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    Student - ECTE992 - T2 - Solutions - For - L2 - IP Protocols PDF

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    Student - ECTE992 - T2 - Solutions - For - L2 - IP Protocols PDF

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    Doan Tue Tam
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    69 views4 pages

    Student - ECTE992 - T2 - Solutions - For - L2 - IP Protocols PDF

    Uploaded by

    Doan Tue Tam

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 4

    ECTE992 –Internet Protocol

    Tutorial Solutions: week 03


    For Lecture 2: IP Protocols

    Questions

    1-

    First, the value of the checksum field is set to 0. Then the entire header is divided into16-bit
    sections and added together. The result (sum) is complemented and inserted into the checksum
    field. The checksum in the IPv4 packet covers only the header, not the data. There are two
    good reasons for this. First, all higher-level protocols that encapsulate data in the IPv4
    datagram have a checksum field that covers the whole packet. Second, the header of the IPv4
    packet changes with each visited router, but the data do not. The options, if present, are
    included in the checksum field.

    2-.

    3-

    School of Electrical, Computer and Telecommunication Engineering – Yanguang (Sunny ) YU 2011


    ECTE992 –Internet Protocol

    4-

    The three transition strategies are dual stack, tunneling, and header translation.

    9 dual stack: all hosts before migrating completely to version 6, have a dual stack of
    protocols (running IPv4 and IPv6 simultaneously)

    9 tunnelling: the IPv6 packet is encapsulated in an IPv4 packet when it enters the region,
    and it leaves its capsule when it exits the region. Tunneling is a strategy used when two
    computers using IPv6 want to communicate with each other and the packet must pass
    through a region that uses IPv4.

    9 header translation: the header format must be totally changed from IPv4 to IPv6.
    Header translation is necessary when the majority of the Internet has moved to IPv6
    but some systems still use IPv4.

    5-
    If no fragmentation occurs at the router, then the only field to change in the base header is the
    time to live (TTL) field. If any of the multiple-byte options are present, then there will be
    changes in the option headers as well (to record the route and/or timestamp). If fragmentation
    does occur, the total length field will change to reflect the total length of each datagram. The
    more fragment bit of the flags field and the fragmentation offset field may also change to
    reflect the fragmentation. If options are present and fragmentation occurs, the header length
    field of the base header may also change to reflect whether or not the option was included in
    the fragments.

    6-

    Advantages of a large MTU:


    • Good for transferring large amounts of data over long distances
    • No fragmentation necessary; faster delivery and no reassembly
    School of Electrical, Computer and Telecommunication Engineering – Yanguang (Sunny ) YU 2011
    ECTE992 –Internet Protocol

    • Fewer lost datagrams


    • More efficient (less overhead)
    Advantages of a small MTU:
    • Good for transferring time-sensitive data such as audio or video
    • Better suited for multiplexing

    7-
    The value of the header length field of an IP packet can never be less than 5 because every IP
    datagram must have at least a base header that has a fixed size of 20 bytes. The value of
    HLEN field, when multiplied by 4, gives the number of bytes contained in the header.
    Therefore the minimum value of this field is 5. This field has a value of exactly 5 when there
    are no options included in the header.

    8-

    If the value of the HLEN field is 7, there are 28 (since 7 ⋅ 4 = 28) bytes included in the header.
    There are 20 bytes in the base header, so the total number of option bytes must be 8.

    9-
    If the size of the option field is 20 bytes, then the total length of the header is 40 bytes (20 byte
    base header plus 20 bytes of options). The HLEN field will be the total number of bytes in the
    header divided by 4, in this case ten (1010 in binary).

    10-

    Since there is no option information, the header length is 20, which means that the value of
    HLEN field is 5 or 0101 in binary. The value of total length is 1024 + 20
    or 1044 (00000100 00010100 in binary).

    11-
    Since the offset field shows the offset from the beginning of the original datagram in multiples
    of 8 bytes, an offset of 100 indicates that there were 800 bytes of data sent before the data in
    this fragment.

    12-

    Let us first find the value of header fields before answering the questions:
    VER = 0x4 = 4
    HLEN =0x5 = 5 −−> 5 ⋅ 4 = 20
    Service =0x00 = 0
    Total Length = 0x0054 = 84
    Identification = 0x0003 = 3
    Flags and Fragmentation = 0x0000, D = 0 M= 0 offset = 0
    School of Electrical, Computer and Telecommunication Engineering – Yanguang (Sunny ) YU 2011
    ECTE992 –Internet Protocol

    Time to live = 0x20 = 32


    Protocol = 0x06 = 6
    Checksum = 0x5850
    Source Address: 0x7C4E0302 = 124.78.3.2
    Destination Address: 0xB40E0F02 = 180.14.15.2
    We can then answer the questions:
    a. If we calculate the checksum, we get 0x0000. The packet is not corrupted.
    b. Since the length of the header is 20 bytes, there are no options.
    c. Since M = 0 and offset = 0, the packet is not fragmented.
    d. The total length is 84. Data size is 64 bytes (84 -20).
    e. Since the value of time to live = 32, the packet may visit up to 32 more routers.
    f. The identification number of the packet is 3.
    g. since protocol=6, indicates TCP protocol is used in up layer The type of service is normal.

    13-

    Data size = 200 - (5 × 4) = 180 bytes


    Offset = 200 × 8 = 1600
    The number of the first byte = offset value = 1600
    The number of the last byte = offset value + data size - 1 = 1779
    M = 0, offset NOT ZERO Æ last fragment

    School of Electrical, Computer and Telecommunication Engineering – Yanguang (Sunny ) YU 2011

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