Ergonomics: (Aspects in Workstation Design and Analysis)

ERGONOMICS
(ASPECTS IN WORKSTATION
DESIGN AND ANALYSIS)
Chandrakanth.C
S1 M.Tech
Roll No:01
mail me @ [email protected]
1
Contents
 Definition
 Objectives
 Fields interact with ergonomics
 Importance
 Ergonomic approaches
 Advantages & Disadvantages
 Applications
 Conclusion
2
ERGONOMICS
DERIVED FROM GREEK WORDS
ERGO + NOMOS = ERGONOMICS

“work” + “laws” = “ laws of work ”
ERGONOMICS - DEFINITION
 SCIENTIFIC STUDY OF HUMAN WORK
 "DESIGNING THE JOB TO FIT THE WORKER , NOT

FORCING THE WORKER TO FIT THE JOB“
 SCIENCE THAT DEALS WITH DESIGNING AND

ARRANGING THINGS SO THAT PEOPLE CAN USE
THEM EASILY AND SAFELY
4
ERGONOMICS - OBJECTIVES
 To improve the relationship b/w people , equipment ,

workplace, and the environment.
 Increase work efficiency and productivity.
 Promote safety and comfort at work station.
 To reduce physical work loads.
 To minimize the risk of injury , illness , accidents and

errors without compromising productivity.
5
FIELDS THAT INTERACT WITH
ERGONOMICS
 Anthropometry  Physiology
 Psychology  Statistics
 Operations  Engineering
Research
 Biomechanics
 Surgery
 Industrial Hygiene
 Physics
 Industrial Medicine
 Orthopedics
6
JOB RISK FACTORS
 Working in awkward  Awkward lifting

postures / positions  Lifting in combination with
 Prolonged sitting and twisting
standing  Pushing, pulling, carrying
 Bending, reaching,  Accidents, slips, trips, falls
stretching
 Vibration & Noise
 Driving for extended
 Repetition
periods of time
 Contact Stress
 Heavy lifting
 Thermal Condition
 Illumination
7
ERGONOMICS - IMPORTANCE
 Work Related Musculoskeletal Disorders

(WMSD) are fastest-growing injury
category
1997 study of 420 medical secretaries
◦ 63 % reported neck/shoulder pain
◦ 51% low back pain
◦ 30 % hand/wrist pain
8
Musculo Skeletal Disorders(MSD)
 MSD’s are injuries caused by sustained exposure to

stresses or repetitive motion.
 They may affect muscles, tendons, ligaments, bones,
circulation, or nerves.
 Some well-known MSD’s are:
1. Carpel tunnel syndrome

2. Tennis elbow
9
CARPAL TUNNEL SYNDROME
One of the best known MSDs
 The median nerve does not

work properly due to
pressure on the nerve as it
runs through an opening
called the carpel tunnel
 Pain & tingling, can go up

the arm to the shoulder and
neck, causing waking to
pain in middle of night
10
TENNIS ELBOW
 Overuse or misuse of the forearm muscles
can cause tendonitis, or a painful
inflammation of the tendons connecting these
muscles to borns.
 This may be when working,

or during certain leisure
activities, such as sports and
gardening.
Symptom are severe pain.
11
Body Parts Prone To Workplace
MSDs
 Back - Lower
 Neck and Upper Back
 Upper Extremities - Arms and Hands
 Lower Extremities - Legs and Feet
12
Musculoskeletal Disorders:
Signs and Symptoms
 Decreased ROM  Numbness
 Decreased grip  Burning sensation

and/or pinch
strength  Tingling
 Swelling  Pain
 Fatigue  Cramping
 Loss of function  Stiffness

13
Leading Causes of Back
Problems
• Poor Body Mechanics
• Stressful Living & Working
• Loss of Flexibility
• Loss of Strength
14
ERGNONIMICS APPROCHES
• Body Mechanics
• Proper Lifting Techniques
• Exercise
• Stretching
• Improved postures
15
PROPER WEIGHT LIFTING
TECHNIQUE
16
Posture check
Increased stress, decreased
circulation
 High risk  Low risk
17
Posture check
Do you use a headset rather than cradling the
telephone between your head and shoulder?
18
ERGONOMIC ALIGNMENT
19
20
Arranging Your Workspace
 Primary work zone - the
 Arrange tools around your desk so distance from elbow to
you minimize the distance you have hand. Things you touch on
to reach for them. Divide your work
a daily basis.
space into three zones:
 Secondary work zone -

within arm's reach. Use this
zone to position those
items that you use
frequently, but don't need
all the time.
 Reference zone - outside

arm's reach. Use this zone
for your least-often used
items.
21
To be ergonomic , a design
must
• Fit the user
• Be easy to use
• Improve comfort
• Improve performance
• Improve health and safety
22
ERGONOMICALLY DESIGNED
CHAIR
23
Materials storage and
handling
 Clear and mark transport routes
 Provide ramps of 5-8% inclination instead of small

stairs
 Use mechanical devices for lifting, lowering and

moving heavy material
 Instead of carrying heavy weights divide them into

smaller lightweights e.g. 2x10 kg instead of 20 kg.
 Combine heavy lifting with physically lighter tasks
24
Hand Tools
 Use hanging tools for operations repeated in
the same place
 Provide hand support when using precision

tools
 Provide hand tools with a grip of the proper

thickness (hand diameter 30-40 mm, handle
length 125 mm and size to fit male hands)
 Provide a home for each tool (Enables good

housekeeping)
25
Production machine safety
 Locate controls in sequence of operations
 Make displays and signals easy to distinguish

and easy to read
 Use properly fixed guards and interlock devices
26
Lighting
 Increased use of daylight
 Light up the work area evenly
 Sufficient lighting for working
 Local lighting for precision work
 Removing shiny surfaces
 Avoid glare
27
28
Advantages of
Ergonomics
• Reduction of work-related injuries , higher safety
• Higher productivity
• Increased work quality
• Reduced absenteeism , fatigue
• Better design of machines
29
Disadvantages
 It costs money to develop and design it.
 Usually take more time and resources than other

methods
 Very high effort in planning, recruiting, and executing

than other methods
 Much longer study periods and therefore requires

much goodwill among the participants
30
Applications
 Assist in design & operation of man , m/c
,environmental study.
 Help to know about the human activities, capability
and limitations.
 Helps to ensure physical and mental use of human
beings.
31
Difficulties in achieving the
aims of ergonomics
 Human operator is flexible and adaptable
 Large individual differences
Obvious differences: --> Physical size, strength
Not obvious differences --> Culture, style,

level of skill
32
Work Smarter – Not Harder
 Notice and report symptoms EARLY
 Stretch
 Take adequate and frequent breathers
 Do a different task or do the
task differently
33
Conclusion..
 As we discussed above ergonomics
"DESIGNING THE JOB TO FIT THE WORKER ,
NOT FORCING THE WORKER TO FIT THE
JOB“
So it will reduces the fatigue and improve the work
conditions for the workers.
34
Help Yourself
 Micro-Breaks
◦ Every 20-40 minutes
 Exercises
◦ Body stretch
◦ Raise forearms
◦ Shoulder blade squeeze/shrugs
◦ Eye palming
◦ Arm and shoulder shake
◦ Arm extensions
◦ Side bends
35
Practice Wellness at Work and
Home !
Exercise(Body)
Relaxation(Spirit)
Nutrition(Mind)
36
THANK YOU….
37

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ERGONOMICS

DERIVED FROM GREEK WORDS

ERGO + NOMOS = ERGONOMICS

 SCIENTIFIC STUDY OF HUMAN WORK

 "DESIGNING THE JOB TO FIT THE WORKER , NOT

 SCIENCE THAT DEALS WITH DESIGNING AND

 To improve the relationship b/w people , equipment ,

 Increase work efficiency and productivity.

 Promote safety and comfort at work station.

 To reduce physical work loads.

 To minimize the risk of injury , illness , accidents and

 Working in awkward  Awkward lifting

 Work Related Musculoskeletal Disorders

1997 study of 420 medical secretaries

◦ 63 % reported neck/shoulder pain

◦ 51% low back pain

 MSD’s are injuries caused by sustained exposure to

1. Carpel tunnel syndrome

 The median nerve does not

 Pain & tingling, can go up

 This may be when working,

Symptom are severe pain.

 Neck and Upper Back

 Upper Extremities - Arms and Hands

 Lower Extremities - Legs and Feet

 Decreased grip  Burning sensation

 Loss of function  Stiffness

• Poor Body Mechanics

• Stressful Living & Working

• Proper Lifting Techniques

 High risk  Low risk

 Secondary work zone -

 Reference zone - outside

• Fit the user

• Improve health and safety

 Provide ramps of 5-8% inclination instead of small

 Use mechanical devices for lifting, lowering and

 Instead of carrying heavy weights divide them into

 Combine heavy lifting with physically lighter tasks

 Provide hand support when using precision

 Provide hand tools with a grip of the proper

 Provide a home for each tool (Enables good

 Make displays and signals easy to distinguish

 Use properly fixed guards and interlock devices

 Light up the work area evenly

 Sufficient lighting for working

 Local lighting for precision work

 Removing shiny surfaces

 Usually take more time and resources than other

 Very high effort in planning, recruiting, and executing

 Much longer study periods and therefore requires

 Help to know about the human activities, capability

 Helps to ensure physical and mental use of human

 Large individual differences

Obvious differences: --> Physical size, strength

Not obvious differences --> Culture, style,

 Notice and report symptoms EARLY

 Take adequate and frequent breathers

 Do a different task or do the