CHAPTER 1-A

Foundations of Financial Management

Multiple Choice: Conceptual
Forms of business organization
1.

Diff: E

Which of the following could explain why a business might choose to

organize as a corporation rather than as a sole proprietorship or a
partnership?
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.

Corporations
Corporations
Corporations
Corporations
Statements c

generally face fewer regulations.

generally face lower taxes.
generally find it easier to raise capital.
enjoy unlimited liability.
and d are correct.

Firm organization
2.

Answer: c

Answer: c

Diff: E

Which of the following statements is true?

a. One of the benefits of incorporating your business is that you become
entitled to receive unlimited liability.
b. Sole
proprietorships
are
subject
to
more
regulations
than
corporations.
c. Sole proprietorships do not have to pay corporate tax.
d. All of the above are correct.
e. None of the answers above is correct.

Firm organization
3.

Answer: c

Diff: E

Which of the following statements is most correct?

a. One of the advantages of the corporate form of organization is that
there is no double taxation.
b. The partnership form of organization has easy transfer of ownership.
c. One of the disadvantages of the sole proprietorship form of organization is that there is unlimited liability.
d. Both b and c are correct.
e. None of the answers above is correct.

Firm organization
4.

Answer: a

Diff: E

Which of the following statements is most correct?

a. One advantage of forming a corporation is that you have limited
liability.
b. Corporations face fewer regulations than sole proprietorships.
c. One disadvantage of being a sole proprietor is that you have to pay
corporate taxes, even though you dont realize the benefits of being
a corporation.
d. Statements b and c are correct.
e. None of the statements above is correct.
Chapter 1-a - Page 1

Firm organization
5.

Answer: a

Diff: E

Until this year, Cheers Inc. was organized as a partnership. This year,
the partners have decided to organize the business as a corporation. As
a result of this change in organizational form, which of the following
statements is most correct?
a. Cheers shareholders (the ex-partners) will now have limited
liability.
b. Cheers will now be subject to fewer regulations.
c. Cheers will now pay less in taxes.
d. Cheers investors will now find it more difficult to transfer
ownership.
e. Cheers will now find it more difficult to raise additional capital.

Drawbacks of forming a corporation

6.

Answer: a

Diff: E

Which of the following statements is most correct?

a. One drawback of forming a corporation is that it subjects the firm to
additional regulations.
b. One drawback of forming a corporation is that it subjects the firm to
limited liability.
c. One drawback of forming a corporation is that it makes it more
difficult for the firm to raise capital.
d. All of the answers above are correct.
e. Answers b and c are correct.

Goal of firm
7.

Answer: d

The primary goal of a publicly-owned firm interested in serving its

stockholders should be to
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.

Maximize
Maximize
Minimize
Maximize
Maximize

expected total corporate profit.

expected EPS.
the chances of losses.
the stock price per share.
expected net income.

Agency
8.

Diff: E

Answer: d

Diff: E

Which of the following statements is most correct?

a. Compensating managers with stock can reduce the agency problem
between stockholders and managers.
b. Restrictions are included in credit agreements to protect bondholders
from the agency problem that exists between bondholders and
stockholders.
c. The threat of a takeover can reduce the agency problem between
bondholders and stockholders.
d. Both a and b are correct.
e. All of the answers above are correct.

Chapter 1-b - Page 2

Agency
9.

Which of the following work

stockholders and bondholders?

to

reduce

agency

Answer: a

Diff: E

conflicts

between

a. Including restrictive covenants in the companys bond contract.

b. Providing managers with a large number of stock options.
c. The passage of laws which make it easier for companies to resist
hostile takeovers.
d. Statements b and c are correct.
e. All of the statements above are correct.
Agency
10.

Answer: d

Diff: E

Which of the following actions are likely to reduce the agency problem
between stockholders and managers?
a. Congress passes a law that severely restricts hostile takeovers.
b. A manager receives a lower salary but receives additional shares of
the companys stock.
c. The board of directors has become more vigilant in its oversight of
the companys management.
d. Statements b and c are correct.
e. All of the statements above are correct.

Agency
11.

Answer: b

Which of the following actions are likely to reduce agency conflicts

between stockholders and managers?
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.

Paying managers a large fixed salary.

Increasing the threat of corporate takeover.
Placing restrictive covenants in debt agreements.
All of the answers above are correct.
Answers b and c are correct.

Managerial incentives
12.

Diff: E

Answer: e

Diff: E

Which of the following mechanisms is used to motivate managers to act in

the interest of shareholders?
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.

Bond covenants.
The threat of a takeover.
Pressure from the board of directors.
Answers a and b are correct.
Answers b and c are correct.

Chapter 1-a - Page 3

Miscellaneous concepts
13.

Answer: a

Diff: E

Which of the following statements is most correct?

a. Hostile takeovers are most likely to occur when a firms stock is
undervalued, relative to its potential, because of poor management.
b. One advantage to remaining a sole proprietor is that you have limited
liability.
c. In general, bondholders have a greater preference for riskier
projects than do stockholders.
d. Statements b and c are correct.
e. All of the statements above are correct.

Miscellaneous concepts
14.

Answer: b

Diff: E

Which of the following statements is most correct?

a. One disadvantage of forming a corporation is that your shareholders
have limited liability.
b. Relative to sole proprietorships, corporations generally face more
regulations, but find it easier to raise capital.
c. Bondholders generally want managers to select risky projects, but
shareholders prefer that managers select safe projects.
d. Statements a and b are correct.
e. All of the statements above are correct.

Miscellaneous concepts
15.

Answer: c

Diff: E

Which of the following statements is most correct?

a. A good goal for a corporate manager is maximization of expected EPS.
b. Most business in the U.S. is conducted by corporations; corporations'
popularity results primarily from their favorable tax treatment.
c. A good example of an agency relationship is the one between
stockholders and managers.
d. Corporations and partnerships have an advantage over proprietorships
because a sole proprietor is subject to unlimited liability, but
investors in the other types of businesses are not.
e. Firms in highly competitive industries find it easier to exercise
"social responsibility" than do firms in oligopolistic industries.

Miscellaneous concepts
16.

Answer: e

Diff: E

Which of the following statements is most correct?

a. One advantage of organizing your business as a corporation is that
your shareholders are not subject to limited liability.
b. Restrictive covenants in debt agreements are an effective way to
reduce agency conflicts between stockholders and managers.
c. Managers generally welcome hostile takeovers since they often
increase the companys stock price.
d. Answers a and b are correct.
e. None of the answers above is correct.

Chapter 1-b - Page 4

Miscellaneous concepts
17.

Answer: c

Diff: E

Which of the following statements is most correct?

a. Bond covenants are a good way to resolve agency conflicts between
stockholders and managers.
b. Hostile takeovers tend to reduce a companys stock price.
c. Corporations have limited liability.
d. Statements a and b are correct.
e. Statements a, b, and c are correct.

Business ethics
18.

Diff: M

Which of the following is an example of an area of business where use of

"questionable" ethics is considered a necessity?
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.

Attracting and sustaining new customers.

Hiring and keeping skilled employees.
Keeping up with competition.
Dealing with firms who use "questionable" ethics.
None of the above.

Social welfare
19.

Answer: e

Answer: a

Diff: M

Which of the following statements is most correct?

a. The ability of firms to engage in socially beneficial projects that
involve voluntary costs is constrained by competition and the need of
firms to attract capital at low cost.
b. The actions that maximize a firm's stock price are inconsistent with
maximizing social welfare.
c. The concepts of social responsibility and ethical responsibility on
the part of corporations are completely different and neither is
relevant in maximizing stock price.
d. In a competitive market, if a group of firms do not spend resources
making social welfare improvements, but another group does, in
general, this will not affect the second group's ability to attract
capital.
e. If government did not mandate socially responsible corporate actions,
such as those relating to product safety and fair hiring practices,
most firms in competitive markets would still pursue such policies
voluntarily.

Chapter 1-a - Page 5

Corporate charter and bylaws

20.

Answer: b

Diff: M

Which of the following statements is most correct?

a. The corporate bylaws are the set of rules drawn up by the state to
enable managers to run the firm in accordance with state laws.
b. Procedures for electing corporate directors are contained in bylaws
while the declaration of the activities that the firm will pursue and
the number of directors are included in the corporate charter.
c. Procedures which govern changes in the bylaws of the corporation are
contained in the corporate charter.
d. Although most companies design a charter, only the bylaws are legally
required to be filed with the secretary of state in order for a
corporation to be in official existence.
e. All of the statements above are false.

Corporate form
21.

Answer: d

Diff: M

Which of the following statements is most correct?

a. A hostile takeover is the main method of transferring ownership
interest in a corporation.
b. The corporation is a legal entity created by the state and is a
direct extension of the legal status of its owners and managers, that
is, the owners and managers are the corporation.
c. Unlimited liability and limited life are two key advantages of the
corporate form over other forms of business organization.
d. In part due to limited liability and ease of ownership transfer,
corporations have less trouble raising money in financial markets
than other organizational forms.
e. Although stockholders of the corporation are insulated by limited
legal liability, the legal status of the corporation does not protect
the firm's managers in the same way.

Partnership
22.

Answer: d

Diff: M

Which of the following statements is most correct?

a. In a partnership, liability for other partners' misdeeds includes but
is limited to the amount a particular partner has invested in the
business.
b. Partnerships must be formed according to specific rules which include
the filing of a formal written agreement with state authorities where
the partnership does business.
c. A fast growth company would be more likely to set up a partnership
for its business organization than would a slow-growth company.
d. Partnerships have difficulty attracting capital in part because of
the other disadvantages of the partnership form of business,
including impermanence of the organization.
e. A major disadvantage of a partnership as a form of business
organization is the high cost and practical difficulty of its
formation.

Chapter 1-b - Page 6

Firm organization
23.

Answer: c

Diff: M

Which of the following statements is most correct?

a. Due to limited liability, unlimited lives, and ease of ownership
transfer, the vast majority of U.S. businesses (in terms of number of
businesses) are organized as corporations.
b. Most businesses (by number and total dollar sales) are organized as
proprietorships or partnerships because it is easier to set up and
operate in one of these forms rather than as a corporation. However,
if the business gets very large, it becomes advantageous to convert
to a corporation, primarily because corporations have important tax
advantages over proprietorships and partnerships.
c. Due to legal considerations related to ownership transfers and
limited liability, most business (measured by dollar sales) is
conducted by corporations.
d. Statements a, b, and c are correct.
e. All of the statements are false.

Firm organization
24.

Diff: M

Jane Doe, who has substantial personal wealth and income, is considering
the possibility of opening a new business in the chemical waste
management field. She will be the sole owner. The business will have a
relatively high degree of risk, and it is expected that the firm will
incur losses for the first few years. However, the prospects for growth
and positive future income look good, and Jane expects to realize
substantial cash flows from dividends the firm will eventually pay out.
Which of the legal forms of business organization would probably best
suit her needs?
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.

Proprietorship, because of ease of entry.

Regular corporation, because of the limited liability.
Partnership, if she needs additional capital.
S corporation, to enjoy tax advantages and gain limited liability.
In this situation, the various forms of organization seem equally
desirable.

Firm organization
25.

Answer: d

Answer: e

Diff: M

Which of the following statements is most correct?

a. Corporations are taxed more favorably than sole proprietorships.
b. Corporations have unlimited liability.
c. Because of their size, large corporations face fewer regulations than
smaller corporations and sole proprietorships.
d. Reducing the threat of corporate takeover increases the likelihood
that managers will act in shareholders' interest.
e. Bond covenants are designed to reduce potential conflicts between
stockholders and bondholders.

Chapter 1-a - Page 7

Financial policy and cash flows

26.

Answer: c

Diff: M

Which of the following statements is most correct?

a. The optimal dividend policy is the one that satisfies the
shareholders because they supply the firm's capital.
b. The use of debt financing has no effect on cash flow or stock price.
c. The riskiness of projected cash flows depends upon how the firm is
financed.
d. Stock price is dependent on the projected cash flows and the use of
debt, but not on the timing of the cash flow stream.
e. Dividend policy is one aspect of the firm's financial policy that is
determined directly by the shareholders.

Corporate goals and control

27.

Answer: e

Diff: M

Which of the following statements is most correct?

a. The proper goal of the financial manager should be to maximize the
firm's expected cash flow, because this will add the most wealth to
each of the individual shareholders (owners) of the firm.
b. One way to state the decision framework most useful for carrying out
the firm's objective is as follows:
"The financial manager should
seek that combination of assets, liabilities, and capital which will
generate the largest expected projected after-tax income over the
relevant time horizon."
c. The riskiness inherent in a firm's earnings per share (EPS) depends
on the characteristics of the projects the firm selects, which means
it depends upon the firm's assets, but EPS does not depend on the
manner in which those assets are financed.
d. Since large, publicly-owned firms are controlled by their management
teams, and typically, ownership is widely dispersed, managers have
great freedom in managing the firm.
Managers may operate in
stockholders' best interests, but they may also operate in their own
personal best interests.
As long as managers stay within the law,
there simply aren't any effective controls over managerial decisions
in such situations.
e. Agency problems exist between stockholders and managers, and between
stockholders and creditors.

Chapter 1-b - Page 8

Agency
28.

Answer: c

Diff: M

Which of the following statements is most correct?

a. Agency conflicts between stockholders and managers are not really a
problem when outsiders (i.e., non-managers) own shares in a
corporation.
b. Managers may operate in stockholders' best interests, or managers may
operate in their own personal best interests. As long as managers
stay within the law, there are no effective controls that
stockholders can implement to control managerial decision making.
c. The agency conflicts between bondholders and stockholders can be
reduced with the use of bond covenants.
d. An agency relationship exists when one or more persons hire another
person to perform some service but withhold decision-making authority
from that person.
e. All of the statements above are false.

Agency
29.

Answer: d

Diff: M

Which of the following statements is most correct?

a. One of the ways in which firms can mitigate or reduce agency problems
between bondholders and stockholders is by increasing the amount of
debt in the capital structure.
b. The threat of takeover is one way in which the agency problem between
stockholders and managers can be alleviated.
c. Managerial compensation can be structured to reduce agency problems
between stockholders and managers.
d. Both statements b and c are correct.
e. All of the statements above are correct.

Miscellaneous concepts
30.

Answer: e

Diff: M

Which of the following statements is most correct?

a. Corporations face fewer regulations and taxes relative to sole
proprietorships and partnerships.
b. Managers who face the threat of hostile takeovers are less likely to
pursue policies that maximize shareholder value compared to managers
who do not face the threat of hostile takeovers.
c. Bond covenants are an effective way to resolve agency conflicts
between shareholders and managers.
d. Because of their size, it is easier for sole proprietors and
partnerships to raise outside capital than it is for a corporation.
e. One advantage to forming a corporation is that the owners of the
corporations have limited liability.

Chapter 1-a - Page 9

CHAPTER 1-A
Answers and Solutions
1.

Forms of business organization

Answer: c

Diff: E

The advantages of incorporation are unlimited life, easy transferability of ownership interest, limited liability, and ease of raising
money in the capital markets. Regulations and double taxation are
disadvantages of corporations.
2.

Firm organization

Answer: c

Diff: E

Statement c is correct.
Sole proprietorships pay personal income tax
not corporate tax.
The other statements are false.
Corporations are
subject to limited liability, but are subject to more regulations than
the other forms of business organization.
3.

Firm organization

Answer: c

Diff: E

Statement c is correct. The other statements are false. The corporate

form is subject to double taxation and partnerships are not easily
transferred.
4.

Firm organization

Answer: a

Diff: E

Statement a is correct; the others are false. Corporations have limited

liability; however, they face more regulations than the other forms of
organization. Sole proprietorships do not pay corporate taxes.
5.

Firm organization

Answer: a

Diff: E

Except for statement a, all the other statements are exactly opposite
for corporations.
6.

Drawbacks of forming a corporation

Answer: a

Diff: E

Statement a is correct.
The other statements are false.
Limited
liability is an advantage of the corporate form, and it is generally
easier for corporations to raise capital as compared to partnerships or
proprietorships.
7.

Goal of firm

Answer: d

Diff: E

8.

Agency

Answer: d

Diff: E

Both statements a and b are correct; therefore, statement d is the

correct choice. The threat of a takeover alleviates the agency problem
between managers and stockholders, not between bondholders and
stockholders.
9.

Agency

Answer: a

Diff: E

Statement a is correct; the other statements are false.

Restrictive
covenants resolve differences between bondholders and stockholders.

Chapter 1-b - Page 10

10.

Agency

Answer: d

Diff: E

Statement a will serve to increase the agency problems by preventing

takeovers. Both statements b and c will reduce agency problems.
11.

Agency

Answer: b

Diff: E

Statement b is true. Corporate takeovers are most likely to occur when

a firm is underperforming. Managers who fear losing their jobs will try
to maximize shareholder wealth. The other statements are false.
Statement a will exacerbate agency conflict, while statement c reduces
the agency conflict between stockholders and bondholders.
12.

Managerial incentives

Answer: e

Diff: E

Statements b and c are true; therefore, statement e is the correct

choice. Statement a is false, bond covenants force managers to act in
the interest of bondholders.
13.

Miscellaneous concepts

Answer: a

Diff: E

If a firms stock is undervalued relative to its potential, then someone

can profit by taking it over and doing a better job running it.
Therefore, statement a is true. A sole proprietor does not have limited
liability; only a corporation has limited liability. Therefore,
statement b is false. Bondholders get their payment as long as the firm
is not in default. Therefore, they would like the firm to stay less
risky so they get their interest payments. If they owned a bond that
promised to pay them 5 percent, and then the firm became risky, the
default risk premium would be higher. However, the bondholders would
still be getting the 5 percent return that compensated them for the old
level of default risk. Therefore, statement c is false. Since statements
b and c are false, Statements d and e must also be false.
14.

Miscellaneous concepts

Answer: b

Diff: E

Limited liability is an advantage of forming a corporation, so statement

a is false. Statement b is true. Statement c is the opposite of what is
true. Bondholders get paid before shareholders do, so bondholders want
the company to take as little risk as possible, and receive their
interest payments. If theres anything left it goes to shareholders. On
the other hand, shareholders would prefer the company to take a little
extra risk to get a higher return to increase their chances of getting
something after the bondholders.
Therefore, statement c is false.
Consequently, statements d and e are false .
15.

Miscellaneous concepts

Answer: c

Diff: E

16.

Miscellaneous concepts

Answer: e

Diff: E

Statements a, b, c, and d are all false; therefore, statement e is the

correct choice.
Shareholders of corporations are subject to limited
liability.
Restrictive bond covenants affect agency conflicts between
shareholders (through management) and bondholders. Managers' jobs are
threatened by hostile takeovers.

Chapter 1-a - Page 11

17.

Miscellaneous concepts
Statement
conflict
Statement
Statement

Answer: c

Diff: E

c is correct.
Statement a is false; bond covenants reduce
between stockholders (through managers) and bondholders.
b is false; a takeover usually increases a firms stock price.
c is true; therefore, the remaining statements are false.

18.

Business ethics

Answer: e

Diff: M

19.

Social welfare

Answer: a

Diff: M

20.

Corporate charter and bylaws

Answer: b

Diff: M

21.

Corporate form

22.

Partnership

Answer: d

Diff: M

23.

Firm organization

Answer: c

Diff: M

24.

Firm organization

Answer: d

Diff: M

25.

Firm organization

Answer: e

Diff: M

26.

Financial policy and cash flows

Answer: c

Diff: M

27.

Corporate goals and control

Answer: e

Diff: M

28.

Agency

Answer: d

Answer: c

Diff: M

Diff: M

Statement c is true. Statement a is false because agency conflicts can

and do occur when outsiders own shares in a corporation. Statement b is
false.
Even if managers stay within the law, the threat of firing
and/or the threat of takeover may be used to keep managers interests
aligned with those of the shareholders. Statement d is false because the
conflict exists when the decision-making authority is delegated to that
person.
29.

Agency

Answer: d

Diff: M

Statement d is most correct.

Statement a is incorrect,
increasing the amount of debt can increase agency problems.
30.

Miscellaneous concepts

Answer: e

because

Diff: M

Statement e is correct. The other statements are false. Corporations

face more regulations and double taxation as compared to proprietorships
and partnerships. The threat of a takeover will encourage managers to
maximize shareholders' wealth.
Failing to do so will result in the
takeover--and in the managers losing their jobs. Bond covenants are a
way to resolve conflicts between management and bondholders. In general,
there is more uncertainty about the quality of small firms, compared to
large firms. This makes it harder for small companies to raise outside
capital.

Chapter 1-b - Page 12