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Well-being
Well-being, wellbeing, or wellness is the condition of an
individual or group. A higher level of well-being means that in
some sense the individual's or group's condition is more
positive. According to Naci and Ioannidis, "Wellness refers to
diverse and interconnected dimensions of physical, mental, and
social well-being that extend beyond the traditional definition of
health. It includes choices and activities aimed at achieving
physical vitality, mental alacrity, social satisfaction, a sense of
accomplishment, and personal fulfillment".[1][2][3]
Children appearing to
The Oxford English Dictionary traces the term "well being" to a experience/exhibit well-being after an
16th-century calque of the Italian concept benessere.[4] art class

Contents
Philosophical approaches
Scientific approaches
Models and components of well-being
Causal Network Models of Well-being (and Ill-being)
Diener: tripartite model of subjective well-being
Six-factor Model of Psychological Well-being
Corey Keyes: flourishing
Seligman: positive psychology
PERMA-theory
Biopsychosocial model of wellbeing
UK Office for National Statistics (ONS) definition
Global studies
Well-being as a political goal
See also
Notes
References
Sources
Further reading
External links

Philosophical approaches
The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (SEP) entry for "well-being" identifies ways in which terms
related to happiness differ. According to the SEP, the terms "happy", "wellness", "satisfaction",
"pleasure" or "well-being" can refer to a series of possible states:

reflection on past events

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moment-to-moment evaluations of happiness

by oneself, or with another person
inferred from neuroimaging
inferred from sensory input (pain, pleasure)
inferred from cognitive structure (dysfunctional thinking, delusion)
inferred from virtue (is prayer inherently instrumental to well-being?)
duration of the experience
effect on other factors (e.g., personal agency, power)
repetitiveness (is pleasure derived from addiction incompatible with happiness?)
objectivity (is "healthy eating" or "sex" always pleasurable?)
whether the experience is altruistic or egoistic,
whether happiness reflects an emotional state (affect-based account)
whether happiness reflects a cognitive judgement (life satisfaction account)

The affective and life-satisfaction views of happiness differ meaningfully when it comes to certain
topics such as the relationship between income and happiness:

"Surveying large numbers of Americans in one case, and what is claimed to be the first globally
representative sample of humanity in the other, these studies found that income does indeed
correlate substantially (.44 in the global sample), at all levels, with life satisfaction—strictly
speaking, a “life evaluation” measure that asks respondents to rate their lives without saying
whether they are satisfied. Yet the correlation of household income with the affect measures is far
weaker: globally, .17 for positive affect, –.09 for negative affect; and in the United States, essentially
zero above $75,000 (though quite strong at low income levels). If the results hold up, the upshot
appears to be that income is pretty strongly related to life satisfaction, but weakly related to
emotional well-being, at least above a certain threshold."[5]

There are weaknesses to the self-report method of elicitation for happiness: The lay conception of
emotions (affect) is that they are discrete. It is typical, in everyday language, just as in research, to use
research protocols that accept answers such as: "I am happy or I am sad, but not both
simultaneously", or "I am 7 on a 1-10 scale of happiness (likert)".

Scientific approaches
Three subdisciplines in psychology are critical for the study of psychological well-being:[6]

1. Developmental psychology, in which psychological well-being may be analyzed in terms of a

pattern of growth across the lifespan.
2. Personality psychology, in which it is possible to apply Maslow's concept of self-actualization,
Rogers' concept of the fully functioning person, Jung's concept of individuation, and Allport's
concept of maturity to account for psychological well-being.[7]
3. Clinical psychology, in which wellbeing consists of biological, psychological and social needs
being met.

There are two approaches typically taken to understand psychological well-being:

1. Distinguishing positive and negative effects, and defining optimal psychological well-being and
happiness as a balance between the two.[8]
2. Emphasizes life satisfaction as the key indicator of psychological well-being.[7]

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According to Guttman and Levy (1982) well-being is "...a special case of attitude".[9] This approach
serves two purposes in the study of well-being: "developing and testing a [systematic] theory for the
structure of [interrelationships] among varieties of well-being, and integration of well-being theory
with the ongoing cumulative theory development in the fields of attitude of related research".[9]

Models and components of well-being

Many different models have been developed.[10]

Causal Network Models of Well-being (and Ill-being)

Philosopher Michael Bishop developed a causal network account of well-being in The Good Life:
Unifying The Philosophy And Psychology Of Well-being.[11] The causal network account holds that
well-being is the product of many factors—feelings, beliefs, motivations, habits, resources, etc.—that
are causally related in ways that explain increases in well-being or ill-being. More recently causal
network theories of ill-being have been applied to depression[12] and digital technology.[13] Network
approaches have also been applied to mental health more generally.[14]

Diener: tripartite model of subjective well-being

Diener's tripartite model of subjective well-being is one of the most comprehensive models of well-
being in psychology. It was synthesized by Diener in 1984, positing "three distinct but often related
components of wellbeing: frequent positive affect, infrequent negative affect, and cognitive
evaluations such as life satisfaction".[15]

Cognitive, affective and contextual factors contribute to subjective well-being.[16] According to Diener
and Suh, subjective well-being is "...based on the idea that how each person thinks and feels about his
or her life is important".[17]

Six-factor Model of Psychological Well-being

Carol Ryff's multidimensional model of psychological well-being postulated six factors which are key
for well-being:[web 1]

1. Self-acceptance
2. Personal growth
3. Purpose in life
4. Environmental mastery
5. Autonomy
6. Positive relations with others

Corey Keyes: flourishing

According to Corey Keyes, who collaborated with Carol Ryff, mental well-being has three components,
namely emotional or subjective well-being (also called hedonic well-being),[18] psychological well-
being, and social well-being (together also called eudaimonic well-being).[19] Emotional well-being
concerns subjective aspects of well-being, in concreto, feeling well, whereas psychological and social
well-being concerns skills, abilities, and psychological and social functioning.[20]

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Keyes model of mental well-being has received extensive empirical support across
cultures.[20][18][21][22]

Seligman: positive psychology

Well-being is a central concept in positive psychology. Positive psychology is concerned with

eudaimonia, "the good life", reflection about what holds the greatest value in life – the factors that
contribute the most to a well-lived and fulfilling life. While not attempting a strict definition of the
good life, positive psychologists agree that one must live a happy, engaged, and meaningful life in
order to experience "the good life". Martin Seligman referred to "the good life" as "using your
signature strengths every day to produce authentic happiness and abundant gratification".[23]

PERMA-theory

In Flourish (2011) Seligman argued that "meaningful life" can be

considered as 3 different categories. The resulting acronym is
PERMA: Positive Emotions, Engagement, Relationships,
Meaning and purpose, and Accomplishments. It is a mnemonic
for the five elements of Martin Seligman's well-being
theory:[25][26]

Positive emotions include a wide range of feelings, not just Simple exercise, such as running, is
happiness and joy.[27] Included are emotions like excitement, cited as key to feeling happy.[24]
satisfaction, pride and awe, amongst others. These emotions
are frequently seen as connected to positive outcomes, such
as longer life and healthier social relationships.[28]
Engagement refers to involvement in activities that draws and builds upon one's interests. Mihaly
Csikszentmihalyi explains true engagement as flow, a feeling of intensity that leads to a sense of
ecstasy and clarity.[29] The task being done needs to call upon higher skill and be a bit difficult and
challenging yet still possible. Engagement involves passion for and concentration on the task at
hand and is assessed subjectively as to whether the person engaged was completely absorbed,
losing self-consciousness.[27]
Relationships are all important in fueling positive emotions, whether they are work-related,
familial, romantic, or platonic. As Dr. Christopher Peterson puts it simply, "Other people matter."[30]
Humans receive, share, and spread positivity to others through relationships. They are important
not only in bad times, but good times as well. In fact, relationships can be strengthened by
reacting to one another positively. It is typical that most positive things take place in the presence
of other people.[31]
Meaning is also known as purpose, and prompts the question of "why". Discovering and figuring
out a clear "why" puts everything into context from work to relationships to other parts of life.[32]
Finding meaning is learning that there is something greater than one's self. Despite potential
challenges, working with meaning drives people to continue striving for a desirable goal.
Accomplishments are the pursuit of success and mastery.[27] Unlike the other parts of PERMA,
they are sometimes pursued even when accomplishments do not result in positive emotions,
meaning, or relationships. That being noted, accomplishments can activate the other elements of
PERMA, such as pride, under positive emotion.[33] Accomplishments can be individual or
community-based, fun- or work-based.

Biopsychosocial model of wellbeing

The biopsychosocial model of wellbeing emphasises the modifiable components needed for an
individual to have a sense of wellbeing,.[34][35] These are:
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healthy environments (physical, social, cultural, and economic)

developmental competencies (healthy identity, emotional and behavioural regulation,
interpersonal skills, and problem-solving skills)
sense of belonging
healthy behaviours (sleep, nutrition, exercise, pleasurable and mastery activities)
healthy coping
resilience (recognition of one's innate resilience)
treatment of illness (early evidence-based treatments of physical and psychological illnesses)

UK Office for National Statistics (ONS) definition

The UK ONS defines wellbeing "as having 10 broad dimensions which have been shown to matter
most to people in the UK as identified through a national debate. The dimensions are:

the natural environment,

personal well-being,
our relationships,
health,
what we do,
where we live,
personal finance,
the economy,
education and skills, and
governance.

Personal well-being is a particularly important dimension which we define as how satisfied we are
with our lives, our sense that what we do in life is worthwhile, our day to day emotional experiences
(happiness and anxiety) and our wider mental wellbeing."[36]

The ONS then introduced four questions pertaining to wellbeing in their 2011 national survey of the
UK population, relating to evaluative well-being, eudemonic well-being, and positive and negative
affect. They later switched to referring to the construct being measured as "personal well-being".[37]

Global studies
Research on positive psychology, well-being, eudaimonia and
happiness, and the theories of Diener, Ryff, Keyes and Seligmann
covers a broad range of levels and topics, including "the
biological, personal, relational, institutional, cultural, and global
dimensions of life".[38] The World Happiness Report series
provide annual updates on the global status of subjective well-
being.[39] A global study using data from 166 nations, provided a
country ranking of psycho-social well-being.[40] The latter study Eudaimonic well-being in 166
showed that subjective well-being and psycho-social well-being nations based on Gallup World Poll
(i.e. eudaimonia) measures capture distinct constructs and are data
both needed for a comprehensive understanding of mental well-
being.37 (https://www.alphareflexology.co.uk/top-five/)

Well-being as a political goal

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Both the UK[41] and New Zealand[42] have begun to focus on population wellbeing within their
political aims.

See also
Life satisfaction
Quality of life
Subjective well-being
Wellness A.K.A. Health

Notes
1. "Carol Ryff's Model of Psychological Well-being" (http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/201706160505
13/http://livingmeanings.com/six-criteria-well-ryffs-multidimensional-model/). Living Meanings.
December 4, 2014. Archived from the original (http://livingmeanings.com/six-criteria-well-ryffs-mult
idimensional-model/) on June 16, 2017.

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https://www.livewellwinona.org/facts/wellness/

Further reading
Routledge Handbook of the Philosophy of Well-Being (https://www.routledge.com/products/97804
15714532)

External links
Media related to Well-being at Wikimedia Commons

'Well-being' (http://philpapers.org/browse/well-being/)
'Wellness' (https://fitnesscone.com)
'Desire-satisfaction accounts of well-being' (http://philpapers.org/browse/desire-satisfaction-accou
nts-of-well-being)
'Objective accounts of well-being' (http://philpapers.org/browse/objective-accounts-of-well-being)
'Hedonistic accounts of well-being' (http://philpapers.org/browse/hedonist-accounts-of-well-being)
'Perfectionist accounts of well-being' (http://philpapers.org/browse/perfectionist-accounts-of-well-b
eing)
'Hybrid accounts of well-being' (http://philpapers.org/browse/hybrid-accounts-of-well-being)
Hooray for GDP! GDP as a measure of wellbeing (http://www.voxeu.org/article/defence-gdp-meas
ure-wellbeing) (2012-12-22), Nicholas Oulton, Center for Economic and Policy Research (CEPR)
Happiness and satisfaction are not everything: Toward wellbeing indices based on stated
preference (http://www.voxeu.org/article/asking-people-which-aspects-wellbeing-matter-most)
(2015-01-02), Daniel J. Benjamin, Associate Professor of Economics, Cornell University;
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tp://www.voxeu.org/article/wellbeing-research-recessions-hurt-more-booms-help) (2014-10-08),
Jan-Emmanuel De Neve, Michael I. Norton, Center for Economic and Policy Research (CEPR)
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nce-of-well-being-measurements-and-techniques/) Annie Wilson, 2014, Inner light publishers
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c-11e4-971b-00144feabdc0.html?siteedition=uk#axzz3PIVV7arj) (2015-01-18). "Most personal
productivity measures are often a waste of time." The Financial Times
Ryff and Keyes 1995. The Ryff Scales of Psychological Well-Being (http://www.liberalarts.wabash.
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