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G.R. No. 218014. Decembe 7, 2016.*

EDDIE CORTEL CARNA and YELLOW BUS LINE,

INC., pe i ione , . CECILE GEPAYA-LIM, e ponden .

Re ed a La ; C P ced e; A ea ; Q e e a d
e ca e e c a acc de a d e e e be
a e ac a e c e S e e C (SC) ca a
, a c a e e d e a c a d e
C A ea (CA) a e c ee acc d. The le i ha
he fac al finding of he ial co , hen affi med b he Co
of Appeal , a e binding and concl i e pon hi Co . I i al o
e led ha e ion ega ding he ca e of ehic la acciden
and he pe on e pon ible fo i a e fac al e ion hich hi
Co canno pa pon, pa ic la l hen he finding of he
ial co and he Co of Appeal a e comple el in acco d.
While he e a e e cep ion o hi le, he Co find no
j ifica ion ha o ld make he p e en ca e fall nde he
e cep ion .
Ne e ce; Re I a L ; W e e e ce
d a e ed e ed, a d e e e e a e
a acc de e e a e e a e e ce
e a a d e e e ce de e da a ,
de ed c e e a , c ea , e a , e
a ac ea e , e dc , a
e e a ea e , e ac
c c a ce acc a a a be c a a ea
e , a ea e a e e ce e e ce e
a e de e da , e e e c a ed
e e ce. We ag ee ha e a applie in hi ca e.
The Co e plained hi doc ine a follo : While negligence i
no o dina il infe ed o p e med, and hile he me e
happening of an acciden o inj ill no gene all gi e i e o
an infe ence o p e mp ion ha i a d e o negligence on
defendan pa , nde he doc ine of e a , hich
mean , li e all , he hing o an ac ion peak fo i elf, o in
one j i dic ion, ha he hing o in men ali peak fo

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i elf, he fac o ci c m ance accompan ing an inj ma be

ch a o ai e a p e mp ion, o a lea pe mi an infe ence of

_______________

* SECOND DIVISION.

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negligence on he pa of he defendan , o ome o he pe on

ho i cha ged i h negligence. [W]he e i i ho n ha he
hing o in men ali hich ca ed he inj complained of
a nde he con ol o managemen of he defendan , and ha
he occ ence e l ing in he inj a ch a in he o dina
co e of hing o ld no happen if ho e ho had i con ol o
managemen ed p ope ca e, he e i fficien e idence, o , a
ome ime a ed, ea onable e idence, in he ab ence of
e plana ion b he defendan , ha he inj a o e f om o a
ca ed b he defendan an of ca e. The e a
doc ine i ba ed in pa pon he heo ha he
defendan in cha ge of he in men ali hich ca e he
inj ei he kno he ca e of he acciden o ha he be
oppo ni of a ce aining i and ha he plain iff ha no ch
kno ledge, and he efo e i compelled o allege negligence in
gene al e m and o el pon he p oof of he happening of he
acciden in o de o e abli h negligence. The infe ence hich he
doc ine pe mi i g o nded pon he fac ha he chief e idence
of he e ca e, he he c lpable o innocen , i p ac icall
acce ible o he defendan b inacce ible o he inj ed pe on.
Sa e; Sa e; E e e Re I a L . The elemen
of e a a e: (1) he acciden i of ch cha ac e a o
a an an infe ence ha i o ld no ha e happened e cep fo
he defendan negligence; (2) he acciden m ha e been
ca ed b an agenc o in men ali i hin he e cl i e
managemen o con ol of he pe on cha ged i h he negligence
complained of; and (3) he acciden m no ha e been d e o an
ol n a ac ion o con ib ion on he pa of he pe on inj ed.
C La ; V ca L ab ;T e e e a e ee
ca e da a e d e e e ce e e
d e , e e a e a e a e e
e e . The le i hen an emplo ee ca e damage d e o

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hi o n negligence hile pe fo ming hi o n d ie , he e a i e

a p e mp ion ha hi emplo e i negligen . Thi p e mp ion
can be eb ed onl b p oof of ob e ance b he emplo e of he
diligence of a good fa he of a famil in he elec ion and
pe i ion of i emplo ee . In hi ca e, e ag ee i h he ial
co and he Co of Appeal ha Yello B Line failed o
p o e ha i e e ci ed d e diligence of a good fa he of a famil in
he elec ion and pe i ion of i emplo ee . Co el ce ifica e
of a endance o emina , hich Yello

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B Line did no e en p e en a e idence in he ial co ,

a e no eno gh o p o e o he i e.
Sa e; L Ea Ca ac ; F a L Ea
Ca ac . We ain he Co of Appeal in i a a d of lo of
ea ning capaci and damage o e ponden . The inc ea e in he
a a d fo lo of ea ning capaci i p ope d e o he
comp a ion of he a a d in acco dance i h he follo ing
fo m la: Ne ea ning capaci = Life E pec anc [G o Ann al
Income - Li ing E pen e (50% of g o ann al income)], he e
life e pec anc = 2/3 (80 - he age of he decea ed).

PETITION fo e ie on ce io a i of he deci ion and

e ol ion of he Co of Appeal , Caga an de O o Ci .
The fac a e a ed in he opinion of he Co .
R.A.V. Sa a , S . fo pe i ione .
R e T. E a fo e ponden .

CARPIO, J.:

The Case

Pe i ione Eddie Co el Ca na (Co el) and Yello

B Line, Inc. (Yello B Line) a ail he 16 Oc obe 2014
Deci ion1 and 21 Ap il 2015 Re ol ion2 of he Co of
Appeal , Caga an de O o Ci in C.A.-G.R. CV No. 02980.
The Co of Appeal affi med i h modifica ion he
3
J dgmen , da ed 27 Ap il 2012, of he Regional T ial
Co of Mid a ap, Co aba o, B anch 18 ( ial co ),
finding pe i ione join l and e e all liable o he hei
of SPO3 Robe C. Lim (Lim) fo he la e dea h.
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_______________

1 R , pp. 32-44. Penned b A ocia e J ice Edga do T. Llo en,

i h A ocia e J ice Ed a d B. Con e a and Rafael An onio M.
San o , conc ing.
2 Id., a pp. 64-66.
3 Id., a pp. 67-79. Penned b P e iding J dge Geo ge C. Jabido.

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The Antecedent Facts

The Co of Appeal na a ed he fac a follo :

On 29 Oc obe 2004, Co el a d i ing a b , ope a ed
b Yello B Line, hich a on i a f om Ma bel,
Ko onadal o Da ao Ci . A a o nd 9:45 in he e ening, a

to
he b a a e ing C o ing R bbe in he
M nicipali of T pi, So h Co aba o, Co el no iced o
ck i h gla ing headligh coming f om he oppo i e
di ec ion. Co el a ed ha he a d i ing a a peed of 40
o 50 kilome e pe ho . He claimed ha pon no icing
he ck , he ed ced hi peed o 20 kilome e pe ho .
Ho e e , he b hi a black mo o c cle hich allegedl
had no ail ligh eflec o . The impac d agged he
mo o c cle a a di ance of h ee me e befo e i came o a
f ll op. Lim, ho a iding he mo o c cle, a h o n
p a d and hen lammed in o he b , hi ing he ba e of
i igh ind hield ipe . The mo o c cle go en angled
i h he b oken b mpe of he b . Acco ding o Co el,
Lim a ea ing a black jacke and a iding i ho a
helme a he ime of he acciden .
Feli La ang (La ang), he b cond c o , aligh ed f om
he b o aid Lim. La ang ga e in c ion o Co el o
mo e back o elea e Lim and he mo o c cle f om he f on
b mpe of he b . T o b ande p oceeded o he cene
o a i Lim. Af e e e ing he b and f eeing Lim and
he mo o c cle, Co el d o e he b a a and en o a
nea b b a ion he e he ende ed o a ho i ie .
Co el claimed ha he lef he cene of he inciden beca e
he fea ed fo hi life.

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Re ponden Cecile Gepa a-Lim, Lim ido , filed a

complain fo damage again pe i ione . The ca e a
docke ed a Ci il Ca e No. 05-010.
D ing ial, SPO4 Eddie S. O encio (SPO4 O encio), he
office ho in e iga ed he inciden , e ified ha Lim a
d i ing a DT Yamaha 125 black mo o c cle hen he
acciden ook place. Co el b and he mo o c cle e e
going in he ame di ec ion. SPO4 O encio e ified ha
ha he b

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522 SUPREME COURT REPORTS ANNOTATED

C e . Ge a a-L

b mped he mo o c cle f om behind. The mo o c cle

engine and cha i e e e e el damaged, hile i ea
im a o all damaged b he acciden .
Yello B Line p e en ed and offe ed in e idence
pho og aph ho ing ha he b igh f on ind hield
and ipe e e damaged. The b lo e igh ide b mpe
a al o pe fo a ed. D ing he p elimina confe ence,
Yello B Line al o p e en ed Co el ce ifica e
ho ing ha he a ended he follo ing emina : (1) Ba ic
Ti e Ca e Semina ; (2) Ba ic Ti e Kno ledge and
Unde anding Re eading; and (3) T affic R le and
Reg la ion , Defen i e D i ing and Road Co e
Semina . Ho e e , he ce ifica e e e no offe ed in
e idence d ing ial.

The Decision of the Trial Court

In i 27 Ap il 2012 J dgmen , he ial co

e abli hed ha Co el a a fa l . The ial co fo nd
ha he b a nning fa hen i b mped he
mo o c cle idden b Lim. The ial co led ha he
acciden i he p o ima e ca e of Lim dea h. The ial
co al o led ha Yello B Line failed o p e en
fficien e idence o p o e ha i e e ci ed d e diligence
in he elec ion and pe i ion of Co el.
The di po i i e po ion of he ial co deci ion ead :

WHEREFORE, p emi e con ide ed, he Co he eb ende

j dgmen again Defendan Eddie Co el Ca na and like i e
again he o ne of he Yello B Line, Inc., n mbe ed b
i h Bod No. A-96, and bea ing Pla e No. LWE 614, i h PDL

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No. L05-30-002730; h p an o [A] icle 2176 and 2180 of

he Ci il Code of he Philippine [,] aid Defendan a e o de ed o
pa join l and e e all o he plain iff he follo ing amo n :
In fa o of he hei of Robe C. Lim ep e en ed b Cecil[]e
Gepa a Lim a he i ing po e, and i h

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[a] li ing child, he dea h compen a ion of One H nd ed Fif

Tho and Pe o (P150,000.00), pl [:]
a) F ne al and b ial e pen e of Fif Tho and Pe o
(P50,000.00);
b) [C]ompen a ion fo lo of ea ning capaci in he amo n
of P100,000.00;
(c) Damage [ o] he mo o c cle in he amo n of
[Fif een Tho and Pe o ] (P15,000.00);
d) A o ne fee of Fif een Tho and Pe o (P15,000.00);
e) Co of i .
SO ORDERED.4

Pe i ione appealed f om he ial co deci ion.

The Decision of the Court of Appeals

In i 16 Oc obe 2014 Deci ion, he Co of Appeal

applied he doc ine of e a .
The Co of Appeal led ha Lim died beca e of he
colli ion be een he b d i en b Co el and he
mo o c cle Lim a iding. The Co of Appeal led ha
bo h ehicle e e d i ing in he ame lane and e e
headed o a d he ame di ec ion. The Co of Appeal
no ed ha ehicle nning on high a do no no mall
collide nle one of he d i e i negligen . The Co of
Appeal f he led ha Co el had e cl i e con ol and
managemen of he b he a d i ing. The Co of
Appeal fo nd no e idence ha Lim had an con ib o
negligence in he acciden ha e l ed o hi dea h. The
Co of Appeal led ha pe i ione failed o p o e ha
he mo o c cle had no headligh o ha Lim a no
ea ing a helme . The Co of Appeal a ed ha e en if
he mo o c cle a black and Lim a ea ing a black

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jacke , he e e e no p ohibi ed b affic le and

eg la ion . The Co of Appeal no ed ha pon impac ,

_______________

4 Id., a p. 79.

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Lim bod a h o n p a d, indica ing ha Co el a

d i ing a high peed. The damage o he mo o c cle and
he b al o di p o ed Co el allega ion ha he a onl
d i ing a he peed of 20 kilome e pe ho .
The Co of Appeal led ha Yello B Line failed
o e e ci e he ca e and diligence of a good fa he of a
famil in i elec ion and pe i ion of i emplo ee . The
Co of Appeal led ha he ce ifica e p e en ed b
Yello B Line e e no admi ible in e idence beca e
he police office ho allegedl igned hem a no
p e en ed befo e he ial co . In addi ion, Yello B
Line did no offe he ce ifica e a e idence d ing ial.
The Co of Appeal modified he amo n of damage
a a ded o he hei of Lim. U ing he fo m la e b hi
Co in T e He P e . Ma a a I a ce C a ,
5 6
I c. and V a Re T a , I c. . C A ea , he
Co of Appeal ecomp ed Lim lo ea ning capaci ,
a follo :

FORMULA NET EARNING CAPACITY (NEC)

If:
Age a ime of dea h of Robe Lim = 41
Mon hl Income a ime of dea h = 13,715.00
G o Ann al Income (GAI)= [(P13,715.00) (12)] = P164,580.00
Rea onable/Nece a Li ing E pen e (R/NLE) 50% of GAI
= P82,290

_______________

5 602 Phil. 564; 584 SCRA 152 (2009).

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6 142 Phil. 494; 31 SCRA 511 (1970).

7 R , p. 41.

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Th , he Co of Appeal fo nd ha he a a d of
P100,000 a dea h compen a ion gi en b he ial co o
he hei of Lim a inade a e. Ho e e , he Co of
Appeal ed ced he amo n of dea h indemni f om
P150,000 o P50,000. The Co of Appeal dele ed he
P15,000 a a ded b he ial co fo he damage o he
mo o c cle fo ab ence of p oof b a a ded P25,000 fo
f ne al and b ial e pen e . In addi ion, he Co of
Appeal a a ded P100,000 a mo al damage o he hei
of Lim. The di po i i e po ion of he Co of Appeal
deci ion ead :

WHEREFORE, he J dgmen da ed 27 Ap il 2012 of he

Regional T ial Co (B anch 18), 12 h J dicial Region,
Mid a ap, Co aba o, i AFFIRMED i h MODIFICATION.
Defendan []-appellan Eddie Co el and Yello B Line, Inc.
a e he eb o de ed o pa join l and e e all plain iff-appellee
Cecile Gepa a-Lim he follo ing:
(1) F ne al and b ial e pen e of P25,000.00;
(2) Ac al damage fo lo of ea ning capaci of P2,139,540.00;
(3) Mo al damage amo n ing o P100,000.00;
(4) Dea h indemni of P50,000.00; and
(5) A o ne fee of P15,000.00.
Af e hi deci ion become final and e ec o , in e e a 12%
e a hall addi ionall be impo ed on he o al obliga ion
n il f ll pa men .
No co .
SO ORDERED.8

Pe i ione filed a mo ion fo econ ide a ion. The Co

of Appeal denied he mo ion in i 21 Ap il 2015
Re ol ion.
Hence, he eco e befo e hi Co .

_______________

8 Id., a pp. 43-44.

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The Issue

Whe he he Co of Appeal commi ed a e e ible

e o in affi ming i h modifica ion he deci ion of he
ial co .

The Ruling of this Court

We den he pe i ion.
Pe i ione an hi Co o e ie he fac al
finding of bo h he ial co and he Co of Appeal .
Pe i ione allege ha he ial co and he Co of
Appeal e ed in concl ding ha he b d i en b Co el
a nning fa hen he acciden occ ed and in
appl ing he doc ine of e a in hi ca e.
The le i ha he fac al finding of he ial co ,
hen affi med b he Co of Appeal , a e binding and
concl i e pon hi Co .9 I i al o e led ha e ion
ega ding he ca e of ehic la acciden and he pe on
e pon ible fo i a e fac al e ion hich hi Co
canno pa pon, pa ic la l hen he finding of he
ial co and he Co of Appeal a e comple el in
acco d.10 While he e a e e cep ion o hi le, he Co
find no j ifica ion ha o ld make he p e en ca e fall
nde he e cep ion .
A poin ed o b he Co of Appeal , he e l of he
colli ion peak fo i elf. If, indeed, he peed of he b
a onl 20 kilome e pe ho a Co el claimed, i o ld
no b mp he mo o c cle a eling in he ame di ec ion
ih ch impac ha i h e i ide p a d befo e
hi ing he ba e of i igh ind hield ipe . If Co el a
d i ing a 20 kilome e pe ho , he b o ld no d ag
he mo o c cle fo h ee me e af e he impac . The Co
of Appeal like i e con ide ed he damage ained b
bo h he mo o c -

_______________

9 B a ec , I c a ed . Ma a a I a ce C a ,
I c a ed, 639 Phil. 322; 625 SCRA 309 (2010).

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10 DST M e C a . Pe e Ge e a I a ce C a ,
G.R. No. 198627, 13 Jan a 2016, 780 SCRA 498.

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C e . Ge a a-L

cle and he b hich indica ed ha Co el a d i ing

fa a he ime of he acciden . A ega d pe i ione
allega ion ha Lim a e all negligen beca e he a
iding i ho a helme and he mo o c cle had no ail
ligh , he Co of Appeal co ec l fo nd ha i a elf-
e ing beca e pe i ione did no p e en an e idence o
p o e hi allega ion.
We ag ee ha e a applie in hi ca e. The
Co e plained hi doc ine a follo :

While negligence i no o dina il infe ed o p e med, and

hile he me e happening of an acciden o inj ill no
gene all gi e i e o an infe ence o p e mp ion ha i a d e
o negligence on defendan pa , nde he doc ine of e a
, hich mean , li e all , he hing o an ac ion peak
fo i elf, o in one j i dic ion, ha he hing o in men ali
peak fo i elf, he fac o ci c m ance accompan ing an
inj ma be ch a o ai e a p e mp ion, o a lea pe mi
an infe ence of negligence on he pa of he defendan , o ome
o he pe on ho i cha ged i h negligence.
[W]he e i i ho n ha he hing o in men ali
hich ca ed he inj complained of a nde he con ol o
managemen of he defendan , and ha he occ ence e l ing
in he inj a ch a in he o dina co e of hing o ld
no happen if ho e ho had i con ol o managemen ed
p ope ca e, he e i fficien e idence, o , a ome ime a ed,
ea onable e idence, in he ab ence of e plana ion b he
defendan , ha he inj a o e f om o a ca ed b he
defendan an of ca e.

The e a doc ine i ba ed in pa pon he heo

ha he defendan in cha ge of he in men ali hich ca e
he inj ei he kno he ca e of he acciden o ha he be
oppo ni of a ce aining i and ha he plain iff ha no ch
kno ledge, and he efo e i compelled o allege negligence in
gene al e m and o el pon he p oof of he happening of he
acci-

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den in o de o e abli h negligence. The infe ence hich he

doc ine pe mi i g o nded pon he fac ha he chief e idence
of he e ca e, he he c lpable o innocen , i p ac icall
acce ible o he defendan b inacce ible o he inj ed
pe on.11

The elemen of e a a e: (1) he acciden i

of ch cha ac e a o a an an infe ence ha i o ld
no ha e happened e cep fo he defendan negligence;
(2) he acciden m ha e been ca ed b an agenc o
in men ali i hin he e cl i e managemen o
con ol of he pe on cha ged i h he negligence
complained of; and (3) he acciden m no ha e been d e
o an ol n a ac ion o con ib ion on he pa of he
pe on inj ed.12
In hi ca e, Co el had he e cl i e con ol of he b ,
incl ding i peed. The b and he mo o c cle e e
nning in he ame affic di ec ion and a ch, he
colli ion o ld no ha e happened i ho negligence on
he pa of Co el. I a e abli hed ha he colli ion
be een he b and he mo o c cle ca ed Lim dea h.
A ide f om ba e allega ion ha pe i ione failed o p o e,
he e a no hing o ho ha Lim had con ib o
negligence o he acciden .
The le i hen an emplo ee ca e damage d e o hi
o n negligence hile pe fo ming hi o n d ie , he e
a i e a p e mp ion ha hi emplo e i negligen .13 Thi
p e mp ion can be eb ed onl b p oof of ob e ance b
he emplo e of he diligence of a good fa he of a famil in
he elec ion and pe i ion of i emplo ee . In hi ca e,
e ag ee i h he ial co and he Co of Appeal ha
Yello B Line failed o p o e ha i e e ci ed d e
diligence of a good

_______________

11 Ma a a I a ce C ., I c. . A be , 680 Phil. 813, 824-825; 664

SCRA 791, 801 (2012).

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12 J e a . Ma a E ec cC a , G.R. No. 182705, 18 J l 2014,

730 SCRA 126.
13 Da a H da T a Se ce C a . E a , G.R.
No. 211424, 26 No embe 2014, 743 SCRA 299.

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C e . Ge a a-L

fa he of a famil in he elec ion and pe i ion of i

emplo ee . Co el ce ifica e of a endance o emina ,
hich Yello B Line did no e en p e en a e idence in
he ial co , a e no eno gh o p o e o he i e.
We ain he Co of Appeal in i a a d of lo of
ea ning capaci and damage o e ponden . The inc ea e
in he a a d fo lo of ea ning capaci i p ope d e o
he comp a ion of he a a d in acco dance i h he
follo ing fo m la:

Ne ea ning capaci = Life E pec anc [G o Ann al

Income - Li ing E pen e (50% of g o ann al income)], he e
life e pec anc = 2/3 (80 - he age of he decea ed).14

We no e ha he Co of Appeal clea l in ended o

a a d o e ponden empe a e damage amo n ing o
P25,000 fo b ial and f ne al e pen e , in ead of he
P15,000 ep e en ing he ac al damage o he mo o c cle
a a ded b he ial co , beca e no e idence a
p e en ed o p o e he ame. Ho e e , he e m
empe a e damage a inad e en l omi ed in he
di po i i e po ion of he Co of Appeal deci ion
al ho gh i a a ed ha he amo n a fo f ne al and
b ial e pen e . We ed ce he in e e a e o 6% e
a on all damage a a ded f om he da e of finali of
hi Deci ion n il f ll paid.
WHEREFORE, e DENY he pe i ion. We AFFIRM
ith MODIFICATION he 16 Oc obe 2014 Deci ion and
21 Ap il 2015 Re ol ion of he Co of Appeal Caga an
de O o Ci in C.A.-G.R. CV No. 02980. We ORDER
pe i ione Eddie Co el Ca na and Yello B Line, Inc.
o pa join l and e e all e ponden Cecile Gepa a-Lim
he follo ing:

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_______________

14 Pe e . Ca a , G.R. No. 212565, 25 Feb a 2015, 752 SCRA 94.

530

530 SUPREME COURT REPORTS ANNOTATED

C e . Ge a a-L

(1) A a d fo lo of ea ning capaci amo n ing o

P2,139,540;
(2) Tempe a e damage amo n ing o P25,000;
(3) Dea h indemni amo n ing o P50,000;
(4) Mo al damage amo n ing o P100,000; and
(5) A o ne fee amo n ing o P15,000.
We impo e an in e e a e of 6% e a on all
damage a a ded f om he da e of finali of hi Deci ion
n il f ll paid.
SO ORDERED.

B , De Ca , Me d a and Le e , JJ.,
conc .

Pe de ed, d e a d e a ed
d ca .

Notes. Fo he doc ine of e a o appl ,

he follo ing e i emen m be ho n o e i , namel :
(a) he acciden i of a kind ha o dina il doe no occ in
he ab ence of omeone negligence; (b) i i ca ed b an
in men ali i hin he e cl i e con ol of he
defendan o defendan ; and (c) he po ibili of
con ib ing cond c ha o ld make he plain iff
e pon ible i elimina ed. (BJDC C c . La ,
719 SCRA 577 [2014])
In o j i dic ion, ica io liabili o imp ed
negligence i embodied in A icle 2180 of he Ci il Code
and he ba i fo damage in he ac ion nde aid a icle
i he di ec and p ima negligence of he emplo e in he
elec ion o pe i ion, o bo h, of hi emplo ee. (Me d a
. G e , 726 SCRA 505 [2014])

o0o

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C 2020 C B S ,I .A .

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