FOUNDATION or SUB-STRUCTURE

DEFINITION OF FOUNDATION
It may be defined as the lowermost portion of the building that transmits the entire load of the building to the soil safely. The supporting part of a structure; the foundation. (i.e.: footing / piling, pile cap, column stump )

PURPOSE OF FOUNDATION

To support the structures. To spread the load over a large area. To increase the stability of structures. To provide base platform of masonry and concreting. To ensure safety of the super structure against soil erosion and soil movements.

FOUNDATION

TYPES OF FOUNDATION

Shallow Foundation-(depth < width) Deep Foundation - (depth > width) Machine Foundation

Types of Foundation
a) Shallow Foundation System i) Spread Foundation ii) Mat / Raft Foundation

b) Deep Foundation System i) Pile ii) Piers walls iii) Caissons

SHALLOW FOUNDATION
Advantages
a)
b) c) d)

Cost (affordable) Construction Procedure (simple)] Material (mostly concrete) Labour (doesnt need expertise)

I) SPREAD FOOTINGS

Also known as a footer or footing Its an enlargement at the bottom of a column/ bearing wall that spreads the loads over a sufficiently large area. Each column & each bearing wall has its own spread footing, so each structure may include dozens of individual footings.

Its constructed by masonary,plain concrete or RCC. Most common type of foundation used due to their low cost & ease of construction. Most often used in small to medium size structure with moderate to good soil condition.

SPREAD FOUNDATION

Different types of spread foundations are 1.strip footing 2.column footing 3.combined footing

FOUNDATIONS STRIP FOUNDATION

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STRIP FOOTING

Its also known as wall footing foundations. This is used where soil of good bearing capacity is available at a depth of < 3m from the ground level. Its having maximum of three floors.

Strip footing

Simple footing

Steeped footing

SIMPLE FOOTING

Suitable for light structures. They have only one projection beyond the width of the wall on either side. The offset of the concrete base is 15 cm on either side. The min thickness of the edge is 15 cm.

STEEPED FOOTING

Suitable for load bearing wall. Its provided where the ground has a slope. They have two or more footings of masonry either side of the wall . Concrete mix ratio 1:3:6 or 1:4:8

COLUMN FOOTING

They are used to transfer the loads to the column to the soil below. Two types
1.

Column footing

2.

isolated column footing combined column footing

Isolated column footing

Combined column footing

ISOLATED COLUMN FOOTING

Transfer the load from a single column to the soil. They are rectangular, circular and square

FOUNDATIONS PAD @ ISOLATED FOUNDATION

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COMBINED COLUMN FOOTING

Used to support two or more columns. Used in the condition, when the isolated footings tend to overlap. These footings have either a trapezoidal or a rectangular shape.

II) RAFT / MAT FOUNDATION

When a combined footing converts a number of columns in row or number of walls in a number of rows, it is then termed as a raft or mat foundation. Raft foundations are used to spread the load from a structure over a large area, normally the entire area of the structure. have high constructional convenience and highly economical.

FOUNDATIONS RAFT / MAT FOUNDATION

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DEEP FOUNDATION

They transmit heavy loads from soil strata to deeper soil of high bearing capacity. They are classified on the basis of
1.
2.

Function Materials

FOUNDATIONS PILE FOUNDATION

FOUNDATIONS PILE FOUNDATION

Structures place on top of the piles. Piles + Pile Cap = Pile foundation Function : Distributes load to the individual piles. Pile Cap will connect the pile together and distributes the superstructure loads to the layer beneath.

FOUNDATIONS PILE FOUNDATION (PILE CAP)

PILE FOUNDATION
- Pile foundations are the part of a structure used to carry and transfer the load of the structure to the bearing ground located at some depth below ground surface - The main components of the foundation are the pile cap and the piles - Piles are long and slender members which transfer the load to deeper soil or rock of high bearing capacity avoiding shallow soil of low bearing capacity - The main types of materials used for piles are Wood, steel and concrete

PILE FOUNDATION
Functions of Piles - to transmit a foundation load to a solid ground - to resist vertical, lateral and uplift load

CLASSIFICATION BASED ON FUNCTION

I) END BEARING PILE II) FRICTION PILE III) COMPACTION PILE IV) BATTER PILE V) SHEET PILE VI) ANCHOR PILE

END BEARING PILE

Pile will transmit load into the firm soil layer of the ground such as rock, gravel, very dense sand. Act as long columns ,and used up to depth of 10 to 15m

PILE FOUNDATION
Classifications of Piles End Bearing

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Pile Foundation
Classifications of Piles Skin Friction

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FRICTION PILE

Pile transmit the load from the structure to the penetrable soil by means of skin friction
Friction piles obtain a greater part of their carrying capacity by skin friction or adhesion.

Suitable for sandy soils. Another name floating piles.

COMPACTION PILE

Used to compact loose granular soil. Increases the bearing capacity.

Batter pile-Used to resist horizontal or inclined forces. Anchor pile -provides anchor against side pulling forces. Sheet pile-used for cofferdams, retaining river walls etc They tend to uplift hydraulic structures.

CLASSIFICATION BASED ON MATERIALS

a) Concrete Piles i) Cast-In-Place Concrete Piles ii) Precast Concrete Piles iii) Drilled Shafts b) Steel Piles I) H-Piles ii) Cylindrical iii) Tapered c) Timber Piles d) Composite Piles

CAST IN PLACE CONCRETE PILES

i. ii. iii. iv. v.

They are installed at site by pre-excavation. It is filled with fluid concrete. There is no waste of material, as pile of required length is constructed. Eliminates the stresses due to vibration. In this type, a bore is dug on the ground.

ADVANTAGES OF CAST-INPLACE CONCRETE

Can sustain hard driving Resistant to marine organism Easily inspected Length can be changed easily Easy to handle and ship

PRECAST CONCRETE PILES

They manufactured in a factory and then driven into ground. Usually have square/circular/octagonal cross sections. Fabricated in a construction yard from reinforced or pre-stressed concrete. Disadvantages of this pile are problems in transporting long piles, cutting and lengthening. It has higher capacity than timber piles.

i.

ii.

iii.

iv.

v.

PILE FOUNDATION
Classifications of Piles Concrete Piles

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STEEL PILES
i.

ii.
iii.

iv. v.

vi.

It comes in various shapes & sizes Steel H-Piles are rolled steel sections Steel pipe piles are seamless pipes that can be welded to yield lengths up to 70m. They are usually driven with open ends into the soil. A conical tip is used where the piles have to penetrate boulders & rocks. However it needs to be treated before embedded in corrosive environment.

TIMBER PILES
i.

ii.

iii. iv. v.

vi.

vii.

Have been used since ancient times Length of timber piles depends on types of trees used to harvest the piles, Common length are 12m Dia= 300-500mm Even though its cheaper but it has low capacity and cant take hard driving. Cast iron is provided at the bottom of the pile for easy driving. Usually circular or square cross section

MACHINE FOUNDATION

Usually M15 to M20 grades of concrete are used for installation of heavy machinery. In general machines are classified into reciprocating, impact and rotary machines. There are two types of loads, taken in to consideration during design, they are Static load-dead load or self weight Kinetic load- moving parts.

Reciprocating

TYPES OF MACHINE FOUNDATION

1.Block foundation Suitable for reciprocating and light rotary machines. 2. Hammer foundation Suitable for Impact machines 3.Framed foundation Suitable for high speed rotary machines.

BEARING CAPACITY

Bearing Capacity is the capacity of soil to support the loads applied to the ground. The bearing capacity of soil is the maximum load/unit area which the soil will resist safely without displacement. Safe bearing capacity = Ultimate bearing capacity/factor of safety F.O.S adopted 2 to 3

BEARING CAPACITY CAN BE IMPROVED

By the following methods. 1.increasing the depth of foundation. 2. compacting the soil Running moist soil Rubble compaction into the soil Flooding the soil Vibrating the soil vibroflotation method Using sand piles Compaction by pre loading

3.draining the sub-soil water 4.confining the soil mass 5.grouting with cement 6.chemicals treatments injecting silicates etc.

like

REQUIREMENT OF GOOD FOUNDATION

The foundation should have the capacity to carry all imposed loads without failure. The settlement should be with in permissible limits. The centre of gravity of the base plane and the centre of gravity of the foundation should be in the same vertical plane. No resonance should occur.

The amplitudes under the service conditions, should be in permissible limits. The foundation should be planned so as to permit a subsequent alteration of natural frequency. Expansion joints should be implemented to separate machine foundations from adjacent buildings.

The ground water table should be as low as possible and ground water level must be deeper by th width of foundation below base plane. Steam or hot air pipes must be properly isolated, when embedded in the foundation. The foundation should be protected from machine oil by suitable chemical element. Machine foundations should have a deeper foundation level than the foundation of adjoint buildings.