Mrunal’s Economy Win20CSP Update Pack for 19’s Batches Pillar#2

CONTENTS
2 Budget: Theme .................................................................................... 3
2.1 Economic Survey (आर्थिक सर्वेक्षण) .................................................... 3

2.2 Taxation → Direct Taxes updates after Prelims-2019 ......................... 4

2.2.1 : Corporation Tax Cut in 2019-Sep ....................................... 4
2.2.2 : Corporation Tax on Startups ......................................... 4
2.2.3 : Dividend Distribution Tax (DDT: लाभाांश वर्वतरण कर) .................... 4

2.2.4 : Buyback Tax (शेयर की र्वापसी-खरीद पर कर) ........................... 5

2.2.5 : Capital Gains Tax (CGT: पांजीगत लाभ कर) ......................... 5

2.2.6 : Income Tax on Individuals (व्यक्ततक आयकर) ........................... 5

2.2.7 (Optional) New slabs for Income Tax in Budget-2020 ............................. 5
2.2.8 Direct Tax Code (DTC) Task Force (2017-2019) ......................... 6
2.2.9 Tax Deducted at Source (TDS): (स्रोत पर कर कटौती)....................... 7

2.2.10 Tax Collected at Source (TCS): (स्त्रोत पर सांगहृ ीत कर) ..................... 7

2.2.11 Taxation Ordinance 2020 (कराधान अध्यादे श) .............................. 7

2.3 Taxation → Indirect Taxes updates after Prelims-2019 ....................... 8

2.3.1 : GST Council: Composition? जीएसटी पररषद ........................ 8

2.3.2 GST on J&K ...................................................................... 8

2.3.3 : Goods and Services Tax Appellate Tribunal (GSTAT) ............... 8
2.3.4 GST Revenue Collection Figures: जीएसटी राजस्त्र्व प्राक्तत के आांकडे ................ 8

2.3.5 E-Invoice System................................................................ 9

2.3.6 → ( ) Compensation to States → Controversy ....................... 10
2.4 [ ( )] 15th Finance Commission’s First report ....................... 11
2.4.1 [ ]15th FC: Horizontal devolution: in ⬇ order .............. 11
2.4.2 Finance Commissions & the fate of UTs of J&K & Ladakh ................... 11

2.4.3 → ( ु ान) ...... 12

) Grants from Union to States (सांघ से राज्यों को अनद

2.4.4 15th FC: Local Bodies Grants (स्त्थानीय ननकाय अनद

ु ान, 90k cr) ......... 12

2.4.5 Post-Devolution Revenue Deficit Grants (74kcr) ....................... 13

2.4.6 15th FC: Disaster Management Grants (आपदा प्रबांधन अनद
ु ान) ...... 13

2.4.7 15th FC: Sector Specific Grants (क्षेर-वर्वशशष्ट अनुदान, ~7700cr) ........ 13

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 2.4.8 15th FC: Special Grants: (वर्वशेष अनुदान , ~6700kcr) .................... 14

2.4.9 15th FC: Performance-based incentives (ननष्पादन-आधाररत प्रोत्साहन) . 14

2.4.10 15th FC: Other recommendations to Govt ......................................... 14
2.4.11 15th FC Report for 2020-21: conclusion ............................................ 14
2.5 ( ) Tax Evasion → Full-Budget-2019 Announcements ....................... 15
2.5.1 Sabka Vishwas L.D.S Scheme 2019 .................................. 15
2.5.2 Vivad se Vishwas Scheme for Direct Taxes (Budget-2020) ........... 15
2.5.3 Tax Avoidance through Non-Resident Status ........................... 16
2.5.4 (Full) Budget-2019: Ease of paying taxes & reducing tax-terrorism ....... 16
2.5.5 : Document Identification Number (DIN: दस्त्तार्वेज़ पहचान सांख्याक) ..... 17

2.5.6 Taxpayers’ Charter in Budget-2020 (करदाताओ का अर्धकारपर) ....... 17

2.5.7 ES19: “Use Behavioural Economics to improve Tax Compliance” ....... 17

2.6 ( ) Budget → Revenue Expenditure → Subsidies ........................ 19
2.6.1 Subsidies in budget 2020 ............................................................. 19
2.6.2 ES19: Use ‘Behavioural economics (व्यर्वहार अथिशास्त्र)’ to ↓ subsidy bill.. 19

2.6.3 National Recruitment Agency (NRA: राष्रीय भती एजेंसी) ................. 19

2.7 Budget → Capital Reciepts → Borrowing ..................................... 20

2.7.1 Full Budget-2019: Foreign Borrowing in Foreign Currency ........... 20
2.8 Budget → Capital Receipts → Disinvestment: वर्वननर्वेश................ 21

2.8.1 ES20 Vol1 Ch9 Privatization and Wealth Creation .......................... 21

2.9 Budget → Fiscal Deficit (राजकोषीय घाटा) ........................................ 23

2.9.1 Extra-Budgetary Resources (बजटे तर सांसाधन) ........................ 23

2.9.2 Modi’s Fiscal Stimulus (2019-) .......................................... 24

2.9.3 FRBM: Trigger Mechanism (to) Escape (Deficit control) Clause ............ 24
2.9.4 FRBM Act: 3 Documents (दस्त्तार्वेज़) .................................. 25

2.9.5 ⏬ Fiscal Consolidation (राजकोषीय एकरीकरण)............................... 26

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2 💼BUDGET: THEME
Sometimes, FM will announce theme of budget to create media-hype:

Budget Year Did FM Speech mention a specific theme (विषयिस्त)ु ?

2018 No specific theme mentioned in speech
 2019-Feb: FM Piyush G. presented Interim budget in 16th LS
 2019-May: Modi won General Election
 2019-July: FM Nirmala S. presented General Budget in 17th Lok
2019
Sabha. Note: In this handout I’ve used the word ‘full budget-
2019’ for easier understanding.
Neither of these two budgets mentioned specific theme
Three themes:
1. Aspirational India: महत्र्वाकाांशी भारत
2020
2. Economic Development for all: सबके शलए आर्थिक वर्वकास
3. Caring India: दयभार्वना / दे खरे ख-करने र्वाला समाज

2.1 📘📘 ECONOMIC SURVEY (आर्थिक सर्वेक्षण)

- A (two volume) document prepared by the Chief Economic Adviser (CEA) in the finance
ministry. Vol2 shows annual data of past year. Vol1 shows prospects & suggestions for
the future years.
- There is no constitutional obligation to prepare or present it but usually it’s tabled in
the parliament a day before the Union Budget.
- 2019-Feb: No economic survey was presented before the interim budget.
- 2019-July: Economic Survey presented before the (Full) General Budget.
- While Budget is labelled after next financial year (e.g. 2019-20), the Economic survey
is labelled after previous Financial Year. e.g. The survey tabled on Feb-2018 is
labelled as “Economic Survey 2017-18”, the Survey tabled in July-2019 is labelled
“Economic Survey 2018-19”.
Table 1: Theme / Format of Economic Survey?

till‘13-14  Single Volume survey.

 Adopted Two Volume Systems like “IMF’s World Economic Outlook”.
 Vol1= future suggestions | Vol2= Past data.
2014-15
 Explicitly mentioned Theme in preface (प्रातकथन): “Creating opportunity
and reducing vulnerability” (through JanDhan-Aadhar-Mobile = JAM trinity)
 No theme in preface. PINK Cover for -Ending Gender Violence. (गुलाबी/
2017-18
लैंर्गक हहांसा को समातत करना)
No theme. But Sky Blue Cover for -Blueprint for making India a $5 trillion
2018-19
economy” (नीले गगन का रां ग/भारतीय अथिव्यर्वस्त्था को $5 हरशलयन तक ले जाना )
No theme but Lavender/purple color cover to show the synthesis of old and
2019-20 new ideas for wealth creation & economic freedom (to do business). जामन
ु ी/
धन सज
ृ न और आर्थिक स्त्र्वतांरता के शलए नये तथा परु ाने वर्वचारो का सक्ममलन

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 (Just like ₹100 currency note which comes in both “old” series as well as
“new” Mahatma Gandhi series with lavender/purple color)

2.2 🍋🤷‍♀‍ TAXATION → DIRECT TAXES UPDATES AFTER PRELIMS-2019

2.2.1 🍋🤷‍♀‍: 🏦 Corporation Tax Cut in 2019-Sep
Since Indian corporate sector was facing a slowdown, Nirmala.S announced tax-cuts:
Corporation Tax Before After
Existing Indian companies 25-30% depending on 22% tax
turnover +10% surcharge
+ 0-12% surcharge on (tax)
depending on profit +4% cess (on tax
+ 4% health edu cess + surcharge)
= 25.17%
New INDIAN MFG company registered -- 15 %
from 1/10/2019. (but they must start +surcharge &
manufacturing by 31/3/2023 cess as given
 Budget-2020: new INDIAN above
electricity cos also eligible in this = 17.01%
Foreign Company’s profit from India 40%+surcharge+cess no change
Zero profit companies 18.5% MAT 15% MAT
 Full Budget-2019:
o Additional tax benefits to companies producing solar power, electric batteries,
computer server, laptop etc. in any part of India.
o Companies operating from GIFT-city-IFSC given 100% exemption from
Corporation Tax for 10 years. (previously this ‘tax holiday’ was for 5 years;)
 Budget-2020:
o Tax holiday for developers of affordable housing extended till 31/3/2021.
(meaning 0% corporation tax / capital gains tax on their profit)
o If a Sovereign Wealth Fund (Ref-pillar#1C) invests in Indian infrastructure
projects → Tax holiday for them. E.g. Abu Dhabi Investment Authority

2.2.2 🍋🤷‍♀‍: 🏦🌱 Corporation Tax on Startups

Startup is a company not older than 10 years and not having turnover more than 100 cr.
Govt helps them through Startup India Scheme (Ref: Pillar4B). Budget-2020 →

✓ Startup can claim 100% deduction on its profits, for 3 years out of the first 10 years of
incorporation. (as such they get tax benefits under Startup India scheme, but new
budget fine tuned those technical definitions further.)
✓ Start-ups generally use Employee Stock Option Plan (ESOP) to attract talented
employees. But ESOP was subjected to various direct taxes → New budget gave some
technical reliefs to them.

2.2.3 🍋🤷‍♀‍: 🗃 Dividend Distribution Tax (DDT: लाभाांश वितरण कर)

- 1997: FM Chidambaram started to levy DDT on a shareholder’s dividend income. In
reality, company (=source) will cut that much ₹ ₹ portion from shareholders’ dividend,
& directly deposit that ₹ ₹ to the govt, as DDT.
- Shareholder did not have to pay Income tax on it.

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- DDT Rate: 15% + cess + surcharge = 20.56% on dividend paid.
- Full-Budget-2019: Companies in GIFT-city-IFSC given some exemptions from DDT.
- Budget-2020: abolished DDT.But, dividend will be taxable in the hands of
shareholder (i.e. he’ll pay income tax on it). Benefits?
- Previously even lower middle-class shareholder’s ~ 20% dividend was cut in the
name of DDT. But now he may have to pay barely 0-5% income tax on income
from dividend. Thus, Shareholders get to keep more ₹₹ for spending→ shopping
spree → ⏫demand, production, economic growth.
- Foreign investors will be attracted to invest in Indian companies’ shares.

2.2.4 🍋🤷‍♀‍: 🗃🛒 Buyback Tax (शेयर की िापसी-खरीद पर कर)

Profit making companies sometimes repurchase their own shares back from shareholders
 Impact? These many shares are extinguished from company’s liability side.
 Benefit to company? No need to pay dividend on these shares in future.
 Budget-2013: Government ordered UNLISTED companies to pay “20% Buyback tax”
they buy back their own shares from the market.
 (Full) Budget-2019: made this applicable on LISTED companies as well. (Ref: 1C)

2.2.5 🍋🤷‍♀‍ : 🏠🎨💍Capital Gains Tax (CGT: पज

ां ीगत लाभ कर)
- When an owner makes profit by selling his capital assets such as non-agro-land,
property, jewellery, paintings, vehicles, machinery, patents, trademarks, shares,
bonds & other securities- then he has to pay CGT.
- Full-Budget-2019
- If Startup entrepreneurs unable to secure capital from investors → they
sometimes have to sell their house arrange money for starting business. So,
Government had exempted their house-selling-profit from CGT. This scheme
extended it till 31/3/2021.
- Companies operating from GIFT-city-IFSC given some exemptions from CGT.
- Budget-2020: some minor technical updates. notIMP.

2.2.6 🍋🤷‍♀‍: 👪 Income Tax on Individuals (व्यक्ततक आयकर)

James Wilson (financial member of the Council of India, founder of the Economist
magazine and Standard Chartered Bank) introduced income tax in India on 24 July 1860 to
compensate the British losses during 1857’s Sepoy mutiny. So, 24th July is celebrated as
Income Tax Day (Aaykar Diwas).

2.2.7 (Optional) New slabs for Income Tax in 💼Budget-2020

IF you give up exemptions and deductions (छट और कटौती) such as
- Salaried employees’ standard deduction, HRA, Leave Travel Concession (LTA)
- Section 80C-walle deduction (e.g. investments made in LIC/NPS etc upto ₹1.5 lakh per
year) Etc.
- Then you can opt to pay with new (reduced) income tax slabs viz.
TAXABLE Income (per annum) (new slab, if you give up (old slabs, if u
deduction & exemptions) don’t give up)
Upto ₹2.5 lakh Nil / 0% Nil / 0%

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 TAXABLE Income (per annum) (new slab, if you give up (old slabs, if u
deduction & exemptions) don’t give up)
>₹2.5 lakh-₹5 lakh 5% (But 12500 rebate so in 5% (But 12500
(meaning from 2,50,001 to 5,00,000) reality ₹0) rebate so in
reality ₹0)
>₹5 lakh to ₹7.5 lakh 10% 20%
>₹7.5 lakh to ₹10 lakh 15%
>₹10 lakh to ₹12.5 lakh 20% 30%
>₹12.5 lakh to ₹15 lakh 25%
>₹15 lakh 30%
Surcharge & cess applicable? Yes Yes
E.g. An employee with annual salary ₹1.95 lakh** ₹2.73 lakh
₹15lakhs will pay total INCOME TAX
**It is left to individual’s discretion whether he wants to stay in old / new system. But if
all people opted for the new slabs then Govt will hypothetically get ₹40,000 crore less
(compared to old system). Technically, it’s called “Revenue forgone” (पररत्यतत राजस्त्र्व).
 But, ⬇Income tax paid = ⬆disposable income with people (खचि करने के शलए उपलब्ध

आय)→ shopping spree → ⬆demand → production, economic growth etc.

 And shopping spree = ⬆Indirect tax collection e.g Mobiles = 18% GST.
 Currently the Income Tax Act is riddled with various exemptions and deductions.
Ordinary people can’t understand and have to consult Chartered Accountants (CA) &
investment advisors before filing taxes. Now process is easier. (सी.ए. की सहायता नहीां
लेनी होगी. कराधान का सरलीकरण होगा)
 In the old slabs, IT Act provided 100+ types of exemption /deduction. Budget-2020
removed 70 of them, & promised to ⬇the no of exemptions /deductions in future.

2.2.8 🍋🕵🏻🌱Direct Tax Code (DTC) Task Force (2017-2019)

2017: Finance Ministry setup this taskforce under CBDT member Arbind Modi. Later, he
retired so another CBDT member Akhilesh Ranjan was made Chairman.
 Taskforce had noted IRS officer, Chartered Accountant, Tax Lawyer, Corporate
Consultant etc. Chief Economic Advisor Krishnamurthy Subramanian was also a member
of this taskforce →2019-Aug report submitted to the Finance Ministry.
Major suggestions:
1. Replace the Income Tax Act 1961 with a simpler Direct Tax Code (प्रत्यक्ष कर सांहहता).
2. ⏬ the corporation tax further.
3. Tax rates for domestic and foreign companies should be same. This will encourage
ease of doing business in India.
4. Give additional tax relief for the startup companies. (More in Pillar4B)
5. ⏫ the number of tax slabs from present three (5%,20%,30%) to four (10%, 20%, 30%
and lastly 35% for super-rich earning ₹ 2 crore />).
6. Abolish Dividend Distribution Tax (DDT). [which is actually done in Budget-2020]
7. Setup Litigation Management Unit (मुकदमों की प्रबांधन इकाई) to look after the tax
related court cases in an efficient manner.
8. ++ many other reforms, but poor cost:benefit chasing them.

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2.2.9 🍋👨‍🏫✂️Tax Deducted at Source (TDS): (स्रोत पर कर कटौती)
- Full-Budget-2019: TDS: Other measures (list not exhaustive)
- (while companies are required to cut TDS on almost every payment made to
anyone, but from now onwards) Even if an individual person is paying larger
than ₹ 50 lakhs to contractors or professional, he’ll have to cut 5% TDS. (So tax
evasion by real estate brokers, high-profile wedding-organizers etc. can be
checked.)
- Budget-2020: Following changes made:
Table 2: (What/HOW/NOTIMP). This is just for illustration

TDS% ⏬ to 1) attract foreign investment 2) TDS applied / %⏫ to stop tax evasion

reduce hardship opportunities
1. When Indian company repays loan interest 4. TDS when an e-commerce company
to foreign lenders. pays to sellers.
2. Bond market @Gift-City-IFSC 5. Loan interest paid by cooperative
3. Payment for Technical services societies.

2.2.10 🍋🏎✂️Tax Collected at Source (TCS): (स्त्रोत पर सांगह ृ ीत कर)

- Govt found many Indians not paying single ₹ of income tax and YET:
- converting crores of rupees into dollar$, sending it abroad in pretext of child
education / family remittance.
- Going for luxury foreign vacations
- so it could be some black money/tax evasion game behind curtains.
- Therefore, Budget-2020: Authorized Forex dealers will have to cut 5% TCS while
converting Indian ₹₹ into foreign currency. Similar norms on foreign tour operators.

2.2.11 🍋🤧🔨Taxation Ordinance 2020 (कराधान अध्यादे श)

Issued on 31/MAR/2020 to give relief during Corona outbreak.
 Income Tax Act: 100% exemption if donations made to Prime Minister’s Citizen
Assistance and Relief in Emergency Situations Fund (PM CARES Fund)
 Upto 2020-June-30
o Taxpayers can make investments or payments in LIC, Public Provident Fund and
National Savings Certificates etc. & for claim its deductions for FY 2019-20
o Vivad se Vishwas Scheme extended
o Sabka Vishwas Legal Dispute Resolution extended
 Certain technical reliefs in depositing the TDS, TCS, GST etc to Government
+ many other things but we are NOT HERE for CA Exam.

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2.3 🍋🛒 TAXATION → INDIRECT TAXES UPDATES AFTER PRELIMS-2019

2.3.1 🍋🛒: 🧔👩‍🦲🕉 GST Council: Composition? जीएसटी पररषद

Union representatives (2 प्रनतननर्ध) States’ representatives (31)
1. Finance Minister as the Chairman -
Each state government (including UT with
2. Union Minister of State for finance or legislature: J&K, Delhi & Puducherry)
can nominate 1minister to GST council- it
revenue. (वर्वत्त या राजस्त्र्व के केंद्रीय
may be their minister of finance or Dy.CM
राज्य मांरी) or any other minister as per their wish.
- One of them will be selected as the Vice-
Chairman of GST council.
Voting power: 1/3rd Voting power: 2/3rd
✓ Council Meetings to proceed only with quorum of 50% of total membership.
✓ If all members don’t no unanimously agree over a proposal (यहद ककसी प्रस्त्तार्व पर
सर्विसममनत नहीां, तो र्वोहटांग होगा) → it’ll be put for voting → then minimum 3/4th votes
required to pass the proposal.
✓ ** Originally, state Government run lottery = 12% GST & other (private) lotteries= 28%
GST. But from 2020 all types of lotteries = 28%. While Kerala Govt opposed to this move
fearing less sales of State lottery so GST council had to go for voting → majority voted in
favour of 28%. This is the first matter since inception of GST council, wherein voting had
to be done. All previous decisions were taken unanimously without voting.
✓ To boost electric vehicle, Modi Government requested GST council to reduce GST on e-
vehicles from 12% to 5% but decision yet awaited. So, keep an eye on newspapers, and
update as and where required.
✓ For more, you may refer to: https://cbec-gst.gov.in/gst-goods-services-rates.html

2.3.2 🍋🛒 GST on J&K

✓ Jammu & Kashmir passed SGST Act on 8th July, 2017→ then GST system
became effective there as well. JAMMU AND KASHMIR REORGANISATION ACT, 2019
has not abolished this SGST act. Present status is:
○ SGST applicable on J&K (UT with Legislature:वर्वधानयका युतत केंद्रशाशसत प्रदे श)
○ UTGST on Ladakh (UT without Legi: वर्वधानयका-हीन केंद्रशाशसत प्रदे श)

2.3.3 🍋🛒:⚖️🕵️‍♂‍Goods and Services Tax Appellate Tribunal (GSTAT)

 2019: This quasi-judicial body was setup in Delhi, as per the provisions of CGST Act.
 Consists of 1) A chief labelled as ‘president’ 2) One Technical Member (Centre) 3) one
Technical Member (State).
 र्वस्त्तु एर्वां सेर्वाकर अपीलीय न्यायार्धकरण has two functions:
o dispute resolution between the Centre and States.
o Hearing appeals against the orders passed by Union and State level GST bodies.

2.3.4 📈 GST Revenue Collection Figures: जीएसटी राजस्त्ि प्राप्तत के आांकडे

GST registered suppliers have to deposit the GST at the GSTN portal on monthly basis
(except those who opted for the GST composition scheme).

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In monthly collection of GST, there are ups and downs based on seasonality.
Year/Month 2017 monthly avg. 2017 monthly avg. 2019 monthly avg (Financial year yet to finish)
GST collection 89700 cr 98114 cr In some months crossed 1 lakh crore but zigzag
Table 3: Data from 💼बजेट-2020 (Approx. Amount)

Year → 2018-19 2019-20 2020-21

(actual) (revised) (Est)
- Excise Duty (petrol, diesel etc.) & their road 2,30 2.48 Lcr 2.67 Lcr
infra cess Lcr
- National Calamity Contingent Duty on
Tobacco products
Customs Duty, Social Welfare Surcharge, 1.17 1.25 Lcr 1.38 Lcr
Health Cess Lcr
A) CGST 4.5 Lcr 5.14 Lcr 5.80 Lcr
B) IGST 29k cr Not mentioned
C) GST compensation Cess 95k cr 98k cr 1.10 Lcr
GST collected by Union=A+B+C 5.80 6.12 Lcr 6.90 Lcr
Lcr
Table 4: combined ranking of direct and indirect taxes?

Upto Budget Corporation> GST> IT > Excise> Customs > STT

Estimate-2019
Revised Est 2019 GST> Corporation > IT > Excise> Customs > STT
Budget-2020 Same as above cell

Figure 1: Tax collection as a % of GDP, source 💼Budget-2020

2.3.5 🚛🧾 E-Invoice System

- GST council announced the E-invoice (=bill generation) from January-2020 on pilot
basis, then E-way bill will not have to be generated separately.
- This will provide relief to businessman, will improve the tax-surveillance and fight against
false ITC-credit claims through fake invoices.

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- E-invoice shall be compulsory from 1/April/2020. (Although deferred because
computer system not yet fully ready)

2.3.6 🧔 → 🤑(👩‍🦲👳‍♀‍) Compensation to States → Controversy

Year → 2018-19(actual) 2019-20 (revised) 2020-21 (Est)

GST Compensation Cess 95k cr 98k cr 1.10 LCr

 Union is supposed to release compensation cess (प्रनतपनति उपकर) to states on monthly
basis, but since 2019-August onwards payment pending.
 2019-Dec: only partial compensation released.
 FM Nirmala. S says, “Sales ⬇, so we have not collected enough cess₹₹.”
 Non-BJP states first complained to GST council, but it did not help much. So now those
State Govts even thinking of moving to Supreme Court, which hints that cooperative
federalism is in danger.

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2.4 🍋 [🧔⚖️(👨‍🦲👳🏻‍♀‍👳🏻)] 15TH FINANCE COMMISSION’S FIRST REPORT
15th Finance Commission recommended the vertical devolution (ऊध्र्वािधर कर अांतरण) from
the ‘divisible pool’ of union taxes in following manner. (IGST, Cess, Surcharge not counted.)

FC → 12th (2005-10) 13th (2010-15) 14th (2015-20) 15th (2020-21)

Chairman? C.Rangarajan Vijay Kelkar VY Reddy NK Singh
States Share 30.5% 32% 42% 41%*
*15th FC’s justification: Compared to 14th FC, 1% extra Union should keep for UTs of J&K &
Ladakh’s security & other needs.
15th FC horizontal distribution formula components (घटक) → (भाराांक%) Weight%

Income Distance (आय में अांतर):

 State GSDP divided by its Population = per capita GSDP. 45%
 For most states, Haryana’s per capita GSDP is taken as benchmark. How
poorer is your state compared to Haryana= more ₹₹ you’ll get.**
Area (क्षेरफल) More area = more ₹₹ 15%

Population (as per Census-2011: आबादी): More population = more ₹₹ 15%

Demographic Performance (जनसाांक्ययकीय ननष्पादन): States that have ⬇

12.5%
Total Fertility Rate (TFR: कुल प्रजनन दर), will get ⬆₹₹. More in Pill#6

Forest and Ecology (िन एिां पाररक्स्िकी): More forest= more ₹₹ 10%

Tax Effort (कर प्रयास): States who’ve improved their per capita (State)
2.5%
tax collection in the last 3 years = get more ₹₹
Total (कुल) 100%
** Note: computing income distance: the Highest per capita GSDP: 1) Goa 2) Sikkim 3) Haryana 4) Himachal.
But since Goa, Sikkim are very small states with a unique economic situation, so it’ll distort statistical
formula. So, there are some internal fine tunings done in formula. Long story cut short: Haryana taken as
benchmark for most states. If you’ve more intellectual curiosity about how above indicators are calculated in
real life, you may spend waste time reading the original report@ https://fincomindia.nic.in/

2.4.1 🍋 [👨‍🦲⚖️👳🏻‍♀‍ 👳🏻]15th FC: Horizontal devolution: States’ share in ⬇ order

Table 5: Try to remember 3-5 names in top & bottom each, & your home state.

1) Uttar Pradesh (17.931%) 11) Chhattisgarh (3.418%) 21) Himachal (0.799%)

2) Bihar (10.061%) 12) Gujarat (3.398%) 22) Meghalaya (0.765%)
3) MP (7.886%) 13) Jharkhand (3.313%) 23) Manipur (0.718%)
4) W. Bengal (7.519%) 14) Assam (3.131%) 24) Tripura (0.709%)
5) Maharashtra (6.135%) 15) Telangana (2.133%) 25) Nagaland (0.573%)
6) Rajasthan (5.979%) 16) Kerala (1.943%) 26) Mizoram (0.506%)
7) Odisha (4.629%) 17) Punjab (1.788%) 27) Sikkim (0.388%)
8) Tamil Nadu (4.189%) 18) Arunachal (1.76%) 28) Goa (0.386%)
9) Andhra (4.111%) 19) Uttarakhand (1.104%) ANY type of UT = 0% here
10) Karnataka (3.646%) 20) Haryana (1.082%)

2.4.2 🧕Finance Commissions & the fate of UTs of J&K & Ladakh
Until 10th Finance Commission, the FC would also prescribe the revenue sharing formula
between the Union Government and Union Territories.
➢ But this practice stopped since 11th finance commission i.e. Finance ministry itself
decides how much revenue will be shared with Union Territories based on its own

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 discretion (अपने वर्वर्वेक से तय करता है ). Finance Commission no longer prescribed
formula in this regard. But,
➢ 31st October 2019: The state of Jammu Kashmir was officially split into the union
territories of Jammu Kashmir and union territory of Ladakh.
➢ Jammu and Kashmir Reorganization Act, 2019 mandates that:
o Whatever amount the former state of J&K was supposed to receive between
31/10/2019 to 31/3/2020 (as per 14th FC formula) …It will be distributed
between these two new union territories on the basis of population ratio and
other parameters.
o President of India shall require 15th FC to make award for UT of J&K. However,
looking the 15th FC report, no separate share is given in verticle / horizontal tax
devolutions. Simply 1% extra kept with Union to look after J&K & Ladakh.

2.4.3 🧔 → 💸🤲🏼 (👨‍🦲👳🏻‍♀‍) Grants from Union to States (सांघ से राज्यों को अनुदान)
Apart from the tax devolution, FC would also suggest Union to give grant to the states
(grant= NOT loan, so need not return with interest).
14th FC suggested following types of grants→
1. For All States: Grants for Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRI) and Urban Local Bodies
(ULB). These grants will be subdivided into two parts: basic grant and (10-20%)
performance based grants.
2. For All States: Disaster Management Grants.
3. For 11 (कांगाल) States: Post-Devolution Revenue Deficit Grants (अांतरण-पश्च राजस्त्र्व
घाटा अनद
ु ान) for ~11 States.
15th FC suggested following types of grants (in ⬇decreasing order, 2020-21)→
1) Local Bodies Grants (स्त्थानीय ननकाय अनद
ु ान, 90k cr)
2) Post-Devolution Revenue Deficit Grants (74kcr)
3) Disaster Management Grants (आपदा प्रबांधन अनुदान: 41kcr)
4) Sector Specific Grants: Nutrition (क्षेर-वर्वशशष्ट अनुदान, ~7700cr)
5) Special Grants: (वर्वशेष अनद
ु ान , ~6700kcr)
6) Performance-based incentives (ननष्पादन-आधाररत प्रोत्साहन)

2.4.4 💸🤲🏼🏕15th FC: Local Bodies Grants (स्िानीय ननकाय अनद ु ान, 90k cr)
2020-21 Approx. Amount in ₹cr.
Rural Local Bodies ~60k. Out of this,
- given to all three  50% is Tied Grants (ननहदि ष्ट) = meant only for specific objectives
tiers in the
1) sanitation 2) water
panchayats, i.e.
village, block and  50% is Untied/basic (प्राथशमक) = can be used for any objective
district. And also, depending on location. Except salary & establishment (building
th
for 5 and 6 th renovation, electricity bill etc)
Sch. areas From 1/4/2021 they’ll be required to submit audited accounts
online through Panchayati Raj Institutions Accounting Software
(PRIAsoft) to Comptroller and Auditor General (CAG)

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 Urban Local ~30k. Out of this,
Bodies (ULB) &  ~9k cr for million plus population-walli cities. (Excluding Delhi
Cantonment boards & Srinagar for being in UT). These grants are mainly to be used
for air quality improvement, water & solid waste management.
 ~21k for cities with <1million pop: 50% untied (basic) grants +
50% tied for specific objectives 1) drinking water 2) solid waste
management.
From 1/4/2021, ULBs required to 1) reform property tax rates 2)
submit audited accounts to CAG online.
Total grants ~60k Rural + ~30k Urban = 90k.

2.4.5 💸🤲🏼🤦🏼‍♂‍Post-Devolution Revenue Deficit Grants (74kcr)

Suppose (amt in ₹cr) 2020-21
Andhra’s own State Budget: Revenue Expenditure - Income = Revenue Deficit (राजस्त्र्व घाटा) 41 kcr
Andhra’s share from Union’s taxes based on horizontal devolution 35 kcr
Andhra’s Post-Devolution Revenue Deficit = 41-35=6 kcr.

So 15th FC will give Andhra extra 6 kcr as Post-Devolution Revenue Deficit Grant (अांतरण-
पश्च राजस्ि घाटा अनद
ु ान). Only 14 states eligible: Assam, Himachal Pradesh, Manipur,
Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland, Sikkim, Tripura, Uttarakhand, Andhra,Kerala, Punjab,
Tamil Nadu, West Bengal.

2.4.6 💸🤲🏼🌬🌪15th FC: Disaster Management Grants (आपदा प्रबांधन अनुदान: 41kcr)
Disaster Management Act, 2005 → Ministry of Home Affairs (गहृ मांरालय) looks after the
subject.
15th FC: 2020-21 National Disaster Risk Management Fund (NDRMF: State Disaster Risk
recommendations एनडीआरएमएफ/राष्रीय आपदा जोखखम प्रबांधन कोष) Management Fund (SDRMF)
ससफ़ाररशे
allotted ₹ cr ~12k ~29k**
Internal distribution  80% amt for National Disaster Response Fund Same pattern, change word
आांतररक वर्वतरण (NDRF:एनडीआरएफ/राष्रीय आपदा सहायता कोष) from National to ‘State’
 20% amt for National Disaster Mitigation Funds
(NDMF:एनडीएमएफ/राष्रीय आपदा प्रशमन कोष)
**Notes on SDRMF:
1) How much will an individual state get? Ans depends on its past disasters, risk exposure
(area & population wise) etc.
2) Respective State Govt is also required to contribute some money in SDRMF

2.4.7 💸🤲🏼🍽15th FC: Sector Specific Grants (क्षेत्र-विसशष्ट अनुदान, ~7700cr)

 Seven sectors: health, pre primary education, judiciary, rural connectivity, railways,
statistics, housing. (स्त्र्वास्त््य, पर्वि प्राथशमक शशक्षा, न्यायपाशलका, ग्रामीण सांपकि, रे लर्वे,
साांक्ख्यकी, आर्वास)
 15th FC asked the Union & State Government to build a preparatory framework
(प्रारां शभक रूपरे खा), then later it’ll recommend the actual ₹₹ figure.
 At present, 15th FC only recommended health → Nutrition grant (₹7700+ cr पोषण
अनद
ु ान) to combat malnutrition (कुपोषण). Ministry of Women and Child Development
(MoWCD: महहला बाल वर्वकास मांरालय) will oversee its utilization.

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2.4.8 💸🤲🏼🙋🏿15th FC: Special Grants: (विशेष अनुदान , ~6700kcr)
 If a state receives less ₹₹ in (15th FC’s devolution + post revenue deficit grants) in 2020
compared to 2019 (when 14th FC Rangarajan’s formula was in effect),
 Then such State will get Special Grants just to prevent any ‘feeling of injustice / bias’
(अन्याय / पक्षपात कक हमको पहले से कम पैसा शमल रहा है )
 Only 3 states eligible: Karnataka, Telangana and Mizoram. Total ₹6,764 cr for 2020-21

2.4.9 💸🤲🏼💪🏿 15th FC: Performance-based incentives (ननष्पादन-आधाररत प्रोत्साहन)

15th FC didnot decide the amount yet but asked Union’s Ministries/Departments to
prepare State-wise baseline indices/score/data (आधारभत सचकाांक) by 2020-May/June for
following performance indicators:
1) Implementation of Agriculture. Reforms कृवष सुधारों का कायािन्र्वयन
2) Development of Aspirational Districts (=backward districts identified by NITI Aayog)
आकाांशी क्जलो का वर्वकास
3) Power (Electricity) Sector Reforms. बबजली क्षेरमे सुधार
4) Enhancing Trade including Exports. व्यापार र्व ननयाित को बढार्वा दे ना
5) Promotion of Domestic and International Tourism. घरे ल और अांतरािष्रीय पयिटन को बढार्वा
6) Education, esp. of girls. शशक्षा, खासकर कन्या शशक्षा
If States perform well in above areas, they’ll get more ₹₹ grants than other States in
subsequent years.

2.4.10 15th FC: Other recommendations to Govt

 Some States have requested special category status(वर्वशेष श्रेणी का दजाि). But it’s not
part of our mandate/Terms of Reference. So we’ve nothing to say on this matter.
 Reform the direct taxation system → increase tax collection.
 Reform GST’s operational challenges, slabs and rates.
 Review the outcomes of all Government schemes. Merge/abolish non-essential
schemes → reduce Expenditure.
 We need a law on “Public Financial Management System (लोक वर्वत्तीय प्रबांधन प्रणाली)”
it’ll prescribe the budgeting, accounting, internal control and audit standards to be
followed at all levels of government.
 Govt should follow FRBM Act in letter and spirit. Avoid off-budget borrowings through
para-statal entities. (More in Pillar2: FRBM Section)

2.4.11 15th FC Report for 2020-21: conclusion

✓ Sustainable Development Goal#10 (SDG, सतत वर्वकास लक्ष्य): reduce inequality within the country. असमानता को कम करो
✓ SDG-Goal#16 requires nations to build effective, accountable and inclusive institutions at all levels. लोक प्रशासनके सभी
स्त्तरो मे सांस्त्थानो को प्रभार्वी, जर्वाबदे ह और समार्वेशी बनाओ
✓ In this regard, 15th FC has tried to provide a framework for 1) equitable distribution of revenue 2) incentives tied
with performance. ऐसा ढाांचा जांहा 1) करवर्वतरण समानता के साथ और 2) प्रोत्साहन प्रदशिन के हहसाब से शमलेगा
It’ll greatly help to improve India’s human development and economic growth. मानर्व वर्वकास और आर्थिक वर्वकास मे मदद
शमलेगी

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2.5 (🍋👺)💼 TAX EVASION → FULL-BUDGET-2019 ANNOUNCEMENTS
✓ Stick: Government provides (indirect tax) credits to exporters for the inputs used in
the manufacturing of export products. However, some villains generate fake invoices
to claim such credits. If the amount is ₹ 50 lakh/> it'll be made a non-bailable and
cognizable offence (सांज्ञय
े अपराध i.e. police can arrest without warrant).
✓ Cash-based economy = more opportunities for tax evasion and avoidance. So, need to
encourage less-cash economy:
o Carrot: If a businessman has annual turnover more than ₹ 50 crore → No MDR
on him or his customer. RBI and Banks will absorb these MDR costs. We’ll
amend Payments and Settlement Systems Act, 2007 to implement this.
o Stick: 2% TDS on cash withdrawal exceeding ₹ 1 crore in a year from a bank
account from a single user account in post office / bank.
✓ Stick: (Often, businessman deposits black money in his wife’s account and when/IF
raided, wife feigns ignorance about who deposited money in her account.) So, Nirmala
S. promised to initiate technical reforms so that no one can deposit money in others’
account without the account holder’s permission.
✓ Carrot: Sabka Vishwas (Legacy Dispute Resolution) Scheme, 2019 (‘LDS’). →

2.5.1 🍋🛒👺🙌 Sabka Vishwas L.D.S Scheme 2019

- > ₹ 3.75 lakh crore tax revenue is locked in the service tax and excise duty related
cases.
- (Full) Budget-2019: Launched Sabka Vishwas (Legacy Dispute Resolution) Scheme, 2019
(वर्वर्वाद समाधान योजना).
- Businessman accepts his fault, Tax officials gives a ‘discount/relief/waiver’ in the
penalty/late-fees, and the matter is settled instead of litigating in courts for years &
years.

2.5.2 🍋👺🙌 Vivad se Vishwas Scheme for Direct Taxes (💼Budget-2020)

Presently, >₹9 lakh cr worth direct tax cases are pending before Appellate Forums (अपीलीय
मांचों के समक्ष लांबबत मामले) viz. IT Commissioner (Appeals) → Income Tax Appellate
Tribunals (ITAT: आयकर अपीलीय न्यायार्धकरण ) → HC → SC. So, in Budget-2020
announced “Direct Tax Vivad se Vishwas Bill/Act, 2020”.

 Scope: Appeal related to Income tax or Corporation Tax, pending before a forum as of
31/Jan/2020. Then,
 Taxpayers can settle with IT dept in following manner
o A) If IT dept filled appeal → he has to pay 50% of disputed tax amt
o B) If Taxpayer filled appeal → he has to pay 100% of the disputed tax amt
 In both situations, he'll get a complete waiver/relief from interest and penalty (ब्याज
और जुमािना मे से माफी). Scheme has certain variations if tax amount is settled but
interest/penalty/arrear is disputed. But chasing that info: poor cost:benefit for MCQs.
 Above scheme is valid upto 31/March/2020. Afterwards, there is modified formula upto
30/Jun/2020 wherein he may have to pay some small extra amount.
 This scheme is not applicable if:
o person is under prosecution for criminal activities
o If black money is hidden in foreign countries.

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Controversies? 1) Southern India’s Members of Parliament angry that Hindi scheme name
is used. 2) both honest and dishonest tax payers are treated equally. Even dishonest tax
payer can now settle without paying interest/penalty. 3) Income Tax officials’ job-transfer
etc will be linked to how many cases they solve in this scheme. They’re also asked to work
on weekends to fulfill these targets. = resentment /demotivation among staff.

2.5.3 🍋👋🤵 Tax Avoidance through Non-Resident Status

If a person is 🦁Has to pay his IT on 🐼Has to pay IT on global income
income coming from e.g. income coming from the
India? USA/China?
Ordinarily Yes Yes
resident of India
Non-residents Yes No
If India has a double taxation avoidance agreement (DTAA) with other nation, then above
things may differ (e.g. recall erstwhile Mauritius CGT-roundtripping-walla example)
Table 6: 💼Budget-2020 changed these definitions

Definition in Indian Tax laws Before Budget- Budget-

2020 → 2020
Ordinarily Indian Resident (साधारणतया भारतीय 182 days/> in a 120 days/>
year
ननर्वासी) = person who stays in India for →
Non resident (गैर ननर्वासी)= person who stays outside 182 days/> in a 246 days/>
year
India for →
Implications? Person will have to stay out of India for a longer period if he want to be
treated as “Non-Resident” to avoid taxes on his global income.

Budget-2020: A citizen of India (even if he is staying abroad), but if he is not liable to

tax in any other country → he’ll have to pay tax in India. E.g. United Arab Emirates and
Bahrain where no income tax is payable.

2.5.4 💼 (Full) Budget-2019: Ease of paying taxes & reducing tax-terrorism

Pre-filled online forms for Tax Payers
We’ll extract your financial data from Banks, Stock exchanges, Mutual Funds, EPFO,
Employers’ TDS submissions etc. and provide you with a Pre-filled tax returns containing
your salary income, capital gains from share/bond, bank interests, etc. This will help in
two ways:
1) personal income tax payers’ time and energy saved
2) accuracy of reporting income and paying taxes
Faceless interaction between Tax payers and Tax official
Personal interaction between the assessee and Income Tax official = more chances of
harassment / bribery. So, we’ll launch two reforms:
1) Cases will be allotted in random computerized lottery basis to IT officials without
disclosing the name, designation or location of the Officer.
2) Faceless assessment (फेसलेस ननधाारण) in electronic mode. E.g. assessee received a
notice about discrepancy in his reported income vs TDS submitted by his banker, then
at initial stage assessee need not visit IT-office, simply give clarification in web-portal.

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3) Budget-2020: Faceless appeal (फेसलेस अपील) process introduced. So, even in
appeal stage, assessee need not physically visit IT commissioner / tribunal.

2.5.5 🍋🕵🏻:🧾 Document Identification Number (DIN: दस्तािेज़ पहचान सांययाक)

Whenever Tax official sends letters to taxpayers regarding search authorisation, summons,
arrest memo, inspection notices etc. All such documents will have computer generated
‘Document Identification Number’ (DIN).
✓ 2019-Oct: Central Board of Direct Taxes (CBDT) implemented this.
✓ 2019-Nov: Central Board of Indirect Taxes and Custom (CBIC) implemented this.
DIN system benefits?
✓ It’ll create a digital directory of communication between tax authorities and
taxpayers. Transparency, accountability, efficient and faster clearance of cases,
because all the information available at the click of a mouse.
✓ If a document doesn’t have DIN number, it’ll be treated invalid. Thus, DIN system will
prevent the corrupt tax officials from sending fake notices to harass/blackmail
taxpayers for bribes.
Sidenote: Director Identification Number (DIN): Director of every company is required to
obtain this number from the Ministry of Corporate Affairs under the provisions of
Companies Act. It helps monitoring the company act provisions related to “1 person can’t
be director in more than ‘x’ number of companies” etc.

2.5.6 📯📜 Taxpayers’ Charter in 💼 Budget-2020 (करदाताओ का अधधकारपत्र)

A citizens’ charter (नागररक अर्धकारपर) is a document of commitments made by a
government agency to the citizens in respect of the services being provided to them.

 e.g Dept of Post's citizen charter reads, "we'll deliver speed post anywhere in India by
4-5 days →ELSE complain online to this website & we'll solve it → if not solved in 90
days then complain to Postmaster General → then to Chief Postmaster General.”
 1991: citizen charter system first started in UK by PM John Major
 1997: introduced in Indian union ministries/departments.
 Budget-2020: CBDT will declare a Taxpayers’ Charter. So, Tax payer will easily
know what services / complaint redressal mechanisms (शशकायत ननर्वारणतांर) are
available to him= ⬇taxpayer’s harassment (करदाता का उत्पीडन)

2.5.7 📘📘 ES19: “Use Behavioural Economics to improve Tax Compliance”

❖ Plato said, “What is honored in a country, is cultivated there.” Indians join military
because 1) salary 2) because serving in the armed forces is considered ‘honorable’.
❖ So, we should use the principles of Behavioral Economics (व्यार्वहाररक अथिशास्त्र) enhance
tax compliance (कर अनप ु ालन). We’ve to modify the social norm from “evading taxes is
acceptable” to “paying taxes honestly is honorable.”
❖ Tax Morale (कर सांबध
ां ी नैनतक मनोबल): it is the intrinsic motivation (आांतररक प्रेरणा) of
taxpayers to pay taxes. When tax morale is down → motivation for tax evasion
increases.

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 Table 7: Tax Morale is affected by two types of fairness

Fairness Vertical Fairness Horizontal Fairness

ननष्पक्षता (उध्िााधार ननष्पक्षता क्षैनतज) (क्षैनतज ननष्पक्षता)
Tax Payer’s What I pay in taxes is There should not be a great
thought commensurate to the benefits I difference in the taxes paid by the
process → receive as services from the ‘similar’ sections of society.
Government.
His Tax He sees taxpayers' money wasted If a salaried employee and a
morale is in public expenditure (like shopkeeper are earning ₹8 lakhs
lowered Mayawati’s elephant statutes) per annum, still the salaried
when → instead of better quality of water, employee is forced to pay more
road, education or electricity. taxes than this shopkeeper,
because
- TDS on salary whereas
shopkeeper underreports his
sales in cash payment.
- Shopkeeper shows less profit
through fictitious business
expenditures.
Solution(s) ✓ under-constructions projects ✓ SMS, billboards highlighting
should show signboards “Your self-employed individuals who
tax money at work” pay good amount of tax.
✓ Reminding tax payers that ✓ Public shaming of individuals
public goods can only be who don’t pay taxes. It’ll scare
provided in return for tax other tax-evaders that the
compliance. Most people in probability of their detection
your local community pay has increased.
their taxes on time. ✓ Avoid Tax Amnesties. Give
stringent punishment to tax
evaders.
Further, CEA Subramanian K. suggested:
✓ Top 10 highest taxpayers within a district → They should be given VIP-treatment such
as faster boarding privileges at airports, special “diplomatic” type lanes at
immigration counters, fast-lane on roads and toll booths, etc.
✓ Highest taxpayers over a decade → Important places should be named after them e.g.
roads, trains, schools, universities, hospitals and airports.
✓ In Hinduism, Islam and Christianity - unpaid debt is considered a sin. So,
advertisements should highlight how tax evasion is a violation of such
“spiritual/religious norms”.
✓ Ease in Paying Taxes: Pre-populated Income Tax forms with easy to understand terms.
Even if a person’s tax liability is ZERO, he should be required to fill Income Tax form.
✓ Automated TDS as and where possible and timely release of Tax refunds.

Hindi-Medium-Mains candidates should refer ES2018-19 Vol1 Ch.2

page52’s bullet 2.33 upto page 55’s box 5 to get the clean & formal
vocabulary for Answer Writing

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2.6 📤⏰(🌽⛽️) BUDGET → REVENUE EXPENDITURE → SUBSIDIES
2.6.1 Subsidies in budget 2020
Subsidies: Within them descending order (Approx. Figures) 2.6 lakh cr
⬇ means it’s reduced than last budget
1. Food subsidies: ₹ 1.2 lakh cr. ⬇ Last budget
allotted
2. Fertilizer (Urea > Others): ₹ 71,000 cr⬇ ₹3.4 lakh cr so
3. Fuel (LPG > Kerosene): ₹ 41,000 cr⬆ ⬇
4. Interest Subsidies on loans: Farmers (highest), MSME, Affordable
Housing, LIC Vay Vandana Yojana etc.: 28,000 cr.⬆
5. Other (Price stabilization fund, Cotton & Jute etc.): 6000 cr. ⬇

2.6.2 📘📘 ES19: Use ‘Behavioural economics (व्यिहार अिाशास्त्र)’ to ↓ subsidy bill

To reduce Government’s subsidy burden, Above the Poverty Line (APL: गरीबी रे खा से ऊपर)
households should be encouraged to voluntarily surrender their LPG subsidies. North
eastern states have shown higher rate of subsidy surrender as compared to other states.
Following reforms required:
✓ People have a strong tendency to go with the status quo. So, ‘Default ticked option’ in
LPG registration forms should be ‘I wish to give up the subsidy’, so a person will be
‘forced’ to untick the option to avail the subsidy benefit.
✓ Similarly, income tax forms should contain extra-fields with pre-ticked options like ‘I
want to give up LPG subsidy’.
✓ The online /SMS-based ‘subsidy giving up process’ should be quick and hassle-free. It
should not take more than a few minutes. Because every additional minute required to
complete the formalities= increases the chances that person will drop out in the
middle of the process.
✓ People act positively when they see others act positively, and particularly when they
can relate to such individuals. So, online “scroll of honour” should show
name/photos/social media-profiles of others in their area who gave up subsidies.
✓ Advertisements to highlight that “Rich people are helping in poverty removal by giving
up subsidies.“
✓ When people are watching a movie with social message (such as Padman, Toilet Ek
Premkatha etc), it should contain ad asking people to give up full / partial subsidy.
✓ Once a person gives up subsidy, he should be shown the photos of poor people
benefitting from his act / or a video with a beneficiary saying ‘thank you’.
Hindi-Medium-Mains candidates should refer ES2018-19 Vol1 Ch.2 bullet 2.26 to 2.31 to
get the clean & formal vocabulary for answer writing.

2.6.3 🏃🏻‍♀‍✍🏻🕵️‍♂‍National Recruitment Agency (NRA: राष्रीय भती एजेंसी)

 Present: multiple recruitment exams conducted by multiple agencies at different
points of time throughout the year..
 Future: NRA will conduct Common Eligibility Test for recruitment to Non-Gazetted
personnel in Government and PSBs. → SSC and IBPS will conduct Mains exams for
respective posts → time and cost saved for both candidate and recruiting agencies.
Budget-2020: we’ll set up NRA & open a (computerized) test centre in every district.

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2.7 💼🤲 BUDGET → CAPITAL RECIEPTS → BORROWING
2.7.1 💼🤲🎅Full Budget-2019: Foreign Borrowing in Foreign Currency
केंद्र सरकार के वर्वदे शी ऋण को वर्वदे शी मुद्रा में जुटाने का मसला

Introduction (Origin): In the (Full) Budget-2019, FM Nirmala S. announced, "India’s

sovereign external debt to GDP is among the lowest (~5%). The Government would start
raising a part of its borrowing programme in external markets in external currencies."

Arguments in favor Against

1. In domestic market, the 1. Exchange Rate Risk (वर्वननमय दर का जोखखम): If
'crowding out of private rupee weakens against the dollar during the
corporate borrowers' will bond’s tenure ($1: ₹ 60 → ₹ 70), the
decline. Corporates will be government would have to return more rupees
able to mobilize more funds to pay back the same amount of dollars. Then
from local market → factory the loan may turn out to be 'more expensive'
expansion, jobs, GDP growth. than originally anticipated.
2. In the advanced economies 2. It's true that presently Indian Government's
such as USA, EU: the loan rates external borrowing is very low, but once this
are very low, so our 'door' is opened, subsequent governments may
government may be able to get get tempted to borrow more and more from
cheaper loans. the foreign sources to finance their (populist)
3. Total (cumulative) internal welfare schemes, ultimately it can result into
debt of Union is ~₹ 96 lakh crisis when exchange rates turn volatile.
crores, whereas external debt 3. Better to increase the foreigners' investment
is ₹ 2.68 lakh crores so if we limit in G-Sec (in ₹ currency) and attract them
borrow a little more from to come to India, rather than we going
external sources it won't harm. 'abroad' to get their money in $ currency.
Conclusion: whether we should borrow in foreign currency or not?

 (Against) From the aforementioned analysis, it's evident that challenges outweigh
the potential benefits. Noted economists such as Dr. Raghuram Rajan are
apprehensive about sovereign borrowing from external markets in foreign currency.
Therefore, this idea, though well-intended, requires more deliberation.
 = (In favor) Considering above points, sovereign borrowing from
external markets in foreign currency may not be a bad idea, provided that it's done in
a judicious and prudential manner.

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2.8 🧔🗃 ♐️ 🤵 BUDGET → CAPITAL RECEIPTS → DISINVESTMENT: वर्वनिर्वेश
✓ Disinvestment targets last 4 budgets:
Budget 2017 2018 2019 2020
Target (Lakh cr) 1 0.80 1.05 lakh crore 2.10 lcr
Target Achieved? ✅ ✅ ❌* Wait & watch
* Budget-2019: Govt planned to earn ₹1.05 lakh cr from disinvestment but hardy 65,000
cr earned, because investors’ response lukewarm (उदासीन), due to slowdown in economy.
- 2019-July: (Full) Budget-2019, Nirmala S. announced:
- We will again try for strategic disinvestment of Air India & other selected
CPSEs.
- We’ll monetize the unused land assets of CPSEs (e.g. selling / renting). →
Government Land Information System (GLIS) portal launched to keep track of
all such land assets.
- We’ll relax foreign investment limits in the CPSEs.
- 2019-Nov: Government announced plans for strategic disinvestment of five public
sector units (PSUs) namely,
- 1) Bharat Petroleum Corp Ltd (BPCL). Big international oil companies including
Saudi Aramco are keen to buy BPCL, given its strong presence in fuel retail
outlets.
- 2) Shipping Corporation of India.
- 3) Container Corporation of India (Concor)
- Separately, 4) Tehri Hydro Development Corp of India and 5) North Eastern
Electric Power Corporation (Neepco) will be sold to National Thermal Power
Corporation (NTPC, a public sector company).

2.8.1 📔📔ES20 Vol1 Ch9 Privatization and Wealth Creation

CEA Subramanian K. highlighted two things about strategic disinvestment viz.

2.8.1.1 📔📔 Strategic Disinvestment (=privatisation) → ⬆profitability

 In 1980s, UK PM Mrs. Margaret Thatcher started privatization of the Govt companies
(सरकारी कांपननयो का ननजीकरण) such as British Telecom, British Airways, water and
electricity companies etc. → It resulted in⬆ profitability for those companies.
 ES20 analysed 11 Indian Govt companies that were privatized during BJP/NDA PM
Atal Bihari Vajpayee tenure (1998-2004) such as
o Hindustan Zinc, Bharat Aluminum Company Ltd. (BALCO), Maruti Suzuki, Indian
Petrochemicals Corporation Ltd. (IPCL), Modern Food India Ltd. (MFIL) etc.
 After strategic disinvestment (=privatization) these Indian companies’ sales,
profitability etc. greatly ⬆ because of: (बिकी र्व मुनाफे मे अप्रनतम बढोतरी)
o Technology Up-gradation (प्रौद्योर्गकी उन्नयन)
o Efficient management practices by Private professionals. (कुशल प्रबांधन)

✅Thus, privatized PSUs help in economic growth & employment generation.

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2.8.1.2 📔📔Strategic Disinvestment (=Privatisation) → Adopt Singapore Model
1974: Singapore Govt set up a holding company “Temasek Holdings Company” (THC). Then
the Government transferred its shares of PSUs to THC → THC sold them in market →
privatization complete.

 Government of India has 264 CPSEs under 38 different Ministries/Departments.

 ES20 suggested, we should also create a Holding Company (ननयांरक कांपनी) just like
Singapore, for our / strategic disinvestment (=privatization) drive.

Benefits? Professionalism and autonomy (पेशेर्वर कुशलता और स्त्र्वायत्ता) to the disinvestment

programme. If an individual ministry tried individual company’s privatization then

1) Ministry's officers may not have experience for it. (अनुभर्व न होना)
2) Internal resistance by employee unions to sell it off. (आांतररक प्रनतरोध)

So, better let a separate holding company look after this process.

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2.9 💼🤲🏻 BUDGET → FISCAL DEFICIT (राजकोषीय घाटा)

2.9.1 💼🤲🏻👜🤲🏻 Extra-Budgetary Resources (बजटे तर सांसाधन)

Extra Budgetary Resources (EBR) are loans taken by public sector undertakings and
Government organizations. For example,
- Govt not releasing food subsidy to Food Corporation of India (FCI) & (thereby forcing)
FCI to borrow money from National Small Savings Fund (NSSF) for its food schemes.
- Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs → (Autonomous body) Building Materials and
Technology Promotion Council → they borrowed ₹ 60,000 crores in next 4 years to
finance the PM Awas Yojana (Urban, more in Pill#5 Infra).
- Here repayment of the entire principal and interest is done from the Central
Government Budget eventually, behind the curtains.
- EBR measures are announced after passing of budget so, they may escape the same
general level of media-reporting, parliament debate or audit = bad for financial
transparency & accountability.
- 15th FC has termed “EBR” as ‘off-budget borrowings through para-statal entities’ and
asked Government to avoid it.
- ES20 noted:
- From Budget 2016 to 2019, govt raised >₹1.45 lakh cr through EBR
- These EBRs are not taken into account while calculating the Fiscal Deficit but
they’re counted while calculating Government debt or public debt:
Table 8: Definition & DATA as per 📔📔ES20 Vol2Ch2

Amt in lakh Crore 2018-19

i) Internal Debt 71
ii) External Debt 5
✓ Borrowed from other nations and multilateral institutions such as IMF,
World Bank, ADB etc.
✓ At present Govt of India doesn’t borrow directly from the
International Capital Market.
A) Public Debt (सार्विजननक ऋण)= (i) + (ii) 71+5=76

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 Amt in lakh Crore 2018-19
B) (Public Accounts) Other Liabilities such as Post Office Savings, Postal 9
Insurance, Provident Fund etc. small savings schemes (लघु बचत योजना) etc
Total Liability (कुल दे यता) = A+B 76+9=85

2.9.2 💼💉 🧔 Modi’s Fiscal Stimulus (2019-)

2019-Aug: Car sales and GDP growth sharply ⬇, Foreign investors exiting on large scale
from India. So, Finance Minister Nirmala.S announced in 2019-September:
1) Reduced tax burden on companies.
 Indian companies corporation tax slabs ⬇ from 25-30% to 15-22%. Ref:
Corporation Tax section of Handout for more details.
2) Reduced tax harassment
 No startups will be subjected to 'angel tax'.
 All tax notices to be issued from centralised system to 'end harassment of
taxpayers' by individual officials.
 GST refunds would be given to entrepreneurs within 30 days.
 Violation of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) will be treated as a civil
offense and not a criminal offense.
 (Full) Budget-2019 had hiked surcharge on the income tax paid by Super-rich.
As a result, Foreign investors were exiting from India, fearing extra tax burden.
So, we’ll ‘undo’ that budget announcement.
3) We’ll fix the PSBs
 Government will infuse ₹ 70,000 crore to public sector banks, order them to
link loan interest rates with repo rate or other external benchmarks so, loans
may become cheaper especially for home, auto sector. This will boost sales,
revive economy
4) We’ll encourage car sales & other consumption
 Vehicle depreciation increased from 15% to 30% (meaning Businessman will get
more tax benefits in Income Tax and Corporation Tax). → businessman
encouraged to buy new vehicles.
 Government departments will buy new petrol/ diesel vehicles.
 GST council ⬇ GST rates on 5 star hotels, outdoor catering, GST compensation
cess on passenger vehicles etc.
Plus many other fragmented reforms to ⬇ taxes, or to ⬆ Government spending on
highway projects etc. are done every now and then. BallbyballNOTIMP.

2.9.3 🙌 FRBM: Trigger Mechanism (to) Escape (Deficit control) Clause

FRBM Act Section 4(2): provides for a trigger mechanism to escape the deficit control
related clauses in the act i.e. Government can overcross the targets in following situations
(चुननन्दा 'हरगर' पररक्स्त्थनतयों मे, घाटे -ननयांरण सांबांधी धाराओां से बच सकते हैं)

1. National Security / Act of War (राष्रीय सुरक्षा / युद्ध)

2. National Calamity (राष्रीय आपदा)
3. If agriculture output and farm incomes collapse (कृवष उत्पादन, आय मे पतन)

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4. Fall in real output, GDP growth rate beyond x% (वर्वकास दर में अत्यार्धक र्गरार्वट)
5. Structural reforms in the economy with unanticipated fiscal implications
(अथिव्यर्वस्त्था में सांरचनात्मक सुधारों की राजकोष पे अप्रत्याशशत असर हो.)

During above ‘trigger conditions’ (उतत 'ट्ररगर' पररक्स्िनतयों मे)

 FRBM Act Section 4(2): Govt may overcross/deviate the fiscal deficit target by upto
0.5% of GDP, as recommended by NK Singh’s FRBM review Committee. (घाटे की
मयािदा/लक्षयाांक को लाांघ दे ना).
 Individual State Governments may also do similar (e.g. overcross by 0.5% of GSDP), but
they’ve to amend their state FRBM Act accordingly with this provision.
 Budget-2020: FM cited trigger#5 (structural reforms…..) to escape the FRBM targets
for 2019-20 and 2020-21.

Table 9: यानन की घाटा मे कटौती हमसे ना हो पाएगी'

Fiscal deficit → Original target (मल ू त:) Overcrossed After Trigger Mechanism
2019-20 3.3% 3.8%
2020-21 3% 3.5%
- Primary deficit target 0% (2020-21): shifted to 2022-23.
- Revenue Deficit and ERD also over crossed but anyways FRBM Act has abandoned
targeting them since 2018’s amendment.
- ES19 had suggested Government to reduce deficit through fiscal prudence. BUT
- ES20 (Vol2Ch2) identified following challenges in 2020-21 in reducing deficit:
- India and global growth⬇, trade protectionism⬆, geopolitical situations in
West Asia, Oil price = tax collection will be affected.
- To revive growth in the Indian economy, the Government should relax fiscal
deficit targets → in other words, give fiscal stimulus → economic growth.
(घाटा ननयांरण लक्षयाांक मे ढील दे दो, राजस्त्र्व प्रोत्साहन पेकेज दे दो)

2.9.4 💼🤲🏻🔨 🗂 FRBM Act: 3 Documents (दस्तािेज़)

FRBM Act requires the Union Government to present 3 documents along with the budget:
1. Macroeconomic Framework Statement (व्यापक आर्थिक ढााँचा वर्वर्वरण): to show economic
data - GDP, growth rate, import-exports, and government’s receipts,expenditure etc.
2. Medium Term Fiscal Policy Cum Fiscal Policy Strategy Statement (राजकोषीय िीनि
कायििीनि वर्वर्वरण): To explain how Govt. is controlling the deficits, and whether there is
going to be any deviation from the target.
3. Medium-term Expenditure Framework (मध्यम अर्वर्ि व्यय ढााँचा वर्वर्वरण): self-
explanatory

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2.9.5 💼🤲🏻⏬ Fiscal Consolidation (राजकोषीय एकत्रीकरण)
Set of Government actions to reduce deficit.

✓ 2019: PM’s Cabinet Committee on Investment and Growth (CCIG: ननर्वेश और वर्वकास की
कैबबनेट सशमनत) ordered all Union ministries to reduce wasteful expenditure on travel,
food and conferences by 20% (यारा, भोजन और सममेलन की कफजल खची मे कटौती करो).
✓ 2019-March: 15th Finance Commission has created a panel to prescribe fresh fiscal
consolidation road map for centre & states fopr the next 5 years. Chairman? NK Singh

✓ Stay Tuned for the Remaining [Win20CSP] Pillar#2/3/4/5/6’s update packs at

Mrunal.Org/Download

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