FUNDACJA INNOWACYJNEJ EDUKACJI

Dictionary of Youth
Funded by support of Erasmus+ Programme
 Participating organisations:

Fundacja Innowacyjnej Edukacji (Poland)

World Independent Youth Union (Armenia)

Modern Youth Public Union (Azerbaijan)

DICTIONARY Academy of innovation (Russia)

Eduplius (Lithuania)
OF YOUTH
SFERA Srbija (Serbia)

The Changemakers (Turkey)

NGO "European Youth Community" (Ukraine)

Y.E.A.S.T. (Italy)

You in Europe (Greece)

COMMUNICATION
 EXPERIENCE

Communication skills are very important as, whether or not, the

receiver or receivers understand what we intended to

send will have an effect not only on the perception of the

COMMUNICATION message but also on the relationship between us.

BASICS CONTRIBUTIONS

Presentations are communication tools that can be

demonstrations, lectures, speeches, reports, and more.

Most of the time, they’re presented before an audience.

HALF THE WORLD IS COMPOSED OF
PEOPLE WHO HAVE SOMETHING TO
SAY AND CAN'T, AND THE OTHER
HALF WHO HAVE NOTHING TO SAY
AND KEEP ON SAYING IT.

ROBERT FROST
 We use communication every day in nearly every environment,

IMPORTANCE including in the workplace. Whether you give a slight head

nod in agreement or present information to a large group,

OF COMMUNICATION communication is absolutely necessary when building

relationships, sharing ideas, delegating responsibilities,

managing a team and much more.Learning and developing

good communication skills can help you succeed in your

career, make you a competitive job candidate and build your

network. While it takes time and practice, communication and

interpersonal skills are certainly able to be both increased

and refined.There are four main types of communication we

use on a daily basis: Verbal, nonverbal, written and visual.

Let’s take a look at each of these types of communication,

why they are important and how you can improve them for

success in your career.

THE CHANNELS

There are several different ways we share

information with one another. For example, you

might use verbal communication when sharing a

presentation with a group. You might use written

communication when applying for a job or sending

an email.There are four main categories or

communication styles including verbal, nonverbal,

written and visual:

 Channels of communication

VERBAL NONVERBAL WRITTEN VISUAL

VERBAL

The Verbal Communication is a type of oral communication wherein the

message is transmitted through the spoken words. Here the sender gives

words to his feelings, thoughts, ideas and opinions and expresses them in the

form of speeches, discussions, presentations, and conversations.The

effectiveness of the verbal communication depends on the tone of the

speaker, clarity of speech, volume, speed, body language and the quality of

words used in the conversation. In the case of the verbal communication, the

feedback is immediate since there are a simultaneous transmission and

receipt of the message by the sender and receiver respectively.The sender

must keep his speech tone high and clearly audible to all and must design the

subject matter keeping the target audience in mind. The sender should always

cross check with the receiver to ensure that the message is understood in

absolutely the same way as it was intended. Such communication is more

prone to errors as sometimes the words are not sufficient to express the

feelings and emotions of a person.The success of the verbal communication

depends not only on the speaking ability of an individual but also on the

listening skills. How effectively an individual listens to the subject matter

decides the effectiveness of the communication. The verbal communication is

applicable in both the formal and informal kind of situations.

 This form of communication is further classified into four types, which are:

1. Intrapersonal Communication. This form of communication is extremely private and restricted to

ourselves. It includes the silent conversations we have with ourselves, wherein we juggle roles
between the sender and receiver who are processing our thoughts and actions. This process of
communication when analyzed can either be conveyed verbally to someone or stay confined as
thoughts.

2. Interpersonal CommunicationThis form of communication takes place between two individuals and
is thus a one-on-one conversation. Here, the two individuals involved will swap their roles of sender
and receiver in order to communicate in a clearer manner.
 3. Small Group CommunicationThis type of communication can take place only when there are more
than two people involved. Here the number of people will be small enough to allow each participant to
interact and converse with the rest. Press conferences, board meetings, and team meetings are
examples of group communication. Unless a specific issue is being discussed, small group discussions
can become chaotic and difficult to interpret by everybody. This lag in understanding information
completely can result in miscommunication.

4. Public CommunicationThis type of communication takes place when one individual addresses a
large gathering of people. Election campaigns and public speeches are example of this type of
communication. In such cases, there is usually a single sender of information and several receivers
who are being addressed. *

*https://arayo.scripts.mit.edu/home/new-services/etiam-dictum-egestas/
NON-VERBAL

The Non-Verbal Communication is the process of conveying meaning without

the use of words either written or spoken. In other words, any communication

made between two or more persons through the use of facial expressions,

hand movements, body language, postures, and gestures is called as non-

verbal communication.The Non-Verbal Communication, unlike the verbal

communication, helps in establishing and maintaining the interpersonal

relationships while the verbals only help in communicating the external events.

People use non-verbals to express emotions and interpersonal attitudes,

conduct rituals such as greetings and bring forward one’s personality.The

non-verbal communication in the form of signals, expressions add meaning

over the verbals and help people to communicate more efficiently. It

supplements whatever is said in words, such as people nod to acknowledge

and move their hands to give directions.The non-verbal communication

defines the distance between the communicators and helps them to

exchange their emotional state of mind. Also, it regulates the flow of

communication, for example, an individual can give signals to convey that he

had finished speaking or else he wants to speak.Sometimes, the non-verbals

acts as a barrier to communicating effectively as the recipient could not

understand what the sender is trying to say and may interpret it wrongly.
WRITTEN
The Written Communication refers to the process of conveying a message

through the written symbols. In other words, any message exchanged

between two or more persons that make use of written words is called as

written communication.The written communication is the most common and

effective mode of business communication. In any organization, the electronic

mails, memos, reports, documents, letters, journals, job descriptions, employee

manuals, etc. are some of the commonly used forms of written

communication.Such communication is used when the information to be

transmitted is lengthy and includes some complex terms that cannot be

explained verbally.  Also, the organizations maintain their documents in

writings such that these can be used as a reference and evidence of any

transaction anytime in the future. Thus, it is essential for every business

organization to develop effective writing skills and inculcate this in all its

employees.The effectiveness of written content depends on the correct

choice of words, their organization into correct sentence sequence and the

cohesiveness in the sentences. The information in writing is considered more

legal and valid than the spoken words. Also, people rely more on the written

content than what has been said orally. But, however, unlike verbal

communication the feedback of written communication is not immediate

since it is not spontaneous and requires time to get into the understandable

form.
VISUAL

Visual communication is the transmission of information and ideas using

symbols and imagery. It is one of three main types of communication, along

with verbal communication (speaking) and non-verbal communication (tone,

body language, etc.). Visual communication is believed to be the type that

people rely on most, and it includes signs, graphic designs, films, typography,

and countless other examples.form.

Given how broad a category visual communication is, it is somewhat difficult

to trace its history. Nevertheless, there is evidence to suggest that it is the

oldest form of communication. For example, in regions around the world,

there are cave paintings from thousands of years ago, some dating back as

far as 40,000 years. Cave paintings are a primitive form of communication

that were drawn or etched into cave walls and ceilings. Though their exact

purpose is not clear, these paintings include representations of, among other

things, animals, landscapes, and sacred spaces, and act as a kind of

prehistoric documentation.
 Concrete

Clear

Concise

7 C’S OF
COMMUNICATION Correct

THE 7 C’S OF COMMUNICATION IS A

CHECKLIST THAT HELPS TO IMPROVE
THE PROFESSIONAL COMMUNICATION Consideration

SKILLS AND INCREASES THE CHANCE

THAT THE MESSAGE WILL BE
UNDERSTOOD IN EXACTLY THE SAME
WAY AS IT WAS INTENDED.TO HAVE Complete
EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION, ONE
SHOULD KEEP THE FOLLOWING 7 C’S Courteous

OF COMMUNICATION IN MIND:
 CORRECT
The message should be correct, i.e. a correct language should

be used, and the sender must ensure that there is no

grammatical and spelling mistakes. Also, the message should be

exact and well-timed. The correct messages have a greater

impact on the receiver and at the same time, the morale of the

sender increases with the accurate message.

CLEAR
The message should be clear and easily

understandable to the recipient. The purpose

of the communication should be clear to

sender then only the receiver will be sure

about it. The message should emphasize on a

single goal at a time and shall not cover

several ideas in a single sentence.

 CONSIDERATION
The sender must take into consideration the receiver’s opinions,

knowledge, mindset, background, etc. in order to have an

effective communication. In order to communicate, the sender

must relate to the target recipient and be involved.

CONCISE
The message should be precise and to the

point. The sender should avoid the lengthy

sentences and try to convey the subject

matter in the least possible words. The short

and brief message is more comprehensive

and helps in retaining the receiver’s attention.

 CONCRETE
The communication should be concrete, which means the

message should be clear and particularly such that no room for

misinterpretation is left. All the facts and figures should be

clearly mentioned in a message so as to substantiate to

whatever the sender is saying.

COMPLETE
The message should be complete, i.e. it must

include all the relevant information as

required by the intended audience. The

complete information gives answers to all the

questions of the receivers and helps in better

decision-making by the recipient.

 NOTE: THIS CHECKLIST APPLIES TO BOTH THE
WRITTEN AND ORAL COMMUNICATION.

COURTEOUS
It implies that the sender must take into

consideration both the feelings and

viewpoints of the receiver such that the

message is positive and focused at the

audience. The message should not be biased

and must include the terms that show respect

for the recipient.

BASIC FACTS

The Communication is a two-way process wherein The communication is a dynamic process that begins with

the conceptualizing of ideas by the sender who then

the message in the form of ideas, thoughts,
transmits the message through a channel to the receiver,
feelings, opinions is transmitted between two or
who in turn gives the feedback in the form of some
more persons with the intent of creating a shared
message or signal within the given time frame.
understanding.Simply, an act of conveying

intended information and understanding from one

person to another is called as communication. The

term communication is derived from the Latin

word “Communis” which means to share. Effective

communication is when the message conveyed by

the sender is understood by the receiver in exactly

the same way as it was intended.

Communication Process
SENDER ENCODING MESSAGE

CHANNEL
RECEIVER

DECODING

Seven major elements of

communication process
 SENDER

The sender or the communicator is the person who initiates the conversation and has

conceptualized the idea that he intends to convey it to others.

ENCODING

The sender begins with the encoding process wherein he uses certain words or non-verbal

methods such as symbols, signs, body gestures, etc. to translate the information into a message.

The sender’s knowledge, skills, perception, background, competencies, etc. has a great impact

on the success of the message.

MESSAGE

Once the encoding is finished, the sender gets the message that he intends to convey. The

message can be written, oral, symbolic or non-verbal such as body gestures, silence, sighs,

sounds, etc. or any other signal that triggers the response of a receiver.
 COMMUNICATION CHANNEL

The Sender chooses the medium through which he wants to convey his message to the

recipient. It must be selected carefully in order to make the message effective and correctly

interpreted by the recipient. The choice of medium depends on the interpersonal relationships

between the sender and the receiver and also on the urgency of the message being sent. Oral,

virtual, written, sound, gesture, etc. are some of the commonly used communication mediums.

RECEIVER

Once the encoding is finished, the sender gets the message that he intends to convey. The

message can be written, oral, symbolic or non-verbal such as body gestures, silence, sighs,

sounds, etc. or any other signal that triggers the response of a receiver.
 DECODING

Here, the receiver interprets the sender’s message and tries to understand it in the best possible

manner. An effective communication occurs only if the receiver understands the message in

exactly the same way as it was intended by the sender.

FEEDBACK

The Feedback is the final step of the process that ensures the receiver has received the

message and interpreted it correctly as it was intended by the sender. It increases the

effectiveness of the communication as it permits the sender to know the efficacy of his

message. The response of the receiver can be verbal or non-verbal.

 Barriers in communication

SEMANTIC BARRIERS PSYCHOLOGICAL PERSONAL BARRIERS

BARRIERS
SEMANTIC
BARRIERS

The Semantic Barriers refers to the

misunderstanding between the sender and

receiver arising due to the different meanings of

words, and other symbols used in the

communication.The semantic barriers usually arise

when the information is not in the simple language

and contains those words or symbols that have

multiple meanings
 6 MAIN SEMANTIC BARRIERS
FOLLOWING ARE THE MAIN LANGUAGE BARRIERS:

SYMBOLS, OR

WORDS WITH

DIFFERENT UNCLARIFIED TECHNICAL

MEANINGS ASSUMPTIONS JARGONS

BAD FAULTY DENOTATIONS

EXPRESSION TRANSLATION AND

CONNOTATIONS
Bad Expression:
The message is not formulated properly and the

language used is so difficult that it could be

misinterpreted by the recipient. The message is

said to be badly expressed if the wrong words are

chosen, the sentences are not sequenced

properly, and there is a frequent repetition of

words or sentences. The badly expressed

messages consume a lot of time as it requires

Symbols, or Words with Different Meanings: 
corrections and clarifications and also the impact
There are several words that carry different
of the message gets reduced.
meanings and often, people get confused with

these words and interpret these differently due to

the difference in their educational and social

backgrounds. Such as, the word “Crane” has

different meaning as shown in the sentences

below:The bird sanctuary is full of cranes.The

builder used a crane to lift heavy steel rods.The

girl has to crane her neck to watch the movie.

Faulty Translation: 
Sometimes, the sender translates the message as

per his level of understanding irrespective of the

recipient’s comprehension level. For example, a

manager collected information from his superiors Unclarified Assumptions: 

and subordinates and translated the same Sometimes the sender creates assumptions about

information to all his employees, according to the certain things which he feels the receiver must be

understanding level of the superiors, and this led knowing about it and focus only on the subject

to the misinterpretation of the message. Thus, it is matter. But in the case of a special message, if

required to mold the message according to the the assumptions are vague and unknown to the

understanding levels of the employees to have an receiver then the communication might get

intended response. adversely affected.

Denotations and Connotations: 
The denotation means the literal meaning of the

word, it just shows the name of the object and

does not imply any negative or positive qualities.

The detonation barriers arise due to the sender

and receiver using a different definition and

meaning of the word used in the message. Such

as word crane is used in the context of bird

species but it is interpreted as a vehicle that lifts

the objects.Whereas the implied meaning of the

word is called connotation that arouses personal

reactions and qualitative judgments. The

connotation barriers arise when the people use

Technical jargons: 
words that hold different meanings in different
Often people working in the technical groups
abstract situations, contexts, feelings, etc. For
such as engineers, production managers, IT
example, the word beautiful and confidence has
managers, etc. use the technical jargons in their
a positive connotation, but can have any of the
communication which is quite difficult for the
meaning depending on the context in which it is
layman to understand. Thus, the use of technical
used.
jargons in communication can act as a barrier.
PSYCHOLOGICAL
BARRIERS

The Psychological or Emotional Barriers refers to

the psychological state i.e. Opinions, attitudes,

status consciousness, emotions, etc. of a person

that deeply affects the ability to communicate.The

communication largely depends on the mental

condition of a person, if the person is not mentally

or emotionally sound, then he cannot

communicate effectively either as a sender or a

receiver.
 The main kinds of Psychological
or Emotional Barriers

LACK OF ATTENTION PREMATURE EVALUATION POOR RETENTION

 The main kinds of Psychological
or Emotional Barriers p.2

LOSS BY TRANSMISSION DISTRUST EMOTIONS

Lack of Attention:  Loss by Transmission:
When the person is pre-occupied by some other things and do not
 The loss by transmission means, whenever the information exchanges hand its
listen carefully what the other person is speaking, then arises the
credibility reduces. It is most often observed in the case of an oral
psychological barrier in the communication. When the person does
communication where people handle information carelessly and transmits the
not listen to others, then he won’t be able to comprehend the
information which has lost some of its truth. Thus, the improper and lack of
message as it was intended and will not be able to give proper

feedback. information being transmitted to others acts as a hindrance in the

communication process.

Premature Evaluation: 
Distrust: 
Many people have a tendency to jump to the conclusions directly
To have an effective communication, it is must that both the communicators
and form judgments without considering all the aspects of
(sender and receiver) trust each other. In case there is a lack of trust between
information. This is generally done by the people who are impatient

and resort to a selective listening. This premature evaluation of the both the parties, then they will tend to derive negative meaning out of the

information acts as a barrier to the effective communication and message and often ignore what has been communicated. If the receiver has no

lowers the morale of the sender. trust, then he will not listen to whatever is being said by the sender, and this

will result in a meaningless communication.

Poor Retention:
Emotions: 
 The retention refers to the capacity of a brain to retain or store
things in the memory. The brain does not store all the information The communication is greatly influenced by the emotions of a person. If a

came across but in fact, retain only those which deems to be person is not in a good temperament, then he would not listen properly to

helpful in the future. Therefore, much of the information gets lost whatever is said and might say things offending the sender. Several other
during the retention process, and this acts as a barrier to the
emotions such as anger, nervousness, confusion, restlessness, etc. affects the
effective communication.
communication process.
PERSONAL
BARRIERS

he Personal Barriers relate to the factors that are

personal to the sender and receiver and act as a

hindrance in the communication process.  These

factors include the life experiences, emotions,

attitudes, behavior that hinders the ability of a

person to communicate.
 Lack of Listening Skills

Selective Attention

Lack of knowledge

PERSONAL
BARRIERS
Lack of vocabulary
 LACK OF LISTENING SKILLS
LACK OF KNOWLEDGE
The efficiency of communication process gets
Also, the communication process suffers if the sender
disturbed when the receiver listens only with ears but
and receiver have less knowledge about the subject
do not apply his mind. Often, the receiver listens what
matter.
he wants to listen and give no attention to other

aspects of the information, thereby acting as a

hindrance to the effective communication.

LACK OF VOCABULARY
Often, the communication problem arises when the

sender uses some words which are difficult for the

SELECTIVE ATTENTION receiver to comprehend correctly.

This problem arises when the person is impatient and

put his objective above all. He gives ears to only that

part of the information which is helpful for him and

fulfills his objective and ignores all the other aspects.

 Type of Learners

VISUAL AUDITORY READING & KINESTHETIC

WRITING

Presentations are Presentations are Presentations are

communication tools communication tools Presentations are communication tools

that can be that can be communication tools that can be

demonstrations, demonstrations, that can be demonstrations,

lectures, speeches, lectures, speeches, demonstrations, lectures, speeches,

reports, and more. reports, and more. lectures, speeches, reports, and more.

reports, and more.

 Motivation

Curiosity

KEEP IN MIND Reflection

FACTORS FOR SUCCESS

 The Process

INFORMATION- PROCESSING ASSIMILATING

GATHERING
FIVE STAGES OF LEARNING

CONSCIOUS UNCONSCIOUS

INCOMPETENCE COMPETENCE

UNCONSCIOUS CONSCIOUS MASTERY

INCOMPETENCE COMPETENCE
IMPORTANCE
FOR EMPLOYERS No
40%

When employers (both from business and

non-governmental sector) are asked

what today’s workers lack most they

often say communication skills. E.U.'s

"Flash barometer on employers’ Yes

60%
perception of graduate employability"

revealed that more than 60% of

European employers consider

communication skills of their employees

as very important for their business.

INTERCULTURAL
COMMUNICATION

Greetings, distance between people, ways of touching the other,

eye contact, the way people drink, eat or talk, all these are

governed by different norms in different cultures.

Sometime in the history of each culture it was decided that some

gestures are desirable in given contexts, some are acceptable,

some should be avoided or some are even offensive or

aggressive, even if they don’t actually physically hurt anyone.

A man shaking hands with a woman is courteous in some

societies, somehow accepted in others and even totally

unacceptable by the norms of different cultures.

Different cultures around the world have not always been so

connected as they are now and their evolution was quite

different. For this, each society decided or was forced to decide

because of different external factors on different rules that

members were supposed to follow. The important thing is to be

aware that this huge diversity of norms exists and to be ready to

accept them as a normal element of life.

So, for next time, try not to directly feel offended or aggressed

when somebody with a different cultural background is getting

too close to you, speaks louder than you consider normal, is

reluctant to shake hands or even spits at your feet. Instead, take

a second to understand if this is not actually a normal behavior

by that person’s social norms and, if it makes you feel

uncomfortable, explain this to that person in a polite way.

 900% $7.3
GROWTH OF ONLINE
BILLION
LEARNING OVER THE
VALUE OF GLOBAL
PAST 15 YEARS
GAMIFICATION MARKET
RULES YOU SHOULD BE AWARE
OF WHEN INTERACTING WITH
YOUR TEAMMATES
RECOMMENDATIONS

SHOWING INTEREST TURNS SPEAKING FEEDBACK

-Track the speaker (eye -Do a Process check when it -Be open to other opinions;

contact & no distractions); is needed; -Think from the other’s

-Nod to show interest; -Let others speak too and perspective before you

-Answer questions addressed encourage others to share challenge what he/she is

to you and ask questions for their ideas; stating;

clarification; -Get involved in the -How else can you say Your

-Listen, don’t just hear; conversation; statement without being

hurtful?
RULES YOU SHOULD BE AWARE
OF WHEN INTERACTING WITH
YOUR TEAMMATES
RECOMMENDATIONS

DISCUSSIONS PLAN BE POSITIVE THINK THAN JUDGE

-Manage the time (e.g. have -Never forget so smile; -Don’t get stuck with "I don't

a time-keeper or a discussion -Have a positive attitude, see know." It is not just about the

facilitator); things as an opportunity for result, it is also about

-Set your priorities; learning, not as a the process;

-Know your objective and problem -You are not expected to

stick to it; avoid secondary -Say “Thank you!” when "know" but to "think”. You can

discussions; valuable input is provided; speculate, guess or give

the best answer you can.

Honest communication is
built on truth and integrity
and upon respect of the
one for the other.
BENJAMIN E. MAYS
 DICTIONARY OF YOUTH

The project "Dictionary of Youth" was the mobility of Youth workers, that is took place in

Poronin (Poland) (18-26.10.2019). The project was a joint idea of 10 organizations,

representing: Poland, Ukraine, Serbia, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Russian Federation, Italy,

Lithuania, Greece and Turkey.

DICTIONARY
The aim of this training course was to provide practical tools to participants to improve

their communication competences, both- verbal and non-verbal (skills, attitudes and

OF
knowledge) in English for social inclusion of refugees, migrants as well as youth from

intercultural background (ethnical/ religious minorities). 

YOUTH
The main desired impact of the project was raising awareness on how to use cohesive

communication tools (English and non-verbal) in youth work and daily life especially working

with the topics of inclusion, participation and human rights, anti-discrimination and anti-

radicalisation as well as promoting intercultural dialogue and international development, to

...ABOUT THE PROJECT
address global social problems, improve the status of people with fewer opportunities,

promote cohesion and work towards a more harmonious society. 

The project was funded under the Erasmus+ programme.

 ERASMUS+

The new EU programme for Education, Training, Youth and Sport for 2014-2020

The “Dictionary of Youth" project was co-financed trough the Erasmus+ programme of the

European Commission.

The Erasmus+ programme aims to boost skills and employability, as well as

modernising Education, Training, and Youth work. The seven year programme will have

€14.7 billion; a 40% increase compared to spending levels between 2007

DICTIONARY
a budget of

and 2013, reflecting the EU's commitment to investing in these areas.

Erasmus+ will provide opportunities for over 4 million Europeans to study, train, gain

OF
work experience and volunteer abroad.

YOUTH
Erasmus+ will support transnational partnerships among Education, Training, and Youth

institutions and organisations to foster cooperation and bridge the worlds of Education

and work in order to tackle the skills gaps we are facing in Europe. It will also support

national efforts to modernise Education, Training, and Youth systems. In the field of Sport,

...ERASMUS+ there will be support for grassroots projects and crossborder challenges such as combating

match-fixing, doping, violence and racism. Erasmus+ brings together seven previous EU

programmes in the fields of Education, Training, and Youth; it will for the first time provide

support for Sport. As an integrated programme, Erasmus+ offers more opportunities for

cooperation across the Education , Training , Youth , and Sport sectors and is easier to

access than its predecessors, with simplified funding rules.