DESIGN III – GENERAL ARRANGEMENT & SAFETY

PLAN
DEPARTMENT OF MARINE ENGINEERING

ESTIMATION OF THE SHIP

RESISTANCE & ENGINE
SELECTION
Doc.No. 01 – 42 15 100 075 - RE

Prepared By Approved By
Rev. Date Remark Sutopo Purwono Fitri, S.T.,
Ahmad Bagas Faatih
M.Eng, Ph.D.
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I. INTRODUCTION
In the design of ship propulsion system, The most important things is to calculate ship
resistance. By determining the resistance calculation, planning propulsion system (main
engine) can be done properly so that the power produced by the engine can move the ship by
make thrust.

II. OBJECTIVE
The objective of this document are :
1. To calculate ship resistance
2. To select main engine of the ship

III.REFERENCES
1. SV, AA, Harvald, Resistance and Propulsion of Ship
2. Tupper,1996
3. Lewis, Edward V. Principles of Naval Architecture. 1989. SNAME. United States of
America.
4. Wartsila 32 Project guide
5. ZF Product Guide
IV. LIST OF ABREVATION
Table 1.1 List of Abrevation

No Abbrevation Explanation
.
1. EPM Engine Propeller Matching
2. ▼ Volume of Displacement
3. ▲ Weight of Displacement
4. S Wetted Surface Area
5. Fn Froude Number
6. Rn Reynolds Number
7. Cf Coefficient of Friction Resistance
8. Cr Coefficient of Residual Resistance
9. Ca Coefficient of Appendage Resistance
10. Caa Coefficient of Air Resistance
11. Cas Coefficient of Steering Resistance
12. Ct Coefficient of Total Resistance

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13. Rt Total Ship Resistance

14. EHP Effective Horse Power
15. w Wake Friction
16. t Thrust Deduction Factor
17. Pc Propulsive Coefficient
18. ηrr Relative Rotative Efficiency
19. ηo Propulsive Efficiency
20. ηh Hull Efficiency
21. DHP Delivered Horse Power
22. THP Thrust Horse Power
23. SHP Shaft Horse Power
24. BHP Brake Horse Power
25. FO Fuel Oil
26. SFOC Specific Fuel Oil Consumption

V. CHAPTER DESCRIPTION
Propeller energize by the power of diesel main engine is the most common main
propulsion system of the ship. In order to calculate and design the required propulsion
system, there are some parameters needed to be known, such as ship resistance.
Ship resistance is defined as the force required to tow the ship in calm water at a constant
velocity. There are many equations to calculate frictional resistance such as IITC equation,
ATTS, or Froude equations. In this report, we use guldhammer method to calculate ship
resistance. The purpose of defining the ship resistance is to know the ship trust and power
needed to accommodate the resistance of the ship at the desire speed or velocity.
Selection of Main engines on ships should be based on power requirements to overcome
the resistance of the ship. Therefore, to determine the required power of a ship, required the
calculation of the effective power (EHP) to (DHP). Others component such as gearbox
maybe required.
VI. DESIGN REQUIREMENT
Table 1.2 Design Requirement

No Key Equipment Reference Parameter Design

.
1. S Resistance and Propulsion Wetted Surface Area
of Ships pg. 133
2. Fn, Rn Principles of Naval Froude Number, Reynold
Architecture pg. 57 Number

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3. Cf Resistance and Propulsion Coefficient of Friction

of Ships pg. 118 Resistance
4. Cr Resistance and Propulsion Coefficient of Residual
of Ships pg. 120-130 Resistance
5. Ca, Caa, Cas Resistance and Propulsion Coefficient of Appendage
of Ships pg. 132 ,Air, and Steering
Resistance
6. EHP Resistance and Propulsion Effective Horse Power
of Ships pg. 135
7. w Resistance, Propulsion and Wake Friction
Steering of Ships pg. 178
8. t Principal of Naval Thrust Deduction Factor
Architecture pg. 158
9. ηrr Principal of Naval Relative Rotative
Architecture pg. 152 Coefficient
10. SHP Principal of Naval Shaft Horse Power
Architecture pg. 131
11. Wartsila 32 Project Guide Main Data and Output
2016 pg. 1-1
12. Wartsila 32 Project Guide Dimension
2016 pg. 1-4
Main Engine
13. Wartsila 32 Project Guide Operating Ranges for
2016 pg. 2-3 Fixed Pitch Propeller
14. Wartsila 32 Project Guide Technical Data
2016 pg. 3-4 to 3-7
15. ZF Product Guide 2016 pg. Type Selection
4
Gearbox
16. ZF Product Guide 2016 pg. Dimension
124

VII. DETAIL CALCULATION

1. Ship Data
Table 1.3 Ship Data

Name of
Thor Thunder
ship
LWL 125.3407 m
Lpp 121.69 m
B 19.6 m
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H 14.5 m
T 9.446 m
Cb 0.7014
Cp 0.7123
Cm 0.9833

2. Ship Resistance Calculation

Resistance is a force of fluid (liquid and gas) that work to a ship in certain velocity that
have opposite directions with ship motion. Ship resistance calculation is needed to calculate
total resistance that ship recieve in service speed condition.
In calculation of “Thor Thunder” ship resistance, we use Guldhamer and Harvald
Method Ship total resistance is a resultan force from resistance components bellow:
 Frictional Resistance
 Additional Reristance
 Residual Resistance
 Steering Resistance
 Air Resistance
(SV, AA, Harvald, Tahanan dan Propulsi Kapal, 1992 page:44)
For steps to determine ship total resistance of “duRaaRa” ship with Guldhammer – Harvald
method will be shown bellow :
a. LWL Calculation
Lwl (Length of Water Line) is length of the ship that be measured at water line in full
loaded condition. Lenght of LWL can be measured with equation :

Lwl=( 1+3 % ) x Lpp

¿ ( 1+3 % ) x 121,69 m=125,3407 m
Where :
Lwl : Lenght of the ship measured from water line in full loaded condition. (m)
Lpp : Lenght of the ship measured from FP (fore perpendicular) to AP (after
perpendicular). (m)

b. Ldislacement Calculation
Ldisplacement is length of the ship measured at the surface of the water line when the
ship immersed in water. Ldisplacement can determine by equation bellow :
Lpp+ Lwl
L displacement=
2
¿ 123,52 m
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Where :
Ldisplacement : length of the ship measured at waterline in certain draft. (m)
Lpp :length of the ship measured from FP (fore perpendicular) to AP
(after perpendicular). (m)
Lwl : lenght of the ship measured from water line in full loaded condition.
(m)

c. Vdisplacemnt Calculation
Vdisplacement is the volume of the ship that submerged into the water or the volume of
water displaced by the ship when the ship submerged. Vdisplacement volume can be
obtained by the formula:

V displacement =Lwl x B x T x Cb
¿ 16039.45 m3
Where : (Tupper,1996.page :11)
Vdisplacement : Volume of water displaced by the ship when the ship submerged. (m3)
Lwl : Lenght of the ship measured from water line in full loaded condition. (m)
B : Breadth. (m)
T : Ship water laden. (m)
Cb : Block Coef of ship. (m)

d. Mass Displacement Calculation

Mass displacement is mass of water displaced by the ship when the ship submerged.
Mass displacement can be obtained from the multiplication Vdisplacement with the density
of water, in this case the density of sea water is 1,025 ton / m3.
∆ displacement=V displacement x ρ
¿ 16440.44 Ton
(Tupper,1996.page :11)
Where :
∆ displacement : mass of water displaced by the ship when the ship submerged.
(Ton)
Vdisplacement : Volume of water displaced by the ship when the ship submerged.
(m3)
ρ : Sea water density (1,025 ton/m3)

e. Wet Surface Area

Wet surface area is an area of skin of the ship submerged into the water. Wet surface area
can be obtained by the formula:
S= ρ x Lpp x ( Cb x B+1,7 x T )
¿ 3829.25174 m2
Where : (Harvald,1992. page : 131)
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S : Area of skin of the ship submerged into the water. (m2)
ρ : Sea water density (1,025 ton/m3)
Lpp : length of the ship measured from FP (fore perpendicular) to AP (after
perpendicular). (m)
B : Breadth. (m)
T : Ship water laden. (m)
Cb : Block Coef of ship. (m)

f. Froude Number
The value of the Froude number related to the speed of the ship. If speed of ship greater,
then the value of the Froude number also greater. Value Froude number can be obtained by
the formula:
v
Fn= =0,2125448
√ g x Lwl
Where : (Harvald,1992. page : 118)
Fn : Froude number.
v : Ship service Speed. (m/s)
g : Gravitation. (g = 9,81 m/s2)
Lwl : Lenght of the ship measured from water line in full loaded condition. (m)

g. Reynold Number
Reynold Number is used to calculate frictional resistance of the ship. Reynold Number
value can be determine with formula :
v x Lwl
Rn= Jakarta - Qinzhou sea temperature 22 – 29 oC
ʋ Source : Data digital Satelit NOAA16-AVHRR
¿ 10,49 x 108 Sea water viscosity 27,7 oC = 0,88470 x 10-6
Where : m2/s

Rn : Reynold number. (Harvald,1992. page : 118)

v : Ship service Speed. (m/s)
Lwl : Lenght of the ship measured from water line in full loaded condition. (m)
g : Gravitation. (g = 9,81 m/s2)
ʋ : Viscosity of sea water. (m2/s)

h. Frictional Resistance Coefficient (Cf)

To determine Cf value, we can use 2 methods :
 With Guldhammer Harvald diagram (Harvald, 1992 : 129)
 Calculation with ITTC 1957 equation
In this case we use ITTC 1957 equation :
0,075
Cf =
¿¿¿
¿ 0,00152146
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Where :
Rn : Reynold number.

i. Residual Resistance Coefficient

1. Cr1
Cr1 is known from reading Guldhammer – Harvald diagram (Harvald, 1992 : 118-
126)
Lwl
=4,9701
∇1 /3
Where :
Lwl : Lenght of the ship measured from water line in full loaded condition.
(m)
∇ : Volume of water displaced by the ship when the ship submerged. (m3)

Fig 1.1 Guldhammer diagram 5.0

Fig 1.1 Guldhammer diagram 4.5

Table 1.2 Interpolation diagram

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10³Cr

4.50 1.24
4.96 1.111
5.00 1.10

2. Cr2
Calculation of the correction B / T is calculated because basically, the method
Guldhammer - Harvald was originally intended for a ship that has a ratio B / T 2.5, so
that, for vessels with a ratio B / T in addition to 2.5 should perform this calculation.. The
value can be searched by the formula:
B 19,6
= =2,075
T 9,446
B
(
103 Cr 2=0,16 x −2,5
T )
¿ 0,16 x ( 2,075−2,5 )=−0,068

3. Cr3
Correction calculation LCB LCB is calculated as the location of a ship is not
necessarily identical to the LCB standards in accordance with standard LCB diagram
readings. For the calculation can be done with the steps below:
e= ( LCB
Lpp )
x 100 %
¿−0.26 %
LCB Value known from
Design 1 with value -0.3237
m

Fig. 1.3 LCB Standard Graph

∆ LCB = LCB – LCB Standard
= 0.39%
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Fig. 1.4 LCB Standard Graph

(d103Cr/dLCB) = 0,0876 (known from graph above)
Cr3 = (d103Cr/dLCB)*∆ LCB
= 0,000341
Crtotal = (Cr1+Cr2+Cr3)*10^(-3)
= 0,000067

j. Cr Correction
The bow = 0 (Form bow of the ship is not extreme)
Aft = 0 (Form stern of the ship is not extreme)

k. Addittional Resisten Coefficient ( Ca )

Calculation of additional resistance is made to add resistances who have not been entered
into the previous calculation. The value of additional detainees have been determined based
on the length LWL ship as below:

L ≤ 100 m 103Ca ≤ 100 m

= 150 m = 150 m
= 200 m = 200 m
= 250 m = 250 m
≥ 300 m ≥ 300 m
Table 1.4 Interpolation Table

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a b
No
L 10^3xCa
1 100 0.4
2 124.83 0.0003007
3 150 0.2
l. Steering Resistance Coefficient ( Cas )
Based on 5.5.27 HARVALD page. 132 corrections to the steering resistance probably
about:
Cas : 0,00004 (Harvald,1992. page : 132)

m. Air Resistance Coefficient ( Caa )

Because data on winds in the design of ship is unknown, it is recommended to correct the
air drag coefficient (Harvald,1992.. page : 72):
Caa = 0,00007

n. Total Resistance Coefficient

Ctair = Cf + Cr + Ca + Cas Total Resistance Coeffi cient :
Ctair = 0.0029557 Ct= 0.00303
Ctudara = Caa
Ctudara = 0.00007

o. Total Ship Resistance

1
Rt = x ρ❑ x C❑ x S x v 2
2
¿ 330.27 kN
Table 4.4 Total Resistance for each speed (Sea Margin 16% at the East Asia route)

Vs (knot) Vs (m/s) Rtsm

15.5 7.967 463.780531
14.5 7.453 383.121959
13.5 6.939 316.396663
12.5 6.425 259.781161
11.5 5.911 212.5379
10.5 5.397 172.322924

3. Selection of Main Engine

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a. Definition of Main Engine
Generally a moving ship in the water at a certain speed, it will make a drag (resistance)
which is opposite to the direction of motion of the ship. The amount of drag that occurs
should be able to be overcome by the thrust of ship generated from the movement of ships
propulsor. Power is deliver (PD) to propeller is coming from the shaft (PS), while the shaft
power itself comes from the power brake (PB) which is the output power ship propulsion
motor.

b. Calculation of Main Engine Power

1. Effective Horse Power (EHP)
EHP is the power needed to move a ship ship without propulsion system.
EHP = RT service x Vs (Harvald,1992. page : 135)
EHP = 2855.41 kW
= 3922.27 HP

2. Delivery Horse Power ( DHP)

DHP is power absorbed from shafting system or power that delivered from shafting
system to propeller to make a thust.
EHP
DHP= with PC =ηH x ηrr x η 0
PC
From Design 2 calculation, we get the value of PC = 0,6523 so DHP can calculated
EHP
DHP=
PC
¿ 5951.33 HP

3. Shaft Horse Power (SHP)

To ship engine room located aft suffered losses (ηsηb) of 2%, while in the engine
room on a ship that area amidships suffered losses of 3%. ("Principal terms of Naval
Architecture 131"). In this plan, the engine room is located at the aft of the ship, so that
the losses which occur only 2%
DHP
SHP=
ηsηb
¿ 4466.534 kW
¿ 6072.79 HP

4. Brake Horse Power (BHP)

 BHPmcr
The influence the efficiency of the transmission gear system (ηG), this task
wearing gear system with a 2% loss, and the resistance used to calculated the
engine power have been added by sea margin, so this is considered as
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BHPmcr,which is the maximum output condition of the engine with the margin
of 16 % as added in the resistance margin. SO :
ηG = 0.98
SHP
BHPscr=
ηG
¿ 4557.69 kW
¿ 6196.72 HP
 BHPscr
BHPscr=BHPmcr x 84 %
¿ 3828.45 kW
¿ 5205.24 HP
c. Selected Engine
Table 1.5 Selected Engine Data

Main Engine Selection

MAIN ENGINE
Main Specification
Merk Wartsila
Type 8L32
Powe 4640 kW
Sylinder hole Diameter 200 mm
Piston stroke 400 mm
Number of Sylinder 8
Weight 43.5 Ton
SFOC 165 g/kWh
RPM 750

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Fig. 1.5 Engine Dimension

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Fig 1.6 Selected Gearbox layout

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Fig 1.7 Engine Envelope

Table 1.6 Engine Propeller Matching

BHPmcr P ro s e n t a s e P ro s e n t a s e
Keadaan d r E n g in e
RPM d r E n g in e
(kW)
Trial 3967.154 85.50% 699.628 93.28%
Service 4575.25 98.60% 749.3238 99.91%

VIII. SUMMARY CALCULATION

Table 1.7 Calculation summary of resistance, engine power and etc.

Parameter Value Unit

Resistance(guldhammer-harvald) = 383.1219591 kN
Power Required = 4557.687902 kW
Engine Power = 4640 kW
Engine rpm = 750 rpm
Gearbox Ratio = 3.962
Propeller rpm = 178
Propeller Type = B5-90
Propeller Diameter = 3.844564227 m
EPM (service) = 98.60%
Shaft Length = 12 m
Stern tube Length = 1800 mm
Bearing Need = 2
IX. ATTACHMENT

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