Scientific Revolution to move it.

If the mover stopped, the object fell to the ground

or simply stopped moving
Galileo Galilei – Italian mathematician in University of Padua
 Galileo, theory of inertia, which became the basis of a new
 Telescope; Objects that appeared one way to the naked eye theory of motion an object continues to move or lie at rest until
looked entirely different when magnified by his new “spyglass,” something external to it intervenes to change its motion.
as he called it  Galileo also discovered that the motion of an object occurs only
 Galileo’s spyglass showed that the sun, too, was imperfect, in relation to things that do not move. This insight explained to
marred by spots that appeared to move across its surface the critics of Copernicus how the Earth can move even though
 This discovery provided evidence for the relatively new theory we do not experience its motion
that the planets, including Earth, revolved around the sun  Galileo’s most significant contribution to mechanics:
rather than the sun and the planets around the Earth mathematical law of motion that explained how the speed and
Astronomy: A New Model of the Universe acceleration of a falling object are determined by the distance it
 acceptance of the view that the sun, not the Earth, was the travels during equal intervals of time
center of the universe  greatest achievements of the Scientific Revolution in physics
 Ptolemy and Aristotle, the center of the universe was a belong to English scientist Sir Isaac Newton; Newton formulated
stationary Earth, around which the moon, the sun, and the a set of mathematical laws to explain the operation of the entire
other planets revolved in circular orbits physical world
 Copernicus proposed that the center of the universe was not  1687 he published his theories in Mathematical Principles of
the Earth but the sun Natural Philosophy; universal law of gravitation, which
 Galileo Galilei (1564–1642) was far more successful in gaining demonstrated that the same force holding an object to the
support for the sun-centered model of the universe. Galileo had Earth also holds the planets in their orbits
the literary skill, which Kepler lacked, of being able to write for a
broad audience Chemistry: Discovering the Elements of Nature
 practice of alchemy, the art of attempting to turn base metals
Physics: The Laws of Motion and Gravitation into gold or silver and to identify natural substances that could
 main branches of physics were mechanics (the study of motion be used in the practice of medicine; ridiculed as a form of magic
and its causes) and optics (the study of light). that is the antithesis of modern science.
 Aristotle, whose views dominated science in the late Middle  Paracelsus treated his patients with chemicals, such as mercury
Ages, the motion of every object—except the natural motion of and sulfur. In this way chemistry became an accepted part of
falling toward the center of the Earth—required another object medical science.
 Robert Boyle (1627–1691). Boyle, who also had an interest in
alchemy, destroyed the prevailing idea that all basic
 constituents of matter share the same structure. He contended Deductive Reasoning
that the arrangement of their components, which he identified  deductive reasoning to establish basic scientific truths or
as corpuscles or atoms, determined their characteristics. principles, principles other ideas or laws could be deduced
experiments on the volume, pressure, and density of gas and logically; The logical process by which ideas and laws are
the elasticity of air. derived from basic truths or principles.
 Boyle’s most famous experiments, undertaken with an air  induction is linked to empiricism, so deduction is connected to
pump, proved the existence of a vacuum rationalism.
 chemists won acceptance as members of the company of  Unlike empiricism—the idea that we know truth through what
scientists. the senses can experience—rationalism insists that the mind
contains rational categories independent of sensory observation
Biology: The Circulation of the Blood  rationalism The theory that the mind contains rational
 William Harvey (1578–1657) made one of the great medical categories independent of sensory observation; more generally
discoveries of the seventeenth century by demonstrating in that reason is the primary source of truth.
1628 that blood circulates throughout the human body.  René Descartes (1596–1650) became the foremost champion of
 arterial blood was enriched by a special pneuma or “vital spirit” this methodology. In his Discourse on the Method (1637)
that was necessary to sustain life.
 enriched blood reached the brain, it became the body’s “psychic Mathematics and Nature
spirits,” which influenced human behavior.  Scientists working in both the inductive and the deductive
traditions used mathematics.
The Search for Scientific Knowledge  physical dimensions of matter, which Descartes claimed were its
only properties, could of course be expressed mathematically.
Observation and Experimentation  Isaac Newton’s work provided the best illustration of the
 observation of nature, combined with the testing of hypotheses application of mathematics to scientific problems. Mathematical
by rigorous experimentation Principles of Natural Philosophy
 induction, in which theories emerged only after the
accumulation and analysis of data The Mechanical Philosophy
 empiricism demands that all scientific theories be tested by  The seventeenth-century philosophy of nature, championed by
experiments based on observation of the natural world. René Descartes, holding that nature operated in a mechanical
 Bacon, scientific experimentation was “putting nature to the way, just like a machine made by a human being.
question,” a phrase that referred to questioning a prisoner  dualistic A term used to describe a philosophy or a religion in
under torture to determine the facts of a case which a rigid distinction is made between body and mind, good
and evil, or the material and the immaterial world.
  Natural philosophers during the Renaissance contributed more
The Causes of the Scientific Revolution than their late medieval predecessors to the rise of modern
 identify developments that inspired these scientific science.
discoveries. Some of these developments arose out of  inspiration from Greek scientific works that had been
earlier investigations conducted by natural philosophers in rediscovered during the Renaissance.
 Renaissance revival of the philosophy of Neoplatonism made an
the late Middle Ages, the Renaissance, and the sixteenth
even more direct contribution to the birth of modern science.
century. Others emerged from the religious, political,
 Neoplatonist stressed the unity of the natural and spiritual
social, and economic life of early modern Europe.
worlds. Matter is alive, linked to the divine soul that governs the
entire universe.
Developments Within Science  Neoplatonist turned to mathematics, because they believed the
 The three internal causes of the Scientific Revolution were the divine expressed itself in geometrical harmony, and to alchemy,
research into motion conducted by natural philosophers in the because they sought to uncover the shared essence that linked
fourteenth century, the scientific investigations conducted by all creation
Renaissance humanists, and the collapse of the dominant THE COLLAPSE OF PARADIGMS
conceptual frameworks, or paradigms, that had governed  was the collapse of the intellectual frameworks that had
scientific inquiry and research for centuries. governed scientific research since antiquity
LATE MEDIEVAL SCIENCE  paradigm, rather than introduce new theories.
 Aristotle’s scientific theories began to emerge. most significant  paradigm that has governed scientific research for an extended
of these refinements was the theory of impetus period of time can no longer account for many different
 Late medieval scientists claimed that objects in motion acquire observable phenomena.
a force that stays with them after they lose contact with the  revolutionary developments we have discussed in astronomy
mover and biology were partly the result of the collapse of old
 recommend direct, empirical observation in place of the paradigms.
traditional tendency to accept preconceived notions regarding  Harvey’s new paradigm served as a framework for subsequent
the operation of nature biological research and helped shape the Scientific Revolution.
 Philosophers of the fourteenth century continued to accept
Ptolemy’s cosmology and the anatomical and medical theories Developments Outside Science
of the Greek physician Galen
 Nonscientific developments also encouraged the development
RENAISSANCE SCIENCE
and acceptance of new scientific ideas. These developments
include the spread of Protestantism, the patronage of scientific
 research, the invention of the printing press, and military and Copernicus’s work, but in 1616, the papacy suspended the
economic change. book’s publication because it contradicted Scripture.
THE PRINTING PRESS
PROTESTANTISM  Printing made it much easier for scientists to share their
 limited role in causing the Scientific Revolution discoveries with others.
 Catholics as well as Protestants engaged in scientific research.  scientific achievements could be preserved more accurately and
Catholic authorities to allow the publication and dissemination presented to a broader audience.
of new scientific ideas.  availability of printed copies also made it much easier for other
 Protestant scientists believed that the millennium, a period of scientists to correct or supplement the data that the authors
one thousand years when Christ would come again and rule the supplied.
world, was about to begin  Printing also made members of the nonscientific community
PATRONAGE aware of the latest advances in physics and astronomy and so
 could not have succeeded without financial and institutional helped to make science an integral part of the culture of
support educated Europeans.
 Instead of the universities, scientists depended on the
patronage of wealthy and influential individuals, especially the MILITARY AND ECONOMIC CHANGE
kings, princes, and great nobles who ruled European states.  Scientific Revolution occurred at roughly the same time that
 could easily be withdrawn. Scientists had to conduct both the conduct of warfare and the European economy were
themselves and their research to maintain the favor of undergoing dramatic changes.
their patrons  Some of the work that physicists did during the seventeenth
century was deliberately meant to improve weaponry.
 Members of the Royal Society in England, for example,
Different Voices: Copernicus and the Papacy conducted extensive scientific research on the trajectory and
velocity of missiles, and so followed Francis Bacon’s
Copernicus on Heliocentrism and the Bible
recommendation that scientists place their research at the
 Copernicus explained that he drew inspiration from ancient
service of the state.
philosophers who had imagined that the Earth moved.
 study of mechanics, for example, led to new techniques to
Anticipating condemnation from those who based their
ventilate mines and raise coal or ore from them, thus making
astronomical theories on the Bible, he appealed to the pope for
mining more profitable.
protection while showing contempt for the theories of his
opponents. Paul II neither endorsed nor condemned
 The research did not always produce immediate results, but  Discourse on the Method, Descartes showed the extremes to
ultimately it increased economic profitability and contributed to which this skepticism could be taken. Descartes doubted the
the English economy in the eighteenth century. reality of his own sense perceptions and even his own existence
until he realized that the very act of doubting proved his
existence as a thinking being.
The Intellectual Consequences of the Scientific Revolution  “I think, therefore I am.” Upon this foundation Descartes went
 the Scientific Revolution profoundly affected the intellectual life on to prove the existence of God and the material world,
of educated Europeans. The discoveries of Copernicus, Kepler, thereby conquering the skepticism with which he began his
Galileo, and Newton, as well as the assumptions on which their inquiry.
work was based, influenced what educated people in the West  Spinoza used Descartes’s skepticism to challenge Descartes
studied, how they approached intellectual problems, and what himself. He rejected Descartes’s separation of the mind and the
they thought about the supernatural realm. body and his radical distinction between the spiritual and the
Education material.
 between 1680 and 1720, science and the new philosophy that  Spinoza’s skeptical approach to solving philosophical and
was associated with it became an important part of university scientific problems revealed the radical intellectual potential of
education. the new science
 the spread of science did not go unchallenged. It encountered Science and Religion
academic rivals committed not only to traditional  new science presented two challenges to traditional Christian
Aristotelianism but also to Renaissance humanism. belief.
 The most concrete expression of this conflict was the Battle of  first involved the apparent contradiction between the sun-
the Books, an intellectual debate that raged over the question centered theory of the universe and biblical references to the
of which group of thinkers had contributed more to human sun’s mobility. Bible was considered the inspired word of God,
knowledge. the Church took everything it said, including any passages
 The humanities and the sciences, while included within the regarding the operation of the physical world, as literally true.
same curriculum at many universities, are still often regarded as  second challenge to traditional Christian belief was the
representing separate cultural traditions. implication that if the universe functioned as a machine, on the
Skepticism and Independent Reasoning basis of unchanging natural laws, then God played little part in
 Scientific Revolution encouraged the habit of skepticism, the its operation.
tendency to doubt what we have been taught and are expected  God was akin to an engineer, who had designed the perfect
to believe. the method that seventeenth-century scientists machine, and therefore had no need to interfere with its
adopted to solve philosophical problems. workings. This position, which thinkers known as deists adopted
in the late seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, denied the
 Christian belief that God was constantly active in the operation
of the world. deists Seventeenth- and eighteenth-century
thinkers who believed that God created the universe and
established immutable laws of nature but did not subsequently
intervene in the operation of nature or in human affairs.
 They argued that religion and science had different concerns.
Religion dealt with the relationship between humanity and God.
Science explained how nature operated.
 Scripture was not intended to explain natural phenomena, but
to convey religious truths that human reason could not grasp.
 Another argument for the compatibility of science and religion
was the claim that the mechanical philosophy, rather than
relegating God to the role of a retired engineer, actually
manifested God’s unlimited power. As the new science became
more widely accepted, many theologians, especially
Protestants, accommodated scientific knowledge to their
religious beliefs. Some Protestants welcomed the discoveries of
science as an opportunity to purify the Christian religion by
combating the superstition, magic, and ignorance that they
claimed the Catholic Church had been promoting.

It greatly affects the beliefs of the people at that time since most of
the people are religious and only based their beliefs on what is
written in the bible. Since science is more on fact and experiment-
based they are pointing out the and explaining how things work and
happen and this seems to contradict what religious people believe
that things happen only in a natural way.