ADVANCE CONSTRUCTION

TYPES OF SHEAR WALL

AMISHA
SHRUTI
TANVI
HARDIK
 WHAT IS SHEAR WALL & WHERE ITS USED ?
A Shear Wall is a structural component provided to multi-storeyed or tall buildings or
buildings, in areas of high wind velocity or seismic activity.

The purpose of a shear wall is to resist the lateral loads that are imposed on the
structure due to wind, earthquake or sometimes due to hydrostatic or lateral earth
pressure.

These loads tend to act along the direction of movement of wind or vibrations of the
earthquake and they act laterally to the building along with two directions.

These walls usually begin from the foundation level, along the length and width of
buildings.

Their thickness can be above 150 mm or below 400 mm in tall buildings; they are like
vertical-oriented wide beams that carry the earthquake load towards the foundation.

Buildings with shear walls have shown very good performance in previous
earthquakes; shear walls in high seismic areas require special detailing.

Shear wall buildings are a common choice in many earthquake-prone countries. SHEAR WALL DETAIL
MATERIALS USED FOR SHEAR WALL IN
CONSTRUCTION .
Materials used for shear wall construction and type of frame used:

A shear wall usually is designed as a braced moment-resisting

frame usually made of structural steel or the reinforced concrete
wall.

Though it may also be made using plywood or masonry structure.

The Braced Frame (steel) used as a shear wall.

Moment Resisting Frame (steel) used as a shear wall.

Continuous rigid structure with few openings, either made of

reinforced concrete or masonry, used as shear walls.
ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
● Provide large strength and stiffness in ● Difficult to construct.
the direction of orientation. ● Flimsy appearance.
● Considerably reduces the lateral sway. ● Loud banging sounds associated
● Easy for construction and with buckling of web plates.
implementation.
● Low stiffness and energy
● Efficient in terms of construction cost
dissipation capacity.
and effectiveness in minimizing
● Require large moment
earthquake damage.
● Provide strength and rigidity in the connections.
direction of alignment.
● Minimized damages to structural and
Non-structural elements.
● Enough well-distributed reinforcements.
● Less construction time.
● Fast performance
● Thinner walls. PLAN
● Lightweight.
LOCATION OF SHEAR IN BUILDINGS PLAN FOR PLACEMENT OF
SHEAR WALL

● The shape and plan position of the shear wall

influences the behavior of the structure
considerably.
● Structurally, the best position for the shear
walls is in the center of each half of the building.
● This is rarely practical, since it also utilizes the
space a lot, so they are positioned at the ends. It
is better to use walls with no openings in them.
So, usually, the walls around lift shafts and
stairwells are used.
● Also, walls on the sides of buildings that have no
windows can be used.
 APPLICATION OF SHEAR WALL
● Shear walls are designed to resist gravity /
vertical loads and also for earthquake/wind
lateral loads.
● The walls are structurally combined with the
roof or the floor.
● Other lateral walls run at right angles, providing
three-dimensional stability to structures.
● The walls have to resist uplift forces due to air
drag.
● These walls resist the shear forces that try to
push the walls up and also resist the lateral
forces of air that push the walls in and out of the
structure.
● This shear wall structural system is extra stable.
● The supporting area is comparatively high
compared to RCC framed structures
DESIGN OF RCC SHEAR WALLS WITH & WITHOUT
OPENINGS
Shear wall is a structural
element which provides
stability to structure from
lateral loads like wind load
and seismic loads.

The stiffness and strength of

wall may decreased by the
reduction in the concrete area
and the discontinuity of the
reinforcement due to opening.
TYPES OF SHEAR WALLS
CONCRETE SHEAR WALL
This is the most common type of this walls.

● This wall consists of the reinforcements

and concrete slab.
● The wall thickness of RCC varies from the
150mm to 400mm.
● The shear wall rebars start from the
building foundation and end to the
building top.
● Concrete is poured into the formworks
and removes after the standard time of
formwork removal.
TYPES OF SHEAR WALLS
DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS OF THE SHEAR
WALL:
STEEL PLATE SHEAR WALL
1. The thickness of the wall is between 150 mm to 400 mm.
The steel plate wall consists of steel plate 2. The diameter of bars is between 1/10 of the wall thickness.
3. Minimum reinforcement is 0.25% of the gross area of the section.
walls and bounded by the columns and the 4. Two curtain reinforcement is provided if
boundary elements like columns and ○ The thickness of the wall exceeds 200 mm.
○ Factored shear stress is increase (0.25√ƒck)
horizontal floor beams.
COUPLING BEAM TYPES
Five commonly-used types of coupling beams which are
adopted by building codes and the design industry:
Practical Reinforced Concrete Building ● Conventional RC coupling beams
Design ● Diagonally-Reinforced concrete coupling beams
● Steel coupling beams
● Reinforced concrete (RC) shear walls are
● Encased steel composite coupling beams
usually the primary lateral force resisting
● Embedded steel plate composite coupling beams
system for reinforced concrete buildings and
adjacent shear wall piers are typically
connected with coupling beams above doors
or corridors at floor levels.

● The coupling beams reduce flexural

moments in the coupled shear wall piers,
provide an energy dissipation mechanism
along the entire building height, and
improve shear wall system efficiency
COUPLING BEAM TYPES
Conventional RC Coupling Beams
Conventional RC coupling beams refer to coupling
beams reinforced with horizontal rebars and
closely-spaced stirrups.
Diagonally-Reinforced Concrete
Coupling Beams
The diagonally-reinforced concrete
coupling beams are recognized as the
most effective type of reinforcing details
to provide ductile performance with
excellent energy dissipation capacity,
especially when the span/depth ratio is
less than 2.
Steel and Encased Steel Composite Coupling Embedded Steel Plate Composite Coupling
Beams Beam
Steel coupling beams and encased steel composite coupling The embedded steel plate composite coupling
beams are used as viable alternatives to avoid the construction beam exhibits much better ductile
difficulties inherent in diagonally-reinforced concrete coupling
performance and deformability than
beams. The steel members for the two coupling beam types are
implicitly wide-flange steel members comparable conventional RC coupling beams.
TIE BEAMS
Tie beam is a type of beam which is used
to ties the footing and to avoid the
slender column effect in the structure. It
increases the stiffness of the overall
structure.

.When the height of column is more

than 4 or 5 meter than designer must
use the tie beam to avoid the column
slenderness, If the column height is
less than 4 or 5m then no need to
design the tie beam.
TYPES OF BRACING SYSTEMS USED IN MULTI-STOREY
STEEL STRUCTURES
There are different types of bracing systems
commonly used in multi-storey steel
structures between orthogonally arranged
beams and columns to transfer horizontal
forces imposed on the structure.

Different bracing systems used in the

construction of multistory steel structures are:

● Vertical bracing system

● Horizontal bracing system
 VERTICAL BRACING SYSTEM
● Vertical bracing as shown in Figure are
diagonal bracings installed between two
lines of columns.
● Not only does it transfer horizontal loads
to the foundations (create load path for
horizontal forces) but also it withstands
overall sway of the structure.
● Configurations of vertical bracings
include cross diagonals (cross bracing)
and single diagonal.
HORIZONTAL BRACING SYSTEM

● Horizontal bracing systems purpose is the

transfer of horizontal loads from columns
at the perimeter of the structure to the
planes of vertical bracing.
● The horizontal forces on perimeter
columns are generated because of wind
force pressure on the cladding of the
structure.
● There are two major types of horizontal
bracing systems which are used in the
multistory braced steel structure namely:
diaphragms and discrete triangulated
bracing.
 CROSS BRACING
TYPES OF BRACING Cross-bracing (or X-bracing) uses two diagonal members
crossing each other.
SINGLE DIAGONAL
These only need to be resistant to tension, one brace at a
Trussing, or triangulation, is formed by time acting to resist sideways forces, depending on the
inserting diagonal structural members direction of loading. As a result, steel cables can also be
into rectangular areas of a structural used for cross-bracing.
frame, helping to stabilise the frame. If a
single brace is used, it must be
sufficiently resistant to tension and
compression
 V BRACING
K BRACING
Two diagonal members forming a V-shape extend
K-braces connect to the columns at mid-height. This frame has downwards from the top two corners of a
more flexibility for the provision of openings in the facade and
horizontal member and meet at a centre point on
results in the least bending in floor beams. K-bracing is
the lower horizontal member (left-hand diagram).
generally discouraged in seismic regions because of the
potential for column failure if the compression brace buckles. Inverted V-bracing (right-hand diagram, also
known as chevron bracing) involves the two
members meeting at a centre point on the upper
horizontal member.
ECCENTRIC BRACING
Eccentric bracing is commonly used in seismic regions. It is similar to V-bracing but bracing
members do not meet at a centre point. This means there is a space between them at the top
connection (see photo above, Salesforce Tower, London). Bracing members connect to
separate points on the horizontal beams. This is so the 'link' between the bracing members
absorbs energy from seismic activity through plastic deformation. Eccentric single diagonals can
also be used to brace a frame.
CROSS BRACING DESIGN EXAMPLE
● The diagonal members of Cross bracing go into tension
and compression similar to a truss.
● Connections for X bracing are located at the beam to
column joints
● Bracing connections may require relatively large gusset
plates at the beam to column joint
● The restriction of space in these areas may have an
impact on the mechanical and plumbing systems as well
as some architectural features
CONNECTION TYPES
REFERENCES
http://www.ijera.com/papers/Vol6_issue12/Part-2/L61202069072.pdf

https://www.civilclick.com/shear-wall/

https://www.structuremag.org/?p=14059

https://theconstructor.org/structural-engg/types-bracing-systems-multi-storey-steel
-structures/19559/

https://theconstructor.org/structural-engg/shear-walls-structural-forms-positioning/
6235/

https://www.civilsimplified.com