Topic7 Sub-Structure Foundation

BSR100
BUILDING CONSTRUCTION 1
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3.0: Introduction to Building Foundation
3.1: Function of Building Foundation
3.2: Characteristic of Building Foundation
3.3: Factors to be considered
3.4: Types of Foundation
3.5: Shallow Foundation
3.5.1 Pad Foundation
3.5.2 Strip Foundation
3.5.3 Raft Foundation
3.6: Failure of Foundation

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 Foundation / footing is the geometrically
lowest building component & normally
invisible due its position which is below
ground level.
 Main element of a building.

 Initial structure for a building construction.
 Located at the lowest building level.
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 Support the building so that it will be in the
stable condition.
↑ stability by ↓ center of gravity.
foundation have to be under the ground level.
 Transfer & distribute load (dead load / life load)

building structure load → ground
safely
 Fix the building. (permanent condition, x

move effect, x soil erosion)
 Be a surface level for construction purpose.

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 Design
in strength & adequate equilibrium.
(downward forces < upward forces)
 Protected
from defects & affect of
underground movement.
 Detain
from sulphate effect / other
chemicals in the soil.
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Strength of soil to support the load.
(bearing capacity of soil)
Load from the building.
(life load / dead load)
Types of structure.
(differentiate using economic cost &
suitability)
Terrain & site condition.
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Types of
Building
Foundation
Shallow Deep
Foundation Foundation
Pad Strip Raft Pile

Foundation Foundation Foundation Foundation
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3.5.1 Pad Foundation
 Square shape / hexagon.

 Isolated from one another.
 Flange on pad foundation is defined by
force action & soil bearing capacity.
 Concrete thickness for pad foundation
should be equal / thicker than the flange.
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Details of Pad Foundation
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 Reinforced steel have to be bound
together to form consolidate reinforced
concrete.
 Pad foundation support the building
structure of the concrete column & beam
through connection known as column
stump.
 Piles will be use together for low bearing
capacity of soil.
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Concrete
Materials Work
Preparation
-Reinforcement Reinforced - Mixing
Pegging Excavation -Molding board Formwork
- Pouring
-Cement Installation
-Sand
-Aggregates - Preserve
- Testing
Construction of Pad Foundation
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 Continuous concrete strip foundation
under load bearing wall.
 Wall act as column.
 Continuous concrete strip will act as flat
foundation.
 Wall was constructed above the
foundation.
 Need enough width to distribute force /
load to the foundation & ground.
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Types of Strip Foundation
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 Material used = concrete
 Width of strip foundation is depends on:
- soil bearing capacity
- load
soil bearing capacity ↑, foundation width ↓
 Residential
> 2 storey
foundation width < 400 mm
depth = 150 mm
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The foundation consists of
reinforced concrete
underground floor with
thickness of 200-300 mm.
Thickness is required in
areas receiving a high load
such as a wall.
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Types of Raft Foundation
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Suitable for the
construction of the cellar
and in the friable soil such
as ex-mining land.
Distributeload uniformly.
Larger contact surface.
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 Lifeload > design load / safety factor.
- due to:
building usage
addition of heavy machineries
 Soilfailure
- underground movement due to:
ground water
slip
surface erosion
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A multi-story building is seen collapsing in Surat, in the western Indian state of
Gujarat, Thursday, May 10, 2007. The 35-year-old building that started to tilt
Wednesday night had been evacuated before its final collapse, thereby
avoiding casualties, according to news reports. Giant billboards on the terrace
of the building, using foundation columns as the base to hold them up is
speculated as the cause with the wind speed in the city at 12-20 kilometers per
hours striking the boards for the past few days 20
Design of foundation does
not meet the standards.
- incorrect foundation
selection, size & depth.
Poor
quality &
workmanship.
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TYPES OF PILE CHOSEN DEPENDS
ON FOLLOWING FACTORS:
a) What type of pile is readily available
b) Location & type of structure
(magnitude of loading)
c) Ground Condition (soil type)
d) Cost
e) Durability
 Rapid controlled explosions can be produced by
the diesel hammer.
 The explosions raise a ram which is used to
drive the pile into the ground.
 Although the ram is smaller than the weight
used in the drop hammer the increased
frequency of the blows can make up for this
inefficiency.
 This type of hammer is most suitable for driving
piles through non-cohesive granular soils where
the majority of the resistance is from end
bearing.
 Vibratory methods can prove to be very effective in
driving piles through non cohesive granular soils.
 The vibration of the pile excites the soil grains
adjacent to the pile making the soil almost free
flowing thus significantly reducing friction along the
pile shaft.
 However the large energy resulting from the
vibrations can damage equipment, noise and
vibration propagation can also result in the
settlement of nearby buildings.
Pile Driving Rig - raise and temporarily support the
pile that being driven and to support the pile
hammer.
Pile Driving Rig
 A weight approximately half that of the
pile is raised a suitable distance in a guide
and released to strike the pile head.
 When driving a hollow pile tube the
weight usually acts on a plug at the bottom
of the pile thus reducing any excess
stresses along the length of the tube during
insertion.
Pile Installation Using Drop Hammer
 Jacked Piles are most commonly used in
underpinning structures
 By excavating underneath a structure short
lengths of pile can be inserted and jacked
into the ground using the underside of the
existing structure as a reaction.
Jacking Method Of Insertion
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BSR100

3.6: Failure of Foundation

 Main element of a building.

 Transfer & distribute load (dead load / life load)

 Fix the building. (permanent condition, x

 Be a surface level for construction purpose.

Pad Strip Raft Pile

 Square shape / hexagon.

Construction of Pad Foundation

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