Amplitude Modulation &demodulation: I. Aim

AMPLITUDE MODULATION &DEMODULATION
I. AIM:
To perform the function of Amplitude Modulation & Demodulation (under modulation, perfect
modulation & over modulation) and also calculate the modulation index.
II. APPARATUS:
1. Amplitude Modulation & Demodulation trainer kit.
2. Oscilloscope (20MHz)
3. Function generator (1MHz).
4. Connecting chords & probes.
III. THEORY:
Amplitude modulation is defined as the process in which the amplitude of the carrier wave c(t) is
varied about a mean value, linearly with the baseband signal. An AM wave may thus be
described, in the most general form, as a function of time as follows.
S(t)=Ac{1+Kam(t)}cos(2πfct)
Where Ka- Amplitude sensitivity of the modulator
S(t) –Modulated signal
Ac- carrier signal
m(t) –modulating signal
The amplitude of Ka m(t) is always less than unity, that is Ka m(t) <1 for all t. It ensure that the
function 1+Ka m(t) is always positive. When the amplitude sensitivity Ka of the modulator is
large enough to make Ka m(t)>1 for any carrier wave becomes over modulated ,resulting in
carrier phase reversal whenever the factor 1+Kam(t) crosses zero. The modulate wave then
exhibits envelope distortion. The absolute maximum value of Ka m(t) multiplied by 100 is
referred to as the percentage modulation.
V −V min
% modulation= max × 100 %
V max +V min
The carrier frequency fc is much greater than the highest frequency component ω of the message
signal m(t),that is fc >>W
Where W is the message bandwidth.
If the condition is not satisfied, and envelope cannot be visualized satisfactorily.
The trainer kit has a carrier generator, which can generate the carrier wave of 100 kHz when the
trainer is switched on. The circuit’s carrier generator, modulator and demodulator are provided
with the built in supplies, no supply connections are to be given externally.
IV. CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
V. PROCEDURE:
1. Switch on the trainer kit and check the O/P of the carrier generator on oscilloscope.
2. Connect around 1 kHz with 2Volts .A.F signal at A.F I/P to the modulator circuit.
3. Connect the carrier signal at carrier I/P of the modulator circuit.
4. Observe the modulator output signal at AM O/p Spring by making necessary changes in A.F
signal
5. Vary the modulating frequency and amplitude and observe the effects on the modulated
waveform.
6. The depth of modulation can be varied using the variable knob provided at A.F input.
7. The percentage modulation can be calculated using the formula.
V −V min
Percentage modulation= max ×100
V max +V min
V max −V min
Modulation factor=
V max +V min
8. Connect the output of the modulator to the input of the demodulator circuit and observe the
output.
VI. EXPECTED WAVEFORMS:

VII. RESULT:
VIII. APPLICATIONS:
1. Tele communications.
2. TV Transmitters.
IX. QUESTIONS:
1. Define AM and draw its spectrum?
An AM is a modulation with a continuous wave radio frequency signal, sinusoidal
wave to be specific.
2. Draw the phase representation of an amplitude modulated wave?
3. Give the significance of modulation index?

It is used to determine the strength and quality of transmitted signal.
4. What is the different degree of modulation?
Amplitude Modulation (AM); Frequency Modulation (FM); Phase Modulation
(PM)
5. What are the limitations of square law modulator?
They have non linear current-voltage characteristics. Square law modulators are
highly nonlinear in low voltage region.
6. Compare linear and nonlinear modulators?
Linear modulations are characterized by a bandwidth amplitude B which is equal
to the modulation signal. Non linear modulation act as nonlinear system: the
bandwidth of the modulated signal is wider and can be alterated in terms of ratio
between two spectral components with respect to the modulating signal.
7. Compare base modulation and emitter modulation?
Emitter modulation is an amplifier for amplitude modulation operates in class a
mode and has a very low efficiency. Base modulation is an amplitude modulation
produced by applying the modulating voltage to the base of a transistor amplifier
8. Explain how AM wave is detected?
The modulated AM carrier wave is received by the antenna of the radio receiver
and is rectified by the action of a detector diode.
9. Define detection process?
It is the process of retrieving the original signal from the modulated form.
10. What are the different types of distortions that occur in an envelop detector? How can
they be eliminated?
a) the input to the detector must be band-pass filtered around the desired signal, or
else the detector will simultaneously demodulate several signals. The filtering can
be done with a tunable filter or, more practically, a super heterodyne receiver.
b) It is more susceptible to noise than a product detector
c) If the signal is over modulated, distortion will occur.

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AMPLITUDE MODULATION &DEMODULATION

VI. EXPECTED WAVEFORMS:

2. Draw the phase representation of an amplitude modulated wave?

3. Give the significance of modulation index?

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