GD Topics

Poverty in India: Facts, Causes, Effects, Solution
Since 2001 and over the last decade, although

poverty levels have declined from 37.2% in 2004-05
to 29.8% in 2009-10, a whopping number of 250
million poor people is estimated to be living in India.

During the last 6 decades, many poverty eradication
and poverty minimization programmes, subsidies to
poor people, pension schemes to poor below poverty
line (BPL people) and now poll promises in the
election year 2019 to ensure minimum income to the
poor have been announced. But instead of poverty,
these are the poor who are giving up their life due to
lack of food, cloth and shelter.

The poverty minimisation programmes by various
governments in the past and now the policies of
Modi Government are well intended, yet the impact
is not so much visible on poverty eradication and the
people living below the poverty line are still in large
number. As such it has become a hot Group
Discussion topic for MBA admission.
MBAUniverse.com presents an indepth analysis of
this MBA GD Topic that analyses the state of
poverty in India, facts, causes, effects and solution to
the problem.

Poverty in India: Headline Haunts Daily
Whenever we open the newspaper, or switch to a
news channel, apart from the increasing rate of
crime, there is one more thing that is common to
almost every nation all over the world, poverty. No
matter where one looks, one cannot turn a blind eye
to the economically depraved. With religion, gender,
caste, colour and so many other things separating us,
poverty is what unites us. In an interview with The
Economic Times on 11 January 2019, Indian
Finance Minister, Arun Jaitley said, “Poverty is a
secular criterion and it cuts across communities and
religions.”

What is Poverty? Key Facts
Before moving ahead, it is necessary to understand
what poverty means to the modern man and how it is
affecting the national as well as global economy.
Poverty is determined on the basis of per day and per
capita incomes. Poverty comes in lots of variants
and phases and is almost invariably tied to the
condition of world hunger as a result. In an interview
with The Economic Times on 8 September 2014,
UN Food and Agricultural Organisation (FAO)
Director General, Jose Graziano da Silva said,
“Hunger is not an issue of food availability, it is an
issue of access. Many people are not able access
because they do not have jobs.” This essentially
means that unemployment, poverty and hunger all
go hand in hand and one cannot be solved while
neglecting the other.

Global Vs India’s Poverty Line
While the International Poverty line is drawn at an
earning of $1.90 per day announced in October 2015
as set by the World Bank based on ICP Purchasing
Power Parity (PPP) calculations. This corresponds to
what can be bought in US for $1.90 and depicts the
poorest of countries in the world. As per the World
Factbook compiled by the Central Intelligence
Agency (CIA) the percent population living under
poverty lines in different countries varies vastly.
From a staggering 82.5% in Syria, 72% in
Zimbabwe, 54% in Yemen, 15% in US to merely
3.8% in Ukraine.

While global statistics are staggering and give a
picture of the world as a whole, each country has its
own standards to define poverty and in turn their
own definition of the population below poverty line.
As for India, the poverty line is drawn at $3.20 per
day making it fall in the lower middle-income
category according to 2011 data. According to a
report by World Bank Group and UNICEF (Ending
Extreme Poverty: A Focus on Children), around
30% of the world’s 385 million children living in
extreme poverty are in India making the figure the
highest in South Asia.

Even the most developed countries have a chunk of
their population living without adequate resources.
The battle against poverty has been uneven
according to the World Bank Group. According to
2015 reports, 10% of the world’s population lives
below the International Poverty Line as compared to
11% in 2013 and 36% in 1990. This amounts to a
reduction of nearly 1.1 billion from 1990 in the
below poverty line stratum. In 1990, population
below poverty line was 1.85 billion and in 2015 it
was 756 million.

While some regions have managed to reduce poverty to below
3%, in some regions of Africa the poverty has increased. Majority
of global poor population live in rural areas, are poorly educated,
employed in agricultural sector and under 18 years of age. Some
economies seem to be in a sort of poverty trap which is a
spiralling mechanism which doesn’t let the poor to escape poverty
and might even pull others into the abyss. This is mostly seen in
developing and under-developed countries due to lack of capital
and credit for people.
Rural Vs Urban Poverty in India
Where on one hand India’s and global poverty seem
to differ, there is a completely different notion
within each national economy differentiating rural
and urban poverty. Earlier, poverty was thought of
as a rural phenomenon, but with urbanisation
pouring in rapidly, poverty in urban areas was
realised. While rural poverty might comprise people
not getting 2 square meals a day, urban poverty is
different and might involve living in unsafe and
unhygienic housing and deteriorated standards of
living which is very much present in India. The
slums in urban areas of India reflect the urban
poverty condition.

The International Monetary Fund (IMF) states that
poverty usually entails deprivation, vulnerability and
powerlessness. These issues are sometimes inflicted
on certain individuals or groups more than others
like women and children might experience poverty
more intensely than men and minorities tend to
suffer more greatly than other groups.

The World Bank found that urban populations in
developing countries like India are growing rapidly,
at a rate of 70 million new city-dwellers per year.
The IMF reports that 63% of the world’s
impoverished live in rural areas. Education, health
care and sanitation are all lacking in rural
environments. Former residents of rural areas are
typically drawn to the city for the perceived wealth
of economic opportunities, which is usually not true.
This gives rise to urban poverty as the jobs are
limited in number and usually given to those who
are skilled. This leads to increase in urban poverty.
Urban poor in India, residing in urban outskirts or
slums experience poverty in form of discrimination,
unsafe housing and unhygienic environment.

Living Below Poverty Line in India: Not Earning
Enough to be Poor
As if it was not enough to be a poor, the below
poverty line concept which signifies that the people
are earning enough to remain among the poor
community, was defined by the Government of
India. These people living below poverty line in
India are given the BPL cards to make the both ends
meet but the problem was not solved due to various
factors.

The Government of India says that the poverty line
for rural areas is Rs.816/- per month and Rs.1000/-
per month for Urban areas. It means that people
living below poverty line are not able to earn this
much in a month.

Now, India is proposing an official poverty line at
Rs.972/- (US$14) a month in rural areas and
Rs.1407/- (US$21) a month in Urban areas. So, it is
very much possible, that many more will go below
the poverty line in India, once this standard is
adopted.

The average calorie requirement for a person in rural
areas in India is 2400 calories per day and in urban
areas it is 2100 calories per day which is not yet met.

The 2012 report by the Planning Commission of
India (Tendulkar Committee) reported that 26% of
all people in India fall below the international
poverty line of US$1.25 per day.

Causes of Poverty in India
Not generating sufficient employment, multifold
increase in population without equal increase in job
creation, Not using upgraded technology and
following conventional agriculture farming leading
to low produce and low income, division and sub-
division of agriculture land leading to small farms,
corruption in implementation of Government
benefits to poor schemes, political vote banks are
only some of the reasons which have aggravated the
poverty problem in India instead of taking the
country out of this menace during last 60 years.

In 1947 the average income in India was similar
to South Korea. While South Korea became a
developed country by the 2000 India has continued
struggling against the poverty without any
substantial success.

For the first 40 years, India followed the economic
planning, nationalization programs and government
ownership of industry as done in Soviet erstwhile
USSR. India’s economic growth averaged at 3.5%,
while other Asian economies such as South Korea
grew on average more than twice that rate annually.
The per capita income in India grew at 1.49%
annually, while incomes of South Koreans - rich and
poor - rose rapidly.

Accordingly, the steps and solutions which are now
being taken to eradicate poverty from India are more
direct than earlier.

Solution & Steps Taken to Fight Against Poverty
in India
India has taken up various schemes and programmes
to provide employment to the poor so they can earn
a daily wage since 1980s. However, recent schemes
in the past decade to alleviate poverty include:
1. National Rural Livelihood Mission: Ajeevika
(2011)-
This scheme was launched in 2011 by the Ministry
of Rural Development. It aims at providing
employment to the rural poor so that they have a
regular income on a monthly basis. To do so, self
help groups are formed in the villages to help those
in need.
2. The Fight Hunger First Initiative (FHFI)
Program (2011)-
It is often seen that though numerous programs and
schemes are started to help those in need, the assets
do not reach the people who are in most need of
them, be it due to lack of awareness, exploitation or
other reasons. The Fight Hunger First initiative was
taken up by the government in 2011 to improve
access of communities to the rights and entitlements
accrued to them by the government schemes like
employment, child nutrition, primary education and
food supplies. This initiative focused on 5 of the
most backward states of India i.e. Madhya Pradesh,
Jharkhand, Orissa, West Bengal and Karnataka.
FHFI seeks to support community and grass-root
organizations in activating the Indian authorities to
provide minimum social support in the sectors
mentioned above.
3. Food Security Bill (2013)-
The Food Security Bill was tabled in the Parliament
in 2011 and became an act on 12 September 2013
making it one of the largest food security schemes
across the world.

Under the provisions of this law, beneficiaries would
get five kg of grains per person per month, including
rice at Rs. 3 per kg, wheat at Rs. 2 per kg and coarse
grains at Re 1 per kg. The bill proposes meal
entitlement to specific groups, including pregnant
women and lactating mothers, children between six
months and 14 years, malnourished kids, people
affected by disaster, and those who are destitute,
homeless and starving. The roll out entails covering
75% of the rural population, since they happen to be
the most deprived section in the society, and up to
50% of the urban population.

According to information provided by the Ministry
of Consumer Affairs, Food and Public Distribution
in Lok Sabha on 25 July 2017, all the ration shops in
Chandigarh and Puducherry have been closed. These
two union territories were to be allocated 91,584
tonnes of food grains for distribution among 857,000
consumers which has been stopped from the year
2017-18 and replaced by direct cash transfers so that
people use the ‘cash’ to buy goods of their choice
from open markets. This might hinder the progress
of food security in the regions.
4. Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojna
(2015)-
This scheme was launched by the Cabinet in March
2015 to provide skill training to 1.4 million youth
with an overlay of Rs 1120 crore. This is done in
partnership with the Ministry of Skill Development
and Entrepreneurship via the National Skill
Development Corporation. It focuses on helping
entrants into the labour market catering to X and XII
dropouts.
5. Farm Loan Waiver (2016-2018)-
Just before the State elections 2018 in Madhya
Pradesh, Rajasthan and Chhattisgarh, the
government waived farmers’ loans thus freeing them
of the debt they were facing. Previously in 2016,
such steps were seen in Telangana and some other
states. This step was both praised and criticised as
though it was a temporary relief from the debts, it
wasn’t a long-term solution to the main problem at
hand.
6. 10% Quota to Economically Weaker Sections
(2019)-
The Government of India announced 10%
reservation for the economically weaker groups in
general category on 7 January 2019. The Union
Minister said that those who earn less than Rs 8 lakh
a year and have less than 5 acres land ownership will
be eligible to avail the quota.

Global Programmes Impacting Against Poverty
in India
Many initiatives are being taken up at the global
front as well to help solve the problem of hunger and
poverty. Some of these are:
1. Ending Child Hunger and
Undernutrition Initiative (ECHUI)-
This is a global initiative started by World Food
Programme (WFP) that ensues global partnership
and aims at reducing the causes and effects of child
hunger and undernutrition. It aims to mobilise
resources for actions on national levels to build
awareness and address the issue on a global scale.
On any given day, WFP has 5,000 trucks, 20 ships
and 92 planes on the move, delivering food and
other assistance to those in most need. Every
year, they distribute more than 15 billion rations at
an estimated average cost per ration of US$ 0.31.
2. Agenda 2030-
Agenda 2030 is the shortened name given to the
Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) are 17 goals
set by the UN General Assembly in 2015. The top
two goals of the agenda are to “End Poverty in all its
forms, everywhere” and “End Hunger, achieve food
security and improved nutrition, and promote
sustainable agriculture”. This shows that the need of
the hour is focusing on the poverty and its most
drastic side effect of hunger. Most countries lack
data on poverty and especially child poverty and
thus it makes it difficult to make projections for the
future.
3. US Government Global Food Security
Strategy (2017-2021)-
After the Global Food Security Act on 2016, the US
Government, in partnership with other governments,
universities, research institutes, civil societies and
private sector built this strategy to focus on
challenges like poverty and hunger. The vision of
this strategy is “A world free from hunger,
malnutrition and extreme poverty.”

Mercy Corps worked closely with private sector
partners, other NGOs, academic and research
institutions, the faith community and Members of
Congress to help pass H.R. 5129 and S. 2269
amendment bills. This bill ensures the Global Food
Security Act’s improvements to the Global Food
Security Strategy and the Feed the Future Initiative
will continue beyond 2018.
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Indian Economy in 2018-19: Performance &

Policies of Modi Regime
The testing time lies ahead in 2019 for the Modi

Government as regards to its economic policies and
performance of Indian Economy post
demonetization, implementation of GST, Make in
India and other key reforms brought about to propel
the when of economic development faster. With the
onset of Parliament Elections in 2019, the last two
years have been crucial for the Indian Economy
especially when the sitting BJP Government lost the
Assembly Elections 2018 in the states of
Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh and Rajasthan.

Since the Modi Government was appointed in 2014,
new schemes, reforms and controversies have been
making news almost regularly. Be it the Make in
India Drive in 2014 demonetization of 2016,
implementation of GST in 2017 or the stock crash of
2018. With so much going on, it is difficult to assess
whether India’s economy is headed uphill or
downhill.
Indian Economy 2018-19: Moving Forward

Ease of Doing Business Index: India improves
rankings
India moved up by 23 places in the World Bank’s
Ease of Doing Business Index 2018 and got
77th rank. This is attributed to 6 reforms this year-
starting a business, getting electricity, construction
permits, getting credit, paying taxes and trading
across borders. The maximum improvement was of
129 places in construction permits to reach 52nd rank
in 2018 as compared to 181st in 2017. The Prime
Minister further said, “If we do focused
improvement, breaking into the top 50 is not out of
reach.” This certainly points towards more such
reforms in the near future.

Statue of Unity: A Boost to Tourism in India
The Statue of Unity, inaugurated by PM Narendra
Modi on 31st October 2018 is the world’s tallest
statue at a height of 182m, built with an investment
of around ₹3000 crore. In an interview with The
Economic Times on 11th November 2018, the
Principal Secretary of Tourism SJ Haider said,
“Gujarat has registered 17% year-on growth in
tourism with a total 5.2 crore tourists visiting the
state in 2017. The Statue of Unity will help in
achieving considerable growth in arrival of tourists
to Gujarat.” This certainly might be true since in the
10 days following the inauguration saw an influx of
1.28 lakh tourists according to the officials. The
Statue is claimed to remain as it is for around 1000
years and thus is an investment that will cater to
India’s tourism for the said time duration along with
development of the local area.

Make in India: Manufacturing Sector GDP
Contribution Up
The Make in India Campaign launched by the
Government of India in September 2014 permitted
100% FDI in 25 sectors of the economy except
space, defence and media industry of India. The
movement further led to local state movements like
“Make in Odisha”, “Happening Haryana” and
“Magnetic Maharashtra”. With this campaign the
government aimed to raise the contribution of
manufacturing sector to 25% of GDP. In an
interview with The Hindu Business Line, the Head
of Economic Development Agency, Cluster Pulse
(not a well-known agency), Jagat Shah said referring
to growth from 9% in 1950-51 to 15% over next 2
decades, “In our analysis, even though we say there
has been 7-8% growth, we view this as jobless
growth for, manufacturing as a percentile of GDP
was not increasing. In the last two years, it has
improved to 17.1% and this is primarily due to Make
in India Drive.”
Goods and Services Tax (GST): Single Taxation

System across the Country
GST, a unified consumption tax on all goods and
services except electricity, petroleum products and
alcoholic drinks was implemented by the
government in July 2017. This tax eradicated the
disparity of taxes among different state governments
and the multilayer tax system. Its has pooled the
resources of centre and state government under a
single tax, which can benefit both. According to a
report in The Economic Times, GST has caused an
increase in tax base, easier movement of goods
across state borders and reduction in tax rate from
28% to 18% for several products. The monthly
collection of GST crossed the with The Economic
Times on 1st December 2018, EY Tax Partner,
Abhishek Jain said, “While the GST collections have
shrinked vis-à-vis the earlier month, it is higher than
the average monthly collection in₹1 lakh crore mark
in October 2018 however, it dropped to ₹97637
crore in November 2018. In an interview the year.
This steady increase in average collection brings a
gleam of hope for a regular monthly collection of ₹1
lakh crore being met soon.”
): All
Foreign Direct Investment (FDI Time High)
FDI rose to around $61.96 billion in 2017-2018
further increasing an all-time high of $60.1 billion in
2016-2017 which is certainly an indicator that even
the foreign countries are banking on India as a
growing economy and that is definitely a step in the
right direction. FDI is as good an indicator of a
growing economy as any and an increase at such a
scale is good for the economy. The new lax policies
on FDI have led to this increase with a permit of
100% FDI in 25 sectors with 74% in aerospace, 49%
in defence and 26% in media. quite

Bharatmala Pariyojana: Boost to Infrastructure
Development
This is a centrally sponsored road and highways
project of Government of India. A total investment
of ₹5.35 lakh crore to lay 83677 km or roads and
highways all over the country. The plan includes
National Corridors, Economic Corridors and is
expected to be completed by 2022. This points to
better infrastructure in future which will provide
better connectivity and hence better growth.
Transport and Shipping Minister Nitin Gadkari said,
“Our infrastructure plan will contribute 2-3% to the
GDP and will create 2 lakh crore jobs.”

North East Industrial Development Scheme
(NEIDS) 2017: Generating Employment in NE
States
NEIDS was launched in March 2017 by the Cabinet
with a financial outlay of ₹3000 crores up to March
2020. Government is primarily focusing on MSME
sector through this scheme to increase employment
in the north eastern states. The policy provides for
Central Comprehensive Insurance Incentive (CCII)
which entails 100% reimbursement of insurance
premium on insurance of building, plant and
machinery for 5 years.

Indian Economy 2018-19: Signs of Backward
Moving Economy

Demonetization: GDP Growth Hampered
The demonetization of ₹500 and ₹1000 notes done
in November 2016 by the Prime Minister Shri
Narendra Modi had a variety of motives including
wiping out the black money from the country,
making people to pay taxes for the unaccounted cash
locked away, prevent terrorism and to promote
digital finance and a cashless economy. This step
caused lot of disruption in the Indian economic
growth. According to RBI reports 99% of the money
has been deposited back, which tells that most of the
black money was not stored in form of cash. RBI
reports suggest that demonetization may not have
affected black money hoarding but has increased tax
compliance. The Personal Income Tax Collection in
2016-17 rising to 21% and further 25% in 2017-18
according to CBDT. However, the impacts are being
faced by small bread earners, MSMEs that used to
deal mainly in cash and were not prepared for such a
situation.

Unemployment: Still a Problem
The Centre for Monitoring Indian Economy (CMIE),
estimated that nearly 1.5 million people lost jobs
between January and April 2017. The State of
Working India (SWI) 2018 report said,
“Unemployment levels have been steadily rising,
and after several years of staying around 2-3%, the
headline rate of unemployment reached 5% in 2015,
with youth unemployment being a very high 16%.
This rate of unemployment is the highest seen in
India in at least the last 20 years.” According to a
survey conducted by CMIE, there are about 31
million unemployed youth in the country as of
February 2018.

Declining Profits: Slowing Indian Economic
Growth
The quarterly profits of companies are below
expectations and have seen a decline as compared to
the past years. Apart from Fast Moving Consumer
Goods or FMCG products, the other sectors such as
steel, pharmaceuticals etc have seen a grave decline
in their profits which does not bode well for the
economic condition of our country. TCS recorded a
3.6% decline in quarterly profit, Wipro saw a 6.6%
decline and HPCL 10.4%. These are just few of
many in the same boat.

Stock Market Falls: Result of Declining Rupee
Value
On 4th October 2018 the Stock Market’s BSE
benchmark Sensex saw a historical fall of 806.47
points accounting to 2.24% to settle at 35169.16
whereas its NSE counterpart Nifty shed 259 points
(2.39%) settling at 10599.25. 41 stocks on the Nifty
were in red including Reliance Industries, Tech
Mahindra, Eicher Motors, TCS and GAIL. The
reasons for this are being attributed to fall of rupee
to 73.77 against USD, increase in oil prices to up to
$86 per barrel and rising bond yields.

Cash Liquidity Crunch: Holding Growth of
Indian Economy
After demonetization, the cash flow has decreased
multi fold in the Indian economy and this has led to
lower cash liquidity in the market which in turn has
caused organisations and individuals alike to face
financial problems. The cash deficit hit a peak of 1.4
lakh crore in October 2018. Suyash Chaudhary, the
head of fixed income at IDFC Mutual Fund said,
“Core System Liquidity is rapidly dwindling and
may touch about 2.5 lakh crore by March.” Liquidity
deficits lead to spike in short term borrowing rates
and forecasts higher future inflation.

GDP Growth: Yet to Go Up
The annual GDP growth rate of India has been
falling for the past 2 years from 8.2% in 2015 to
7.1% in 2016 and further reducing to 6.6% in 2017.
While the annual GDP seems to be on a rise, to 2.6
lakh crore USD in 2017 from 2.27 lakh crore USD
in 2016, the growth rate seems to be declining.
However, the first quarter of 2018-19 saw a growth
rate of 8.2%, the rate fell to 7.1% in the third
quarter, much lower than the expected growth rate.

NPA Shoots Up in Banking System
NPA or bad assets are the loans given by banks to
companies that remain unpaid. According to RBI,
the gross NPA in Indian Public Sector banks are
valued at ₹400,000 crore comprising 90% of the
total NPA in India. NPA under NDA have risen by
6.2 lakh crore between March 2015 and March 2018
according to a Parliamentary Committee. ₹8040
crore given to Vijay Mallya and ₹13000 crore bank
fraud by Nirav Modi are both severe NPAs that the
country in still facing the effects of.

IT Sector Job Scare
India’s IT sector saw a job offer decline of 17%. The
IT sector saw major employee lay-offs and a decline
of 2.7% in the number of new jobs created. This
further added to the already burgeoning
unemployment statistics in the country. Although the
IT sector is rising up again, jobs are not. Top
recruiters like TCS, Tech Mahindra, Wipro saw a
fall in shares at the NSE Sensex in October 2018.
Cognizant Technology Solutions (CTS) let go of 200
senior employees by August 2018. Even Telecom
companies faced major cuts. In a report in The
Economic Times, popular mobile phone brand Lava
confirmed it had let go 4000 employees of a total
11000 workforce.

Future of Indian Economy: The Road Ahead
Higher farm sector productions, higher contribution
to GDP by Manufacturing sector, making India stand
up with the concepts of Start up India and Stand up
India, In troduction of water transport, creating
better road and rail network, higher FDIs are
expected to make Indian Economy grow faster in
future. The employment generation in India is also
expected to go up as there are lakhs of jobs are going
to be offered in next two years to skilled and
unskilled work force in different sectors in India.

Globalization: An Opportunity or a Threat?
What is Globalization?
According to International Monetary Fund,
Globalization refers to the increasing integration of
economies around the world, particularly through
trade and financial flows. The term sometimes also
refers to the movement of people (labor) and
knowledge (technology) across international
borders. In addition, there are also broader cultural,
political and environmental dimensions of
globalization.
The four basic aspects of globalization identified by

the International Monetary Fund are
 Trade and transactions,
 Capital and investment movements,
 Migration and movement of people and the
 Dissemination of knowledge
Further, environmental challenges such as climate
change, global warming, cross-boundary water, air
pollution, and over-fishing of the ocean are also
linked with globalization.

Driving Factors
 The creation of the World Trade Organization,
World Bank and other major trade organizations
their rules and regulations in part, facilitated broad
'global' changes, lowering trade barriers and
deregulation of economies.
 In the aftermath of financial instability, the
Government of many developing and poor countries
liberalized economies internationally to boost
development and attract investment.
 It is considered that open economies are all
better off from trading, as they make use of their
resources in most optimal way and offers variety of
products at competitive prices.
 After I970s, Business Corporations and banks
based in the most highly industrialized countries
were driven by their intrinsic and incessant pursuit
of wier markets, further and more profitable
investment fields and access to essential resources
elsewhere in the world. All these aims of these
Organizations, supported by their governments in
'the national interest' pushed for Globalization.
 Industrial and Financial corporations sought
internationalization of their respective products, and
investment operations to evade economic, social and
political 'impediments' at home as well as to take
advantage of more favorable opportunities abroad.
 The main forces that have driven global
integration are technological innovations, broader
political changes and economic policies.
Globalization as an Opportunity
 Greater Opportunity: Global markets offer
greater opportunity for people to tap into more and
larger markets around the world. It means that they
can have access to more capital flows, technology,
cheaper imports, and larger export markets.
 Cross-cultural Integration: Liberalized nations
offer multiple avenues for higher education, tourism
and jobs to the immigrants of different countries
resulting in cross culture Integration.
 Prosperity: Globalization has helped lift
hundreds of millions to escape poverty over the past
decades. Populous countries like China and India
have enjoyed phenomenal growth, improved
standards of living, life expectancy, literacy and
employment rates.
 Outward-oriented policies brought dynamism
and greater prosperity to much of East Asia,
transforming it from one of the poorest areas of the
world 40 years ago.
 According to International Monetary Fund,
20th century saw unparalleled economic growth, with
global per capita GDP increasing almost five-fold.
 Competition: One of the most visible positive
effects of globalization is the improved quality of
products at competitive price. As the domestic
companies have to fight out foreign competition,
they are compelled to raise their standards and
customer satisfaction levels in order to survive in the
market.
 Foreign investment: Multinational corporations
are a result of globalization. They occupy a central
role within the process of globalization as evidenced
through global foreign direct investment inflows.
 Technological Innovation. Increased
competition from globalization helps stimulate new
technology development, particularly with the
growth in FDI, which helps improve economic
output by making processes more efficient.
 Global Challenges: Globalization helped
attenuate the major environmental challenges we are
experiencing today. Some national and international
agreements such as UN Framework Convention on
Climate Change, The Kyoto Protocol etc. aim to
attenuate the negative effects of globalization on the
environment.
Threats that globalization offers:

 Unemployment: Due to globalization
immigration of labor from developing countries to
developed countries has become much prominent
and easier. This has resulted in unemployment for
the native citizens.
 The historic withdrawal of United Kingdom
from the integrated market of European Union
fearing job loss due to immigration and
protectionism towards national sovereignty is a case
in point.
 Inequality: The story of the 20th century was of
remarkable average income growth, but it is also
worth noting that the progress was not evenly
dispersed. The gaps between rich and poor countries,
and rich and poor people within countries, have
grown.
 According to the World Inequality Report by
the World Inequality Lab, because of high and rising
inequality within countries, the top 1% richest
individuals in the world captured twice as much
growth as the bottom 50% individuals since 1980.
 Trade wars: The US is running large trade
deficits with the EU as well as China. In addition to
significant trade deficits in goods with Mexico,
Japan, and Canada, Mr. Trump believes the trade
deficit of US is proof that all its trading partners are
unfair to America. As a protectionist measure,
Donald Trump, pushed through a metal tariff plan
that puts 25% tariff on imports of steel and 10%
tariff on import of aluminium.
 The international atmosphere is full of threats of
retaliation and it appears likely that major trading
partners with the US like the EU and China will hit
back by setting their own import barriers against
US.
 Tax heavens: With different taxation norms in
different countries citizens park their illicit or
unaccounted money in tax heavens and avoid
taxation from their home countries. The revelations
made by Panama offshore leaks and Swiss bank case
are case in point.
GD topic: Retirement Homes
A Retirement home: Place the key facts first
A retirement home is a privately owned facility
designed to accommodate individuals in their senior
years.These housing projects are not similar to run-
down old-age homes, where the elderly and
abandoned live in a deplorable state. These
retirement homes are vibrant spaces that take care of
food, housekeeping, health care and security,
allowing senior citizens to enjoy their old age.

Retirement Homes are good: Advantages
 Due to the changing demographics, migration of
children for work to metropolitan cities or to other
countries becomes inevitable. Under such
circumstances retirement homes become effective
solutions to a carefree life for elderly.
 Isolation can be detrimental for a person's health
and can push him/her into depression. Living in a
residential complex, where neighbors are in constant
touch, can be enriching. The residents in a retirement
complex may not exactly be family, but they provide
the much-needed company that seniors look for.
 Safety and security is also important concern,
especially because of the rising crime against senior
citizens in cities. Many retirement homes provide
24-hour security and some even have the CCTV
facility.
 One of the main advantages of a retirement
community is that residents do not have to worry
about maintenance, cleaning and other related work.
These types of services are typically included in the
cost of living in a retirement community.
 Retirement home provides a chance to elderly to
remain as independent as possible.
Retirement homes may not be so good:
Disadvantages
 Retirement communities are not found in every
neighborhood. Their presence is limited to specific
areas which may be far away from the places of
relatives or friends.
 Moving out of own home to an independent
living facility can be emotionally stressful. At such
an age people usually get attached to the places
where they have lived for years, moving out to a
completely new locality becomes difficult.
 Old age parents always see for love and care
from their children. Though retirement homes
provide basic amenities required for old people yet
they may feel lonely and dejected there.
 Retirement homes are not for everyone. Their
affordability is a huge factor to consider. The cost of
the services will rise every year and since old people
have only their savings with them to invest so many
of them cannot afford retirement homes.
 A lot of developers rebrand their project,
claiming these are for senior citizens just because the
land is situated in a far-off location and is not
selling. So such type of projects lacks the facilities
that seniors need.
With the life expectancy increasing in India, the

country's overall population is growing at 1.8%
annually, but the number of senior citizens is
growing at a much faster rate at 3.8% every year.
Sensing the opportunity, several large corporate
groups, such as the Tatas, LIC Housing Finance and
the Max Group have forayed into the development
of these complexes. These apartments are built for
mass catering. Many prefer these Retirement homes
for a peaceful and independent life but many old
aged people look for individual care and attention.

Accordingly, the Indian society is not like the
western social structure where old aged people live a
retired life enjoying on their own with all the social
security available still there are many retired people
in India who prefer retirement home living. So
despite all the amenities available, Retirement Home
living is more a matter of choice than a compulsion.

Agriculture Role in India and Subsidies:
Problems & Challenges
Agriculture in India: 50% Population Generating
17% GDP
Agriculture contributes to 6.4% of the total world’s
economic production. China is the largest
contributor followed by India accounting for 19.49%
and 7.39% of the total agricultural output
respectively. India is the first and foremost an
agriculture-based economy with 47% of its working
population employed in the agriculture sector while
China employs only 29.5% of its population in
agriculture. With about half its population employed
in agricultural activities, this should be a prominent
source of India’s GDP if not the main source. In
India, agriculture constitutes 17.32% of GDP as per
2018 data and this value has remained somewhat
constant since 2011.

Problems & Issues of Agriculture in India
1. Farming Debt -
With the advancement of technology, capital is
becoming a key factor in the development of
agriculture. According to the NABARD, All India
Financial Inclusion Survey (NAFIS) conducted by
National Bank for Agricultural and Rural
Development (NABARD) in 2016-17, 43.5%
agricultural households reported to have borrowed
any money from some source or the other. 60.4% of
them reportedly borrowed from institutional sources
exclusively. Further, 30.3% borrowed from only
informal sources and 9.2% of agricultural
households borrowed from both sources. The rural
population is widely dependent on local money
lenders for loans who charge very high interest rates.
According to 2015 National Crime Records
Bureau data, as many as 8,007 Indian farmers
committed suicide in 2015, an increase of 41.7%
from 5,650 in 2014, 39% of farmers who died in this
manner were in debt. In 2014, 20.6% of farmers who
killed themselves had borrowed money.
2. Agriculture Land Holdings -
ccording to NAFIS, the average size of agricultural
land holding of a household is 1.1 hectare in 2015-
2016.
Even the state wise average land holding was quite
uneven. While Nagaland (2.1 ha), Rajasthan (1.9 ha)
and Haryana (1.7 ha) reported higher land sizes per
household, it was around 0.5 Ha in Bihar, West
Bengal, Tripura, Sikkim and Jammu & Kashmir.
This fragmentation of land is blamed mostly on
inheritance laws where in the land sizes grow
smaller with each passing generation and the smaller
size of land leads to less productivity.
3. Equipment -
 Seeds: The yield is mainly dependent on quality
of the seed. High Yielding Variety Programme
(HYVP) was launched in 1966-67 to increase the
seed production in India. Although the seed
production has increased, these seeds are not
available to a large number of farmers due to their
high prices.
 Chemicals: The agricultural prosperity of a
country is measured in terms of amount of fertiliser
used. India’s low yields are owed to the continuous
production without adequate soil nourishment which
is done using manure and fertilisers. Chemical
fertilisers being costly, cow dung is the most
effective natural manure but it is mainly used as
kitchen fuel in form of dung cakes. India has a
potential of 650 million tonnes of rural and 160 lakh
tonnes of urban compost which is not fully utilized
at present. The utilization of this potential will solve
the twin problem of disposal of waste and providing
manure to the soil.
 Mechanical Equipment: Despite large scale
mechanisation in some parts of the country, majority
of farmers (small and marginal) still use
conventional hand tools for most of their farming
operations. NAFIS showed that only 5.2% of
agricultural households in the country owned a
tractor and 1.8% owned a power tiller. This results
in wastage of human labour and lower yields per
capita labour force.
 Irrigation: Despite being the second largest
irrigated country in the world after China, only one-
third of cultivated land in India is irrigated. India,
where rainfall is uncertain, irrigation is a major
factor that needs to be looked upon to increase
yields. Access to drip irrigation and sprinkler was
limited to 1.6% and 0.8% families respectively
according to NAFIS. Punjab, Haryana and western
Uttar Pradesh where more than half the lands are
under irrigation have seen tremendous increase in
production.
4. Lack of Marketing and Storage -
After harvest, farmers usually sell off their produce
at throw-away prices due to lack of storage facility
and the ever-increasing burden of debt. This produce
is often sold to local traders and money lenders at
very low price. The Rural Credit Survey Report
remarked that producers in general sell their produce
at an unfavourable place and at an unfavourable time
and usually get unfavourable terms. Many market
surveys have revealed that middlemen take away
about 48% of the price of rice, 52% of the price of
groundnuts and 60% of the price of potatoes offered
by consumers. Apart from this about 6.6% of the
total produce is lost due to inadequate storage
facilities.
5. Low Farm Productivity –
Although India’s total land area is slightly more than
one-third of China’s, its arable land is marginally
bigger than China, being second only to that of
USA. Despite this, India contributes to only 7.39%
of the global agricultural output while China
contributes 19.49%. The productivity of Indian
agriculture is quite low as compared to that of China
which can be attributed to the high land-man ratio,
lack of mechanisation, lower capital and many other
reasons. According to World Bank Economic
Indicators Indices, Indian agricultural productivity is
1202.45 USD against an arable land of 52.6% while
China’s is 1529.17 USD against 12.7% arable land
in 2016.
Steps Take to Increase Farmers’ Income

1. Innovative Schemes -
 Rythu Bandhu Scheme 2018: Also known as
the Farmers’ Investment Support Scheme, it is a
welfare program started by the Government of
Telangana in May 2018. It is the first direct farmer
investment support initiative in India, where cash is
paid directly to the farmers. Rs 4000 per acre is to be
provided to each farmer twice a year. 58.33 lakh
farmers are recipients of this fund. Some affluent
farmers have been encouraged to forego the support
under Give it up option and the money saved goes to
the Rythu Samanvaya Samithi (RSS) corpus.
 AGRI UDAAN 2017: Indian Council of
Agricultural Research (ICAR) and the National
Academy of Agricultural Research Management
(NAARM)’s technology business incubator a-IDEA
launched Agri-Udaan, a food and agribusiness
accelerator 2.0 in August 2017 along with IIM
Ahmedabad’s Centre for Innovation, Incubation and
Entrepreneurship (CIIE). This initiative promotes
agricultural innovation and start ups and helps them
gain mentorship and potential investment.
 SAMPADA 2017: To obtain the goal of
doubling farmers’ income by 2022, the Government
of India approved Pradhan Mantri Kisan
SAMPADA Yojana (Scheme for Agro-Marine
Processing and Development of Agro-Processing
Clusters) with an allocation of Rs 6000 crore during
2016-20. SAMPADA will be implemented by the
Ministry of Food Processing Industries (MoFPI).
The scheme aims at creating modern infrastructure
and an effective supply chain management from
farm to retail to help farmers get better returns on
their produce.
2. Farm Loan Waiver -
Following in the footsteps of Andhra Pradesh and
Telangana who waived off 24000 crore and 17000
crore respectively in 2014 and Tamil Nadu waiving
off 6095 crore in 2016, in 2017-18, Maharashtra has
waived 34000 crore, Uttar Pradesh 36000 crore,
Punjab 10000 crore and Karnataka 8000 crore of
farm loans. Most recently, the newly elected
governments in Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan and
Chhattisgarh also started the process in December
2018. In an interview with The Economic Times on
6th January 2018, the newly elected president of
FICCI, Sandip Somany said referring to the farm
loan waivers, “It only gives immediate relief... I am
not against it, but it does not guarantee that the
farmer will not get into that mess again.”
3. Increased Storage and Better Marketing -
Agriculture storage capacity in India increased at 4%
CAGR between 2014-17 to reach 131.8 million
metric tonnes. The Government also launched an
umbrella scheme Pradhan Mantri Annadata Aay
SanrasHan Abhiyan (PM-AASHA) in September
2017 to help farmers get adequate prices for their
produce. The scheme has three parts Price Support
Scheme (PSS), Price Deficiency Payment Scheme
(PDPS) and Private Procurement and Stockist
Scheme (PPSS). While PSS sees that the
expenditure and losses due to procurement of pulses,
oilseeds and copra will be borne by the centre, PDPS
proposes to cover all oilseeds and pay farmers
directly in their bank accounts the difference
between MSP and actual selling price. In the case of
oilseeds, States will have the option to roll out
PPSSs in select districts where a private player can
procure crops at MSP when market prices drop
below MSP.
4. Agriculture Export Policy 2018-
The Union Cabinet approved an export policy for
agriculture in December 2018 and lifted all
restrictions on organic and processed food. This is
an initiative to help the government achieve its goal
of doubling farmers’ income by 2022. The policy
seeks to increase agriculture exports to $60 billion
from $30 billion in 2017. The government will also
invest 1400 crore to set up specialised clusters in
different states for a variety of produce to push
exports.
Agriculture Subsidy: Keeping Farmers
Dependant
The biggest dilemma with the subsidies offered to
farm sector is that they do not reach 100% to the
farmers. While the intention of the Government
offering subsidy on seeds, fertilizers, irrigation is not
questioned, its implementation remains faulty and
the middlemen involved in it usurp a major part of
the subsidy amount. Besides, the agriculture subsidy
makes the farmer dependant till the subsidy is
received from the relevant agency. This is the reason
that Government of India has decided to evolve a
mechanism to transfer cash directly in farmers’
account instead of payin g subsidy of giving loan
waiver. This will help the farmer to reduce the
financial burden and buy the required inputs for the
crop as per his choice.
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Women Empowerment & Gender Justice
Women Empowerment & Gender Justice:

Addressing the Equality Challenges
Women Empowerment has become a highly debated
social issue not only in India but also around the
Globe. Is the woman’s voice heard or it continues to
be neglected despite all the civilization
advancement?

Hearing the independent women’s voice and helping
the women to ensure that their voices are heard has
given rise to #MeToo Campaign, NGOs coming
forward to safeguard against the women’s emotion
abuse. Government of India has also enacted various
rules and regulations within the constitutional
framework to improve female representation in
different professions. As such not only IIMs but also
many other B-schools, other professional
institutions, as well as job opportunities in almost all
types of male dominated professions including
Indian Air Force, Navy and Army have started
awarding higher weightage to female candidates for
gender diversity.
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Women Empowerment has become a hot Group

Discussion topic for MBA admission.
MBAUniverse.com presents an indepth analysis of
this MBA GD Topic that analyses the current state
of gender equality, problems and solutions.

Gender Equality: Time has Changed Now
Gender equality is something that we have strived
for, for a long time. Be it in terms of gender roles,
right to education. The times have changed
tremendously, but much more needs to be done.
Gender inequality acknowledges the fact that being
of a different gender leads to difference in lived
experiences. Key milestones in improving Gender
Equality are:

Education: Literacy Rate Goes up
While at one time, girls were just supposed to do
household work and not go to school, the times have
changed tremendously and now women and men
work hand in hand in all kinds of jobs and have an
equal right to a proper education. The world literacy
rate of adult females (ages 15 and above) has gone
up from 77.7% in 2005 to 82.6% in 2016 according
to World Bank Data. In India too, the female literacy
rate has seen a drastic increase from 50.82% in 2006
to 62.98% in 2015. Though the Indian statistics are
much lower than the world’s, the direction seems to
be right.

Social Reforms Empowering Women
While India has long illegalised derogatory practices
like Sati, child marriage and female foeticide, the
recent reforms taken to further uplift the status of
females in society are applause-worthy. On 22
August 2017, the Indian Supreme Court passed a
judgement which made the practice of instant Triple
Talaq (Talaq-e-Biddat) unconstitutional. This
judgement was further followed by the the Muslim
Women (Protection of Rights on Marriage) Bill
passed by Lok Sabha on 28 December 2017.

Also, the ancient Sabarimala Temple in Kerala that
had barred women aged 10-50 from entering. On 28
September 2018, the Supreme Court allowed women
of all ages to enter the temple and follow their
devotion and religion calling the practice of
exclusion based on menstruation to be a form of
‘untouchability’ which was in violation of the
Constitution.

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Middle Eastern Country Reforms: More
Freedom to Women
The Middle Eastern Countries which are widely
known for their oppressive laws for females and the
parda system which bars women from showing their
faces, have also come a long way. Though the
progress in uneven in different countries, it is
progress. On 24 June 2018, Saudi Arabia lifted its
ban and allowed women to drive. Though women
are now getting political recognition, there is still
much to be done in relation to laws for crimes
against women.

Female Representation in Different Professions
As opposed to earlier times when women
participation in professions was limited to a few
fields like medicine and teaching, today, women are
a part of almost all industries. Though not the
optimal number of females are seen on the panels
but they are being given a chance nonetheless. In
October 2018, Gita Gopinath was appointed as the
first woman IMF Chief Economist. Apart from this,
women can now be seen at top positions in several
fields like Mary Barra (CEO of General Motors),
Janet Yellen (Chair of Federal Reserve of US), Indra
Nooyi (CEO of PepsiCo), Hillary Clinton
(Presidential Candidate of US) and many more.

Problems in Gender Bias: Still Need Addressing
Though women have come a long way, they still
face discrimination in the society, there are still
people who do not like a woman having voice, there
are still heinous crimes against them.

Violence Against Women
The news is lined up with events of rape,
molestation, harassment, acid attacks, trafficking and
many more heinous crimes all over the world.
According to UN Crime Trend Statistics 2013 the
rape incidences (number of rapes per 1,00,000
population) is highest in UK followed by USA and
Brazil. However, the number of reported rape cases
are highest in USA followed by Brazil and India.
This fares so say that the situation is somewhat the
same regarding women in developing as well as
developed countries. Though countries where
women do not face direct violence at such staggering
levels, they are generally oppressed and restricted by
law to behave in a certain manner.

Women’s Emotional Abuse
Constant eve teasing, stalking incidents and the
general comment about how a woman shouldn’t do
something following a common notion of what the
roles are acceptable for women in society constitute
emotional abuse. The continuous harassment, be it in
form of nasty comments, objectification or
oppression are all a cause due to which women are
not able to achieve their potential in society. There is
constant scrutiny on how they should dress, walk,
talk and behave. Middle Eastern countries recognise
only male guardianship, have laws on a dress code
for women. Even polygyny is common in some
nations however, the same rights are not given to
women.

Wage Disparity at Work Place
Though women are now seen as a part of professions
and seen working in all kinds of professions, they do
face differences in pay compared to their male
counterparts who do the same work and put in the
same hours. According to the World Economic
Forum’s analysis of 144 countries, the global gender
pay gap is 23% with even the most gender-neutral
country, Iceland has a pay gap of 15-20%. In
January 2018, Adobe Inc. announced absolute pay
parity in India, this is just a baby step in the global
battle against achieving pay parity on basis of
gender.

Female Genital Mutilation (FGM)-
If the crimes from the external world weren’t
enough, some cultures require women to undergo
mutilation of external genitalia for non-medical
reasons. This is common in some cultures of Africa,
Asia and Middle East. The practice involves partial
or total removal of external genitalia in females. The
simple reason for FGM being done is that it is part
of the culture and is believed to help the female in
some way, however all it causes is immense pain
due to no anaesthetics being used by the
practitioners who carry out the deed without any
professional training. Long term problems may
include problem in child birth, pain and mental
health issues.

Empowering Women: Need is More
Women empowerment is a sensitive issue which has
opinionated views from everyone. it has a lot of
support globally, but also quite many hindrances.
The past year has seen quite a lot of commotion on
this front with women coming out and demanding
their rights and seeking justice for the wrong done to
them.

Metoo
This is movement against all kinds of sexual
harassment and assault. The term was originally
coined in 2006 by Tarana Burke, American social
activist but the term gained global popularity in 2017
after sexual abuse allegations against Harvey
Weinstein. The movement initially started off in the
US and a second wave of ignition was seen in India
in October 2018. The movement mainly aims at
bringing out the seriousness and globality of sexual
abuse across the world and in all strata of the
society. This movement has helped women come
forward and share their stories.

HeForShe
This is a campaign started by the UN in 2014, with
the goal of raising individuals to stand up and take
action against negative stereotypes and behaviours in
any form. The campaign has reached out to men to
stand up for their female counterparts as the motto of
the campaign is “Gender equality is not just a
women’s issue; it’s a human rights issue that
benefits everyone.”

Time’s Up
This is movement against sexual harassment
founded on January 1, 2018 by Hollywood
celebrities in response to #MeToo Movement. This
is an action-based approach to achieve safety for
women and equality in workplace. The movement
has raised around $22 million for legal defence
funds and 800 volunteer lawyers. The movement not
only promotes gender equality but all forms of
equality at the workplace. To show their support for
actors of colour, many celebrities arrived with
activists of colour at the Golden Globes Awards in
January 2018.

Feminism
The term feminism has been around for a long time,
however is commonly taken synonymous to man-
hating whereas feminism actually asks women to be
treated equal to men in all respects. On describing
feminism, Priyanka Chopra said, "Feminism is
women standing up for themselves and saying 'Give
me the freedom to make my own choices without
judging me.' It is not superiority. It is not hating or
berating men. It is just saying, 'Let me make my
decisions without shaming me or trolling me. Give
me those opportunities that men have enjoyed for
such a long time."

What the world needs is everyone, irrespective of
their gender, to stand for gender equality. The
former First Lady of US said, “Let's be very clear:
Strong men - men who are truly role models - don't
need to put down women to make themselves feel
powerful. People who are truly strong lift others up.
People who are truly powerful bring others
together.” That is exactly how equality should be
viewed and unless we all stand together it might
never be achieved.
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Social Media: A boon or a bane for society and

individuals
Social Media has not only reshaped communication
industry but has also redefined the ways in which we
communicate and express. Social media websites
such as Facebook, Instagram, LinkedIn etc.
constantly engage people in some or the other
activity and amass people to get on the bandwagon
of trending activities. We have embraced it so
tenaciously that social media is now an integral part
of our lives. It is sweeping across geographies,
industries and almost every sphere. Not only
individuals but also businesses, governments are
utilizing social media platforms for constant
engagement with the masses. Though social media
offers a global platform to share and express but its
constant engagement is affecting individual
productivity, relationships and society as a whole.

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Key Facts and Figures:
 In 2019, it is estimated that there will be around
2.77 billion social network users around the globe.
 According to a report by we are social, a leading
marketing and communications services to
organizations in the United Kingdom, the number of
people using the top social media platform in each
country has increased by almost 1 million new users
every day during the past 12 months.
 The global number of people using social media
has grown by 13 percent in the past 12 months, with
Central and Southern Asia recording the fastest
gains.
 Facebook is the most preferred social media
platform. With more than 2000 million Facebook
user world over, if a country is constituted with
them, it would be the world’s third largest, behind
China and India.
 The other popular social media platforms are
You Tube, Instagram, Twitter, Reddit, Whatsapp
etc.
 According to the 2017 official report published
by Facebook, on average there were 1.40 billion
Daily active users of Facebook for December 2017,
an increase of 14% year-over-year.
 According to the same source, on average there
were 2.13 billion Monthly active users of Facebook
as of 31 December 2017, an increase of 14% year-
over-year.
 According to forecasts from media analyst firm
BIA/Kelsey, U.S. social media advertisement
revenues are expected to grow to USD 24.2 billion
in 2021.
 A researcher linked to Cambridge Analytica
(CA), a political consulting firm had accessed details
of 50 million Facebook users. The data was shared
with Cambridge Analytica, which used online data
to reach voters on social media with personalized
messages and swayed 2016 US elections
Group Discussion Topics & Tips: Learn the Facts
 Group Discussion (GD) is widely used for Admissions to
top MBA colleges, Job interviews, and other selection proces
 GD Tips: Learn how to start a group discussion,
take the lead, make positive impact, and score high.
 Top 100 GD Topics: GD topics can be based
on Current Affairs, Business & Economy, Social
Issues, or Abstract.
 Prepare GD with MBAUniverse.com. Read 100+ GD
Topics with Answers, Solutions. New topics added every we
A positive force
 Social media provides a global platform to
express one’s views and ideas without any
reservations or biasness.
 It allows instant communication with friends and
family and automatically provides up to date
information also known as “statuses” while allowing
us to find new individuals to meet.
 Social Media is a cost-effective marketing and
branding tool. It has created a paradigm shift in the
way brands advertise and market products.
 Social media has created new avenues for
learning and job creation which never existed before
the advent of social media.
 Governments of many countries are leveraging
social media to engage with the citizens and to
garner their support, suggestions and views on
policies for effective governance. Utilization of
social media for general election by Prime Minister
Narendra Modi played an imperative role in his
success.

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A distraction and hinderance
 While many users feel their personal data is safe
on social networking sites because they have set
high levels of security settings research suggests this
is not the case. A case in point is the recent case
where a researcher linked to Cambridge Analytica
(CA), a political consulting firm had accessed details
of 50 million Facebook users. The data was shared
with Cambridge Analytica, which used online data
to reach voters on social media with personalized
messages and swayed 2016 US elections.
 Social media sites can make it more difficult for
us to distinguish between the meaningful
relationships we foster in the real world, and the
numerous casual relationships formed through social
media.
 While on the surface it appears social
networking brings people together across the
Internet, in a larger sense it may create social
isolation.
 While many businesses use social networking
sites to find and communicate with clients, the sites
also prove a great distraction to employees who may
show more interest in what their friends are posting
than in their work tasks.
 Cyber bullying is another growing trend among
social media websites.
 Addiction to social media results in a number of
negative health impacts such as strain, eye problems,
fatigue, distraction etc.
 Even terrorist organizations like al Qaeda and
ISIS use social media to spread their propaganda and
also polarize people.
 With proliferation of social media the average
attention span of humans has reduced to 8 seconds
and the situation is graver for millennial.
Tips to improve participation in GD round
The above discussed topic is one of the most talked
about issue; therefore it has been carefully chosen
and solved with the sole aim to help you succeed in
GD round. If you follow the few key tips, you can
improve your chances to get through the GD round.
 Initiate the group discussion only if you are well
versed with the GD topic.
 If you are not well versed with the topic and feel
a bit low on content, try to gather information from
first 1-2 speakers and then place your view point.
 Quote facts and figures, if you are sure of the
source else leave it. You may encounter volley of
questions on the economic statistics, trade data or
historical facts from your fellow participants. Unless
very sure, don’t use it.
 Make multiple entries using the opportunity to
speak. Take clue from your predecessor and turn it
to your benefit.
 Speak in a firm and audible voice but never
shout as it may result in a negative impression of
yours.
 Since GD is a sort of debate, you should have a
clear view point on the topic – either for or against.
Do not switch viewpoints frequently. However if
you have points for both for and against the topic
substantiate your viewpoint with well qualified data,
examples or exceptions.
 Even if you agree or disagree to the view point
of other participant, add value by giving reasons for
it when you speak but don’t simply say I agree or
disagree.
Read Latest GD Topics:
 Demonetisation: Success & failures
 Social Media: A boon or a bane for society and
individuals
 Cashless Economy: Is Society ready for
transformation?
 GST: Will economy grow faster with reduced
rates of Goods & Services Tax?
 Walmart and Flipkart Deal: Impact on Indian
Economy
 Impact of Technology on Jobs: Will Automation
& Artificial Intelligence reduce or increase Jobs?
 Linking of Aadhaar: Is making Aaadhar
mandatory a good idea?
 Crypto Currency: A bright future or just a fad?
 Make in India: The idea will make India a
manufacturing hub
 Beti Bachao Beti Padhao: Will it abolish the
orthodox mindset?
Read More GD Topic

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Impact of Technology on Jobs: Will Automation

Buzzwords such as Industry 4.0, Artificial

Intelligence, Automation, Machine Learning etc. are
buzzing around industries and across geographies for
some time. While these technological advancements
promise a surreal future, prediction of loss of jobs
due to human replacement is also expected.
Proponents of technological advancements argue
that while technology will replace semi and
unskilled jobs but in turn it will herald a new era of
innovative jobs. Being a Business Management
aspirant, the talk of future and futuristic jobs
becomes an important subject. Hence, this is a
burning topic which is likely to be a part of group
discussions of B-Schools.

NMIMS Univesity
Mumbai, MBA/PGDM
22
Noida, PGDM- 2020-22 2020-22
Technology intervention is inevitable in any sphere.
It does raise the bar of productivity, efficiency and
safety to a level which is not achievable by humans.
Adoption of technology, global reach and faster
communication has overhauled manufacturing,
servicing, product delivery and also employment
associated with these sectors. But, this is not the first
time the world has experienced significant shifts in
employment due to new technology.History states
that technology has been a creator of jobs and has
augmented new avenues. The course this time will
be same or not is a debatable issue. The prominent
technologies that are likely to bring disruption are:

Artificial Intelligence: Artificial intelligence (AI) or
Machine Intelligence (MI) is an area of computer
science that emphasizes the creation of intelligent
machines that work and reacts like humans.
Artificial intelligence includes programming
computers/Robots for certain traits such as:
Knowledge, Reasoning, Problem solving,
Perception, Learning, Planning, Ability to
manipulate and move objects etc.
Autonomous and near-autonomous
vehicles: Vehicles that can navigate and operate
with reduced or no human intervention. These
vehiclesare becoming a concrete reality and may
pave the way for future systems where computers
take over the art of driving.

3D printing: 3D printing or additive manufacturing
is a process of making three dimensional solid
objects from a digital file.

Industrial Automation:Industrialautomationcan be
defined as the use ofset technologies and automatic
control devices that results the automatic operation
and control of industrial processes without
significant human intervention and achieving
superior performance than manual control.

Next-generation genomics: Themassively parallel
sequencing technology known as next-generation
sequencing (NGS) has revolutionized the biological
sciences. With its ultra-high throughput, scalability,
and speed, NGS enables researchers to perform a
wide variety of applications and study biological
systems at a level never before possible.

Advanced materials: - Materials that are designed
to have superior characteristics such as strength,
weight, conductivity or functionality.

Arguments supporting that
technologicaladvancements will lead to Job loss
 Industries across the globe are adopting new
technologies for higher efficiency and performance,
lower manufacturing. Machines can reduce risk and
increase effectiveness. This could lead to elimination
of a vast number of semi or unskilled jobs, who
make a substantial portion of the workforce in
manufacturing and agriculture sector.
 Automation isn’t just for blue-collar workers
anymore. Computers are now taking over tasks
performed by professional workers, raising fears of
massive unemployment.
 Researchers at MIT foresee dismal prospects for
many types of jobs as these powerful new
technologies are increasingly adopted not only in
manufacturing, clerical, and retail work but in
professions such as law, financial services,
education, and medicine.
 “Jobs Lost, Jobs Gained: workforce transition in
a time of automation”; a research report by
Mckinsey Global Institute, provides states that: By
2030, 75 million to 375 million workers (3 to
14 percent of the global workforce) will need to
switch occupational categories. Moreover, all
workers will need to adapt, as their occupations
evolve alongside increasingly capable machines.
 The pace of modern technological change is so
rapid that many workers, unable to adjust, will
simply become obsolete.
 According to Joel Mokyr, a leading economic
historian at Northwestern University,“The current
disruptions are faster and more intensive.” Mokyr
says “It is nothing like what we have seen in the
past, and the issue is whether the system can adapt
as it did in the past.”
Arguments that Jobs will not be lost due
totechnological advancements
 According to research firm Gartner, more jobs
will be created than lost by automation. The firm
stated thatthough 1.8 million jobs will be eliminated
by 2020, but 2.3 million new jobs will be created by
then.
 It is widely suggested that that workers will have
greater employment opportunities if their occupation
undergoes some degree of computer automation. As
long as they can learn to use the new tools,
automation will be their friend. For example; when
ATMs automated the tasks of bank tellers and when
barcode scanners automated the work of cashiers:
Rather than contributing to unemployment, the
number of workers in these occupations grew.
 With advent of new technologies industry
experts see the need for skilled workers increasing in
the short run and persisting for at least another
decade.The experts call for training programs with a
new curriculum and certifications to standardize
emerging job classifications.
Enabling more people to harness the benefits from
technological advancements is in the best interest of
any business or country. Continuous investment in
technology without considering the impact on
existing workforce could result in a host of other
problems. For a smooth transition from current
skepticism towards new technology to skilled
workforce initiatives like improved retraining for
workers who have lost their jobs to automation, and
increased financial protections for those seeking new
careers, are the recommended steps.

NMIMS Univesity
Mumbai, MBA/PGDM
22
Noida, PGDM- 2020-22 2020-22
Tips to improve participation in GD round
The above discussed topic is one of the latest topics
that has appeared in GD rounds at various top B-
schools and as WAT topic also in slightly different
form. One needs to understand about the topic
before speaking because it is no more a
Globalization in its conventional form but is to be
taken up in current global scenario. The topic has
been carefully chosen and solved with the sole aim
to help you succeed in GD round. If you follow the
few key tips, you can improve your chances to get
through the GD round.
versed with the GD topic.
to your benefit.
 Speak in a firm and audible voice but never
shout as it may result in a negative impression of
yours.
Do not switch viewpoints frequently. However if
you have points for both for and against the topic
substantiate your viewpoint with well qualified data,
examples or exceptions.
disagree.
individuals
transformation?
Economy
manufacturing hub
orthodox mindset?
Read More GD Topic

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Me Too Campaign: Tool to Trap or Breaking

Silence to Win the War
Year 2017 that sparked off the #Me Too campaign

after the Harvey Weinstein scandal in the US has
motivated the women to throw allegations in India
especially the Bollywood and Media arena, after the
actor Tanushree Dutta accused her co-star Nana
Patekar of sex harassment during a film shoot that
happened 10 years ago. Editor turned politician MJ
Akbar in October 2018 also became the most high
profile person to exit his job when he stepped down
as the minister of state for external affairs after
multiple women had accused him of sexual
misconduct that is said to have taken place years
ago.
NMIMS Univesity
Mumbai, MBA/PGDM
22
Noida, PGDM- 2020-22 2020-22
#MeToo: A Tool to Trap Men?

The women alleging sexual harassment on Akbar
are now facing defamation suits. He is alleging a
conspiracy to harm his hard-eared "reputation."
Many men in the fields of art, media and films
have been called out by women who accused
them of sex harassment and inappropriate
behaviour. Are these allegations correct or are
made to hit headlines which later result in
defamation suits against these women? Cases
in courts filed by these women for the alleged
sexual harassment that is said to have
happened 10-15 years ago, have started piling
up. One of the interesting facts is that only
famous personalities are being made accused
in these cases.

Bollywood actors Alok Nath (Granted
Anticipatory Bail); Nana Patekar; former
executive vice chairman of The Energy and
Resources Institute R K Pachauri are among the
many renowned personalities who are facing
the brunt of MeToo campaign and trying to get
their reputation back. Many of the accused men
have filed defamation suits against these
women filing cases against them for sexual
harassment. Are these the accusations without
evidence which have become a viral fever or there is
substance to it, is difficult to determine now.

'Me Too' or #MeToo is a movement which was
initiated in 2006 by a social activist Tarana Burke
against the dire concern of the masses on the matter
of sexual abuse and harassment in America.

The movement started to gain recognition in October
2017 after Alyssa Milano, an American actress
posted a tweet asking the victims and survivors of
sexual assault to come out, accepting the bitter truth
of the society and letting others know that they are
not alone.

NMIMS Univesity
Mumbai, MBA/PGDM
22
Noida, PGDM- 2020-22 2020-22
Back Ground: Where it all Started
 In 2006, Tarana Burke founded the ‘Me Too
Movement’ to help survivors of sexual violence,
particularly non-white young women who were not
so well off to find ways to make them come out of
the aura that they had suffered
 The idea of “Empowerment through Empathy”
was behind the Me Too Movement. It was ultimately
created to ensure survivors know they're not alone in
their journey.
 In 2017, the trend re-gathered the fame after
#MeToo was tweeted by the actress Alyssa Milano.
Key Facts
 The "silence breakers" refer to any man or
woman who come forward to say that they had been
the victim of abuse.
 The phrase "Me too" was tweeted by Milano
around noon on October 2017, and had been used
more than 200,000 times by the end of the day, and
tweeted more than 500,000 times within 24 hours.
 On Facebook, the hashtag was used by more
than 4.7 million people in 12 million posts.
#Metoo Movement in India
Union Minister of State for External Affairs, MJ
Akbar resigns
Union Minister of State for External Affairs, MJ
Akbar resigned from his post on October 17, 2018
over sexual harassment charges levelled against him
by several women journalists. Akbar's resignation
came two days after he filed a criminal defamation
complaint in a Delhi’s Patiala House Court against
journalist Priya Ramani, who was the first to put
#MeToo allegations against Akbar. Following
Ramani's complaint, as many as 20 women came out
in support of Priya Ramani, accusing Akbar of
sexual harassment and inappropriate behaviour when
he worked as an Editor in 'The Asian Age'
newspaper. The journalists urged the court to hear
their testimonies against Akbar.

Government sets up committee
A week after former minister of state for external
affairs M.J Akbar resigned from his post, a
committee of a group of ministers was set up,
headed by Union home minister Rajnath Singh and
comprising Road Transport minister Nitin Gadkari,
Defence minister Nirmala Sitharaman and Women
and Child Development (WCD) minister Maneka
Gandhi. The group has now been given a timeline of
three months to address the issue. The GoM will
now be required, within the next three months, to
examine various provisions for the safety of women
and recommend further measures required to
strengthen and make them more effective. The WCD
ministry has also launched an electronic complaints
box that enables women to bring to light any
complaints of sexual harassment at workplace.

The movement arrived in the Bollywood in 2016 is
spreading through India. The movement has recently
gained momentum in India as more women have
begun sharing their experiences of sexual
harassment on social media.

The #MeToo movement started after former
Bollywood actress Tanushree Dutta alleged that
Nana Patekar sexually harassed her on a movie set in
2008. However, Patekar has rejected Dutta's
allegations and said he made the same denial 10
years ago. Since, Kangana Ranaut, actress Sandhya
Mridul, writer-director-producer Vinta Nanda, singer
Sona Mohapatra too have accused their male
colleagues for harresment.

Huge Celebrity Involvement:
There were thousands of tweets stating #MeToo
including famous celebrities from Hollywood such
as:
 Lady Gaga
 Monica Lewinsky
 Debra Messing
 Gabrielle Union
 Anna Paquin
 Patricia Arquette
 Rosario Dawson
 Rachel Wood
 America Ferrea
 Bjork
 Sheryl Crow
 Gillian Anderson
 Rosario Dawson
 Selma Blair
Positive Impact of the Movement
 This movement empowered the women to form
a community and help each other in talking about
the bitter truths of sexual abuse in the world and has
helped the victims better fit in the society
 It raised awareness among women about their
rights as an individual in the work place or outside
and helped men understand the consequences of the
same.
 This has helped bringing out the buried truth
about Harvey Weinstein and many other men like
him and brought them to justice in the eyes of the
world.
 It helps individual’s suffering regardless of the
sex, race or religion.
Criticism
 The movement holds an undefined purpose
which raises a few questions like 'whether the
movement is meant to inspire change in all men or
just a percentage of them', and 'what specific actions
are the end goal of the movement'.
 It could cause possible trauma to the victims as
it publicizes the assault and harassment of the
victims which in turn can re-trigger their trauma and
anxiety.
 This movement does not take into account the
sexual assault and harassment faced by the Sex
Workers who face this devil on a regular basis.
 The movement does not check the facts which
can lead to false rape accusations. According to a
study, the estimated number of false rape
accusations can go beyond 10% of the reported
cases.
Tips to improve participation in GD Round
The above discussed topic is one of the most talked
about issue and has been carefully chosen and solved
with the sole aim to help you succeed in GD round.
If you follow a few key tips, you can improve your
participation and scores on this GD topic and others:
versed with the facts and information on the GD
Topic.
first 1-2 speakers and then participate.
authenticity. You may encounter volley of counter
questions on the facts and statistics from your fellow
participants. Unless very sure, don’t use it.
speak. Note down important information from other
participants and turn it to your benefit.
Do not switch viewpoints. However, if you have
points for both for and against the topic, substantiate
your viewpoint with well qualified data, examples or
exceptions.
disagree.
 You can conclude above topic by summarizing
key facts on both point of views and conclude with
the majority opinion, while respecting the minority
viewpoint.
Also read:
 Start up India: Boosting Entrepreneurship
 FDI in retail: Good for India?
 Budget Cycle Change: Only a move of
convenience
 Merger of Public Sector Banks: How beneficial
is the merger of Banks?
manufacturing hub
 Bank Recapitalization: NPA reduction and not
bank recapitalization can cure the health of PSBs in
India
orthodox mindset?
..Read More GD Topics
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Banking Frauds: Result is Rising NPAs; Better to

Prevent now than to run after
Rising volume of Bank frauds is swallowing all the
economic development and is causing financial
indiscipline in the country. One big defaulter like
Vijay Malya, Nirav Modi, Mehul Choksi usurps
thousands of crores which not only adds to sharp
increase in the quantum of Non-Performing Assets
(NPAs) but takes out the sizable funds that could
have otherwise been used for economic well being
of thousands of poors willing to become
entrepreneurs with banks’ help and plan to start up
their small businesses.

NMIMS Univesity
Mumbai, MBA/PGDM
22
Noida, PGDM- 2020-22 2020-22
Bank Frauds: Key Facts
 A survey by FIS, a financial services technology
provider, showed that 18% of Indians suffered from
an online banking fraud.This was a higher
percentage than any other country. In comparison,
only 8% of people from Germany reported a fraud
followed by 6% in the UK.
 According to Reserve Bank of India reports,
during the past five years more than 23,000 cases of
fraud involving Rs 1 lakh crore have been reported
 In one year only, from April, 2017, to March 1,
2018, Number of Bank fraud cases has gone up to
5,152 from 5,000 in 2016-17
 Not only high, but the highest ever amount of Rs
28,459 crore is involved in the bank fraud cases
reported during April 2017 to March 2018
 There were 5,076 Bank fraud cases involving Rs
23,933 crore in 2016-17.
 23,866 Bank fraud cases of Rs 1 lakh or above
in each case, were reported during 2013 to March 1,
2018. An amount of Rs 1,00,718 crore was involved
in all these fraud cases
 Banks reported 4,306 fraud cases involving Rs
10,170 crore during 2013-14; in 2014-15 there were
4639 bank fraud cases involving Rs.19,455 Crore
and in 2015-16, bank fraud cases were 4693
involving Rs.18,698 crores.
 Top Banking fraud cases are of over Rs 13,000-
crore fraud in the Punjab National Bank (PNB)
allegedly committed by diamantaire Nirav Modi and
his uncle Mehul Choksi, the promoter of Gitanjali
Gems.
 Vijay Mallya the Chairman of Kingfisher,
United Breweries and many other companies has
allegedly routed Rs. 9,000 crore (US$1.3 billion) in
loans from 17 Indian Banks and has run away and is
still at large.
 Rs.600 Crore Loan Fraud in IDBI has allegedly
been committed by Aircel promoter C Sivasankaran.
In the aftermath, CBI has booked top officials of two
public sector banks, a former CMD of the IDBI
Bank, former Aircel promoter C Sivasankaran, his
son and companies controlled by him in this
connection
 The CBI has named 15 bank officials who
worked at senior levels at the IDBI in 2010 and 2014
when loans were sanctioned to the companies
controlled by Sivasankaran in its FIR registered on a
complaint from the Central Vigilance Commission.
 Managing Director and CEO of Indian Bank
Kishor Kharat (who was then MD and CEO of IDBI
Bank) and his counterpart in Syndicate Bank
Melwyn Rego (then Deputy Managing Director in
IDBI Bank), along with then Chairman-cum-
Managing Director of IDBI Bank MS Raghavan,
have been named in the FIR filed by the CBI.
 The gross NPAs of all banks in the country
amount to Rs 8,40,958 crore in December 2017 as
per Government of India Reports. The NPAs are led
by industry loans followed by the services and
agriculture sector loans.
 The highest amount of gross NPAs is for the
country's largest bank, the State Bank of India, at Rs
2,01,560 crore. NPA for PNB stood at Rs 55,200
crore; for IDBI Bank - Rs 44,542 crore; Bank of
India- Rs 43,474 crore; Bank of Baroda, Rs 41,649
crore; Union Bank of India, Rs 38,047 crore; Canara
Bank, Rs 37,794 crore; ICICI Bank, Rs 33,849
crore. Minister of State for Finance Shin Pratap
Shukla presented the data in the Lok Sabha on
March 9, 2018.
Rs.13000 Crore Bank Fraud: How it happened?
 In 2016, following Bangladesh Bank heist of
USD 81 million, RBI issued an advisory to all the
banks asking them to ensure that their computer
systems running core banking solutions (CBS) were
properly integrated, wherever required, with SWIFT
(Society for Worldwide Interbank) - a messaging
service for interbank transactions across the globe.
 Punjab National Bank whose Rs.13000 Crores
are at stake, could not integrate its CBS with SWIFT
for many years due to system upgrade process. PNB
therefore could not comply with the RBI advisory
and could not detect the fraud early. The loss could
not be prevented either.
 As per the PNB estimate, the final figure of
fraud can go beyond Rs.12,600 crore
 Letter of Undertakings (LoUs) to firms linked
with diamond merchants Nirav Modi and Mehul
Choksi were issued to customers having no
sanctioned credit limits. The follow up on these
LoUs was not done despite the fact that many of
them were not repayed even after expiry of
prescribed period of 90 days.
 No communication was recorded for issue of
LoUs and end transactions caused by the credit
assurances.
 Inter-bank communication involving the lending
overseas branch was not maintained.
 Reconciliation and confirmation processes were
not followed.

IMT Ghaziabad- MBA & NMIMS Univesity
PGDM 2020, Last date Nov Mumbai, MBA/PGDM
22
Noida, PGDM- 2020-22 2020-22
Bank Frauds: Adverse Impact on System and
Society
 There is difference between wilful defaulter and
the defaulter due to compulsion without much of his
mistake. Wilful defaulter is a criminal to the society
as a whole and should not be spared.
 A loan can be recovered by infusing more
capital in case a business decision has gone wrong
because that particular firm failed in the market and
the loan has become NPA. But in the case of a loan
fraud, it is criminal intention as in the Nirav Modi
case.
 These perpetrators of Bank Frauds misuse the
banking system and disturb financial discipline
making banking system vulnerable and insecure for
common people dealing with banks
 When farmers don't repay their loans, they
commit suicide. If the middle class fails to pay their
EMI, their homes and cars get confiscated. But the
big defaulters like the corporate groups take huge
loans do not repay and banks turn them into NPAs
or loss assets. This is the loss of huge public money
 These big defaulters run out of country due to
timely action and arrest of them. Although, many
people should have been arrested, but not a single
person of the corporate group has been arrested
giving wrong signals in the society
 The Banking sector is already under stress and is
approaching every now and then to the Government
for re-capitalization, but these loan frauds throw cold
water to all the efforts
 Banks' financial balance sheets are stressed
because of the massive buildup of NPAs and the
frauds are adding to their woes
 In December 2017, Ravi Shankar Prasad, the
minister for information technology, said that there
were over 25,800 cases of digital fraud in India in
2017.
 Financial transactions in the advanced society
have become more web based and electronic
exchanges or use of Debit and Credit cards are the
go-to mode of transactions. With this advancement,
notorious hackers have found ways to beat the
system and commit theft of e-money and frauds
Prevention of Bank Frauds
 Most of the big corporates who have committed
fraud to the tune of thousands of crores are shying
away from coming back and to repay the money as
they are aware that the punishment by law will still
be there even if they repay. Indian Law or the Indian
Government has no way to award softer punishment
even if these defaulters repay the amount in full.
Accordingly, it is more important to prevent a bank
fraud than to run after it when it is done.
 With the existing rules and laid down procedures
most of banking frauds can be prevented, in case
they are meticulously followed and bank staff is not
pressurised to sanction the loan.
 Former RBI governor Raghuram Rajan writes in
his book, I Do What I Do: “Today, a variety of
authorities…monitor the performance of public
sector banks… It is important that we streamline and
reduce the overlaps between the jurisdictions of the
authorities, and specify clear triggers or situations
where one authority’s oversight is invoked.”
 RBI is tasked with detecting infirmities, but has
no authority to enforce its own orders, administer
remedial measures or even deliver swift punitive
action. The central investigative agencies are tasked
with following up on investigations and pursuing
legal recourse. The political pulls and pressures on
these agencies, as well as the Indian legal system’s
long-drawn processes, provides swindlers with
enough escape routes and is never a deterrent. It
should be looked into.
 As a cautious bank customer, you should
register your working mobile number with your
bank so as to receive SMS/Email alerts regarding
transactions.
 Check the emails and messages received from
the bank, regularly. In case you find any suspicious
or unapproved transaction that you can't place,
consult and report to the bank, immediately.
 Never share your banking User Id, Password or
OTP (One Time Password) with anyone. No bank
official will ever call you for these details.
 Never share your Debit Card/ Credit Card
Number or the numbers displayed at their back with
anyone as you may end up losing money and be held
responsible at the same time.
Steps, Banks should Take
 Banks should review their systems and
procedures regularly. Ethical banking practices
should be preferred. Disclosures to RBI, SEBI and
other regulators should be made with consistent
periodicity.
 SWIFT-CBS linking must be made mandatory
for all LoUs. Confirmation from lending foreign
branches must be done for each of the LoUs.
 All internal and external audits must be
completed on time at branch level. The audit reports
should be shared with the government's auditors and
examined by the RBI. In the PNB fraud case, the
bank has told the finance ministry that the last audit
by RBI was done in March 2009.
 Only well trained bank staff suitable for the role
should be posted undertaken for the skilled job.
 Use of technology for preventing fraud should
be encouraged within banking ecosystem.
 New technology like blockchain can be used to
record all banking transactions.
 Once a fraud is detected, it should be
immediately flagged by the bank and concerned
agencies roped in for probe
Steps Taken by Government, RBI and Banks
 Reserve Bank of India says "The reported fraud
cases are processed and action is taken according to
the facts and circumstances of individual cases." But
this is what is being done when the thousands of
crores of Rupees have been siphoned off with very
low chances of recovery
 RBI has constituted an expert panel to examine
what is ailing banking operations resulting in
increasing cases of big frauds. The panel has been
tasked to recommend measures to fix the systemic
loopholes. The Centre is also analysing the risk
management framework for banking sector.
 As per its notification in July 2017, The Reserve
Bank of India has tried to limit customers’ liability
when faced with fraudulent online transactions by
giving them a window of three days to report the
fraud. However, this does not extend to cases where
the customer knowingly gave their payment
information to a third party.
 Indian police is also being trained to tackle
cyber crime. The government of Karnataka, which
instituted a cyber crime cell in 2003, plans to enroll
1000 policemen in cyber crime training
programmes. In addition, the police units of
Maharashtra and Uttar Pradesh are collaborating
with data security and IT experts to improve their
cybercrime investigation skills.
Tips to improve your participation in GD round
This topic in GD round is one of the hot probable
topics and has been carefully chosen and solved with
the sole aim to help you succeed in GD round. If you
follow the few key tips, you can improve your
chances to get through the GD round
 If you are clear and know the topic well, it is
good to be the first to start the Group Discussion
 If you are not well versed with the topic and fee
a bit confused on it, try to gather information from
Don’t keep crossing the floor. It will leave a bad
impression and you may be out of the race.
 Use the quote and data, if you are sure of the
to your benefit
 Speak in a firm and audible voice. Don’t shout
as it wouldn’t do any good.
disagree
individuals
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Mission to MARS: Can India afford spending a

fortune on such projects?
India made its maiden and successful attempt

‘Mission to Mars’ to send Mars craft. World
community looked at India’s mission to Mars with
awe and appreciation.

Number of B-schools found it a great topic for group
discussion whether India was right to launch this
mission after spending a good fortune of amount and
in view of the other pressing needs of the country.

The Mission to Mars was announced shortly after
China's attempt flopped in 2011 as it failed to leave
Earth's atmosphere. Japan also tried this mission in
2003 and failed. India had never before attempted
inter-planetary travel. This was the first attempt

NMIMS Univesity
Mumbai, MBA/PGDM
22
Noida, PGDM- 2020-22 2020-22
Key Facts
The ‘Mangalyaan’ (mars craft) was launched on
5.11.2013 from launchpad at ISRO, Sriharikota with
launchvehicle PSLV C25 at 2.38 P.M.
It was the 300 days journey of the
Mangalyaan’(mars craft) from the Earth to MARS
India became the first Asian Country to reach the
Red Planet.
The cost of the project was Rs.450 Crore (Rs.4.5
bn), less than one sixth of US$455 million
earmarked for a Mars probe by NASA.
It had been carried into orbit by a rocket much
smaller than US or Russian ones.
Small car sized Probe will detect methane in the
Martian atmosphere.

Arguments for the Mission to MARS
1. On its successful completion, India will become
the first Asian country to achieve this feat. Only the
United States, Europe, and Russia have been able to
send probes that have orbited or landed on Mars.
2. Indian superiority in the world in general and
particularly among its ever threatening neighbours
will be established.
3. India has proved that indigenously it can achieve
the unexpected at a very low cost as the cost is less
than one sixth of the estimated cost of US-NASA
mission to be launched later this month.
4. India will become a role model for space
programming and other countries may approach
India for launching of such crafts.
5. New knowledge and more innovative spheres in
space programmes will open for the benefit of
human being in the fields of communication,
identifying problem areas, solar existence. For
example, INSAT’s beamed pictures of approaching
Phailin cyclone saved thousands of lives.

NMIMS Univesity
Mumbai, MBA/PGDM
22
Noida, PGDM- 2020-22 2020-22
Arguments against the Mission
1. India is a poor country, it shouldn’t waste such a
huge amount of money which could have been spent
elsewhere on employment, health, education and
infrastructural development projects that would
directly help to the growth of economy.
2. The gain is only satisfaction of ego and not other
gain is seen. The country is not going to establish a
colony on MARS
3. The Mars Craft ‘Mangalyaan’ has a long journey
of 300 days to complete. It will take around a month
to go out of Earth’s orbit. If, during this period, it
develops any grave technical snag, not only the
money spent on it will go down the drain but also it
will pose a great threat to Earth as it may crash at
some populous area on this human rich planet.
India, in long run, will more than recoup the money,
invested in space programmes. The immediate
benefits are difficult to predict. They may be
intangible but vital for the country. This mission has
however, kindled the fire of imagination among the
young minds to dream about the possibilities of
tomorrow... Read More GD Topics

Also read:
 Start up India: Boosting Entrepreneurship
 FDI in retail: Good for India?
 Budget Cycle Change: Only a move of
convenience
 Merger of Public Sector Banks: How beneficial
is the merger of Banks?
manufacturing hub
 Bank Recapitalization: NPA reduction and not
bank recapitalization can cure the health of PSBs in
India
orthodox mindset?
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Cashless Economy: Is Society ready for

transformation?
According to the website of cashless India, the

Digital India programme is a flagship programme of
the Government of India with a vision to transform
India into a digitally empowered society and
knowledge economy. “Faceless, Paperless,
Cashless” is one of professed roles of Digital India.

The ambitious mission of government of India to
drive India towards a cashless economy was boosted
with the announcement of demonetization on
November 8, 2016.

NMIMS Univesity
Mumbai, MBA/PGDM
22
Noida, PGDM- 2020-22 2020-22
What is a cashless economy?
A system where no physical cash is in circulation is
a cashless system. Payments are made through credit
and debit cards, bank electronic fund transfers or
virtual wallets.

Benefits:
 Cost Reduction: cashless system brings down
the cost associated with printing, storing and
transporting of cash.
 Risk Reduction: The risk of money getting
stolen or lost is minimal. Even if the card is stolen or
lost it is easy to block a credit/debit card or a mobile
wallet remotely. It is also a safer and easier spending
option while travelling.
 Convenient: The ease of conducting financial
transactions is probably the biggest motivator to go
digital. With the advent of digital modes, one can
avoid queue for ATMs, transact 24*7 and save time.
Additionally for service providers, with the
emergence of e-KYC, it is no longer necessary to
know your customer physically as the payments
model has overcome limitations related to physical
presence.
 Tracking spends: Spending done via mobile or
computer applications can be easily tracked with a
simple click. This allows users to keep a track of all
their spending and manage their budget effectively.
 Increase in tax base: Traders, small businesses,
shopkeepers, and consumers regularly use cash as a
means to avoid paying service tax, sales tax, etc.
However, in a cashless economy where all
transactions will be done through organized channel,
through banks and financial institutions, they can be
monitored by the government and proper actions
could be taken against the evaders. This will result in
more transparent transactions which in turn lead to
fall in corruption in the economy of the country.
 Containment of parallel economy: In a
cashless economy it is easier to track the black
money and illicit transactions unlike cash based
economy in which money does not come into the
banking system. In case of digital transactions it is
easy to track and monitor suspicious transactions as
all the records are available with the banks.
 Financial Inclusion: At present, India’s low-
income households access credit through informal
systems, through relatives or private lenders. Forcing
them to shift to cashless payment platforms instantly
formalizes this world of informality and include
them in formal economy.
 Discounts: A lot of ecommerce websites offer
huge incentives in terms of discounts, cash back,
loyalty points to the customers for making digital
transactions for shopping online.
Yes, India is ready for a cashless economy.
 According to TRAI, as on 30 September 2016,
82 out of 100 citizens in India owned a mobile
phone. The evolution of the telecom ecosystem, with
significant reduction in call and data rates, along
with the prices of smart phones, is propelling the
shift to a cashless economy.
 The government of India is working dedicatedly
to push India towards a cashless economy. With
major initiatives such as demonetization, Direct
Benefit Transfers, BHIM and many more. The intent
is to streamline the economy and curb corruption.
 The government approved for a proposal, under
which there would be no charge for BHIM, UPI, and
debit card transactions up to ₹2000.
 Government also ran a DigiDhan campaign
where 16 lakh lucky winners (users and merchants)
were rewarded with prizes ranging from Rs 1000 to
1 crore.
 Further to incentivize behavior change and bring
down the cost of digital payments, referral and cash
back schemes have also been launched for BHIM
where users and merchants receive cash back. Also,
initiatives like USSD and the *99# service have
ensured that non-Smartphone users are also on board
the cashless wave.
 Demonetization has given an impetus to e-wallet
services. According to a report “Securing the
cashless economy”, by Pwc, India witnessed
 3X increase in the download of a leading mobile
wallet app within 2 days of the demonetization
announcement.
 1 million: Number of newly saved credit and
debit cards within two days of demonetization
announcement.
 100%: Day-on-day growth in customer
enrolment with leading mobile wallets after
demonetization.
 30%: Increase in app usage and 50% increase in
the download of wallets backed by leading banks.

NMIMS Univesity
Mumbai, MBA/PGDM
22
Noida, PGDM- 2020-22 2020-22
The above mentioned data clearly represent a shift
towards a cashless economy.
 The smart phone revolution has led to the
emergence of e-commerce, m-commerce and other
services, including app-based cab aggregators, who
encourage digital payments for use of various
services. The value added services such as cash
back, bill payment facilities, loyalty points, rewards
and ease of use have resulted in surge of such digital
platforms. These developments have given rise to a
modern payment model.
Hurdles in making India a cashless economy
 More than 60% of Indian population belongs to
rural region. Almost a quarter of the rural populace
doesn’t have mobile phones and a large percentage
of them are computer illiterate. They are not
comfortable using computers or mobile phones for
transactions and rely on other people for help. This
sometimes leads to misuse of the accounts and
siphoning of funds, so majority of rural mass prefer
cash over digital modes.
 About 90% of the Indian labor market is
informal. Majority being employed in agriculture
and manufacturing sector where daily wage is
prevalent. Under such circumstances the informal
labor market is heavily cash dependant.
 India is a country where 90% of transactions are
paid for in cash because cash facilitates making
transactions anonymous, helping conceal activities
from the government in a way that might help agents
avoid laws, regulations and taxes. Transition from a
90% cash based economy to a
 Security is another big concern regarding
cashless transactions. The Indian Computer
Emergency Response Team (CERT-In) has reported
a surge in the number of incidents till October 2016
with close to 39,730 security incidents. Indians are
wary of digital modes due to cyber security incidents
such as phishing, scanning, website intrusions,
defacements and virus code.
 Though several companies have come up with
inexpensive smart phones still they are not
affordable for most of the people in the country.
Unless Indian government provides necessary
subsidy or affordable solutions cashless economy
would be a farfetched dream.
 Digital India suffers from the threat of thefts and
hacking of digital money instruments. The ATM
cards, Debit/Credit cards, Net Banking solutions and
even the transaction websites of the financial
institutions and banks are hacked by the mischievous
people who withdraw money by making clones and
changing the passwords. This has to be taken care of
before proceeding on digital India mission..
individuals
transformation?
Economy
manufacturing hub
orthodox mindset?
Read More GD Topic

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Travelling: Helps in Generating Ideas and

Experiential Learning
‘The more you travel, the more learned you are’ –
this old saying has proved its substance whenever
tested with time and people since beginning. The
travelling not only helps one to gain knowledge,
generate ideas and earn experiential learning, it helps
the mankind tremendously in reaching out to
unexplored destinations, expanding business arena,
learn cross country culture and civilizations.

NMIMS Univesity
Mumbai, MBA/PGDM
22
Noida, PGDM- 2020-22 2020-22

Back Ground
What you may find difficult to learn in class rooms
with the help of maps and globes, might be learnt
with a travelling plan. All the travelers who travelled
across the world without any modern means of
travelling have helped the world to prepare various
global routes, short routes connecting long distances
and have helped the human being in developing its
creative instinct.

In 7th Century, Xuanzang, also known as Hiuen
Tsang, a Chinese Budhist Monk, scholar and
translator who travelled to India discovered the silk
route which opened the trade route network which
connected East Asia and Southeast Asia with South
Asia, Persia, the Arabian Peninsula, East Africa and
Southern Europe.

Another exploring traveler from Italy, Christopher
Columbus, who completed 4 voyages across the
Atlantic Ocean, discovered the viable sailing route to
the Americas, a continent that was then unknown to
the world till then. He is credited with the opening of
the Americas for conquest and settlement by
Europeans Vasco da Gama, a Portugese explorer
was the 1st first European to reach India by sea. His
initial voyage to India in 1497 to 1499 was the first
to link Europe and Asia by an ocean route,
connecting the Atlantic and the Indian Oceans – the
West and the Orient. His discovery was significant
as it opened the way for an age of
global imperialism for the Portuguese who
established a long-lasting Colonial empire in Asia.

Travelling: Means of Creativity
Travelling has been viewed as a source of adventure
and unwinding stress of daily life, but recently it has
been recognized as a means of creativity and
experiential learning. In India, the number of
travelers is increasing year after year. More people
are travelling to domestic and even international
destinations. The following figures evidently shows
a similar picture-

Number of Travelers in India
 The UN World Tourism
Organisation (UNWTO) predicts that by the year
2020, India will account for 50 million outbound
tourists. Operators emphasize that currently around
25 million tourists from India travel overseas— this
implies that the number would double from current
levels within the next two years. Around 2009, 8
million Indians were travelling abroad.
 Sharat Dhall, the Chief operating officer
(Business to customer) of Yatra.com said- “The
Yatra Winter Travel Survey 2017 showed that 36 per
cent of travellers were planning an International
holiday. On an overall basis, it is estimated that 25
million Indians travelled overseas in 2017 and that is
growing a very healthy double-digit rate and India
will be one of the largest outbound travel markets in
the world in the next few years.”

NMIMS Univesity
Mumbai, MBA/PGDM
22
Noida, PGDM- 2020-22 2020-22
Reasons for travelling
In a tourism survey, it was revealed that more than
half of the Indian travelers prefer traveling for
relaxation, and to relieve themselves from their busy
daily schedules. A majority (50%) of people stated
that they travel in search of adventure, while some
(42%) reported travel to spend quality time with
their friends and family. The rest of the major
reasons to travel included self-exploration (41%),
discovering different cultures (38%), and
establishing status and prestige (38%).

How Travelling facilitates experiential learning
and developing ideas
 Columbia Business School Professor, Adam
Galinsky, has done a plethora of researches on the
relationship between travel and creativity. Galinsky
says, “Foreign experiences boosts both cognitive
flexibility and depth and intergrativeness of thought,
the ability to take deep connections between
disparate forms. Through multicultural engagement,
involvement, and adaptation, a person’s thought
repertoire enhances. He further explained that a
person who lives foreign and doesn’t engage with
the local culture will likely receive a less amount of
a creative boost than someone who travels abroad
and actually involves in the local environment.
 Professor Galinksy at the Kellogg School of
Management and INSEAD in his 2009 study reveals
that travel induces new sounds, smells, languages,
tastes, sensations and sights and all these spark
different synapses in our brain, helping in creating
fresh connections and rewiring your brain. The more
one travels, the farther one stays from home and so
the more creative one becomes.
 Travelling develops or facilitates the attitude of
an experiential learner. It enhances one’s ability to
develop relationships, learning local language,
engage in the community, and speak mindfully about
the places after one returns home.
 Travelling makes one more innovative.
Innovation happens when a traveler chooses to
interact with the locals of a destination. Reside with
them, adopt their culture, involve in their customs
and understand their ways of living.
individuals
transformation?
Economy
manufacturing hub
orthodox mindset?
Read More GD Topic
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Death penalties for perpetrators of crime against

women. Is it justified?
Group Discussion topics in top MBA colleges like

IIMs, XLRI, MDI, FMS are more and more getting
associated with social issues and current affairs. One
of such GD topics that has recently been a favourite
of B-school admission process, class-1 and class-2
services recruitment process, is ‘Whether the Death
Penalty for Crimes against Women Justified’. The
arguments forwarded for and against are many and
the process of discussion brings new avenues of
positive and negative impacts of the decision. We
share below, based on the facts the solved GD topic.
NMIMS Univesity
Mumbai, MBA/PGDM
22
Noida, PGDM- 2020-22 2020-22
In recent years, the rising crime rate, particularly
violent crimes against women has made the criminal
sentencing by the courts a subject of concern.
According to the former Chief Justice of India,
Justice Dattu“The sentencing policy adopted by the
Courts, in such cases, ought to have a stricter
yardstick so as to act as a deterrent. There are a
shockingly large number of cases where the sentence
of punishment awarded to the accused is not in
proportion to the gravity and magnitude of the
offence thereby encouraging the criminal and in the
ultimate making justice suffer by weakening the
system’s credibility.”

A group from National Commission for Women also
requested capital punishment for those who indulge
in severe crimes against women. A few ideological
groups and media stations have also praised the
decision of Capital punishment for perpetrators of
crime against women.

The alteration to the prevention of Child Sex
offenses (Pocso) Act was at the command of the
erstwhile Women and Child Development Minister –
Smt. Maneka Gandhi, who was of the view that the
Act would deflect sexual wrong doings against
youngsters

Rising Crime Rate Against Women
 In 2016 assaults cases climbed by 60 % to
around 40,000 the nation over
 19,765 were instances of assault
 The conviction rate is dormant at around 25%
 The real frequency of assault is significantly
higher as many of the case go unreported
 Authorities from NGOs working ladies share
that each and every day, a young lady is being sold
into substance exchange.
 Authorities from stop Acid Attacks state that
there are accounts of instances of corrosive assaults
in the city a few times each week.
 At regular intervals a lady is assaulted in India.
Death Penalty Justified in Sever Crimes Against
Women
 Hon’ble Supreme Court of India in its
judgement has noted that crime against women are
on the rise and courts are too soft on the
perpetrators.
 Hon’ble Court has maintained that in heinous
crimes which both shock and repulse society, the
extreme punishment of death is justified
 Death penalty was confirmed by the Court to
two men who gang-raped and brutally murdered a
22-year-old BPO employee on November 1, 2007
night after she was picked by her company cab to the
office
 In NIrbhaya Case also, Death penalty and life
imprisonment was awarded by the Court
 In view of the Supreme Court in such “rarest of
rare”, crimes, collective conscience of the
community is so shocked that imposing a lesser
sentence, even life imprisonment, would fail justice.
 Justice Dattu has observed “The extreme
punishment of death would be justified and
necessary in cases where the collective conscience
of society is so shocked that it will expect the
holders of judicial power to inflict death penalty
irrespective of their personal opinion”.

NMIMS Univesity
Mumbai, MBA/PGDM
22
Noida, PGDM- 2020-22 2020-22
Deterrents in Award of Death penalty
India is a country which is not completely ready to
carry out the death penalty. Presently it is given only
for the "rarest of rare" cases. The interpretation of
such cases is left to the court. The country's last
execution was on 30 July 2015.
 Many activists have questioned whether the
death penalty is really an effective deterrent for
crimes against women. In many cases police tend to
negotiate the compromises and threaten the victims
to withdraw their complaint, so that the accused is
set free on the basis of "low probability of
conviction"
 Many cases are not reported and even if
reported, the accused walk free due to "insufficient
evidence"
 Death penalty in cases is felt like a burden as in
many cases they are the known persons committing
the crime.
 In rural areas, people are obsessed with massive
stigma about rape, due to which even stronger laws
do not encourage victims to come forward
 Mohammad Musa Mahmodi, Executive Director
of the Afghanistan Independent Human Rights
Commission, which also publishes data on rape, said
the death penalty on its own would never be enough
to deter rape or encourage women to seek help in the
justice system
 The delayed justice is also an issue. Long trials
in India make the victims wait for years before they
can get justice.
 Victims and their families fear the attack again.
A report by Human Rights Watch on Afghanistan
says: "Rather than finding support from police,
judicial institutions, and government officials,
women who try to flee abusive situations often face
apathy, derision, and criminal sanctions for
committing moral crimes."
Efforts Made So far
 India has amended its laws to increase
accountability of police and other officials dealing
with violence against women, which has had a
positive impact
 Although the change is slow and studies suggest
that a large number of rapes in India still go
unreported, gradually the reporting of such crimes
has increased.
 Strict laws would yield positive impact in
reducing the crime only when they are accompanied
with a change in the attitudes of the police, judiciary,
government officers and society.
individuals
transformation?
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