CHAPTER 1

AN OVERVIEW OF FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT

(Difficulty: E = Easy, M = Medium, and T = Tough)

Multiple Choice: Conceptual

Easy:

Firm organization Answer: c Diff: E

1
. Which of the following statements is true?

a. One of the benefits of incorporating your business is that you become

entitled to receive unlimited liability.
b. Sole proprietorships are subject to more regulations than
corporations.
c. Sole proprietorships do not have to pay corporate tax.
d. All of the statements above are correct.
e. None of the statements above is correct.

Firm organization Answer: c Diff: E

2
. Which of the following statements is most correct?
 
a. One of the advantages of the corporate form of organization is that
there is no double taxation.
b. The partnership form of organization has easy transferability of
ownership.
c. One of the disadvantages of the sole proprietorship form of
organi-zation is that there is unlimited liability.

1
. Firm organization Answer: c Diff: E

Statement c is correct. Sole proprietorships pay personal income tax not

corporate tax. The other statements are false. Corporations are subject

to limited liability, but are subject to more regulations than the other

forms of business organization.

2
. Firm organization Answer: c Diff: E

Statement c is correct. The other statements are false. The corporate

form is subject to double taxation and partnerships are not easily

transferred.

Chapter 1 - Page 1
 d. Statements b and c are correct.
e. None of the statements above is correct.

Firm organization Answer: a Diff: E

3
. Which of the following statements is most correct?

a. One advantage of forming a corporation is that you have limited

liability.
b. Corporations face fewer regulations than sole proprietorships.
c. One disadvantage of being a sole proprietor is that you have to pay
corporate taxes, even though you don’t realize the benefits of being a
corporation.
d. Statements b and c are correct.
e. None of the statements above is correct.

3
. Firm organization Answer: a Diff: E

Statement a is correct; the others are false. Corporations have limited

liability; however, they face more regulations than the other forms of
organization. Sole proprietorships do not pay corporate taxes.

Chapter 1 - Page 2
Firm organization Answer: a Diff: E
4
. Until this year, Cheers Inc. was organized as a partnership. This year,
the partners have decided to organize the business as a corporation. As
a result of this change in organizational form, which of the following
statements is most correct?

a. Cheers’ shareholders (the ex-partners) will now have limited

liability.
b. Cheers will now be subject to fewer regulations.
c. Cheers will now pay less in taxes.
d. Cheers’ investors will now find it more difficult to transfer
ownership.
e. Cheers will now find it more difficult to raise additional capital.

Firm organization Answer: c Diff: E N

5
. Which of the following statements is most correct?

a. Corporations generally face fewer regulations than sole

proprietor-ships do.
b. Corporate shareholders have unlimited liability.
c. It is usually easier to transfer ownership in a corporation than it is
to transfer ownership in a sole proprietorship.
d. All of the above statements are correct.
e. None of the above statements is correct.

Corporate form Answer: c Diff: E

6
. Which of the following could explain why a business might choose to
organize as a corporation rather than as a sole proprietorship or a
partnership?

4
. Firm organization Answer: a Diff: E

Except for statement a, all the other statements are exactly opposite for
corporations.

5
. Firm organization Answer: c Diff: E N

The correct answer is statement c. Corporations face more regulations

than sole proprietorships do, so statement a is incorrect. Corporate
shareholders have limited liability. Shareholders can’t be sued for the
mistakes of the company, so statement b is incorrect.

6
. Corporate form Answer: c Diff: E

The advantages of incorporation are unlimited life, easy transferability

of ownership interest, limited liability, and ease of raising money in
the capital markets. Regulations and double taxation are disadvantages of
corporations.

Chapter 1 - Page 3
 a. Corporations generally face fewer regulations.
b. Corporations generally face lower taxes.
c. Corporations generally find it easier to raise capital.
d. Corporations enjoy unlimited liability.
e. Statements c and d are correct.

Corporate form Answer: a Diff: E

7
. Which of the following statements is most correct?

a. One drawback of forming a corporation is that it subjects the firm to

additional regulations.
b. One drawback of forming a corporation is that it subjects the firm to
limited liability.
c. One drawback of forming a corporation is that it makes it more
difficult for the firm to raise capital.
d. All of the statements above are correct.
e. Statements b and c are correct.

7
. Corporate form Answer: a Diff: E

Statement a is correct. The other statements are false. Limited

liability is an advantage of the corporate form, and it is generally

easier for corporations to raise capital as compared to partnerships or

proprietorships.

Chapter 1 - Page 4
Goal of firm Answer: d Diff: E
8
. The primary goal of a publicly-owned firm interested in serving its
stockholders should be to

a. Maximize expected total corporate profit.

b. Maximize expected EPS.
c. Minimize the chances of losses.
d. Maximize the stock price per share.
e. Maximize expected net income.

Agency Answer: d Diff: E

9
. Which of the following statements is most correct?

a. Compensating managers with stock can reduce the agency problem between
stockholders and managers.
b. Restrictions are included in credit agreements to protect bondholders
from the agency problem that exists between bondholders and
stockholders.
c. The threat of a takeover can reduce the agency problem between
bondholders and stockholders.
d. Statements a and b are correct.
e. All of the statements above are correct.

AgencyAnswer: a Diff: E
10
. Which of the following work to reduce agency conflicts between
stockholders and bondholders?

a. Including restrictive covenants in the company’s bond contract.

b. Providing managers with a large number of stock options.

8
. Goal of firm Answer: d Diff: E

9
. Agency Answer: d Diff: E

Both statements a and b are correct; therefore, statement d is the

correct choice. The threat of a takeover alleviates the agency problem

between managers and stockholders, not between bondholders and

stockholders.

10
. Agency Answer: a Diff: E
Statement a is correct; the other statements are false. Restrictive
covenants resolve differences between bondholders and stockholders.

Chapter 1 - Page 5
 c. The passage of laws that make it easier for companies to resist
hostile takeovers.
d. Statements b and c are correct.
e. All of the statements above are correct.

Agency Answer: b Diff: E

11
. Which of the following actions are likely to reduce agency conflicts
between stockholders and managers?

a. Paying managers a large fixed salary.

b. Increasing the threat of corporate takeover.
c. Placing restrictive covenants in debt agreements.
d. All of the statements above are correct.
e. Statements b and c are correct.

11
. Agency Answer: b Diff: E

Statement b is true. Corporate takeovers are most likely to occur when a

firm is underperforming. Managers who fear losing their jobs will try to

maximize shareholder wealth. The other statements are false. Statement a

will exacerbate the agency conflict, while statement c reduces the agency

conflict between stockholders and bondholders.

Chapter 1 - Page 6
Agency Answer: d Diff: E
12
. Which of the following actions are likely to reduce the agency problem
between stockholders and managers?

a. Congress passes a law that severely restricts hostile takeovers.

b. A manager receives a lower salary but receives additional shares of
the company’s stock.
c. The board of directors has become more vigilant in its oversight of
the company’s management.
d. Statements b and c are correct.
e. All of the statements above are correct.

Managerial incentives Answer: e Diff: E

13
. Which of the following mechanisms is used to motivate managers to act in
the interest of shareholders?

a. Bond covenants.
b. The threat of a takeover.
c. Pressure from the board of directors.
d. Statements a and b are correct.
e. Statements b and c are correct.

12
. Agency Answer: d Diff: E

Statement a will serve to increase the agency problems by preventing

takeovers. Both statements b and c will reduce agency problems.

13
. Managerial incentives Answer: e Diff: E

Statements b and c are true; therefore, statement e is the correct

choice. Statement a is false, bond covenants force managers to act in

the interest of bondholders.

Chapter 1 - Page 7
Managerial incentives Answer: e Diff: E N
14
. Which of the following is likely to encourage a firm’s managers to make
decisions that are in the best interest of shareholders?

a. Executive compensation comes primarily in the form of stock options.

b. The state legislature recently passed a law that makes it more
difficult to successfully complete a hostile takeover.
c. Institutional investors such as mutual funds and pension funds hold
large amounts of the firm’s stock.
d. Statements a and b are correct.
e. Statements a and c are correct.

Miscellaneous concepts Answer: c Diff: E

15
. Which of the following statements is most correct?

a. A good goal for a corporate manager is maximization of expected EPS.

b. Most business in the U.S. is conducted by corporations; corporations’
popularity results primarily from their favorable tax treatment.
c. A good example of an agency relationship is the one between
stockholders and managers.
d. Corporations and partnerships have an advantage over proprietorships
because a sole proprietor is subject to unlimited liability, but
investors in the other types of businesses are not.
e. Firms in highly competitive industries find it easier to exercise
“social responsibility” than do firms in oligopolistic industries.

14
. Managerial incentives Answer: e Diff: E N

The correct answer is statement e. If compensation comes primarily from

stock options, then the managers will be shareholders and will share the
same concerns as other shareholders. Therefore, they will make decisions
that are in the best interests of shareholders, so statement a is
correct. If it is more difficult for hostile takeovers to take place,
managers will have less fear of being thrown out of their jobs.
Therefore, they will be less concerned with the interests of
shareholders. Statement b is incorrect. If institutional investors hold
a large amount of the firm’s stock, they will like to have more say in
the management of the company. (Some may even make sure that they get
board seats.) Since they are shareholders and have more influence, they
will ensure that managers act in the best interests of shareholders, so
statement c is true.

15
. Miscellaneous concepts Answer: c Diff: E

Chapter 1 - Page 8
Chapter 1 - Page 9
Miscellaneous concepts Answer: e Diff: E
16
. Which of the following statements is most correct?

a. One advantage of organizing your business as a corporation is that

your shareholders are not subject to limited liability.
b. Restrictive covenants in debt agreements are an effective way to
reduce agency conflicts between stockholders and managers.
c. Managers generally welcome hostile takeovers since they often increase
the company’s stock price.
d. Statements a and b are correct.
e. None of the answers above is correct.

Miscellaneous concepts Answer: c Diff: E

17
. Which of the following statements is most correct?

a. Bond covenants are a good way to resolve agency conflicts between

stockholders and managers.
b. Hostile takeovers tend to reduce a company’s stock price.
c. Corporations have limited liability.
d. Statements a and b are correct.
e. Statements a, b, and c are correct.

Miscellaneous concepts Answer: a Diff: E

18
. Which of the following statements is most correct?

16
. Miscellaneous concepts Answer: e Diff: E

Statements a, b, c, and d are all false; therefore, statement e is the

correct choice. Shareholders of corporations are subject to limited

liability. Restrictive bond covenants reduce agency conflicts between

shareholders (through management) and bondholders. Managers’ jobs are

threatened by hostile takeovers.

17
. Miscellaneous concepts Answer: c Diff: E

Statement c is correct. Statement a is false; bond covenants reduce

conflict between stockholders (through managers) and bondholders.
Statement b is false; a takeover usually increases a firm’s stock price.
Statement c is true; therefore, the remaining statements are false.

18
. Miscellaneous concepts Answer: a Diff: E

If a firm’s stock is undervalued relative to its potential, then someone

can profit by taking it over and doing a better job running it.
Therefore, statement a is true. A sole proprietor does not have limited

Chapter 1 - Page 10
 a. Hostile takeovers are most likely to occur when a firm’s stock is
undervalued, relative to its potential, because of poor management.
b. One advantage to remaining a sole proprietor is that you have limited
liability.
c. In general, bondholders have a greater preference for riskier projects
than do stockholders.
d. Statements b and c are correct.
e. All of the statements above are correct.

Miscellaneous concepts Answer: b Diff: E

19
. Which of the following statements is most correct?

a. One disadvantage of forming a corporation is that your shareholders

have limited liability.
b. Relative to sole proprietorships, corporations generally face more
regulations, but find it easier to raise capital.
c. Bondholders generally want managers to select risky projects, but
shareholders prefer that managers select safe projects.
d. Statements a and b are correct.
e. All of the statements above are correct.

liability; only a corporation has limited liability. Therefore, statement

b is false. Bondholders get their payment as long as the firm is not in
default. Therefore, they would like the firm to stay less risky so they
get their interest payments. If they owned a bond that promised to pay
them 5 percent, and then the firm became risky, the default risk premium
would be higher. However, the bondholders would still be getting the 5
percent return that compensated them for the old level of default risk.
Therefore, statement c is false. Since statements b and c are false,
Statements d and e must also be false.

19
. Miscellaneous concepts Answer: b Diff: E

Limited liability is an advantage of forming a corporation, so statement

a is false. Statement b is true. Statement c is the opposite of what is
true. Bondholders get paid before shareholders do, so bondholders want
the company to take as little risk as possible, and receive their
interest payments. If there’s anything left it goes to shareholders. On
the other hand, shareholders would prefer the company to take a little
extra risk to get a higher return to increase their chances of getting
something after the bondholders. Therefore, statement c is false.
Consequently, statements d and e are false.

Chapter 1 - Page 11
Miscellaneous concepts Answer: e Diff: E N
20
. Which of the following statements is most correct?

a. Since they are guaranteed a certain set of cash flows, corporate

bondholders generally want corporate managers to select high risk/high
return projects.
b. One advantage of forming a corporation is that you can deduct your
corporate taxes, and thereby eliminate the double taxation that you
would face as a sole proprietor.
c. One drawback of forming a corporation is that you lose the limited
liability that you would otherwise receive as a sole proprietor.
d. All of the statements above are correct.
e. None of the statements above is correct.

Medium:

Business ethics Answer: e Diff: M

21
. Which of the following is an example of an area of business in which the
use of “questionable” ethics is considered a necessity?

a. Attracting and sustaining new customers.

b. Hiring and keeping skilled employees.
c. Keeping up with competition.
d. Dealing with firms who use “questionable” ethics.
e. None of the statements above is correct.

Social welfare Answer: a Diff: M

22
. Which of the following statements is most correct?

a. The ability of firms to engage in socially beneficial projects that

involve voluntary costs is constrained by competition and the need of
firms to attract capital at low cost.
b. The actions that maximize a firm’s stock price are inconsistent with
maximizing social welfare.
c. The concepts of social responsibility and ethical responsibility on

20
. Miscellaneous concepts Answer: e Diff: E N

Statement a is incorrect; since bondholders’ cash flows are contractual,

they prefer managers to select low-risk projects to ensure that interest
payments are made. Statement b is incorrect; corporations are not
allowed to deduct their corporate taxes, in fact they do suffer from
double taxation. Statement c is incorrect; by forming a corporation, you
gain the comfort of unlimited liability. Therefore, statement e is the
correct choice.

21
. Business ethics Answer: e Diff: M

22
. Social welfare Answer: a Diff: M

Chapter 1 - Page 12
 the part of corporations are completely different and neither is
relevant in maximizing stock price.
d. In a competitive market, if a group of firms do not spend resources
making social welfare improvements, but another group does, in
general, this will not affect the second group’s ability to attract
capital.
e. If government did not mandate socially responsible corporate actions,
such as those relating to product safety and fair hiring practices,
most firms in competitive markets would still pursue such policies
voluntarily.

Chapter 1 - Page 13
Corporate charter and bylaws Answer: b Diff: M
23
. Which of the following statements is most correct?

a. The corporate bylaws are the set of rules drawn up by the state to
enable managers to run the firm in accordance with state laws.
b. Procedures for electing corporate directors are contained in bylaws,
while the declaration of the activities that the firm will pursue and
the number of directors are included in the corporate charter.
c. Procedures that govern changes in the bylaws of the corporation are
contained in the corporate charter.
d. Although most companies design a charter, only the bylaws are legally
required to be filed with the secretary of state in order for a
corporation to be in official existence.
e. None of the statements above is correct.

Corporate form Answer: d Diff: M

24
. Which of the following statements is most correct?

a. A hostile takeover is the main method of transferring ownership

interest in a corporation.
b. The corporation is a legal entity created by the state and is a direct
extension of the legal status of its owners and managers, that is, the
owners and managers are the corporation.
c. Unlimited liability and limited life are two key advantages of the
corporate form over other forms of business organization.
d. In part due to limited liability and ease of ownership transfer,
corporations have less trouble raising money in financial markets than
other organizational forms.
e. Although stockholders of the corporation are insulated by limited
legal liability, the legal status of the corporation does not protect
the firm’s managers in the same way.

Partnership form Answer: d Diff: M

25
. Which of the following statements is most correct?

a. In a partnership, liability for other partners’ misdeeds is limited to

the amount a particular partner has invested in the business.
b. Partnerships must be formed according to specific rules that include
the filing of a formal written agreement with state authorities where
the partnership does business.
c. A fast-growth company would be more likely to set up a partnership for
its business organization than would a slow-growth company.
d. Partnerships have difficulty attracting capital in part because of the

23
. Corporate charter and bylaws Answer: b Diff: M

24
. Corporate form Answer: d Diff: M

25
. Partnership form Answer: d Diff: M

Chapter 1 - Page 14
 other disadvantages of the partnership form of business, including
impermanence of the organization.
e. A major disadvantage of a partnership as a form of business
organization is the high cost and practical difficulty of its
formation.

Chapter 1 - Page 15
Firm organization Answer: c Diff: M
26
. Which of the following statements is most correct?

a. Due to limited liability, unlimited lives, and ease of ownership

transfer, the vast majority of U.S. businesses (in terms of number of
businesses) are organized as corporations.
b. Most businesses (by number and total dollar sales) are organized as
proprietorships or partnerships because it is easier to set up and
operate in one of these forms rather than as a corporation. However,
if the business gets very large, it becomes advantageous to convert to
a corporation, primarily because corporations have important tax
advantages over proprietorships and partnerships.
c. Due to legal considerations related to ownership transfers and limited
liability, most business (measured by dollar sales) is conducted by
corporations.
d. Statements a, b, and c are correct.
e. None of the statements above is correct.

Firm organization Answer: e Diff: M

27
. Which of the following statements is most correct?

a. Corporations are taxed more favorably than sole proprietorships.

b. Corporations have unlimited liability.
c. Because of their size, large corporations face fewer regulations than
smaller corporations and sole proprietorships.
d. Reducing the threat of corporate takeover increases the likelihood
that managers will act in shareholders’ interest.
e. Bond covenants are designed to reduce potential conflicts between
stockholders and bondholders.

Financial policy and cash flows Answer: c Diff: M

28
. Which of the following statements is most correct?

a. The optimal dividend policy is the one that satisfies the shareholders
because they supply the firm’s capital.
b. The use of debt financing has no effect on cash flow or stock price.
c. The riskiness of projected cash flows depends upon how the firm is
financed.
d. Stock price is dependent on the projected cash flows and the use of
debt, but not on the timing of the cash flow stream.
e. Dividend policy is one aspect of the firm’s financial policy that is
determined directly by the shareholders.

26
. Firm organization Answer: c Diff: M

27
. Firm organization Answer: e Diff: M

28
. Financial policy and cash flows Answer: c Diff: M

Chapter 1 - Page 16
Chapter 1 - Page 17
Corporate goals and control Answer: e Diff: M
29
. Which of the following statements is most correct?

a. The proper goal of the financial manager should be to maximize the

firm’s expected cash flow, because this will add the most wealth to
each of the individual shareholders (owners) of the firm.
b. One way to state the decision framework most useful for carrying out
the firm’s objective is as follows: “The financial manager should seek
that combination of assets, liabilities, and capital that will
generate the largest expected projected after-tax income over the
relevant time horizon.”
c. The riskiness inherent in a firm’s earnings per share (EPS) depends on
the characteristics of the projects the firm selects, which means it
depends upon the firm’s assets, but EPS does not depend on the manner
in which those assets are financed.
d. Since large, publicly-owned firms are controlled by their management
teams, and typically, ownership is widely dispersed, managers have
great freedom in managing the firm. Managers may operate in
stockholders’ best interests, but they may also operate in their own
personal best interests. As long as managers stay within the law,
there simply aren’t any effective controls over managerial decisions
in such situations.
e. Agency problems exist between stockholders and managers, and between
stockholders and creditors.

Agency Answer: c Diff: M

30
. Which of the following statements is most correct?

a. Agency conflicts between stockholders and managers are not really a

problem when outsiders (that is, non-managers) own shares in a
corporation.
b. Managers may operate in stockholders’ best interests, or managers may
operate in their own personal best interests. As long as managers

29
. Corporate goals and control Answer: e Diff: M

30
. Agency Answer: c Diff: M

Statement c is true. Statement a is false because agency conflicts can

and do occur when outsiders own shares in a corporation. Statement b is

false. Even if managers stay within the law, the threat of firing and/or

the threat of takeover may be used to keep managers’ interests aligned

with those of the shareholders. Statement d is false because the conflict

exists when the decision-making authority is delegated to that person.

Chapter 1 - Page 18
 stay within the law, there are no effective controls that stockholders
can implement to control managerial decision making.
c. The agency conflicts between bondholders and stockholders can be
reduced with the use of restrictive bond covenants.
d. An agency relationship exists when one or more persons hire another
person to perform some service but withhold decision-making authority
from that person.
e. None of the statements above is correct.

Chapter 1 - Page 19
Agency Answer: d Diff: M
31
. Which of the following statements is most correct?

a. One of the ways in which firms can mitigate or reduce agency problems
between bondholders and stockholders is by increasing the amount of
debt in the capital structure.
b. The threat of takeover is one way in which the agency problem between
stockholders and managers can be alleviated.
c. Managerial compensation can be structured to reduce agency problems
between stockholders and managers.
d. Statements b and c are correct.
e. All of the statements above are correct.

Miscellaneous concepts Answer: e Diff: M

32
. Which of the following statements is most correct?

a. Corporations face fewer regulations and taxes relative to sole

proprietorships and partnerships.
b. Managers who face the threat of hostile takeovers are less likely to
pursue policies that maximize shareholder value compared to managers
who do not face the threat of hostile takeovers.
c. Bond covenants are an effective way to resolve agency conflicts
between shareholders and managers.

31
. Agency Answer: d Diff: M

Statement d is most correct. Statement a is incorrect, because increasing

the amount of debt can increase agency problems.

32
. Miscellaneous concepts Answer: e Diff: M

Statement e is correct. The other statements are false. Corporations

face more regulations and double taxation as compared to proprietorships

and partnerships. The threat of a takeover will encourage managers to

maximize shareholders’ wealth. Failing to do so will result in the

takeover--and in the managers losing their jobs. Bond covenants are a

way to resolve conflicts between management and bondholders. In general,

there is more uncertainty about the quality of small firms, compared to

large firms. This makes it harder for small companies to raise outside

capital.

Chapter 1 - Page 20
d. Because of their size, it is easier for sole proprietors and
partnerships to raise outside capital than it is for a corporation.
e. One advantage to forming a corporation is that the owners of the
corporations have limited liability.

Chapter 1 - Page 21
 CHAPTER 1
ANSWERS AND SOLUTIONS

Chapter 1 - Page 22