Chap 21 – The Third Republic 3.

To purchase food, medicine

and clothing
1. First Republic – under the Malolos
Constitution 4. Filipino laborers were also
employed in American
Second Republic – under the Japanese Military projects and money
Occupation was circulated

Third Republic – in 1946

The people began to be preoccupied by
a. Devastated country
selling American goods, cigarettes and even
b. Deeply wounded people
American military clothing.
c. Weak republic

The Phils had to accept US Financial aid with

The Government Reorganized
the ff conditions:
1. Govt reorganized to be more responsive
a. Parity rights of the Americans to
to the immediate needs of the people.
exploit the country’s natural
resources
2. The Executive Depts. Were restored
b. US Military and naval bases on the
3. Department of Information was created
Phil territory
4. Gen Mac Arthur suggested to Pres
c. Defense and trade agreements
Osmena for Congress to pass laws
favorable to the americans
designed to help the problems of our
country.

Conditions after the war:

The American Financial Aid
1. Destruction of farms, work animals,
machinery, roads, bridgesetc
1. The Phils suffered much more than the
Americans. As such, the American
2. Heavy bombings destroyed
govtextended financial aid to the Phils.
infrastructures needed or economic
recovery
2. US$100M – appropriated by the US
Congress to be used by the Phil govt for
3. Widespread unemployment
its operating expenses and for the
redemption of guerilla notes during the
4. Food was scarce and thousands died of
war.
diseases
3. Sale materials worth P100M – of
American Aid American surplus materials were given
to the Phil govt
1. The American Army in the Phils
immediately extend aid to the Filipinos 4. US$60M - for reconstruction

a. Phil Civil Affairs Unit ( PCAU ) –

1. to help the military

commanders extend relief
aid to the suffering people.

Parity Rights to the Americans

1. Bell Trade Relations Act

2. Salaries of municipal
a. Passed by US Congress in 1945
officials and teachers were
paid
 b. provided that the free trade jurisdiction , control or sovereignty
relations between the Phils and the now existing and exercised by the
US should continue beyond the United States of America in and
Commonwealth period or up to over the territory and people of the
1954 Philippines. “

c. Another provision: “ The United States was recognizing

the independence of the Phils as a
“The Filipinos will amend the separate and self- governing
Constitution to grant the parity nation”
rights in the Phils”
3. Roxas stayed in office for only 2 years
This means that the Americans , like for he died after delivering a speech in
the Filipinos would be given the Clark Air base.
right to dispose, exploit, develop
and utilize all agricultural , timber 4. Roxas granted the US control of the
and mineral lands in the Phils military and naval bases at Clark and
Subic in exchange for military aid.
This violated the 1935 Constitution
which provide that after 5. The country at that time was facing the
independence only corporations communist problems in the rural areas.
which is 60% owned by Filipinos
were allowed to exploit, develop,
dispose and utilize the natural The Hukbalahap problem
resources of our country.
1. Hukbo ng bayan Laban samgaHapom
2. Many patriotic Filipinos objected this
provision as unjust but majority of the 2. Was founded in the early 1942 was anti
people are hungry, sick and helpless. Japanese organizations of peasants

3. Inorder to get the financial aid, the 3. Led by intellectuals like Pedro Abad
Constitution was eventually amended. Santos and Lava brothers – Vicente,
Jose and Jesus.

4. Their Supremo was Luis Taruc

The Third Republic Proclaimed
5. They are so powerful that greedy
landlords fear them
Manuel A. Roxas
6. After the surrender of the Bataan –
Corregidor , the Huks succeeded in
1. He was elected President of the
getting many firearms which they used
Commonwealth and the first President
against the Japanese.
of the 3rd Republic

7. After the war, they refused to surrender

fearing that their landlords might hire
men to kill them.
2. July 4, 1946 – date chosen by the US
8. Roxas failed to win the Huks to his side
Govt , the proclamation of the Phil
and in Mar 1948 – Roxas declared the
Independence was read by Paul V
Huks outlaws and illegal
McNutt . The proclamation is as
follows:
9. Central Luzon became a no man’s land
as violent encounters happen there.
“ The United States was
withdrawing and surrendering all
rights of possession, supervision ,
Elpedio R. Quirino The govt accused the huks of
not surrendering all their arms
1. 2nd President of the 3rd Republic
The huks accused the govt of
2. An economist bad faith.

3. He believed that the country could not 13. The campaign against the huks was
be truly independent unless it had renewed and Central Luzon a war zone
achieved economic stability. again.

4. His programs focused on agricultural

productivity and industrialization. Magsaysay and the Huks

5. He also stabilized the Phil currency by 1. Ramon Magsaysay was Quirino’s

creating the Central Bank of the Phils. Secretary of National Defense.

6. He signed into a law the Magna Carta 2. He worked hard over the Huk problem
of Labor and the Minimum Wage
Law 3. He adopted strict measures to organized
the armed forces and the police to arrest
7. He opened the diplomatic and trade huk leaders and supporters.
relations with the neighboring countries
like Thailand, South Korea, China, 4. On Oct 18, 1950 – the huk politburo fell
Indonesia, India and Australia into the hands of the military and was
charged with rebellion complexed with
8. However, the Huks persisted and murder and arson. They were sentenced
continues to disrupt developments to life imprisonment but reduced to 10
years.
9. He tried to win over the Huks by
sending his brother, former judge, Ramon Magsaysay
Antonio Quirinoto meet with Luis
Taruc. 1. He is popular with the common people

10. Demands of Luis Taruc: 2. He caused the surrender of

HukSupremo Luis Taruc
a. Scrapping the Bell Trade Act
b. No trade with Japan 3. Taruc unreservedly recognized the
c. Redistribution of landed estates to authority of President Magsaysay and
the peasants the sovereignty of the Phils.
d. Release of all Huk prisoners
e. Industrialization
f. Removal of US bases in our country

4. The huk movement slowed down and its

members demoralized

5. Magsaysay is best remembered for his

11. As a result of the meetings, Pres policy of honest govt.
Quirino proclaimed amnesty to all the
Huks 6. No friends, relatives ever benefitted
from his position as president.
The Huks surrendered their
arms to the govt 7. He created extensive irrigation system

Judge Quirino however denied 8. He introduced modern agricultural

ever agreeing to implement Taruc’s methods
demands.
9. He approved the Agricultural Tenancy
12. The amnesty failed. Act
 in order to strengthen the
10. Magsaysay died in a plane crash in democratic society
Cebu and was succeeded by his Vice
Pres Carlos P Garcia 4. To partially implement these policy,
Macapagal declared 12 towns in Central
Luzon as land reform areas.
Garcia and the “Filipino First Policy”
5. Leasehold systemsubstituted the Old
kasama system.
1. He anchored his program of
government on austerity. a. Leaseholder will pay 25% of the
harvest to the owner of the land
2. He proclaimed the “Filipino First
Policy” b. Tenant is freed from the control of
the owner of the land
a. Bec the Phils has been controlled by
foreigners in business, trade and 6. Macapagal was the first president to
commerce adopt the decontrol policy imposed by
foreign banks.
b. It was pro- Filipino first above all
7. Change of Independence day date:
3. His national policy include the revival
of Phil Culture through arts and From July 4 to June 12.
historical researches.
July 4 – was made by US President
Macapagal and Land reform Truman

1. Macapagal wanted to set an example of - This date was made

honesty, uprightness and simple living. Philippine – American
But while he was honest , many men Friendship Day
around him were not.
June 12 , 1898 - Independence day
2. Two (2) significance of the Macapagal proclaimed by Emilio Aguinaldo in
presidency: Kawit, Cavite .

a. Land reform Code

b. The change of Independence day
from July 4 to June 12.

June 12 Independence day celebration

started in 1962.

8. Macapagal also proposed an

3. His Agricultural Land Reform Code: organization uniting Malay- based
countries through MAPHILINDO
a. Establish and Encourage the ( Malaysia, Philippines, Indonesia)
formation of family sized farms as
the basis of Phil agriculture MAPHILINDO – considered a
precursor of the ASEAN.
b. Improve the status of the poor
farmers
The Election of Marcos
c. Increase bigger productivity
1. Events:
d. Apply all labor laws to all
irrespective of the status of life a. Marcos wanted to run for President
in 1961
e. To provide a land settlement
program and the distribution of land b. Macapagal asked him to defer his
plan. Marcos agreed but only for 1
f. To make poor farmers independent, term
self- reliant and responsible citizens
 c. Macapagal’s term was over but he
decided to run again. a. Cold war for world supremacy
between US and Russia
d. This made Marcos leave the Liberal
Party and joined and run under the b. In Asia and Southeast Asia, the
Nacionalista Party communists were fighting that
draws support from students,
e. Marcos won with Fernando Lopez workers and peasants
as his Vice President.
5. The events of the Phils during the
Marcos time:
Ferdinand Marcos
a. The Phils sent civic action groups
1. His Programs of govt:
to the war in Vietnam
a. Production of more rice and
b. Massacre of peasants in Tarlac
diversification of crops to attain self
– sufficiency in food;
c. Killing of 30 members of Lapaing
Malaya in Manila
b. Implement the land reform
program;
d. Killing of Muslim trainees in
Jabidah in Corregidor Island
c. Community development to
strengthen the social, economic and
e. Huk repression
political base.

2. Factors that hindered his programs:

f. Graft and corruption

g. Carabao rustling
a. Inadequate budget of the govt to
meet the basic need like education,
h. Unresolved crimes involving agents
health, social welfare, defense and
of the law
infrastructure
i. Disillusionment of the peasants
b. Foreign loans from the IMF and the
World Bank.

3. Other achievements of Marcos:

a. Infrastructure program by
constructing bridges and roads

b. Increase agricultural production

with a new cereal called the
“miracle rice”.

c. He intensified the counter

insurgency drive against the
Communist Party of the Phils
( CCP)

d. He strengthen the police to deal with

crime syndicates

4. The events of the World during the

Marcos time: