporate a torque control groove so that the stem breaks under
a specified torque
BANK A soil condition where the soil material is in the natural state before the
disturbance
COMPACTION The process of increasing the density of a soil by mechanically forcing the soil
particles closer together, thereby expelling the air from the void spaces
BULB PILE A special form of cast in place concrete pile in which an enlarged based is
formed during driving
TIE BEAM A beam usually distributed horizontal forces to footings
TEMPERED GLASS A type of glass produced by heating annealed glass almost to the melting point
and then chilling it rapidly which is 3 to 5 times stronger than ordinary glass
DUCO A type of paint that produces a very smooth and glossy surface and sometimes
referred to as pigmented lacquer
BED JOINT A horizontal layer of mortar on which bricks are laid
CAVITY WALL Walls made up of two masonry wythes separated by an air space 2" (50mm)
or more in width and tied together by metal ties
FLYING FORM A type of soft formwork with no shoring along its span and is supported instead
of trusses frames along its span and shoring on both ends
1: 1 1/2 : 3 Class AA concrete mixture ratio
PIER A column usually reinforced concrete, constructed below the ground surface
WANE A defect in lumber which is round edge or bank along an edge at a corner of
a piece of lumber, usually caused by sawing too near the surface
SOLVENTS A liquid component of a paint to increase its fluidity, they volatize or evaporated
during drying and not became part of the film
KICKER PLATE A plate usually wood used to anchor a stair to concrete
EXPANSIVE SOIL HEAVING A type of settlement that cause the grade slab to bend upward due to wet soil
expansion
ENAMEL A special type of paint made with varnish as the vehicle, applied in wood
and metal surfaces
EFFLORESCENCE Whitish powder that forms on the surface of bricks or stone walls due to
evaporation of moisture or containing salts
KILN BURNED BRICKS The most widely used type of building brick which is made of natural sand
and clay or shale
COLLAR JOINT A vertical joints between brick wythes
CHECKING A paint defect coat by soft undercoat, forming shallow cracks at closely spaced
but irregular interval
EMULSIFIERS It is not a vehicle of paint
INSULATING GLASS A double unit glass
COMMON BOND A pattern consisting of stretcher or running bond six or seven courses with a
 course of headers laid perpendicular to the stretcher course
DISPERSAL AGENT Additive used to ensure that all particles of cement and water are mixed
thoroughly in a concrete setting
LAMINATED COATING Flouropolymers, powder coatings, siliconized acrylics and polyesters are
these types of coatings for aluminium
ANODIZING A process of coating steel products by immersing them in a bath of motten
zinc after cleaning them
WEATHERING STEEL Another term used for ASTM A572 high strength low alloy. It is a structural
steel which uses a natural form of oxidation for protective coating
TWO HINGED FRAME A rigid frame which is done by welding together its two spanning members,
both are connected homogenously to the vertical column members
fastened conventionally to the concrete pedestal
BEARING PLATE Steel plate under the end of a beam used to distribute the end reaction where
the beam rests on a masonry or concrete support
TARRED FELTS Used as a dry sheet to protect wood sheating from dripping asphalt, usually
composed of combination of felted papers, shredded wood fibers and
asphalt saturated
GRAVEL SURFACING A type of surfacing in built-up roof where a flood coat of bitumens is applied
over the top ply and a layer of aggregate is applied while the flood coat is hot
SHAKES Unitary roofing materials which are similar to shingles except that they are
split out
PAINT DEFECTS
ALLIGATORING An incomplete form of peeling where the paint cracks into the large segments,
the edges of which breakaway from the surface while the center remains
attached. Usually due to repeated application of new coats over old coats

BLEEDING Discoloration of coating caused by solube color in the underlying surface,

may be prevented by applying an impermeable undercoating

BLISTERING Formation of blisters or pustules in coating, may be due to underlying spots

of grease, sap or moisture to excessive heat or to direct exposure to
the sun during the process of drying

CHALKING Progressive powdering from the surface inward

DEADENING Loss of luster, due to insufficient or defective undercoat, most frequently

to improper filling of wood

MOISTURE BLUSH Clouding of the laquer film through precipitation of moisture in the film
Constant temperature and constant low humidity in the finishing will help

ORANGE PEEL Rough appearance resembles very closely the peel of the orange, may be
due to improper cleaning of surface

PEELING Indicate imperfect attachment to the surface; due to dampness, greasy

surface and moisture

PINHOLING As it called, changes in atmospheric conditions during application over

sweating or incompletely dried undercoats, spots of grease or soap
RUNS AND SAGS Irregularities of surface due to uneven flow of varnish or paint, too much
varnish, incomplete brushing

TACKINESS Adhesive property of incompletely dried coating, it is caused especially in

the refinishing of old work, over unclean or greasy surface

WRINKLING Due to applications of few heavy coats for more thin ones, also may
be due to cold weather

FADING The loss of color of a paint film through exposure to sunlight and weather

STANDARD WEIGHT OF PLAIN OR DEFORMED ROUND STEEL BARS

0.396 KILO What is the standard weight of 8mm hot weld deformed bar
0.616 KILO What is the standard weight of 10mm hot weld deformed bar
0.888 KILO What is the standard weight of 12mm hot weld deformed bar
1.580 KILOS What is the standard weight of 16mm hot weld deformed bar
2.466 KILOS What is the standard weight of 20mm hot weld deformed bar
3.854 KILOS What is the standard weight of 25mm hot weld deformed bar
4.834 KILOS What is the standard weight of 28mm hot weld deformed bar
6.314 KILOS What is the standard weight of 32mm hot weld deformed bar
7.992 KIOS What is the standard weight of 36mm hot weld deformed bar
9.866 KILOS What is the standard weight of 40mm hot weld deformed bar
5 TYPES OF PORTLAND CEMENT
TYPE I Is used for general concrete construction where the special properties are
specified
TYPE II Is for use in general concrete construction exposed to moderate surlfate action
or where moderate heat of hydration is required
TYPE III is used where high early strength is required
TYPE IV is used where low heat of hydration is required
TYPE V is for use when high sulfate resistance is required
TYPES OF DOORS
PROJECTED This is workhose of metal windows available in many combination of fixed and
operating sash. Usually, the lowest light will project in and the upper ends projects
out for maximum comfort
SECURITY Another version of the projected sash, this window provides an integral grill
permitting ventilations but restricting the size of an object that can pass through
the window
DOUBLE HUNG Operating sash for ease of operation
SLIDING It provide flush interior and exterior wall surfaces without the need for counter-
balancing hardware intrinsic in the double hung window
COMBINATION A larger amount of light than ventilation is desired
CASEMENT Vertically proportioned sash that swing outward, somewhat like a door
AWNING It offers 100% ventilation combined with a degree of rain protection not
attainable with casement sash
JALOUSIE An awning window which is reduced in to an operating louver, with a profound
effect on appearance and ability to provide weatherstripping
PIVOTED Popular in multi-storey, AC commercial building. They usually rotate90deg up to
180deg
 TYPES OF HINGES
HINGE A movable joint used to attached, support and turn a door about a pivot
BUTT HINGE Two rectangular metal plate which are joined with a pin
SPRING HINGE A hinge containing one or more spring, when the door is open the hinge returns
it to the open position automatically
PIVOT HINGE The axle or pin about which a window or door rotates
TYPES OF HINGES ACCORDING TO APPLICATIONS
A hinge designed for attachment on the surface of the door and jamb without
FULL SURFACE HINGE mortising
FULL MORTISE HINGE Having one leaf mortised into the dge of the door and the other surface mounted
on the door frame
HALF MORTISE HINGE A hinge, one plate of which is mortised in the door leaf, the other being surface
mounted on the jamb leaf
HALF SURFACE HINGE A hinge which is applied to the surface of a door leaf and to a mortise jamb leaf
TYPES OF RIVETS
FULL BOTTOM HEAD
FLAT END HEAD
COUNTERSUNK
COUNTERSUNK AND
CHIPPED HEAD

FOUNDATIONS Structural elements that carry or support the superstructure of the building
TYPES OF FOUNDATIONS
SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS Are those that transfer the load to the earth at the base of the column or wall
of the substructure
DEEP FOUNDATIONS Transfer the load at a point far below the substructure
TYPES OF COLUMN FOOTING
INDEPENDENT (ISOLATED)
SQUARE BLOCK
STEPPED
SLOPED
CONTINUOUS A combined footing of prismatic shape, which supports two or more columns
in a row
MAT/RAFT FOUNDATION Large footing extending a wide area
PILE FOUNDATION Intended to transmit structural loads through the upper zone of poor soil to a
depth where the earth is capable of providing the desired support
GRILLAGE FOOTING Uses wide flange or I beam; A series of steel beams, bolted together and placed
over a footing used to distribute a concentrated column over the top of footing
COMBINED FOOTING A footing which supports more than one column load
TYPES OF FOUNDATIONS
SPREAD FOOTING A footing which is especially wide, usually of reinforced concrete
BENCH FOUNDATION A foundation cut in series of steps in a sloping bearing stratum to prevent
sliding when subject to the bearing load
INVERTED ARCH An arch in which intrados below the springing line use to distribute concentrated
loads in foundations
CAISSON'S FOUNDATION A watertight structure or chamber within which work is carried on in building
foundations or structures below water level
MAT/RAFT FOUNDATION A continuous foundation under a full extent of the structure
CANTILIVER FOOTING A footing having a tie beam to another footing to balance a structural load not
 symmetrically located with respect to the footing
GRILLAGE FOOTING A series of steel beam bolted together and placed over a footing used to distribute
a concentrated column load over the top of the footing
PILE FOUNDATION A system of piles, pile caps and straps that transfers the structural load to the
bearing stratum into which the piles are driven
WELL FOUNDATION
MIXING OF CONCRETE
DRUM MIXING About 10% of the mixing water is placed in the drum before drying materials
are added
READY MIXED CONCRETE
TRANSIT MIXED Concrete is mixed completely in the truck mixer 1 1/2-3 minutes mixing
CENTRAL MIXED Concrete is mixed in a stationary mixer and delivered in the truck agitator
SHRINK MIXED Concrete is mixed partially in a stationary mixer and mixing is completely in the
truck mixer
PLACING OF CONCRETE
30 to 60 MINUTES Concrete must be placed in position properly compacted within WHAT minutes
after adding water, then cement setting will start
MIXING OF CONCRETE
1 1/2 MINUTES It shall be continued for at least WHAT minutes, after all the materials are in
the drum
CURING OF CONCRETE
FIRST 7 Concrete (other than high early strength) shall be maintained above 10 C and in
a moist condition for at least the WHAT days after placement
FIRST 3 High early strength shall be maintained above 10 C and in a moist condition for at
least the WHAT days
HANDLING OF CONCRETE
16 to 20 liters of water General purpose concrete
28 to 32 liters of water Load bearing 4" CHB
36 to 40 liters of water Non load bearing 4" CHB
16 to 20 liters of water Cement mortar
Stacking of cement bags
4 FEET Maintain a clearance of WHAT feet (minimum) beteween G.I. Roofing and cement
bag stack
REBAR LIMITATIONS FOR FOOTINGS
NO. 5 or 16mm Minimum bar size of footing
1 1/3 times the size of Spacing of rebars is WHAT of times the size of aggregate or 25mm
aggreagates or 25mm
REBAR LIMITATIONS FOR FOOTINGS
NO. 5 or 16mm Minimum size of column rebar
4 PIECES Minimum number of column rebar for square/rectangular coulumns
NO. 2 or NO. 4 Sizes of column ties
BENDING AND BENDING POINTS OF REBAR
L/7 Beams and girders which require bent bars from face of the support for
END span
L/5 Beams and girders which require bent bars from face of the support for
INTERIOR span
45degrees Angle of inclination of bent bars from the horizontal
12TIMES BAR DIAMETER or Column rebars to be embedded to footing should have an anchorage is
305mm
L/4 Distance of column rebars should be continued uninterrupted above the floor line
102mm,152mm,254mm If rebars are to be spliced by welding, it should be cut at these distances from
each point of cut
SPLICING OF REBARS
IT SHOULD BE AVOIDED Splices at point of maximum tensile stress (bottom, center bars, at midspan)
Or it should be lapped or welded
SIZES OF LAP SPLICES
276MPa 24 times bar diameter
345MPa 30 times bar diameter
414MPa 36 times bar diameter
BUT NOT LESS THAN 305mm
15 degrees Both ENDS of BOTTOM bars should be BENT UPWARDS at this ANGLE
ELECTROLYTIC REACTION Aluminum-Concrete reactions
THEY SHALL NOT BE LARGER in outside diameter than 1/3 THE OVERALL
THICKNESS OF SLAB, WALL OR BEAM which they are EMBEDDED
TOOLS FOR PLACING CONCRETE
STRAIGHT EDGE Or "STRIKE OFF" It is the first finishing tool after the concrete is placed and is
used to strike off the concrete surface to proper grade
HAND TAMPER JITTER BUG after the concrete has been struck off, it can be used to compact
concrete in flatwork construction
DARBY A long flat rectangular piece of wood or aluminum from 3" to 4" wide with
handle on top, used to float the surface of concrete slab immediately
BULL FLOAT A tool or machine used to smooth uniformed surfaces of freshly placed concrete
EDGER A finishing tool used on the edges of fresh concrete or plaster to provide a
rounded corner
JOINTER OR GROOVER A metal tool used to cut a joint partly through fresh concrete
THREE COAT PLASTER
SCRATCH COAT First coat
BROWN COAT Second coat
FINISH COAT Third coat

MORTAR A proportioned mixture of silaceous material and cement which after being
prepared in plastic state with water hardens into a stone-like mass
POST Refers to a piece of timber of either cylindrical or either geometrical cross
section vertically placed to support a building
COLUMN A vertical structure used to support a building made of stone, concrete, steel or
combination of the above materials
COLUMN CLASSIFICATION TO TYPES OF REINFORCEMENT
SQUARED TIED
SPIRAL COLUMN Minimum of 6pcs. of 16mm diam. Reinforcing bar
COMPOSITE COLUMN Spiral column combined with WF steel column
COMBINED COLUMN
LALLY COLUMN A steel column used as a support for girders and beams
TYPES OF CONSTRUCTION JOINTS
ISOLATION JOINT Such an expansion joint, between two adjacent structures which are not in
physical contact
CONTROL JOINT W/ DOWEL A grooved which is formed in a masonry structure to regulate the location and
amount of cracking
T&G CONTROL JOINT A joint formed by the insertion of the tounge of one member into the corresponding
 groove of another
BUTT-TYPE CONSTRUCTION Used for floor of 5" thick and greater
THERMAL EXPANSION Used of heat to prevent contractions
PRE STRESSING OF CONCRETE
PRE-COMPRESSING
METHOD Process using hydraulic jacks on fixed abutments
SELF CONTAINED METHOD Done by tying jacks based together with wires located at end of a beam
BOND FRICTION Strands are stretch between massive elements
THERMAL PRESSING Steel is heated by means of electric power; cooling
VOLUMETRIC EXPANSION Used of expanding cement restrained by steel strands
SITE CASTS
Is used chiefly with two way flat plate structures, almost eliminates formwork by
LIFT SLAB CONSTRUCTION casting
the slabs of the building in a stack on the ground, then using hydraulic jacks to lift the
slabs up the columns to their finl position
Is fabricated in large sections supported on deep metal trusses; the sections are
FLYING FORMWORK moved
from one floor to the next by crane, eliminating much of the labor
SLIP FORMING Useful for tall wall structures such as elevator shafts; stairwells and storage soils.
A ring of formwork is oulled steadly upward by jacks supported on a vertical
reinforcing bars, while workers add concrete and reinforcing in a continuous process
Is a floor slab cast on the ground and reinforced concrete wall panels are poured
TILT-UP CONSTRUCTION over
it in a horizontal position, then tilted into positions and grouted together
SHOTCRETE (Pneumatically placed concrete) is sprayed into placed from a hose by a stream of
compressed air and can be deposited without formwork ven on vertical surfaces

THIN SHELLS The concrete is formed in thin sections as thin as 2 1/2" or a large shell
SHOTCRETE Concrete or mortar which is pumped through a hose and projected at high
velocity on surface
PRE-FABRICATED A construction method relying primarily on the used of standardized manufactured
STRUCTURE components
LIFT SLAB A method of concrete building construction in which floor and roof slabs are cast
at ground level and then raised into sa position by jacking
CLASIFICATION OF PILES
BEARING PILE A pile which carries a vertical load
FRICTION PILE A pile that transfer its loads to the soil through friction with the earth surrounding it
BATTER PILE A pile driven at an inclination to the vertical to provide resistance to horizontal
forces
SHEET PILE One of a number of piles, interlocked with similar units, to form a barrier to
retain soil or to keep water out of foundation
GUIDE PILE A heavy square timber which is driven vertically downward to guide steel
sheet piling; used for the construction of coffer dams, caissons
FLOOR SYSTEMS
GIRDER A horizontal beam supporting a floor joist
SILL A wood member placed on top of the foundation wall in wood frame construction
FLOOR JOIST Any joist which carries a floor
TAILPIECE A short beam, joist or rafter supported by a wall at one end and by the header at
the other
LEDGER STRIP A wood strip nailed to the lower side of a girder to provide a bearing surface
 for joist
DRAFTSTOP/FIRESTOP In concealed construction, a material or member which fills or seals the open
construction to prevent or retard the spread of fire
HEDGER A short transverse joist that supports the end of the cut-off joist at stairwell holes
TRIMMER A beam joist or rafter supporting one end of a header at the edge of the opening
in the floor or roof frame
STANDARD HOOKS
4db 180-deg bend plus WHAT db extension but not less than 65mm at free end of bar
12db 90-deg bend plus WHAT db extension, at free end of bar
FOR STIRRUPS AND TIE HOOKS
6db 16mm bar and smaller, 90-deg bend plus WHAT extension at free end of bar
12db 20mm and 25mm bar, 90-deg bend plus WHAT extension at free end of bar
6db 25mm bar and smaller, 135-deg bend plus WHAT extension at free end of bar
MINIMUM BEND DIAMETERS
4db Inside diameter of bend for stirrups and ties shall be less than WHAT for 16mm bar
and smaller
For bar larger than 16mm are the following:
6db 10mm to 25mm
8db 28mm to 32mm
10db 36mm
SPACING LIMITS FOR REINFORCEMENT
db; 25mm Between parallel bars in a layer shall be WHAT db but not less than WHAT distance
25mm Parallel layers two or more reinforcement, distance is not less than WHAT distance
1.5db nor 40mm In spirally reinforced or tied reinforced compression members, clear distance
between longitudinal bars shall be not less than WHAT db nor WHAT SIZE
3x or 450mm In walls and slabs other than joist, primary flexural reinforcement shall space not
more than WHAT TIMES the wall or slab thickness OF WHAT distance
MINIMUM SIZE OF FILLET AND PARTIAL PENETRATION WELDS
3 To 6 inclusive
4.5 Over 6 to 12
6 Over 12 to 20
7.5 Over 20
9 Over 40 to 60
12 Over 60 to 150
16 Over 150
WELDS
MAXIMUM SIZE OF FILLET WELDS
Along edges of the material 6mm thick, not greater than the thickness of the material
MINUS 1.5mm 6mm thick or more; not greater than the thickness of the material minus WHAT
LENGTH OF FILLET WELDS
4x Minimum effective length of a fillet weld; not less than WHAT times the nominal size,
ONE FOURTH or 1/4 or not exceed WHAT of its effective length
The transverse spacing of longitudinal fillet welds used in end connections shall
200mm not exceed WHAT

LAP JOINTS
5x;25mm The minimum amount of lap joint shall be WHAT times the thickness of the thinner
25mm part, but not less than WHAT
INTERMITTENT FILLET WELDS
 The effective length shall not be less than WHAT the weld size, with minimum of
4x;40mm WHAT
END RETURN OF FILLET WELDS
2x Size of fillet welds terminating at ends or sides; be returned continuously around
the corners for a distance of not less than WHAT times the nominal size of the weld

PLUGS AND SLOT WELDS

Diameter of holes shall not be less than the thickness containing it plus WHAT mm
8mm or 2 1/4 x nor
greater than WHAT times the thickness of the weld metal
4x The minimum center to center spacing of plug welds shall be WHAT times the
diameter of the hole
10x The length for the slot shall not exceed WHAT times the thickness of the weld
8mm or 2 1/4 x The width of the slot shall not less than its thickness plus WHAT mm or greater than
WHAT times the thickness of the weld

4x Transverse to their length is WHAT times the width of the slot

Center to center spacing in a longitudinal direction shall be WHAT the length of the
2x slot
EQUAL The thickness of plug or slot welds 16mm or less in thickness shall be WHAT to the
to the thickness of the material
1/2 the thickness In over 16mm; it should be at least WHAT of the thickness of the material not less
than 16mm

ALUMINIZED BACKING &

TAPE Roof insulation under purlins
G.I. STRAP LINER
G.I. TIE WAR

ALUMINIZED BACKING Roof insulation over purlins

RUBBER CEMENT (RUGBY)

G.I. WIRE WITH STOPPER Roofdeck Insulation

PLAIN WHITE TAPE
or WIRE MESH

ASPHALT Damp Proofing / Moisture Barrier

NON FLAMMABLE
ALUMINUM Acoustical Installation
BACKING
MECHANICAL CLIP or
EXPANDABLE WIRE MESH

1999 BUILDING MATERIALS AND CONSTRUCTION

3/16' x 1/2" ALUMINUM An alternative fastening material that can be used for metal on ceiling joist other
BLIND RIVETS than metal screws

CEMENT TEXTURED FINISH A masonry finish using pure cement mixed wit flexible synthetic latex based
 additive like Plexibond to a tacky consistency then applied by an applicator roller
to give a remarkable finish

WRINKLING A paint defect that occurs on inferior brands where the paints contains soluble
pigments thus softens and dissolves by water or by chemical after sufficient
drying

3.853 KILOS What is the standard weight of a 25mm diameter hot rolled weldable deformed
or plain steel bar per meter length

SEAM LOCK A recommended method of joint by steel deck manufacturers

SWIVEL PIPE CLAMP It does not comprise in the tie rod system of a steel deck scaffold

BLEEDING A paint defect by discoloration of coat caused by soluble color in the underlying
surface

#16 EXPANDED METAL LATH Glass block reinforcement in a spaced of 7/16" gap to accept it and the binder

MODULAR COORDINATION System of measurement when utilising modular systems of construction

and technology

MAIN/CROSS TEE AND WALL A wood ceiling joist substitute for drop ceiling usually made of aluminium or pre-
ANGLE SUSPENSION
SYSTEM painted GI used to hang lightweight boards such as fiber glass boards

3/4" THK CEMENT GROUT Used to install brick plaqueta on to a scratch coat of a masonry wall in an
evenly distributed manner

1.578 KILOS What is the standard weight of a 16mm diameter hot rolled weldable deformed
or plain steel bar per meter length

PIEDRA TILES What is not a brand of ceramic tiles

3/4" LAYER OF CEMENT A ceramic tile is installed into a masonry wall over rough plaster by a uniform
MORTAR

PRESTRESS CONCRETE Floor system by Jackbuilt

T-BEAM FLOOR SYSTEM

MORTISE LOCKSET In lockset, this is the safest door lock recommended for main entry doors

SCARF Wood end joint requiring tensile strength

OIL WOOD STAIN Natural coating which brings the natural beauty of wood

1/5 SIDE FORMS Coarse aggregates standard sizes

1/3 DEPTH SLABS
3/4 CLEAR SPACING
BLIND AND STUB Mortise and tenon wood construction joint where tounge and grooves meet
halfway making the connection clean of joint traces

FORM CLAMP An accessory of tie rod scaffold system

UNIFORM 10mm THK Installation of Piedra tiles over mortar bed

CEMENT PLASTER

VISION DOOR A door type used between a dining and kitchen to allow a server to see through

BENCHMARK Vertical location of a ground surface often used as a reference point with
respect to the vertical height

SCREW WITH EXPANSION Method of fastening jamb to concrete or masonry

PLUG

HEPTAGON Not a wood parquet geometric design

FINISHING MASON A highly trained labor used to prepare rough to finish plastering, lay concrete
hollow blocks, install tiles and pebble washout

CURDOROY or TOOL FINISH A kind of masonry finish which utilise a chamfer wood block out, usually 1"x1"
distance at 2" o.c. which serves a s form when removes gives design line
texture is added by chisel

MODULAR SYSTEM A system of mass production and industrilisation by prefabrication of

furniture and cabinets

LAMINATED A type of glass use in constructing vision door which must be shutter proof
to be accident free

HUE SCALE A construction technique in color reproduction applying the Munsell

color principle-SECONDARY COLOR LIKE ORANGE TURN TO BE YELLOW

PLAIN MITER A type of wood end joint where both wood are cut at equal angles diagonally

Z-BAR Steel window section for muntins

SHIMS, BEARING PLATE, Basic parts of stressing anchor

STRESSING WASHER,
BOTTOM PLATE

POLYMER A hardener mixture mixed with marble dust to fill up the gap of marble slabs
during installation of floor or wall finishes

PLYBOARD A bi-product of wood where waste wood boards are compressed finish on
both sides with a thin layer of wood, glued together
CROSS BRACE MUST BE What is wrong with the installation of steel scaffold
INSTALL IN OPPOSITE
DIRECTION

75mm WIDE PRESSURE In air condittioning duct, what type of strap is used to insure that there is no air
SENSITIVE ALUMINIZED gap is left
DUCT TAPE STRAP AT
600mm O.C.

WOOD LATHE MACHINE Woodwork equipment to form the different wood mouldings for balusters and
or TORNO newel posts

Method recommended by manufacturers to join the steel deck and the

rebars

CONDECK Steel deck that can be used for two slab

ALUMINUM PIPES &

CONDUITS It precludes good construction practice for pipes and conduits embedded
AT R.C. SHALL BE SECURED in concrete
NOT BY TIE WIRES BUT
MUST
BE EFFECTIVELLY
COVERED

CHROMA SCALE A construction technique in color reproduction applying the Munsell

color principle-HAS A DEGREE OF ITS COLORFULNESS or INTENSITY

DEAD BOLT LOCK A type of handless lockset key operated to give double security

A chemical agent apply on marble floor to make it shinny

INSTALL POLYETHELYNE A type of insulation recommended in air conditioning duct warp

FOAM W/ ALUM. FOIL
BARRIER. ADHERE BY
INDUSTRIAL ADHESIVE TO
GALVANIZED AIR DUCT

REVERSE THE LOCATION To secure the steel purlins properly to the steel cleat considering the axial,
OF THE "Z" PURLINS torsion and shear stresses present at the joint

20 mm Minimum concrete cover for 20mm and larger for shell and folded plate
members for cast in place

SPACE TO INSTALL The purpose of inverted channel shape at bottom edge of metal door
CONCEAL DOOR CLOSER

PURLIN SAG RODS Structural member in steel truss framing to counter act compression in roof
 1998 BUILDING MATERIALS AND CONSTRUCTION
STUCCO FLOORING FINISH A concrete flooring and finish which transform ordinary plain concrete into an
elegant decorative surface

ASINTADA Concrete hollow block laying

CARPETS
TUFTED Is made of inserting face yarns or tufts through premanufactured backing by
used of needles
VELVET Simplest type of all carpet weaves. Pile is form as loom loops over wires
inserted across loom. Pile height is determined by height of wire inserted
AXMINSTER The loom is highly specialized and nearly as versatile as hand weaving. Color
combinations and designs are limited only by the number of tufts in the carpet

WILTON The loom operates like a velvet loom, except that it has a Jacquard
mechanism with up to six color frames
FUSHION This process produces complete carpet by imbedding pile yarns and
adhering backing to a viscous vinyl face that hardens after the curing
KNITTED The process resembles weaving in that the face and back are made
simultaneously. Backing and pile yarns are looped togeher with a stitching
yarns with three sets of needles

SCRATCH COAT A pretreatment of poured concrete such as wall, beams and column where a
thin layer of cement grout mixed with flexible base additives is splattered by
tampico brush or masonry spoon on to the surface to give a tooth for
excellent plaster adhesion

TANGUILE Local species of wood used for studding, cabinet and flush door framing

POLYURETHANE FLOOR A special coating system with a high gloss shine while maintaining the
COATING natural wood qualities, maintenance free to finish and topcoat wood flooring

SANDBLASTING A common and cheap masonry finish wherein dry consistency of mortar
mix is spray by mechanical or pneumatic means. It is left to dry to give rustic
finish

RUSTIC TERRAZO Terrazo floor described by its physical appearance, the stone or pebble is
intentionally exposed while the cement matrix is depressed

PIVOTED A type of window where the sash rotates 90 degrees to 180 degrees
about the header or the sill or sides of the jamb

LEFT HAND A door hinge at the left and the door leaf swings inside the room to the left

MASONRY NEUTRALIZER A water mixed product, mixed to a ratio of 1:20 to stabilize lime activity in new
masonry surface. Without this mixture will cause the subsequent painting to be
 defective

PEELING Indicates imperfect adhesion of the film to the surface, with the film getting strip
off in relatively large pieces due to application on damp or greasy surface

TERMS TO REMEMBERS
ANCHOR BOLT A threaded rod instead of masonry construction for anchoring the sill plate
to the foundation
APRON The finish board immediately below a window sill. Also the part of the driveway
that leads directly into the garage
ARCADE A series of arches supported by a row of columns
ARCH A curved structure that will support itself by mutual pressure and the weight
above its curved opening
AREAWAY A recessed area below grade around foundation to allow light and ventilation
into a basement window or doorway
ASHLAR A facing of squared stones
IMPRESSO CRETE A concrete flooring and finish which transform ordinary plain concrete into an
elegant and decorative trextured surface. This is by adding dust-on-color
pigments to the concrete to give a fast color and imprinted with a patented
pattern and texture while the concrete is still plastic to create the look and finish
of stone, slate or brick
INSET or INTERIOR An installation method where the cabinet covers is recessed and flushed with
the cabinet sidings
SCARF A type of wood end joint where both woods are cut at equal angles diagonally
TYPES OF TERRAZO
RUSTIC TERRAZO A type of terrazo floor described by its physical appearance whereby the
stone or pebble is intenionally exposed while the cement matrix is depressed
STANDARD TERRAZO The most common type; relatively small chip sizes
VENETIAN TERRAZO Larger chips with smaller chip filling the spaces between
PALLADIANA TERRAZO Random fractured slab of marble up to approximately 15" greatest dimension
3/8 to 1" thk with smaller chips filling the space

PIVOTED A type of window where the ventilating sash rotates 90deg to 180deg
about the header and sill or about the side jambs

KEEP THE CEMENT

PLASTER To prevent plaster from improper adhesion, the substrate must be rough end
AS THIN AS POSSIBLE and the cement plaster should be..

ICI DULUX It is not a brand of house paint

RABBET Type of joint used to install in the glass of a French window

EDGE STRIP TROWEL An equipment uniformly distribute tile adhesive at the underside of the ceramic
tile during installation
SMOKED GLASS A type of shutter proof opaque glass used to construct a door with glass to
allow the natural light only
GRADING is the act of excavating or filling an earth or any sound material or combination
thereof in preparation for a finishing surface such as pavings
VIGAN TILES A floor finish commercially size 1"x1"x12" utilizing clay and fired in traditional
manner making interesting and attractive rustic clay shade patterns
305 mm Standard distance measure from the center of the drain hole of a water closet
to a finish wall
GIRDER BEAM A beam that supports smaller beams in floor system
LINTEL BEAM A horizontal piece of wood, stone, steel or concrete across the top of door or
window opening to bear the weight of the walls above the opening
PRE FABRICATION Pre-construction of components as part of the whole
KNOTS Wood defects are heart shakes, cup shakes, star shakes
UNDRESSED LUMBER Lumber that is not squared or finished
WOOD PRESERVATIVE BRAND NAMES
XYLADECOR
CUPRINOL
SOLIGNUM
ALDRITE
MAPECON
SINGLE DOOR
LEFT HAND hinges on left; open inward
RIGHT HAND hinges on right; open inward
LEFT HAND REVERSE hinges on left; open outward
RIGHT HAND REVERSE hinges on right; open outward
VARIED BRICKS POSITIONS
STRETCHER
HEADER
SOLDIER
ROWLOCK
SHINER
SAILOR
RABBET AND DADO
RABBET
DADO
RABBET & DADO
STOPPED DADO
DOVETAIL DADO
DOVETAIL
THROUGH SINGLE
THROUGH MULTIPLE
STOPPED LAP
HALF LAP
LAP
BLIND MITER
MORTISE AND TENON
FULL OR THROUGH
BLIND AND STUB
SHIP OR OPEN
HALF BLIND
HAUNCH
HAUNCH BLIND
KEYED
PINNED BLIND
WEDGE
LAP JOINT
MIDDLE LAP
CROSS LAP
END LAP
MITER HALF LAP
END JOINTS
SQUARED SPLICE
HALF LAP
FINGER
LAP
SPLICE
SCARF
EDGE JOINT
BUTT
SHIPLAP
FILLET
TOUNGE AND GROOVE
BUTTERFLY
DOWEL
BATTEN
BACK BATTEN
SPLINE
BUTTERFLY SPLINE
ILLUSTRATION TERMS TO BE STUDIED
STEEL DECK
EXTERIOR MOULDING
INTERIOR MOULDING
JOIN STRIP
END CAP
UPPER MOLUDING
LOWER MOULDING
TILE ACCESSORIES
RIDGE END TILE
RIDGE TILE
DOWN END TILE
RIGHT HAND VERGE TILE
STRESSING MEMBER
BEARING PLATE
SHIM
STRESSING WASHER
BOTTOM PLATE
SCAFFOLDING
PVC SLEEVE
TIE ROD
THRUST PLATE
WING NOT
MORE STUDIES
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TO GOD BE THE GLORY!!!!!!!!!!!!!!