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QUR’ANIC
RESEARCH
Interaction of Knowledge, Sciences and
Civilizational



-2016-
All Right Reserved.

No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or


transmitted in any form, or by any means, electronic, mechanical photocopying,
recording or otherwise, with the prior permission from the Centre of Quranic
Research (CQR), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.

Text Type: Times New Roman & Traditional Arabic

QUR’ANIC RESEARCH:
Interaction of Knowledge, Sciences and Civilizational
First Edition 2013

National Library of Malaysia Cataloging-in-Publication

ISBN: 978-967-0882-07-9

Editors: Mohd Yakun @ Zulkifli Mohd Yusoff & Muhamad Alihanafiah Norasid.

Co-Editors: Khadher Ahmad, Mustaffa Abdullah & Sedek Ariffin

Publisher:

Centre of Quranic Research (CQR)


Level 13, Wisma R&D
University of Malaya
Jalan Pantai Baharu
59990Kuala Lumpur
MALAYSIA

Tel : +603-2246 3342


Fax : +603-2246 3345
[email protected]
 TABLE OF CONTENTS 

TABLE OF CONTENTS i
PREFACE v

No. Titles and Authors Pages

Chapter 1:
INTERPRETATION OF THE HOLY QURAN

A COMPARISON OF PERSIAN MYTHS WITH CHARACTERS


1. IN QUR’ANIC STORIES 1-11
Fatemeh Marzbanpour
Seyyed Mohammad Amiri

2. THE RELATIONSHIP OF MUSLIMS WITH NON-MUSLIMS


BASED ON THE CONCEPT OF MUWĀLĀT (LOYALTY) IN 13-33
THE QURʾĀN: A COCEPTUAL ANALYTICAL STUDY
Iman Kanani
Zulkifli Haji Mohd Yusoff

3. USE OF ISHĀRAT AL-NAṢṢ IN SCIENTIFIC TAFSIR: AN


ANALYTICAL REVIEW 35-45
Usman Ahmad

4. AKSIOLOGI ILMU DALAM AL-QUR’AN: TUMPUAN KHUSUS


TERHADAP NILAI HIERARKI ILMU 47-60
Mohd Syahmir Alias
Mohd Shukri Hanapi

5. PEMIKIRAN TASAWUF SA‘ID HAWWA DALAM


PENTAFSIRAN AL-QUR’AN: TINJAUAN ISU-ISU 61-77
KEROHANIAN TERPILIH
Muhamad Alihanafiah Norasid
Mustaffa Abdullah

6. WARNA KUNING MENURUT PERSPEKTIF AL-QURAN:


SATU ANALISIS AWAL 79-90
Norwardatun Mohamed Razali
Kauthar Abdul Kadir

Chapter 2:
LAWS AND PATTERNS IN THE QUR’AN AND ITS MIRACULOUS NATURE
(’I‘JAZ)

7. EXTRACTING PSYCHOLOGICAL AND BINARY 91-109

i
ALGORITHM OF AL QURAN USING AUTOMATIC
SENTIMENT ANALYSIS.
Amine Baïna

8. INVESTIGATION OF THE EFFECTIVENESS OF QURAN


RECITING ON EXAMINATION ANXIETY OF STUDENTS 111-116
Elham Naseri

9. THE ROLE OF HOLY QUR'AN IN CREATING AND


DEVELOPING OF ISLAMIC CULTURE 117-127
Ebrahim Fallah,
Seyed Mohammad Hosseini

Chapter 3:
MODERN TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENTIFIC DISCOVERIES, DUE TO SERVE
THE HOLY QUR’AN

10. ETHICAL ISSUES RELATED TO ADULT STEM CELLS 129-143


SOURCES FROM THE ISLAMIC PERSPECTIVE
Ainul Fatihah Muhammad Alimin,
Mohd Suhaimi Draman,
Nurul Kabir,
Shamsul Azlin Ahmad Shamsuddin,
Abdul Karim Ali,
Luqman Haji Abdullah,
Durriyyah Sharifah Hasan Adli

11. BUAH-BUAHAN DALAM AL-QURAN SEBAGAI


SEBAHAGIAN DIET KANAK-KANAK DENGAN AUTISME 145-156
Feezyha Azmi,
Noor Naemah Abdul Rahman
Durriyyah Sharifah Hasan Adli

12. MAKANAN OLAHAN DALAM AL-QUR’AN DAN AL-


HADITH: KAJIAN DARI SUDUT MANFAAT DAN 157-174
MUDHARAT
Siti Sarah Binti Izham
Khadher Bin Ahmad
Zulkifli Haji Mohd Yusoff

13. MODEL TERAPI PSIKOSPIRITUAL BERDASARKAN AL-


QUR’AN TERHADAP KLIEN KEBERGANTUNGAN OPIAT 175-185
YANG MENJALANI TERAPI GANTIAN METADON (TGM)
Zulfa Izza Mohamed @ Hashim,
Rohayah Husain,
Nasir Mohamad,
Khairi Che Mat,
Syed Hadzrullathfi Syed Omar
Mohd Shahril Othman

14. PENGARUH TINGKAH LAKU PELAJAR AUTISME


BERFUNGSI TINGGI DALAM UJIAN BACAAN SURAH 187-198

ii
FATIHAH
Siti Patonah Mohamad,
M. Y. Zulkifli M. Yusoff
Durriyyah Sharifah Hasan Adli

Chapter 4:
RESEARCH METHODS USED IN THE FIELD OF QUR’AN AND ITS SCIENCES

15. APPROACHES OF ABDULLAH YUSUF ALI AND MOULANA 199-206


MUHAMMED ALI IN TRANSLATING THE HOLY QURAN: A
COMPARATIVE STUDY
Mohammed Asharaf

16. JUDEO-CHRISTIAN TRADITION AS A SOURCE OF THE


QUR’ÓN: A CRITICAL EVALUATION OF MARGOLIOUTH’S 207-221
ASSERTION
Akilu Aliyu Muhammad
Adibah Abdul Rahim

17. THE APPOINTED TIME: MĪQĀT


Abdulla Galadari 223-238

18. QUR’ANIC GUIDANCE ON THE WAYS AND MEANS TO


RESTORE THE VIGOROUS STUDY OF NATURAL SCIENCE 239-250
IN CONTEMPORARY MUSLIM SOCIETIES
Shuaibu Umar Gokaru
Aizan Bt Ali @ Matzin
Faisal @ Ahmad Faisal bin Abdulhamid

19. THE PHILOLOGICAL PROBLEMS IN TRANSLATING THE


HOLY QURAN INTO SOUTH INDIAN LANGUAGES 251-257
Mohammed Saleem

20. KAEDAH PENGAJARAN BAHASA ARAB AL-QURAN YANG


MUDAH: PENGALAMAN DI INDONESIA 259-271
Muhammad Damanika

21. KEDUDUKAN NAS (AL QURAN DAN HADIS) DALAM


PENGUKURAN MAQASID AL SHARI’AH: ANALISIS 273-287
PANDANGAN BEBERAPA ULAMA TERPILIH.
Tuan Sidek bin T. Muda
Ridzwan bin Ahmad

Chapter 5:
ACADEMIC CONTRIBUTIONS OF ACADEMIC CENTRES AND INSTITUTIONS
GEARED TO THE SERVICE AND PRESERVATION OF THE QUR’AN

22. MUHAMMAD ‘AMÔM AL-IHSÓN: HIS LIFE, WORKS AND 289-298


CONTRIBUTION TO QUR’AN AND HADÔTH STUDIES IN
BANGLADESH
Muhammad Hosain

iii
Abdollatif Ahmadi Ramchahi
Faisal bin Ahmad Shah

23. STUDY EFFECTIVE FACTORS ON THE LEVEL OF INTEREST 299-307


OF HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS IN MAZANDARAN, IRAN TO
ATTEND QURAN COMPETITION
Mojtaba Rezaierad

THE METAPHYSICAL, ETHICAL AND JURIDICAL


24. FOUNDATIONS OF HUMAN RIGHTS IN ISLAM: AN 309-315
OVERVIEW WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE RIGHTS OF
NON-MUSLIMS IN MUSLIM SOCIETIES
Muddathir ‘Abd al-Rahim

25. AMAR MAKRUF NAHI MUNGKAR MENURUT AL-QURAN


DAN KAEDAH PELAKSANAANNYA OLEH FRONT 317-338
PEMBELA ISLAM DI BANDA ACEH
M. Riza Muarrif
Mustaffa Abdullah

26. KEBERKESANAN KAEDAH ABAHATA AL-JABARI KEPADA


KOMUNITI TERPINGGIR MELAYU CHAMPA DI MADRASAH 339-352
AL-AZZAM TELOK GADONG, KLANG, SELANGOR: SATU
SOROTAN AWAL
Raja-Jamilah Raja-Yusof,
Amir-Harithah Azhar,
Ain-Farhana Kamari,
Syahidah-Akmal Abdul-Rahman,
Asma Anuar, Nurul’adilah Nazri,
M. Y. Zulkifli Mohd-Yusof

27. KESEDARAN AKAN BAHAYA DAN KEPENTINGAN


RIWAYAT ISRAILIYYAT DALAM TAFSIR QURAN: KAJIAN 353-369
TERHADAP PERSEPSI PENSYARAH PENGAJIAN ISLAM DI
IPTA TERPILIH DI MALAYSIA
Syed Mohammad Chaedar
Ahmad Irwan Santeri Doll Kawaid
Khairul Anwar Muhammad
Khairul Nizam Nazri
Nur Saadah Hamisan Khair

28. PERBANDINGAN PENTASHIHAN AL-QURAN: KAJIAN DI


UNIT KAWALAN TEKS AL-QURAN INDONESIA DAN 371-386
LAJNAH PENTASHIH MASHAF AL-QURAN MALAYSIA:
SATU TINJAUAN
Basirah Abu Bakar
Muhammad Al-Amin Siddik bin Mohmd Nor
Sabri Mohamad

NOTES 387

iv




 PREFACE 

he Glorious Qur’an is the source of Islamic laws and rulings and the

T moral and social system for Muslims. It provides a comprehensive


philosophy of religion and serves as the prime source of human values
through which nations and civilizations prosper and develop. This signifies
that the teaching of the Qur’an should not be restricted to the learning of the
Tajwid rules or memorization only. Rather, it should embrace other
dimensions including the understanding of the fundamental Qur’anic
objectives, the study and exploration of its sciences, guidance, miracles and
laws present in the creation of human being and the universe. Such a
perspective would lead the Qur’an to meet the needs of the nation and the
world through a ceaseless, unremitting cycle of contribution. This age of
technology however, provides new methods and techniques that assist us in
the study and benefit of the Qur’an, and the dissemination of awareness of the
Qur’an so as to prepare a better future in which the Qur’an would represent the
broader field for science, scholarship and culture. The interest in Qur’anic
studies led to the discovery of its theories, truths and patterns in both the
universe and life. It has become incumbent upon Muslims in an age of global
cultural challenges to derive the essence of Qur’anic studies and
interpretations and purge from them the negative effects that have
accumulated throughout centuries of stagnancy. This would revamp the effect
of the Qur’an in the niche of Muslim societies and the guidance of
civilizational movements in the Ummah.
Centre of Quranic Research (CQR) is the first kind of Quranic &
Islamic research centre in Malaysia, which had been established in February of
2010 by University of Malaya. An awareness of raison d’Otre of CQR will be
meaningful in appreciating its efforts at a profound and insightful of Al-Quran
and Islamic studies, for both National and International levels. Efforts and
contributions towards the prosperity and glittering of Holy Quran is truly one
of the most magnificent and most honorable deeds in Islam. Moreover,
spending time for learning and teaching al-Quran and its Islamic studies is the

v
most valuable time indeed. CQR aims to sustain and promote a vital research
in Quranic studies and Islamic research, as well as to explore any kind of
research (Scientific research/education/heritage etc.), which can relate to
Quranic and Islamic research. To accomplish the goal, CQR conducted many
conferences & symposium on various topics, due to inculcate better
understanding of Islam and it's teaching, based on Al-Quran and Hadith.
Since the foundation of the Centre of Quranic Research (CQR) at
Malaya University in Malaysia, the Centre paid great interest to hold an The
6th Annual International Quranic Conference 2016 or known as
(MUQADDAS VI), which has been held since (2011) till (2016)
consecutively. This conference aims at introducing the latest studies and
researches conducted in the field of Quranic studies. This is achieved through
the participation of researches from all over the world which paves the way for
scholarly communication and interaction between scholars and researches.
This fruitful meeting would help to generate ideas and put them into action.
Furthermore, participating researches are considered as previous studies in the
field of Quranic research and, thus, it is essential to improve these studies and
contribute to it in further studies.
In this regard, the main theme of this year conference (2016) is: “Al-
Qur’an as a center for Knowledge, Sciences, and Civilizational Interaction”,
This is to emphasis on the central role that the Qur’an plays in humankind life
in realizing interaction and mutual understanding in the fields of knowledge,
sciences and the civilizational achievements.

Prof. Dato’ Dr. Mohd Yakub @ Zulkifli Mohd Yussof


Chief Editor &
Director Of Center of Quranic Research-CQR

vi
Qur’anic Research: Interaction of Knowledge, Science, and Civilization

Chapter 1:
INTERPRETATION
OF THE HOLY QURAN
Qur’anic Research: Interaction of Knowledge, Science, and Civilization

A COMPARISON OF PERSIAN MYTHS WITH CHARACTERS IN


QUR’ANIC STORIES

Fatemeh Marzbanpour1
Seyyed Mohammad Amiri2

Abstract
There has always been a symmetry and long-lasting link between
Islam and the Iranian national culture which is reflected in
linguistic, cultural, and literary propositions common in Farsi and
Arabic languages. One of them is Persian myths which not only
have epic and romantic functions, but they also play an especial
role in inducing religious concepts. The myths, which are bases
of Persian culture and language, bear resemblance to characters
in Qur’anic stories, showing the relationship between language
and culture of various nations. The present study seeks to
compare similarities and differences among “ Persian myths in
The Shahnameh written by the Persian poet Ferdowsi” and “
characters in Qur’anic stories” which include stories like
“Jamshid and Solomon”, “Fereydoun and Moses”, “Joseph and
Siavash”, “Zuleika and Soudabeh”, “Freon and Zahhak”, and
“Khidr and Alexander”. After drawing the comparison, it is
concluded that the origins of many events are the same among
ethnics and nations. The similarity between characteristics of
Persian mythology and characters in Qur’anic stories reveals the
relationship between Persian culture and language and that of
Arabia. Also, an examination of the structural nature of
mythologies and major bases of narrative structure of Qur’anic
stories indicates multilateral interaction and mixture of language
and culture in Iranian and Semitic communities and nations. It
should be noted that such factors are inevitable in social,
political, historical, literary and linguistic relations among
different nations.

Keywords: Persian Myths, Qur’anic Stories, Jamshid and Solomon, Fereydoun


and Moses, Joseph and Siavash, Zuleika and Soudabeh, Freon and Zahhak,

1 Candidate PhD, Department of Persian Language and Literature, Najafabad Branch, Islamic Azad
University, Najafabad, Iran (e - mail: [email protected])
2 Department of Persian Language and Literature, Najafabad Branch, Islamic Azad University,

Najafabad, Iran, ([email protected] .com )

1
Qur’anic Research: Interaction of Knowledge, Science, and Civilization

Introduction

Myth is a kind of language to express the inner truths of human beings and facts out
of human imagination. When truths take shapes, images and myths form. Dealing
with the world of myths can be a cheat to freedom, salvation and awakening.

Existence of mythology indicates that human beings cannot survive without


soul, meaning and value, without justifying oneself and cosmos and he must rely on
something. As soon as human being thought about his creation, universe, objects, and
nature and started to interpret them from his point of views and he was able to
attribute meaning to it, he revealed that he had a religious sense within himself. When
he was inspired and the relation between human being and God was established,
human being was not announcer and commentator of the universe anymore; but, on
the other hand he was announcer who expressed and interpreted the world as it was.
So, from the perspective of a religious man, fire, soil and water found other meanings.
Religious hero was no longer made up of human mind, not in substance and form, but
also all were real. Although, after some time these heroes got mythical flavors; but
they got place and value beyond the realm of myths. Therefore, the inception of myth
is derived from religious thought. Although myth and religion are separate from each
other and often emergence of myth precedes religion in history. But, the advent of
inspiration and its induction has been attributed to other thing, something separate
from the human will. The emergence of mythology is inferential which religious
human being can have from creature and universe. Mythologists have defined
national and people’s myths in two major groups in Asia and Mesopotamia.
1. Myths of Sami people that are mostly religious and their basis are on
inspiration and mission from God and manifestation of it is in chosen
prophets.
2. Myths of Aryan people who are mostly national and patriotic and their basis
are on divine charisma and king of the time (Khan Mohammadi, 1991, p26).

Fundamental interactions of these two mythical peoples are probably caused


by interactions in a given period, similarities of characteristics, life events and their
times together. In an overall look towards the stories of prophets and Iranian myths,
especially in the whole story, and peak and landmark of the stories, there are many
similarities (Momtahan, Davari, 2010, p173). There are intertwined identities such as
Siavash, Joseph, Jamshid, Solomon, and etc. that support and explain each other.
Wide range of myths and religion has caused to choose Islam among different
religions and choose Iranian myths among legends. Qur’an is the first and the most
important sources to introduce religious figures and it is the most important source to
recognize religious characteristics and Shahnameh of Ferdowsi is the most important
source to understand Iran’s Mythology.

Section One

“Solomon’s Story in Qur’an”

Solomon is the son of David, the prophet that God had given him great wisdom. With
the permission of Allah, Solomon was proficient in all living creature’s language and

2 Centre of Quranic Research (CQR)


Qur’anic Research: Interaction of Knowledge, Science, and Civilization

could understand them. Qur’an says that Solomon dominated the wind and goblins
and these goblins built Solomon’s temple for him. The story of Solomon and hoopoe
is mentioned in Qur’an. Hoopoe tells Solomon that people of the Sheba land worship
Sun, but their queen is very powerful and wise. Solomon sent a letter to queen of
Sheba with hoopoe. In the letter, Solomon said that abandon worshiping sun and
worship God. His name was mentioned in Qur’an 16 times in Baghareh, Nesa, Anam,
Anbia, Naml, Saba (Qur’an, Naml).

“Story of Jamshid in Shahnameh of Ferdowsi”

After death of Tahmores, “Jamshid”, his son, became king and reigned seven hundred
years. Jamshid was wise and had divine charisma3 and divine splendor. He presaged
people justice and defeating wicked people. He thought people making saddles,
armor, spinning, knitting, and sewing garments and divided them into four groups:
righteous and priest people, soldiers and officers, farmers and peasants, artisans and
craftsmen. He removed rubies, gold, silver and gem from the stones. He brought
together camphor, musk, flares and amber. He created seafaring. He became selfish
and arrogance astray him. He disobeyed God’s commands and became ungrateful,
once he called great ones of his country and said: “consider me your Lord, worship
me and pray me”.
By saying these selfish and prideful words, Jamshid’s glory and divine charisma of
his kingdom vanished and he was defeated and overset. Thus, four hundred years of
his kingdom passed away with suffering and defeat (Shahnameh of Ferdowsi, first
volume).

1. Resemblance of Solomon with Jamshid


1.1. Solomon was a prophet and he had spiritual positions, Jamshid also was
priest and governor.
1.2. Both of them had religious government
1.3. Both of them were wise and rich
1.4. Their reign was full of peace and tranquility, in another sense, it is
considered as golden age
1.5. Solomon and Jamshid ruled over vast territories
1.6. They dominated animals including birds and demons
1.7. During their lifetime, both used demons in matters such as diving,
construction, and extracting precious things
1.8. Making war instruments and garments are both attributed to Solomon
and Jamshid
1.9. Having throne is another similarity between Jamshid and Solomon
1.10. Both of them had two powerful tools such as ring and rod
1.11. Both of them were deposed from monarchy
1.12. Solomon built Jerusalem and Jamshid built Varjmkard
1.13. Their prayers were answered

3 Divine splendor: Iranian mythology's concept (Dust khan, 1017p) and blessing or a divine glory that
someone with restraint and to acquire the degree of perfection. (Bahar,156p) Each class member can
have their own glory. In Persian mythology combination of divine glory, the glory of the Imperial
Iranian glorious, glorious heroic been used more than others. Kings of legitimacy was dependent on his
divine glory. The king was the legitimate king with the royal glory that sometimes also called divine
glory .only the glory belongs to the Iranian people is virtuous and evil, pride and so it disappears. Iranian
myths are cases in which, due to pride or errors, King lost its glory and its legitimacy is destroyed.
3
Qur’anic Research: Interaction of Knowledge, Science, and Civilization

1.14. Both of them pray with the intention of serving people


1.15. Jamshid and Solomon both came to power in Nowruz (March)
1.16. In the story of Jamshid, he ordered demon to build him a huge palace
which is appropriate for kings. Solomon’s palace is mentioned in Bible too.
1.17. Jamshid had reason and wisdom due to divine grandeur. As it is
mentioned in Qur’an, Solomon had wisdom and knowledge too.
1.18. As a national monument the story of Jamshid in Shahnameh contains
mystical and gnostic messages and therefore it resembles to Solomon’s story.

2. Difference between Solomon and Jamshid


2.1 solomon’s depose from monarchy was 40 days, but Jamshid’s was
permanent
2.2 Solomon lost his ring of ruler ship for a while but Jamshid lost his
splendor several times and harmed his kingdom
2.3 Jamshid had Jame Jam and Solomon had a mirror in which he could see
the world
2.4 Solomon’s dismissal from reign was sin and it is mentioned in
commentaries that during this time he did not have duties of a prophet
and tasks of guidance. but Jamshid’s dismissal was due to his pride and
claiming to be God
2.5 Solomon was prophet, but despite the fact that Jamshid was sacred, he
was not a prophet

Section Two

“Joseph and Zoleykhah in Qur’an”

One night, Joseph dreamed of eleven stars and the sun and the moon felling down in
front of him and worshipping him, he told his dream to his father. His father
interpreted his dream and said God will soon elect you as his prophet. His big
brothers were jealous of Joseph. They got him to desert to play but threw him in a pit
and brought his bloody dress to Jacob. They claimed that the wolf had eaten him. A
convoy found him in a pit a got him to Egypt. They wanted to sell him. Egypt’s Aziz
bought him and recommended his wife to honor him. His wife fell in love with him.
Inevitably, she wanted to have sexual intercourse with him. One day, he shut all the
doors and said “‫”هیت لک‬, Joseph did not listen to him and returned to infallibility of
God and said: “‫( ” معاذ هللا انه ربی احسن مثوای انه ال یفلح الظالمون‬Joseph, 23)
Zoleykhah chased him and got his shirt by her hands, teared his cloth apart. They
faced Egypt’s Aziz while getting out of the room and Zoleykhah accused him of
malicious intent, but he denied. Finally, they imprisoned him. Joseph interpreted
dreams of two prisoners in jail, one of whom started working in court of Egypt later.
It was the same person that due to him, Joseph interpreted king of Egypt’s dream and
the king released him from prison. The interpretation of his dram was 7 years drought
in Egypt but through Joseph’s wisdom, people were survived from drought. Joseph
became Egypt’s Aziz and found his brothers who came to Egypt to buy some wheat
and forgave them (holy Qur’an, Joseph surah).

4 Centre of Quranic Research (CQR)


Qur’anic Research: Interaction of Knowledge, Science, and Civilization

“Story of Siavash and Sudabeh in Shahnameh”

Siavash was son of Keykavoos, one of the ancient kings of Iran. Siavash was such a
good-looking man like Joseph that everyone was astonished by his beauty. On the
other hand, his moral sprits like probity, and shame was also his prominent feature.
Sudabeh, daughter of “Hamavaran” king and Keykavoos’s wife fell in love with
Siavash. As in secret, she sent a messenger to Siavash and summoned him to her
royal bedchamber, but he refused. The other day, Sudabeh went to the king and asked
him to send Siavash to the bed chamber and let him choose a wife for himself.
Siavash inevitably went to the bedchamber. The third time, Sudabeh summoned
Siavash, but he became angry and got up bitterly. Sudabeh informed Keykavoos and
she accused Siavash of infidelity. Kavoos was thinking about killing SIavash in
penalty of his sin, but first, he decided to test him, he first smelt Sudabeh’s hand and
smelt musk and wine but he could not smell it in hand and cloth of Siavash. He found
out that Sudabeh lied to him and his son, Siavash, was innocent. Keykavoos decided
to kill Sudabeh, but he thought that Hamavaran’s king would avenge him.

As priests said, he kindled a fire to separate the guilty one from the innocent.
Although Keykavoos knew that Sudabeh was innocent, but he voted for “passing
through the fire” to test his truth, but Sudabeh refused to do that. Keykavoos decided
to kill Sudabeh, but by Siavash’s mediation he forgave her. In wake of the events of
war between Iran and Turkestan, Siavash joined Afrasyab. Since Sudabeh was jelous
of Siavash’s popularity in Turkestan, she sent two of her men to Afrasyab to lie to
him and tell him Siavash wanted to kill him. Afrasyab did not believe her. But after
continuous gossips of the people around him, he finally he believed this plot and
ordered to kill Siavash. Then they beheaded innocent Siavash, the hero, and martyred
him. Therefore, he remained in people’s memory and udabeh was killed due to the
punishment of her foul desires (Shahnameh, volume 3).

“1- Resemblance of Siavash with Joseph”

1-1: in Qur’an, joseph’s story is considered as the best story. On the other hand,
Siavash’s story is the most beautiful love stories.
1-2: most parts of both stories deal with manly characteristics. Joseph, as a prophet of
the future, and the other characteristic, has divine glory. According to experts, these
two stories are influenced by masculinity period in human civilization (Khan
Mohamadi, 1991, p26).
1-3: in both stories, there is a minor and limited role which appears for a short time.
Minor characteristic in Joseph’s story is Zolekhah and in Siavash’s story is Sudabeh.
They appear in the story to reveal the inner and sacred characteristic of the first
heroes (ibid).
1-4: entry and presence of female characteristics are in such a way that they appear in
a similar position to heroes due to their specific role. However, they have similar
destiny.
1-5: joseph and Siavash both had beautiful and graceful countenance. Particularly,
Joseph’s special sign of mission between other prophets was his beauty. (it is narrated
that two-third of beauty is given to Joseph and one-third is given to other people)
1-6: joseph enchanted Egyptian woman (when they saw him, they found him such a
beautiful angel that they caught their hands). Siavash’s beauty in Shahnameh is to the
extent that beauties of bedchamber lost their control.
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Qur’anic Research: Interaction of Knowledge, Science, and Civilization

1-7: it is Keykavoos who asked Siavash to go to bedchamberand but he did not doubt
if Siavash’s stepmother had any intention. But siavash was very wiser than his father,
first, tried to make his father clear about any doubts. He thought his father wanted to
test him. Then he accepted and the next day he went to bedchamber worriedly.
Soudabeh hugged him and wanted to have sexual relationship with him (ibid). On the
contrary, Joseph did not suspect zoleykhah, maybe because of the fact that Zoleykhah
had always been with him since them buyed him and adopted him as her child and
she loved him like a mother. The other reason is that Zoleykhah did not behave
obscenely. Whatever she does is due to love (Davari, Momtahan, 2011, 181).
1-8: Although Keykavoos satisfied Siavash to go to Sudabeh’s room but Siavash is
dissatisfied.
But Joseph is not afraid of Zoleykhah in the story, maybe being a prophet had helped
him to calm him down. He just says “I seek refuge to Allah” (Momtahan, Davari, p
183).
1-9: Zoleykhah asked Joseph to come in and she shut the doors. “She closed the doors
and said everything is ready for you”. Sudabeh sent a messengerto Siavash and told
him she was waiting for him in the bedchamber and wants to have sex with him.
1-10: Joseph escaped from Zulaikhah, but Siavash knew his father’s interest to
Sudabeh, if he gave a negative response to Sudabeh, she could easily change his
father’s mind about him.
1-11: both of them seek refuge in God
1-12: Joseph and Siavash both denied their lovers therefore they were found guilty
and deserved punishment. Aziz’s wife said: “if he does not do what I order him he
will go to jail and will be disgraced and humiliated” (Joseph/23)
1-13: in both stories, garment of one person is torn (lover or beloved). In the story:
(… took his shirt and tear it from behind…) (Joseph/25) but Sudabeh tore the cloth
from the front.
1-14: Egypt’s Aziz considers Zuleykhah to be guilty: (… because you are sinner.)
(Joseph/29) and he was negligence about this matter and he was satisfied by her
repentance and asking forgiveness (…ask forgiveness…). But Kavoos was very
serious and angry about this matter and decided to kill Siavash if Sudabeh was proved
to be innocent (Ferdowsi, 2000, p225) and if Sudabeh was sinful, he would kill him
too.
1-15: In order to save his wife’s face, kavoos told Siavash not to talk to anyone about
this matter (Ferdowsi, 226). Egypt’s Aziz told Joseph to (disregard it…) (Joseph/29).
1-16: iavash generous and chivalrous. He went to gallows without committing the
slightest sin. He forgave (Garsivaz), who was plotting against him. Joseph forgave his
treacherous brothers easily who hurt him so badly, or he forgave Zulaikhah after all
difficulties he suffered due to her and even married her.

“2- Difference between Joseph and Siavash”

2-1: Kavoos was very sad because the issue had remained unresolved for a long time.
But Jacob lost his patience and became blind of weeping (his eyes became white due
to sorrow) (Joseph/ 84).
2-2: when Kavoos heard Siavash’s death, he fell from his bed unconsciously and
ripped his dress (Ferdowsi, 287). While he put Joseph’s shirt on his eyes he could see
again: (when the bearer of good news put the cloth on his face, suddenly he could see
again) (Joseph/ 96).

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2-3: joseph who was in the bottom of a pit became Egypt’s Aziz (God, you gave me a
huge part of the government…). (ibid, 101), but Siavash who had throne, became
humiliated and desperate.
2-4: there is a big difference in destiny of these two heroes; Siavash had to fight with
the existing government system in order to fulfill his ambitions, but Joseph was
capable to fulfill his ambitions without fighting government system. Because of this
fact, unlike Joseph’s story, Siavash’s story did not have a happy ending and ended in
protagonist’s martyrdom which had such an enormous consequence that it leaded to
revenge Turkish people and emergence of Keykhosrow.

“3- Resemblance of Zoleykhah and Sudabeh”

3-1: Zoleykhah and Sudabeh were both beautiful. Sudabeh was defined in Shahnameh
as “moon-faced” and “Canopus of Yemen”. When they met Siavash and Joseph, they
were both young and 3-2: highly beautiful and in peak of desires. Zoleykhah and
Sudabeh were both middle-aged.
3-3: both of them fell in love with young men who grew up in their families.
3-4: both of them followed their passion and sandaled in their forbidden love.
3-5: both of them were powerful and had political and social influence.
3-6: both of them put the blame on the other person to prove their innocence.
3-7: both of them appeared as a minor role but they had direct influence on events of
the story.

“4- Difference between Zoleykhah and Sudabeh”

4-1: Zoleykhah’s love was considered to be purer and less carnal than Sudabeh’s
love; but, sudabeh fell in love in first sight and she just wanted sexual relationship.
4-2: Egyptian’s women’s description of Joseph: (glory to Allah! he is not a human,
this is an honorable angle) (ibid. 31). Zulaikhah believed that Joseph’s face was a
good reason for people who denied her love. This meeting was arranged to justify
Zoleykhah. But, the reason of sudabeh’s invitation was not to excite other people’s
admiration because he did not need other’s admiration. She arrogantly wanted
Siavash to compare her with beauties of bedchamber and to confess her beauty and
choose her; whereas, Zoleykhas did not have any arrogance and selfishness nowhere
in the story. That is why she has been a symbol of a true lover in the literature
(Momtahan, Davari, 2011, p182).
4-3: Sudabeh was more deceiver than Zoleykhah, tearing up Joseph’s garment from
behind was a good reason for Joseph’s innocence. When Egypt’s Aziz saw the
garment torn up from behind, he said: this woman’s snare, woman’s snare is great.
While, tearing Sudabeh’s dress was evidence of her innocence.
4-4: Sudabeh was a woman who achieved whatever she wanted from his power, she
was powerful, obstinate and vengeful. By the fact that Zoleykhah had influence on
Egypt’s Aziz and despite her fault was proved, she accused Joseph. Due to this
influence, Egypt’s Aziz puts Joseph in jail to save-face reputation of the court. But
Joseph acted so rationally that Egypth’s Aziz decided to justify himself and he invited
Egyptian noble women. After accusing Joseph which Zoleykhah then regret about it,
he did not do anything else.
4-5: reaction of Sudabeh against beauty of Siavash was that she sent a messenger to
him and asked him to come to bedchamber. But Joseph did not do anything which
demonstrated his foreseeing cause had not been aware of Zoleykhah’s love until she
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openly expressed her interest. He was impressed by Zoleykhah’s pure love and
honesty. So he did not doubt her.
4-6: Zoleykhah was not capricious like Sodabeh and her love is not as ungracious as
Sodabeh’s love. She acted so virtuously that she did not disturbed Joseph. Except the
last scene of this episode, there is no source which mentions that Zoleykhad have let
Joseph have sexual relationship with her before, Qur’an describes this scene in
brevity.
4-7: after putting Joseph in jail, Zoleykhah regretted of her sin and remained regretful
to the end of the story. But sudabeh did not regret and continued his seduction to the
end of the story and caused Siavash’s death.
4-8: at the end of the story, Zoleykhah became young again and fresh again and
married Joseph and fulfilled her desires but Sodabeh was killed with a sword.
Section three

“The Story of Pharaoh and Moses in Qur’an”

Pharaoh, an oppressor king of Israel dreamed of fire coming from Sham to Egypt and
burned aristocrat’s homes and ruined palaces, gardens and halls and turned everyone
to ash and smoke. Hypnologists interpreted that soon a boy would born and he would
destroy pharaoh. He ordered to kill every boy that was born. God inspired Moses
mother “breast-feed him and put him in Nile when you feared and do not scared, do
not be sad, we will restore him to you and make him one of the messengers. “Moses’
mother placed the baby in a box and put him in Nile”

Nile’s waves got the box to Pharaoh’s palace. He ordered to kill him but
Asieh, Pharaoh’s wife prevented him. God put love of that child in her heart. She
offered pharaoh to adopt him as their child and pharaoh agreed. God chose Moses as
his prophet. Israelites accepted his invitation. But, even after seeing Moses’ miracle
of the rod and his victory over pharaoh’s witches, pharaoh continued his oppression.
Finally Moses and his followers migrated to Palestine from Egypt by crossing the
Nile but Pharaoh and his armies were drowned in Nile. The story of Moses is
mentioned in Shoara, Ghesas, Araf, Naml, Jonah, Alnazeat, Hood, Abraham,
Momenoon and Asrah (Qur’an/ Ghesas).

“Story of Zahak and Fereydoun in Shahnameh”

After killing his father, Zahak became king through temptations of devil. Devil kissed
Zahak’s shoulders to show his affection to him. Two black snakes grew on his
shoulders where Devil kissed. Devil transformed himself into a skilled physician and
went to Zahak and said: “if you want those snakes to be calm and not to harm you,
you should kill two people every day and make stew for the snakes by their brains.
Zahak dreamed of three fighting men coming to him. One of them who was smaller
and was a brave hero attacked him and knocked his heavy mace on his head.
Interpretation of his dream was that: “a child called Fereydoun who is searching for
your throne will be born in your country and he will kill thee by mace”. He ordered to
look for Fereydoon across the country and bring to him. Fereydun’s father became
snake’s meal. Fereydoun nurtured in mountains and plains with a pious and when he
found out his father’ death and Zahak’s oppression, he was waiting for fight. The

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situation is provided through Kaveh’s petition from Zahak, Fereydun fighted Zahak
and abolished his kingdom. (Ferdowsi/ volume1).

“1- Resemblance of Moses and Fereyun”

1-1: Moses and Fereydun revolted to seize government and create a better situation.
1-2: both of them were away from danger by their mother.
1-3: their father’s name was not mentioned in the story effectively.
1-4: both of them revolted when innocent people were dead. Moses rebelled when a
Coptic man was dead with a hit of fist. He came back to his city after many years.
Fereydun came from Alborz and seized the throne when Kaveh’s sons were dead.
1-4: in the story of Moses, there was a minister who was Moses’ brother. In
Fereydun’s story, Freydun’s brothers were his first consultants and they met Zahak
before their battle.
1-5: water had crucial role in the story. Moses faced his fate through river’s
waterway. Fereydun was grown up in mountains and plains but he passed through
Euphrates River to arrest Zahak as Moses had to pass through Nile to overcome
Pharaoh and survive and in this scene water, the most important element in nature,
played its role as a crucial element.
1-6: both of them were away from their mothers after their birth.
1-7: both of them born in a situation where newborns were killed.
1-8: Moses and Fereydun could finally seize the throne.
1-9: both of them return to their homeland.

“2- Difference between Moses and Fereydun”

2-1: Moses was put into water but Fereydun was grown up on soil.
2-2: Moses was rescued by the ones who could not have children but Fereydun was
nurtured by a pious in the mountain.
2-3: Moses was nurtured by Pharaon and then fought against him. But Fereydun was
nurtured far away from government and he was grown up secretly.
2-4: Moses first invited Pharaon to monotheism and avoiding oppression and etc. but
Fereydun had not had a conversation before overthrowing Zahak’s throne.
2-5: Moses was inspired by Allah and he had miracles. By demonstrating Allah’s
miracle to Pharaoh, he showed God’s power to him. But Fereydun did not have
supernatural power and he destroyed Zahak by using people’s and Kaveh’s revolt and
grace of God.

“3- Resemblance of Zahak and Pharaon”

3-1: both of them were cruel and oppressive kings


3-2: both of them saw end of their government in their dreams.
3-3: both of them ordered to kill a generation of people to continue their own
government. Zahak ordered to kill youths to feed his snakes and Pharaoh ordered to
kill infant boys.
3-4: both of them relied on witches and magic.
3-5: snakes grew on Zahak’s shoulder, these were tools to scare and frighten people.
Pharaoh’s magicians made snakes and people were startled.
3-6: Devil cooperated with pharaon and Pharaon claimed to be God. Zahak killed his
father
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“4- Difference between Zahak and Pharaon”

4-1: Zahak had a long time government, but pharaon did not governed for a long
time.
4-2: pharaon was very oppressive and continued his oppression after Moses’
invitation to monotheism and seeing his miracle, but Zahak tried to justify himself
and his government after seeing Fereydun. He prepared documentary evidence and
asked everyone to sign and testify his justice.
4-3: pharaoh chased Moses and his followers to Nile but in Fereydun’s story,
fereydun pursued zahak while crossing Euphrates.
4-4: Zahak was killed by Fereydun but pharaon and his armies were drowned in Nile
while chasing Moses and his followers.

Conclusion

Islam, with the goal of prosperity for mankind, used different ways to promote its
religion. One of these ways is storytelling and introducing good and bad models.
With the advent of Islam, themes of prophet’s stories entered Persian literature and
inspired poets like Ferdowsi. Shahnameh is one of the pillars of poetry and language
in Persian language which lies on myth and it is closely associated with these stories.
Therefore, there common symbols were created in religious life and myths which had
common goals. Like Solomon’s ring and throne of Jamshid.

There were common beliefs like belief in good and evil, existence of evil that
can indwell in humans or animals body like (Joseph and Zoleykhah, SIavash and
Sudabeh) and having divine approval ( Jamshid and Solomon). Governance of fate
(Pharaoh and Moses, Zahak and Fereydun) hypnology and forecasting, (pharaon and
Zahak, Zahak and Fereydun, Joseph and Zoleykhah, Siavash and Sudabeh) are
closely associated with fate’s governance.

The next conclusion: there are commonalities like burth, gaining power, life
style, fighting oppressive governors, faith and belief in God and … which exists in
Qur’an’s stories of prophets and Iranian myths in Shahnameh gets us to this
conclusion that we cannot deny creation of a conversation between myth and religion.
This agreement and harmony between religious and mythical characteristics could
provide a field for growing and reasoning for humanity.
The third result is that links between Arian and Samies has caused linguistic,
historical, cultural, and religious interference between these two nations. Whether this
interference was deliberate or fault, they had common purpose, they had mutual
effects on each other despite their difference.

Final result is that in fields of language and comparative literature there are
numerous and undeniable similarities among nations and peoples which derive us to
this conclusion that in depth elements of this world, common elements could be found
and that are the same basic, common language with a few changes and evolution.
This is world view towards phenomenon of human thought.

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Qur’anic Research: Interaction of Knowledge, Science, and Civilization

Grandeur: it is a concept in Iranian mythology. It is divine blessing or God’s


radiance [1] which a person gains by doing his own duties [2] and gains degree of
perfection. Members of each social class can have their own grandeur. In Persian
mythology, compounds like Divine grandeur, King’s grandeur, Iranian grandeur,
royal grandeur, priests’ grandeur, and heroic grandeur has been used more than other
compounds. Legitimacy of kings was depended on their grandeur. Legitimate king
was a king who had king’s grandeur which was sometimes mentioned as divine
grandeur. Grandeur belongs to pure Iranian/ individuals and it can be lost by doing
evil things and vanity and the like. In Iran’s myths, there are cases in which grandeur
was lost due to king’s vanity or his huge faults and he has lost his legitimacy.

References

1. Holy Qur’an, Trans Makarem Shirazi, N. Khoramshahi, B. Fuladvand, M.

2. Asil, H. (1990) From Jamshid to Fereydun, the story of ups and downs of
power in Shahnameh. Farhang, 7

3. Bahar .M. (2005 research in Iranian mythology, Agah, Tehran. P156)

4. Bostani, M (1992). Artistic effects of Qur’an stories, Trans Jafarzadeh, M,


Mashhad: Bonyad Pajuhesh haye islami

5. Dustkhah, J. ( 2002). “attachment”, Avesta, the oldest Iranian Chants,


Morvarid, Tehran.

6. Ferdowsi, A. (2009). Shahnameh, 10th Ed, Tehran: Ghatreh

7. Khan mogammadi, A. (1991). Similarities between Joseph and Zoleykhah


Siavash and Sudabeh, Keyhan Farhangi, 4

8. Mirchah, A (1999). The myth, eternal return, Trans Sakarati, B. Tehran:


Ghatreh

9. Momtahen,M, Davari,p.(2011). Two women, comparison of Sudabeh and


Zoleykhah in Siavash’s story (in point of view of Ferdowsi) and Joseph story
(in Qur’an), Research on Comparative Literatur, 7

10. Modaresi, F. (2006). Jamshid’s myth, considering Solomon’s story: Literature


and languages: department of literature and humanities Shahid Chamran,
Ahwaz. 4

11. Razi, A. Hossein ibn Ali, M, (1986) ، ‫روض الجنان و روح الجنان فی التفسیر القرآن‬,
edited by: Yahaghi, M. Naseh, M. Mashhad: Astan GHods Razavi

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Qur’anic Research: Interaction of Knowledge, Science, and Civilization

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Qur’anic Research: Interaction of Knowledge, Science, and Civilization

THE RELATIONSHIP OF MUSLIMS WITH NON-MUSLIMS BASED ON


THE CONCEPT OF MUWĀLĀT (LOYALTY) IN THE QURʾĀN: A
COCEPTUAL ANALYTICAL STUDY

Iman Kanani1
Prof. Dato' Dr. Mohd Yakub @ Zulkifli Mohd Yusoff2

Abstract

This paper aims to clarify the relationship between Muslims and


Non-Muslims in human society, based on the concept of Muwālāt
(commonly translated as “Loyalty”) in the Qurʼān. Different
interpretations with regard to concept of Muwālāt has caused
deep dissensions among Muslims and thereby the relation
between Muslims and non-Muslims has inclined to inappropriate
level. This variety of interpretations has originated from different
understandings of the meaning of Muwālāt in the Arabic
lexicons, or conceptual understanding of some relevant verses of
the Qur’ān and the prophetic traditions, or may have emanated
from literal understanding of some verses of the Qur’ān and
prophetic traditions. A historical study indicates that Muwālāt in
Jāhilīyah (Pre-Islamic era) has emerged in different shapes such
as Muwālāt between man and his idols, Jinn and demons, or
between tribes, or between servant and his lord. However, some
of these shapes are prohibited after the advent of revelation, some
modified and the rest are not issued. In the light of the
abovementioned shapes of Muwālāt and by relying on relevant
verses of the Qur’ān, this article concludes that Muwālāt is not
only ideological, it can be contractual too. A historical study of
prophet’s interaction with non-Muslims in Mecca and Medina
illustrates that Muslims' relations with Non Muslims is based on
peace, and as long as non-Muslims do not betray and violate, a
peaceful relationship was currently established and the alliance
and coalition were formed. The article additionally concluded
that previous Muslim scholars’ categorization which is based
only on prohibited (undesirable), and not prohibited (desirable) is
inappropriate. The present study follows a contextual and
analytical methodology.

1Phd Candidate, Department of Al-Qur’an and Al-Hadith, Akademy of Islamic Studies, University of
Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
2
Professor of Academy of Islamic Studies, University of Malaya.
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Qur’anic Research: Interaction of Knowledge, Science, and Civilization

Keywords: muwālāt (loyalty), the Qurʾān, relationship, Muslim,


non-Muslims, People of the Book.

Introduction

One of the most important contemporary topics of Islamic thought that has brought
about a deep conflict and clash among Muslims themselves, on the one hand, and
between Muslims and non-Muslims (especially in multi-religious countries), on the
other hand, is the issue of muwālāt. Nowadays, walāʾ or muwālāt has become the
cause of profound social problems in human society. Furthermore, there are some
scholars who are committed to a literalist understanding of the Qurʾān and prophetic
traditions, arguing that muwālāt means that God has commanded Muslims to
establish and maintain their friendship and love only with their fellow Muslims while
simultaneously disassociating themselves from non-Muslims, who form the majority
of the world population today.

According to this hardline point of view based on a literalist reading of the


Qurʾān, Muslims must stay away from the customs of non-Muslims and not imitate
them. This shallow and literalist understanding of muwālāt has resulted in some
Muslims devising a problematic concept of jihād. Isis (Da'ish) group is an example of
Muslim extremists who misunderstood the concept. They based wrongly their Jihad
activities on the literalist understanding of muwālāt which refers to the Ideological
loyalty only. Not only does this group of Muslims restrict the meaning of muwālāt
but they also regard as sinful those who have extended and contextualized it. 3

In fact, with the contextualization of all verses pertaining to loyalty in the


Qurʾān and by paying attention to the Prophet’s (PBUH) life and his contracts with
the “People of the Book4” and the pagans, it becomes clear that muwālāt, as stated in
the Qurʾān, is based on ideological and Non-ideological. This shows that muwālāt
does confine itself only to faith and ideology. In the Jāhiliyyah era, loyalty and
friendship were based on physical as well as moral (spiritual) factors. However,
friendships were also based on ideological and non-ideological factors in certain
situations, including loyalty between man and his god or idol; jinns and demons;
between tribes; between a master and his servants; and between some Arab
polytheists and the People of the Book until the fifth year AH, such as between the
tribes of Banū Aws5 , and Banū Qurayẓah6 and Banū al-Khazraj7, and Banū
Qaynuqā8.

3 Shavit, Uriya, “Can Muslims befriend non-Muslims? Debating al-Walāʾ wa al-Barāʾ (Loyalty and
Disavowal) in Theory and Practice”, Islam and Christian-Muslim Relations, 25/ 1 (2014), p. 67-88.
4 The term People of the Book (‫ أهل الكتاب‬′Ahl al-Kitāb) is utilized in the Qurʾān to refer to Jewish and

Christian.
5 Bænu ˈæws, meaning “Sons of Aws” or simply Aws was one of the main Arab tribes of Medina.
6 Alternate spellings include Quraiza, Qurayzah, Quraytha, and the archaic Koreiza, was a Jewish tribe

which lived in northern Arabia at the oasis of Yathrib (presently known as Medina) until the 7th century
CE.
7 Bænu Khazraj was one of the tribes of Arabia living in Medina during the era of the Prophet

Muḥammad.
8 Also spelled Banu Kainuka, Banu Kaynuka, Banu Qainuqa, Banu Qaynuqa, was one of the three main

Jewish tribes of Medina in the 7th century CE.


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Qur’anic Research: Interaction of Knowledge, Science, and Civilization

It is to be further noted that although some people consider love as a part of


muwālāt, this understanding relies on a specific interpretation of certain verses and
prophetic traditions, or relies on linguistic meaning of muwālāt. This article argues
that both love and loyalty have their own definitions, albeit intertwined and
overlapped. It is not the case that the two are synonymous. This will be established
through a contextual induction regarding all the verses pertaining to muwālāt (walāʾ)
and to the Prophet Muḥammad’s method of interaction with non-Muslims.

In summary, the aims of this study can be listed as follows: (a) to explain the
definition of muwālāt (loyalty); (b) to clarify the various conditions of muwālāt in the
Qurʾān; (c) to explore the evolution of muwālāt before and after revelation; (d) to
analyze the different theories about walāʾ; and, finally, (e) to establish guidelines for
relations between Muslim and non-Muslim countries.

Linguistic and idiomatic definitions of muwālāt

Muwālāt (walāʾ or walāyah) linguistically has two contradictory meanings. On the


one hand, it connotes nearness and closeness9; on the other hand, muwālāt connotes
farness and remoteness, it means opposite of nearness:
God says: “We sent a group of jinn to you to listen to the Qurʾān. When they heard it,
they said to one another, ‘Be quiet!’ Then when it was finished they turned to their
community and gave them warning” (Q 46: 29).

God says: “So if they believe like you do, they will be rightly guided. But if they turn
their backs, then they will be entrenched in opposition. God will protect you from
them: He is the All-Hearing, the All-Knowing.” (Q 2:137).

Meanings of muwālāt such as slave, freed slave, slave liberator, friend,


confederate, cousin, assistant, neighbour, and lover are derived from the first
connotation10. The second connotation of muwālāt is rarely given in Arabic
dictionaries and lexicons and no corresponding nouns or adjectives have been found.
However, the second connotation of muwālāt is used in related verbs such as wallā
and tawallā.

With regard to the idiomatical meaning of muwālāt, the definitions given by


scholars are quite similar. Some scholars have based their definitions on its main root
which implies “nearness”; for instance, Ṣālih Āl al-Shaykh says that “muwālāt is
living with somebody, being close to him, loving him, and supporting him against
enemies”11 Al-Qahṭānī additionally says that it is to respect someone12. Other scholars
have offered a definition based on a combination of the linguistic meaning of
muwālāt and the social conditions during a particular period. For example, Sayyid

9 Ibn Fāris, Muʿjam Maqayis al-Lughah, Lebanon, Beirut, Dār al-Fikr, 1979, VI, P. 141.
10Ibn Fāris, Muʿjam Maqayis al-Lughah, VI, P. 141; Al-Juharī, Al-Ṣaḥāḥ fī allugah, Lebanon, Beirut,
Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmiyyah, 1999, VI, p. 559; Al-Zubaydī, Tāj al-ʿArūs min Jawāhir al-Qāmūs, Kuwait,
National Council for Culture, Arts & Letters, 2001, IV, p. 253.
11
Ṣālih Āl al-Shaykh, Usūl al-Īmān fī Ḍaw al-Kitāb wa al-Sunnah, Saudi Arabia, Ministry of Islamic
Affairs, Endowments, Daʿwah and Guidance, 2000, p. 265.
12 Muḥammad Al-Qahṭānī, Al-Walāʾ wa al-Barā fī al-Islam, Saudi Arabia, Mecca, Dār al-Ṭayyibah,

1992, p. 90.
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Qur’anic Research: Interaction of Knowledge, Science, and Civilization

Quṭb says that muwālāt is a social alliance which denotes loving, supporting, and
making social contracts with Muslims13.

Muwālāt in the History

Loyalty among the communities of the Jāhiliyyah era had two different forms:
ideological and contractual. The loyalty between man and his gods was a form of
ideological loyalty: God says:
“True devotion is due to God alone. Those who choose other protectors [gods]
beside Him, saying, ‘We only worship them because they bring us nearer to God,’
God Himself will judge between them regarding their differences. God does not guide
any ungrateful liar.” (Q 39:3)

“Those who take protectors [gods] other than God can be compared to spiders
building themselves houses—the spider’s is the frailest of all houses—if only they
could understand. God knows what things they call upon beside Him: He is the
Mighty, the Wise.” (Q 29:41-42)

“Say [Prophet], ‘Who is Lord of the heavens and the earth?’ Say, ‘God.’ Say,
‘Why do you take protectors [gods] other than Him, who can neither benefit nor
harm even themselves?’ Say, ‘Are the blind equal to those who can see?’” (Q 13:16)

The loyalty between jinns and their worshipers is another example: God says:
“On the Day He gathers them all together, He will say to the angels, ‘Was it you
these people worshipped?’ They will reply, ‘May You be exalted! You are our
supporter against them! Really, they worshipped the jinn—most of them believed in
them.’” (Q 34:40-41)
These types of loyalty have been forbidden by God.

The second form of loyalty in the era of Jāhiliyyah was established on the
basis of social contract. The walāʾ (loyalty) between a servant and his master in the
pre-Islamic era is an example, God says:
“Name your adopted sons after their [real] fathers: this is more equitable in God’s
eyes—if you do not know who their fathers are [they are your] ‘brothers-in-religion’
and protégés….” (Q 33:5)

This type of loyalty continued for several centuries. Another type of


contractual loyalty is tribal. Alliances among tribes, such as the loyalty between Banū
Aws and Banū Qurayẓah and the loyalty between Khazraj and Banū Qaynuqāʿ,
prevailed during the age of Jāhiliyyah. The conditions of these contracts included
protecting each other against enemies. After the advent of revelation, some of these
loyalties were prohibited. However, this kind of loyalty (muwālāt) was changed after
the Prophet’s demise, especially during the time of the fourth caliph.

The first group to consider muwālāt as a fundamental doctrine was the


Khārijite sect. They took on this doctrine to emphasize greater loyalty for members of

13 Sayyid Quṭb, Fī Ẓilāl al-Qurʾān, Lebanon, Beirut, Dār al-Shurūq, 1991, I, p. 387.

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their own group and to shun outsiders 14. Some Khārijites say that loyalty and
disavowal are among the attributes of God15. According to Khārijite doctrine, loyalty
with a sinner is impermissible because a sinner is the same as an infidel. Based on
this doctrine, the Khārijites were loyal to the first two caliphs and disavowed the last
two caliphs16.

A similar approach developed in the Shiʿa creed by those who followed ʿAlī
ibn Abī Ṭālib and preferred him over the other caliphs 17. They adopted muwālāt as a
main part of their doctrine18, and believe that loyalty to ʿAlī is the basis of the
acceptance of deeds and, therefore, that all the deeds and worship of those who do not
believe in loyalty to ʿAlī are unacceptable to God19.

A general search in Sunnī sources indicates that the scope of muwālāt takes a
different form. The Sunnī interpretation of loyalty has, however, changed variously
over the duration of Islamic history. According to Ṭabarī’s (224-310 AH / 839-923
CE) interpretation of this verse that God says:
“The believers should not make the disbelievers their allies rather than other
believers—anyone who does such a thing will isolate himself completely from God—
except when you need to protect yourselves from them. God warns you to beware of
Him: the Final Return is to God.” (Q 3:28)

Muslims cannot make alliances with non-Muslims against Muslims. They


should not support infidels for the advancement of their religion, helping them against
other Muslims20. He highlighted the phrase “against Muslims” in many places.

Some historians, such as al-Jāḥiẓ and Ibn ʿAbd Rabbih, have written about
this issue. Al-Jāḥiẓ (159-255 AH / 767-869 CE) narrated in Kitāb al-Bayān wa al-
Tabyīn with regard to muwālāt that: “ʿUmar ibn al-Khaṭṭāb wrote a letter to Abū
Musā al-Ashʿarī telling him that loyalty to infidels was the worst capital for a
Muslim21. In Al-ʿIqd al-Farīd by Ibn ʿAbd Rabbih (246-328 AH / 860-940 CE) a
discussion between Muʿāwiyah and a woman named Darāmyah al-Hajunyah is
narrated. In this discussion, Muʿāwiyah asked her why she liked ʿAlī and disliked him
and why she showed loyalty to ʿAlī and enmity to him 22. Jāḥiẓ’s narration from
ʿUmar ibn al-Khaṭṭāb shows that the prohibited loyalty is for infidels who are
enemies of Muslims. However, the Ibn ʿAbd Rabbih understanding is contrary to the
Sunnī creed of that particular period. Abū Bakr al-Khallāl narrated from Abī Saʿīd al-

14 J. Wagemakers,“The Transformation of a Radical Concept al-Wala’ wa al-Bara’ in the Ideology of


Abu Muhammad al-Maqdisi”, International Journal of Middle Eastern Studies, 44/ 1 (2009), p. 81-106.
15ʿAlī Al-Ashʿarī, Maqālāt al-Islāmiyyīn wa Ikhtilāf al-Muṣallīn, Lebanon, Beirut, Maktabat al-Āsrīah,

1980, I, p. 179.
16 Aḥmad Jalī, Darāsah ʿān al-Firāq fī Tārīkh al-Muslīmīn “al-Shīʿah wa al-Khawārij”, Saudi Arabia,

Riyadh: Aṭibāt al-ʿArabiyyah al-Saʿūdiyyah, 1986, p. 49.


17 ʿAlī Al-Ashʿarī, Maqālāt al-Islāmiyyīn wa Ikhtilāf al-Muṣallīn, I, p. 65.
18 Muhammad Shahristānī, Kitāb al–Milal wa al-Niḥal, Lebanon, Beirut, Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmiyyah,

1992, I, p. 145.
19 Muḥammad Bāqir Al-Majlisī, Biḥār al-Anwār, Lebanon, Beirut, Muʾassasat al-Wafā. 1983, XXVII, p.

167.
20
Ibn Jarīr Al-Ṭabarī, Jami' al-Bayan fi Ta'wil al-Quran, Lebanon, Beirut, Muʾassasat al-Risālah, 2000,
VI, p. 313.
21 Jāḥiẓ, Kitāb al-Bayān wa al-Tabyīn, Lebanon, Beirut, Dār wa Maktabat al-Hilāl, 2003, II, p. 33.
22 Ibn ʿAbd Rabbih,ʿIqd al-Farīd , Lebanon, Beirut, Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmiyyah, 1983, I, p. 352-353.

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Khudrī that one of the Prophet’s companions had said that al-walāyah is an
innovation (bidʿah)23. This does not, however, mean that all types of muwālāt are an
innovation but that transforming muwālāt from a socio-political to an ideological
term and being loyal to some Muslims and disavowing others is bidʿah.

The Sufi thought with regard to muwālāt also differs from the previous
views. First, they have advocated the loyalty of a murīd (novice) towards his shaykh
(spiritual guide). When the murīd takes an oath (ʿahd) of loyalty and swears
obedience, the shaykh in turn promises to solve the murīd’s problems and deliver him
from every dilemma whenever he makes a request for help. Second, they have
defined walī as a true, sincere believer. Third, walī, as defined by the leader of the
Tijāniyyah order, is a person that God distinguishes by handling his affairs and
permitting him to witness His Divine deeds and attributes 24.

Most jurists, on the other hand, have focused on contractual muwālāt, mostly
discussing walāʾ between a freed slave and his master. For instance, Mālik ibn Anas
(93-179 AH / 711-795 CE) defined walāʾ as an agreement between two persons25.
Shāfiʿī (150-204 AH / 767-820 CE) believed walāʾ between a freed slave and his lord
was not related to faith and religion 26. Al-Sarakhsī (Muḥammad ibn Aḥmad ibn Abī
Sahl Abū Bakr al-Sarakhsī was an important jurist of the Ḥanafī School (Death 490
AH / 1096, CE)) described muwālāt as a contract between two people who both agree
to support each other. He noted that in the era of Jāhiliyyah people would support
each other by making alliances27. In addition, al-Sughdī (Death 461/1068) narrated
that muwālāt between Muslims and freed non-Muslim slaves was permissible28.
However, some Ḥanbalī scholars consider such a concept of loyalty to be an
innovation (bidʿah). Ibn Abī Yaʿlā in his explanation about muwālāt according to the
Ḥanbalī School, says that being loyal to some and disavowing others is an
innovation29. Thus, all types of muwālāt are not innovations.

Decades later, Fakhr al-Dīn Rāzī (543-606 AH / 1148-1209 CE) in his


interpretation of verses regarding loyalty had yet another view. He stated the
following:

“Showing loyalty to infidels has three aspects. The first aspect of loyalty to
infidels is to be satisfied with their beliefs and support them in this regard.
This kind of loyalty is forbidden and those who tend towards this method
have deviated from the true way of faith (īmān). The second aspect of loyalty
to infidels is to live in respectful coexistence with them, without being
satisfied with their beliefs and without providing them any support. This form
of loyalty is not prohibited. The third aspect of loyalty to infidels, which is

23 Aḥmad Al- al-Khallāl, Kitāb al-Sunnah, Saudi Arabia, Riyaḍh, Dār al-Rāyah, 1989, V, p. 141.
24 Al. Ṭabarī, “The Other Side of Sufism”. (1988). http://www.slideshare.net/kingabid/other-side-of-
sufism-by-tabari.
25 Mālik ibn Anas, Al-Mudawanah al kubrā, Lebanon, Beirut, Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmiyyah, 1994, II, p.

526& 558.
26Muhammad ibn Idrīs al-Shāfīʿī, Kitāb al-Umm, Lebanon, Beirut: Dar al-Maʿrifah.1990, V, p. 132.
27 Al-Sarakhsī, Al-Mabsūṭ Lebanon, Beirut: Dar al-Maʿrifah, 1993, VIII, p. 81.
28 Al-Sugdī, Al-Natf fī al-Fatāwā, Beirut, Dār al-Furqān; ʿAmmān, Muʾassasat al-Risālah, 1984, I, p.

433.
29 Yaʿlā, ibn Abī ,1987, Ṭabaqāt al-Hanabillah, Lebanon, Beirut: Dār al-Maʿrifah. I, p. 35.

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between the first and second, is to support, help, and show loyalty to them
due to kinship or love, while holding the belief that their religion is false.
Though this kind of loyalty does not swerve a person from īmān, it is
prohibited30.”

A century later, Ibn Taymiyyah (661-707 AH / 1263-1328 CE), referred to


muwālāt extensively as cordial relations. He wrote that though loyalty is related to the
heart, it is also shown apparently and he believes that those who are loyal to non-
Muslims have become infidels31. He mentioned the loyalists of God are those who
believe in Him and in the message of His Prophet in its entirety, love what God loves
and hate what He hates; the loyalists of the devil are the unbelievers, who are the
enemies of God32. This understanding of muwālāt confuses contractual and
ideological muwālāt.

Some centuries later, Muḥammad ibn ʿAbd al-Wahhāb (1115-1206 AH /


1703-1792 CE), a Ḥanbalī scholar, stated that supporting infidels against Muslims
was grounds for apostasy33. Using the phrase “against Muslims” signifies that
Muḥammad ibn ʿAbd al- Wahhāb’s definition of muwālāt is different from Ibn
Taymiyyah’s definition. It seems that Ibn ʿAbd al- Wahhāb believes that muwālāt
with Non-Muslim who invade Muslims is prohibited.

The Salafī mainstream view with regard to muwālāt has been largely
influenced nowadays by the thought of Ibn Taymiyyah.

Contemporary approaches to muwālāt

a) Literalist understandings of muwālāt

The word literalist comes from the root “literal”. The literal meaning of a word or
expression is its basic or original meaning 34. In this regard, the term means using
some texts in their usual or most simple sense without a deep understanding of the all
related texts. A literal understanding is often a shallow understanding of something.
In Islamic thought, this term is used as an opposite of conceptual meaning. For
example: God says in the Quran (16:98):

[Prophet], when you recite the Quran, seek God’s protection from the outcast, Satan.
Those Who are literalist, by relying on this verse, have determined that seeking
protection from God before reading the Quran is obligatory, and those who have not
said “the seeking protection word” is a sin should be punished by God. However,

30 Rāzī, Fakhr al-Dīn .2000. Mafatīḥ al-Ghayb [the keys of paradise] Lebanon, Beirut: Dār Ihyā al-
Turāth al-ʿArabī.
31 Ibn Taymiyyah, Al-Ṣirāṭ al-Mustaqīm, Saudi Arabia, Medina, Mujammā al-Malik Fahd, 1999, I, p. 7,

18; XXVIII, p. 192.


32 Shavit, “Can Muslims befriend non-Muslims? Debating al-Walāʾ wa al-Barāʾ (Loyalty and

Disavowal) in Theory and Practice”, p. 71.


33 Ibn ʿAbd al-Wahhāb, Al-Durrar al-Sanniyyah fī al-Ajwūbat al-Najdiyyah, Saudi Arabia, Riyaḍh

Maṭbaʿāh al-Ṣafīr, 1996, IX, p. 292.


34 Longman Dictionary, Third Edition 2001, p. 1061

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Qur’anic Research: Interaction of Knowledge, Science, and Civilization

most Muslim jurists assert that the Sunnah and is only voluntary. Nowadays the term
“literalist” has been used by some scholars to describe Salafīs.

A literalist understanding of muwālāt refers to a semantic understanding of


some Qurʾānic verses and prophetic traditions related to muwālāt. Some Salafīs
influenced by Ibn Taymiyyah’s thought such as (Āl al-Shaykh n.d. b, Munajjid, Ibn
al-ʿUthaymīn, and Fawzan) thought regarding muwālāt believe that all cordial
relations or friendships between Muslims and non-Muslims are forbidden by God.
They believe that any acts of loving, glorifying, and supporting non-Muslims make
one an infidel35. According to this belief, being similar to non-Muslims in dress and
speech and going to their countries for enjoyment and entertainment are signs of
muwālāt to infidels, although essential travel such as travel for medical reasons is not
prohibited. They additionally maintain that praising non-Muslims, admiration of their
modernity, supporting them against Muslims, requesting their help, being kind to
them, asking them for forgiveness, and even using their calendar are all features of
showing loyalty to non-Muslims and, consequently, are forbidden (Fawzan, 1999,
309-313, Shavit, 2014, 72-73; Āl al-Shaykh n.d. a; Wagemakers 2009, 87, Munajjid
2003a, 159–161). The “loyalty and disavowal” has been developed as the core of
contemporary salafī writings because it enhanced two of their main ideological
objectives: totalistic devotion in faith and practice and a minimization of the impacts
of Western culture on society36.They have based their understanding of muwālāt on
some Qurʾānic verses, including 3:28, 5:51, that God says:
“The believers should not make the disbelievers their allies rather than other
believers—anyone who does such a thing will isolate himself completely from
God….” (Q 3:28)

“You who believe, do not take the Jews and Christians as allies: they are allies only
to each other. Anyone who takes them as an ally becomes one of them—God does not
guide such wrongdoers.” (Q 5:51)

And they rely on some prophetic traditions that one narrated by Ibn Masʿūd
that The prophet says: “The strongest handhold of Islam is to have loyalty (walāyah)
to God and also love and hate for God.” (Ṭabarānī, 1985, vol. 1, 372)
Also Abū Hurayrah narrated that prophet says:
“Do not begin a greeting ‘al-salām’ with a Jew and Christian, and if you meet one of
them on the road, force him to the thinnest part of it.” (Tirmidhī 1975, vol. 4, 154).

This kind of literal understanding has brought about many problems in


human societies, especially multi-cultural societies. They believe that Muslims'
relations with other faiths is based on enmity. Such literal understandings of texts are
superficial and shallow and can be criticized in that:
(A) The conditions of muwālāt at the time of revelation were different from the above
stated beliefs;

35 Khalaf, Uṣūl Masāʾil al-ʿAqīdah ʿind al-Salaf wa ʿind al-Mubtadaʿah, 2001, II, p. 52.
<http://shamela.ws/index.php/book/7259>.
36 Shavit, “Can Muslims befriend non-Muslims? Debating al-Walāʾ wa al-Barāʾ (Loyalty and

Disavowal) in Theory and Practice”, p. 72.


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Qur’anic Research: Interaction of Knowledge, Science, and Civilization

(B) The methodology used by this group to infer the meaning of muwālāt in the
Qurʾān is not comprehensive and there are other verses that are contrary to their idea,
including 3:64, 3:113-115, and 5:5;
(C) A brief glance at the Prophet’s life shows clearly that he did not himself display
such interaction with non-Muslims, and it shows that Muslims' relations with other
faiths is based on peace, not on enmity and disavowal.

b) Conceptual understandings of muwālāt

Conceptual understanding is the opposite of a literal understanding. Concept means


someone’s idea of how something is, or should be done. Conceptual means based on
idea37. The conceptual understanding of muwālāt means "the comprehension of
Qur’anic or prophetic traditions concepts, and their relations with each other". This
term depends on a deep understanding of related verses.

Using the conceptual approach, instead of focusing on the literal meaning of


muwālāt in the Qurʾān and prophetic traditions, scholars derive a fundamental basis
from applicable verses upon which Muslims can build their relationships with others.
For example, al-Qaraḍāwī mentioned in his book, The Lawful and the Prohibited in
Islam, that the following two verses of the Qurʾān are enough to provide Muslims
with comprehensive guidelines for a relationship with non-Muslims:

“God does not forbid you to deal kindly and justly with anyone who has not fought
you for your faith or driven you out of your homes: God loves the just. But God
forbids you to take as allies those who have fought against you for your faith, driven
you out of your homes, and helped others to drive you out: any of you who take them
as allies will truly be wrongdoers” (Q 60:8-9).

According to him God did not prohibit kindness to non-Muslims in general


but only to those who wage war with Muslims and are hostile to Islam. Islam does not
prohibit Muslims from being kind and generous with polytheists; therefore, how can
it give a blanket prohibition of kindness to all Jews and Christians—who received
special regard in the Qurʾān which never refers to them without saying “O People of
the Book” or “O you have been given the book”. Al-Qaraḍāwī’s understanding based
on these two verses is that Islam commands Muslims to justice with those who are
not hostile towards them 38. The same approach is adopted by Fethullah Gülen who
emphasizes that verses that forbid relationships between Muslims and non-Muslims
do not refer to all Christians and Jews. The severe tone of the Qurʾān in some verses
is not directed towards people, but towards qualities like improper attitude, erroneous
thinking, obstinacy, and hostility to Islam39. Also Said Nursi (d. 1960), by relying on
permission for a Muslim man to marry a Christian or Jewish woman, stated that
Muslims can love Non-Muslims40. It shows that he separated between love and
alliance.

37 Longman Dictionary, Third Edition 2001, 372


38 Al-Qaraḍāwī, Al-Ḥalāl wa al-Ḥarām fī al-Islām, Cairo, Maktabat Wahba, (22nd ed.), 2004, p. 209-
291.
39
C. Hakan. “Friendship between Muslims and the People of the Book in the Qurʾān with special
reference to Q 5:51” Islam and Christian-Muslim Relations, vol. 23, issue 4, 2012, p. 509.
40 C. Hakan. “Friendship between Muslims and the People of the Book in the Qurʾān with special

reference to Q 5:51”, p. 510.


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These scholars attempted to solve contradictions among problematic verses


with regard to muwālāt concluding that the verses which forbid muwālāt are related
to people who are enemies hostile to Islam and that under peaceful condition s
Muslims must be just and kind to all human beings.

The article fallows a conceptual understanding of muwālāt However, it


differs from other conceptual understandings in certain respects. It uses an inductive
approach that compiles all the relevant verses of the words of “Wally” to compare
with the pre-Islamic era and to identify all situational contexts of muwālāt. The study
focuses on how the Prophet (P.B.U.H) deals with non-Muslim in this regard. Other
understandings are based on a partial inductive approach which focuses on the related
word “Wally” that indicates the relationship between Muslims and non-Muslims. As
such, others disregard differences between ideological and non-ideological forms of
muwālāt.

The present study categorizes muwālāt with regard to ideology and faith. It
divides muwālāt into the two groupings of ideological and non-ideological
(contractual). Ideological muwālāt is certain and eternal while contractual muwālāt is
internal and based on different situations. Others have divided muwālāt into
categories of prohibited (undesirable) and not prohibited (desirable). The difference
between two classifications is that the first is based on ideology, spirituality, and
faith. While the second division is based on lawful and prohibited. It means according
to them there are some muwālāt which are permissible while others are
impermissible. The former contains muwālāt between believers themselves, believers
and God, and believers and angels. However, the latter includes muwālāt between
pagans and their gods, among non–Muslims, between devils and their followers, and
between Muslims and non-Muslims.

The current study of ideological muwālāt divides to muwālāt between


believers and God, believers and angels, between polytheists and their idols, and
between devils and their followers. However, non-ideological muwālāt includes
muwālāt among Muslims, among non-Muslims, and between Muslims and non-
Muslims.

As it is clear in the two classifications, others rely on the lawful and


prohibited only, regardless of the roots, reasons, causes, and effects. Their definition
of muwālāt which is based on do's and don'ts, ignored the all situations of loyalty.
Their wrong combining of ideological and social relationships cause them to mistake
it as a part of Islamic faith which is eternal and unchangeable. Thus, according to
them the one who forges a relationship with non-Muslims he is considered a
wrongdoer.

It is worthy to mention that the paper’s division is based on all verses related
to muwālāt in the Quran, and with special consideration to the nature and culture of
relations among Arab societies during the advent of revelation. The prophet’s
(PBUH) dealing with Non-Muslims in his life as the best interpreter of the Quran is
the main basis of this research. Based on this classification, the present study
represents a new guideline and structure for the concept of muwālāt.

22 Centre of Quranic Research (CQR)


Qur’anic Research: Interaction of Knowledge, Science, and Civilization

Ideological muwālāt

Ideological muwālāt is a relationship of loyalty that does not have any connection to
human social life. It refers only to metaphysical and spiritual existence. Although
most Salafī scholars, including Ibn Taymiyyah, Ibn al-ʿUthaymīn, and Fawzān,
considered muwālāt to be only an ideological concept, this article infers that muwālāt
must be divided into two categories: ideological and contractual. Ideological muwālāt
is further divided to four categories, as follows.

(A) Muwālāt between believers and God

In the Qurʾān, the muwālāt that exists between believers and God is only ideological.
In Q 6:1420 God mentions that muwālāt must be only for Him. God says:
“Say, ‘Shall I take for myself an ally other than God, the Creator of the heavens and
the earth, who feeds but is not fed?’ Say, ‘I am commanded to be the first [of you] to
devote myself [to Him].’ Do not be one of the idolaters.” (Q 6:14)
Muwālāt in such verses denotes worship. Consequently, worship must be for God
alone. Polytheism is the antithesis to this sense of muwālāt. This means that seeking
closeness to anyone other than God through worship, asking for help, and showing
humility are considered polytheism41.

Additional illustrative examples include Q 39:3 in which God says:

Be aware! Unquestionably, for Allah is the pure religion. And those who take walī
besides Him [and say], “We only worship them that they may bring us nearer to
Allah in position.” Indeed, Allah will judge between them concerning that over which
they differ. Indeed, Allah does not guide he who is a liar and [confirmed] disbeliever.
(Q 39:3)

In the context of this verse and some other verses, such as 29:41-42 that God says:
“Those who take allies other than God can be compared to spiders building
themselves houses—the spider’s is the frailest of all houses—if only they could
understand. God knows what things they call upon beside Him: He is the Mighty, the
Wise.” (Q 29:41-42).

It is obvious that muwālāt denotes tawḥīd and is a relationship between God and His
servant. When God says that He is the ally (walī) of those who believe, as in Quran
such as the below verses it means that He is a gracious protector and guardian:
God says:
“God is the ally of those who believe: He brings them out of the depths of darkness
and into the light….” (Q 2:257)

“My ally is God: He has revealed the Scripture, and it is He who protects the
righteous, but those you call on instead of Him cannot help you or even help
themselves.” (Q 7:196-197)
“…God is the ally of [true] believers.” (Q 3:68)

41 Sayyid Quṭb, Fī Ẓilāl al-Qurʾān, 1991, II, p. 1057.


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“….Wrongdoers only have each other to protect them; the righteous have God
Himself as their ally.” (Q 45:19)

(B) Muwālāt between polytheists and their idols

This ideological muwālāt was very popular among people in the era of Jāhiliyyah.
Polytheists had great cordial and spiritual relationships with their idols. They
worshiped them and called upon them for help, especially in difficulties. This kind of
muwālāt was prohibited by Islam and, in order to rectify the people’s conception of
worshiping God, the following guidance has been provided: God says:
Those who take allies other than God can be compared to spiders building themselves
houses—the spider’s is the frailest of all houses—if only they could understand. God
knows what things they call upon beside Him: He is the Mighty, the Wise. (Q 29:41-
42).
On the Day He gathers them all together, He will say to the angels, “Was it you these
people worshipped?” They will reply, “May You be exalted! You are our supporter
(walī) against them! Really, they worshipped the jinn—most of them believed in
them.” (Q 34:40-41)

These verses clarify that seeking goodness and removal of harm from anyone
other than God is forbidden whether it be through worship, prayer, or calling upon
angels, jinns, or idols.

(C) Muwālāt between believers and angels

The loyalty between believers and angels in the Qurʾān is ideological. It refers only to
a cordial and spiritual relationship. This means that angels provide benefits to
believers and repel harms from them in this world and the hereafter by praying for
them and seeking forgiveness for them God says:
“Those [angels] who carry the Throne and those who surround it celebrate the praise
of their Lord and have faith in Him. They beg forgiveness for the believers: ‘Our
Lord, You embrace all things in mercy and knowledge, so forgive those who turn to
you and follow your path. Save them from the pains of Hell….’” (Q 40:7).

Or helping them in difficult situations God says:


“Remember when you said to the believers, ‘Will you be satisfied if your Lord
reinforces you by sending down three thousand angels?’” (Q 3:124)

“As for those who say, ‘Our Lord is God,’ and take the straight path towards Him,
the angels come down to them and say, ‘Have no fear or grief, but rejoice in the good
news of Paradise, which you have been promised.’” (Q 41:30)

“Your Lord revealed to the angels: ‘I am with you: give the believers firmness; I
shall put terror into the hearts of the disbelievers—strike above their necks and strike
all their fingertips.’” (Q 8:12)

And welcoming them at the time they enter paradise God says:

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Qur’anic Research: Interaction of Knowledge, Science, and Civilization

“…those whose lives the angels take in a state of goodness. They will say to them,
‘Peace be upon you. Enter the Garden as a reward for what you have done.’” (Q
16:32)

(D) Muwālāt between devils and disbelievers

The muwālāt between devils and disbelievers is utilized in the Qurʾān in many verses.
It refers to spiritual and ideological loyalty. In the following verses muwālāt means
worshipping and following devils. God says:
“…Whoever chooses Satan as a walī instead of God is utterly ruined….” (Q 4:119)

“Fated to lead astray those who take satans as a walī, he will guide them to the
suffering of the blazing flame”. (Q 22:3-4)
“By God, We have sent messengers before you [Muḥammad] to other communities,
but Satan made their foul deeds seem alluring to them. He is the patron (walī) of
these present disbelievers too, and a painful punishment awaits them all”. (Q 16:63)

Socio-Contractual muwālāt

This term emphasizes coexistence between humans. The word is derived from the
word society and contract. For instance, contract on a truce, or to support each other
in the face of a common enemy. Contractual relations may be accomplished between
two groups with different or the same faith and ideology, such as between Muslims,
or between non-Muslims themselves. These kinds of relationships are totally different
from an ideological relations. It does not concern to faith and creed. It is based on a
social solidarity, or a social compact. For example, muwālāt between Christians and
Jews is a covenant between them to protect each other from dangers, and their
enemies despite differing in belief.

A survey of the various circumstances related to muwālāt during the pre-


Islamic era, the diverse occasions of revelation, and the Prophet’s dealings with non-
Muslims demonstrate that there are some types of muwālāt that are not ideological
but contractual. The muwālāt among believers, among non-Muslims, and between
Muslims and non-Muslims indicate socio-political contracts. They are not relevant to
faith. Those who claim that contractual muwālāt is a component of tawḥīd or
associate it with love or any cordial relationship have misunderstood. The following
reasons clarify that this type of muwālāt is not ideological.
(A) muwālāt between the Muslims and Jews and the Muslims and Christians was
built and continued until those groups breached their social agreement with the
Muslims and attacked them. Had such alliances been ideological, they would have
been prohibited from the very beginning of revelation.
(B) According to verse Q 8:72 that God says:
“…As for those who believed but did not emigrate, you are not responsible for their
walāyah (protection) until they have done so….” (Q 8:72)
Only those Muslims who immigrate to Islamic territories have muwālāt with
Muslims. Therefore, migration is the reason for such loyalty. It is clear that if this
kind of muwālāt had been dependent on faith and ideology, it would have been
obligatory for the Islamic government to be loyal to those who had not immigrated.
(C) Even the hypocrites’ immigration to Madinah during the Prophet’s time required
muwālāt God mentions:
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Qur’anic Research: Interaction of Knowledge, Science, and Civilization

“They would dearly like you to reject faith, as they themselves have done, to be like
them. So do not take them as allies until they migrate [to Medina] for God’s
cause….” (Q 4:89)

Thus, being different or similar in faith or ideology is neither a hindrance nor a reason
for muwālāt.
(D) Different groups of non-Muslims with dissimilar ideologies can have muwālāt
among each other for the sake of worldly benefits as God said:
“The disbelievers support one another. If you do not do the same, there will be
persecution in the land and great corruption.” (Q 8:73)

This suggests that such loyalty is not related to faith.

(A) Muwālāt among believers

Muwālāt among believers refers to alliance and social agreement. In this regard God
says: “Your true allies are God, His Messenger, and the believers—those who keep
up the prayer, pay the prescribed alms, and bow down in worship” (Q 5:55).
However, as mentioned before, the relationship between God and the believers is
ideological; therefore, adding God’s name along with the Prophet and the believers in
this verse is only to show that God accompanies the parties of a social contract.
Consequently, Muslims have no right to have an affinity for communities that are
enemies actively against Muslims. The below verse also shows that this muwālāt is
contractual, God says:

“Those who believed and emigrated [to Medina] and struggled for God’s cause with
their possessions and persons, and those who gave refuge and help, are all allies of
one another. As for those who believed but did not emigrate, you are not responsible
for their protection (walāyah) until they have done so….” (Q 8:72)

This verse shows that muwālāt among Muslims is only a socio-political agreement.

Some scholars who refer to verses such as Q 8:72 and 9:71 have wrongly
inferred that the muwālāt mentioned in these verses includes brotherhood and love.
In these two verses God says:

“Those who believed and emigrated [to Medina] and struggled for God’s cause with
their possessions and persons, and those who gave refuge and help, are all allies of
one another. As for those who believed but did not emigrate, you are not responsible
for their protection (walāyah) until they have done so….” (Q 8:72)

“The believers, both men and women, are allies to each other….” (Q 9:71)

There is no doubt that Muslims should like each other and that there should
be a brotherly atmosphere among them. This is proven by many verses and prophetic
traditions. Our concern is that such meanings cannot be taken from the terminology of
muwālāt.

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Qur’anic Research: Interaction of Knowledge, Science, and Civilization

Another reason for this kind of muwālāt to be considered contractual is the


existence of loyalty between Muslims and hypocrites, which is demonstrated by the
below verse, God says:

“They would dearly like you to reject faith, as they themselves have done, to be like
them. So do not take them as allies until they migrate [to Medina] for God’s
cause….” (Q 4:89)

(B) Muwālāt among non-Muslims

This component of loyalty includes the relationship and alliance among all non-
Muslims including infidels, People of the Book, hypocrites, and atheists. These are
contractual alliances and do not have any connection with ideology and faith. Thus,
there is no problem with peaceful relationships among non-Muslims.

However, according to verses Q 8:73 that God mentions:


“The disbelievers support one another. If you do not do the same, there will be
persecution in the land and great corruption.”

And the verse Q 45:19 that God says:


“….Wrongdoers only have each other to protect them; the righteous have God
Himself as their ally.” (Q 45:19)
If the abovementioned muwālāt includes corruption, violation, and hostility, thus it is
undesirable.

(C) Muwālāt between Muslims and non-Muslims

In this section, the social-political relationship between Muslims and non-Muslims is


discussed in two categories: muwālāt between Muslims and disbelievers and muwālāt
between Muslims and the People of the Book.

(1) Muwālāt between Muslims and disbelievers

Muwālāt between tribes with different ideologies and faiths was prevalent during the
pre-Islamic era as a social contract. With the advent of revelation, such alliances were
forbidden by God under specific circumstances. The prohibition of muwālāt between
Muslims and disbelievers, including polytheists, can be observed in some notable
Qurʾānic verses such as 9:23 that Allah says:
“Believers, do not take your fathers and brothers as allies if they prefer disbelief to
faith: those of you who do so are doing wrong."

And another example that indicates the prohibition of muwālāt between


Muslims and disbelievers is the verse Q 3:28 that God states:
“The believers should not make the disbelievers their allies rather than other
believers—anyone who does such a thing will isolate himself completely from God—
except when you need to protect yourselves from them. God warns you to beware of
Him: the Final Return is to God.”

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Qur’anic Research: Interaction of Knowledge, Science, and Civilization

From a review of the Prophet’s relations with non-Muslims it can be


concluded that the reason for this particular prohibition was the aggressiveness and
hostility of some disbelievers towards Muslims. For example, God says:
“You who believe, do not take My enemies and yours as your allies, showing them
friendship when they have rejected the truth you have received, and have driven you
and the Messenger out simply because you believe in God….” (Q 60:1)

God also says in this chapter:


“He does not forbid you to deal kindly and justly with anyone who has not fought you
for your faith or driven you out of your homes: God loves the just. But God forbids
you to take as allies those who have fought against you for your faith, driven you out
of your homes, and helped others to drive you out: any of you who take them as allies
will truly be wrongdoers.” (Q 60:8-9)

These verses obviously address those who are fighting with, and are hostile
to, Muslims. There is no doubt that no one desires to keep a relationship with those
who are unjust and disloyal towards them.

Furthermore, an examination of the Prophet’s life reveals that the Prophet did
not prohibit relations with non-Muslim communities as long as they honoured their
agreements and were not at war with Islam. This can be demonstrated by Prophet
Muḥammad’s truce with the Khuzāʿah tribe on the day of the conquest of Mecca and
his seeking assistance from Ṣafwān ibn Umayyah in the battle of Ḥunayn against the
Hawāzīn42.

(2) Muwālāt between Muslims and the People of the Book

This section explains the various conditions of Muslim and Jewish, Muslim and
Christian, and Muslim and Zoroastrian relations. Some verses of the Qurʾān and
prophetic traditions have explicitly warned about loyalties between Muslims and the
above mentioned groups. God says: “You who believe, do not take the Jews and
Christians as allies: they are allies only to each other. Anyone who takes them as an
ally becomes one of them…” (Q 5:51). The apparent meaning of these verses implies
that any meaning inferred from having such an alliance—like friendship, amity,
partnership, agreement, or treaty—with the Jews or Christians (or Zoroastrians) is
unlawful to Muslims.

In fact, however, the interpretation of the relationship between Muslims and


the People of the Book is the same as the relationship with polytheists. From a
consideration of the Prophet’s life, we behold good relations between Muslims and
the People of the Book, especially Christians. The migration to Abyssinia ordered by
the Prophet himself is the clearest example of this association. When the polytheists
of Mecca began their violent behaviour against Muslims, the Prophet said to the
Muslims: “If you go toward Abyssinia, there is a king, whose kingdom does not

42 W. Al-Zahilī, Al-Tafsīr al-Munīr, Lebanon, Beirut: Dār al-Fikr, 1998, X, p. 163.


28 Centre of Quranic Research (CQR)
Qur’anic Research: Interaction of Knowledge, Science, and Civilization

tolerate any injustice” 43. The king of Abyssinia, the Najjāshī, welcomed the Muslim
refugees and supported them in the best possible manner against the pagans.

Furthermore, after the arrival of Muslims in Medina, no one was forced to


accept Islam. The Prophet Muḥammad (PBUH) signed a number of treaties with the
Jews and Christians to form a broad social unity, especially in the face of their
common enemy44. That is, they reached an alliance with each other. This alliance
continued until the fifth year AH when the event of Banū Qurayẓah occurred and the
alliance was revoked45.

Such betrayal and oppression occurred several times by the People of the
Book during the Prophet’s life. An example of this hostility occurred at the Battle of
Muʾtah between the Muslims and Roman Christians along with their Arab allies.
Farwah ibn ʿAmr al-Judhāmī was beheaded after this battle when he converted to
Islam46. The killing of Saqatir Usquf, who attested that the Prophet Muḥammad was a
legitimate prophet, is another example of their hostility 47.

With regard to the enmity of the Jews, after the battle of Khaybar, a woman
called Zaynab bint al-Ḥārith planned to poison and kill the Prophet. However, the
Prophet survived by God’s grace 48. Another example is the story of the Jews of Banū
Naḍīr who planned to throw stones upon the Prophet’s head and terrorise him 49. The
battle between the Jews of Banū Qaynuqāʿ and Muslims during the second year AH,
the battle with Banū Naḍīr during the fourth year AH, and the battle with Banū
Qurayẓah during the fifth year AH are other cases of conspiracy instigated by the
People of the Book.

ʿUmar ibn al-Khaṭṭāb, the second caliph, as well as the Ottoman and Abbasid
caliphs, employed People of the Book for governmental duties and positions 50. In
addition, the Jews helping the Muslims to conquer Andalusia and Egypt clearly
shows the existence of peaceful relations and alliances between Muslims and the
People of the Book.

All the above mentioned evidence demonstrates that the relations between the
Muslims and the People of the Book were contractual. Thus, loyalty in this case is not
prohibited unless hostility and betrayal are involved.

43 Ibn Kathīr, Al-Bidāyah wa al-Nihāyah, Lebanon, Beirut, Dār Ihyā al-Turāth al-ʿArabī, 1988, III, p. 85;
Al-Dhahabī, Tārīkh al-Islām wa Wafiyyat al-Mashahīr wa al-Aʿlām, Lebanon, Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-
ʿIlmiyyah, 1987, I, p. 84.
44 Ibn Kathīr, Al-Bidāyah wa al-Nihāyah,III, p. 276.
45 Ibn Kathīr, Al-Bidāyah wa al-Nihāyah, IV, p. 139.
46 Ibn Hishām, Al-Sīrat al-Nabawiyyah, Lebanon, Beirut, Dār al-Jalīl, 1991, V, p. 291.
47 Ibn Jarīr Al-Ṭabarī, Tārīkh al-Umam wa al-Mulūk, Lebanon, Beirut, Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmiyyah, 1987,

II, p. 131; Ibn Kathīr, Al-Bidāyah wa al-Nihāyah,IV, p. 304.


48 Ibn Kathīr, Al-Bidāyah wa al-Nihāyah,IV, p. 24.
49 Ibn Hishām, Al-Sīrat al-Nabawiyyah, 1991, III, p. 101.
50 W. Al-Zahilī, Al-Tafsīr al-Munīr, IX, p. 56 &57.

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Qur’anic Research: Interaction of Knowledge, Science, and Civilization

Conclusions

This article concludes that the term muwālāt should be understood based on various
circumstances of use in the pre-Islamic era, conceptual understanding of all relevant
verses in the Qurʾān, and the Prophet Muḥammad’s (PBUH) methods for dealing
with non-Muslims. Also article deduce that Muslims' relations with other faiths is
based on peace.

It has been illustrated that with regard to these various considerations


muwālāt (loyalty) regarding to the researchers point of view can be divided into two
categories: (1) ideological muwālāt, which involves matters of faith and spirituality;
and (2) contractual muwālāt, which pertains to socio-political relationships. The latter
does not have any connection with cordiality, affection, and brotherhood. Ideological
muwālāt is certain and eternal while contractual muwālāt is internal and based on
different situations.

As it is clear in this study and other classifications, they rely on the lawful
and prohibited only, regardless of the roots, reasons, causes, and effects. Their
definition of muwālāt which is based on do's and don'ts, ignored the all situations of
loyalty. Their miscombination of ideological and social relationships cause them to
mistake all kind of loyalty (muwālāt) as a part of Islamic faith which is eternal and
unchangeable.

In the current study, ideological muwalat divides to muwalat between


believers and God, believers and angels, between polytheists and their idols, and
between devils and their followers. However, non-ideological muwalat includes
muwalat among Muslims, among non-Muslims, and between Muslims and non-
Muslims.

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34 Centre of Quranic Research (CQR)


Qur’anic Research: Interaction of Knowledge, Science, and Civilization

USE OF ISHĀRAT AL-NAṢṢ IN SCIENTIFIC TAFSIR: AN


ANALYTICAL REVIEW

Usman Ahmad1

Introduction

The Qur’ān deals with human life, its needs, its nature, its problems and their
solutions (21:10). That is why Muslim scholars in the field of tafsīr and fiqh
right after the time of the last Prophet (S.A.W) interpreted the Qur’ān by using
certain methodologies that led to the emergence of principles to derive
messages from the Qur’ān. Ḥanafī jurists have classified the most widely used
principles of interpreting the Qur’anic text into four categories: (1) ‘Ibārat al-
Naṣṣ, (2) Dalālat al-Naṣṣ, (3) Iqtaḍā’ al-Naṣṣ and (4) Ishārat al-Naṣṣ2. Shāfi‘ī
jurists developed similar principles of interpreting the Qur’ān but they named
them al-manṭūq and al-mafhūm. They discuss ‘ibārat al-naṣṣ, Iqtaḍā’ al-naṣṣ
and ishārat al-naṣṣ under the title of al-manṭūq.3Jurists did not introduce and
confine these principles of interpreting the Qur’ān to merely derive legal
rulings from the Qur’ān; they also defined them in a comprehensive manner
and as general principles to understand and interpret the Qur’anic message.
The task of jurists (fuqahā’) warranted deliberation over the Qur’anic text and
Hadith text hence they were also mufassirūn and muḥaddithūn and they spent
their life to understand the Qur’ān.4 These principles as classified by fuqahā’
were taken as principles of tafsīr by mufassirūn.5Jalāl al-Dīn al-Suyūṭī has
discussed them in his book al-Itqān fī ‘Ulūm al-Qur’ān as modes of reasoning
over the Qur’anic text.6 An over view of the books of tafsīr unveils that

1
Department of Islamic Studies, University of the Punjab, Lahore
2 Saʿd al-Dīn Masʿūd, Taftāzānī, Sharḥ al-Talwīḥ ʿalā al-Tawḍīḥ li matn al-Tanqīḥ fī Uṣūl al-Fiqh
(Bayrūt: Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmiyyah, 1996), 1:242.
3 ʿAbd al-Malik bin ʿAbd Allah, Al-Juwaynī, Al-Burhān fī Uṣūl al-Fiqh (Qaṭar: Dār al-Wafāʾ,1992),

1:298.
4Tafsīr of Imām Shāfi’ī has been compiled and available in a book form in 3 volumes: (See: Ahmad bin

Muṣtafā Al-Farrān, Tafsīr al-Imām al-Shāfi’ī. (Saudi Arabia: Dār al-Tadmuriyyah, 2006)
5 ‘Abd al-Ḥamīd, Moḥsin, Dirāsāt fī Usūl Tafsīr al-Qur’ān (Baghdad: Mṭba‘ Waṭan ‘Arabī, 1980), 23.
6 Jalāl al-Dīn, al-Suyūṭī, al-Itqān fi ʿUlūm al-Qurʾān (Saudi Arabia: Majma‘ al-Malik al-Fahd, 2000),

4:489.
See Also Discussion of al-manṭūq and al-mafhūm in (Muhammad bin Bahādur, Al-Zarkashī, al-Burhān
fī ‘Ulūm al-Qur’ān (Ed: Muhammad Fadal Ibrāhīm), (Bayrūt: Dār al-Ma’rifah, n.d.), 4:51.
35
Qur’anic Research: Interaction of Knowledge, Science, and Civilization

mufassirūn based their interpretation of the Qur’ān on these principles


consistently.7

Reasoning on ‘ibārat al-naṣṣ is an act of deriving the meaning of the


Qur’anic text as it appears from the words used therein.8 Every Qur’anic āyah
has some apparent meaning or meanings conveyed through the words. For
example, the Qur’ān states:9 “But God hath permitted trade and forbidden
usury”.10In this āyah two meanings are quite apparent: (1) there is a difference
between trade and usury, and (2) trade is permitted and usury is prohibited.
These two meanings are apparent and explicit in the text and no extra
tadabbur and ijtihād are required to derive these meanings.11

Dalālat al-Naṣṣ of the Qur’anic text is defined by Bazdawī 12, a well-


known Ḥanafī jurist, as pronounced meanings of the text that are valid to
apply to similar situation or in an identical case due to commonly effective
cause. The cause can be understood from the words of the text without any
deep contemplation.13 For example, the Qur’ān says: 14 “And say not them a
word of contempt.” 15 The cause of prohibiting to utter any word of disrespect
to parents is the avoidance of offending them and it is evident from the
Qur’anic text. Inferred meanings of this āyah suggest that all types of offence
will be prohibited due to effective cause like abusing, cursing and beating
them etc.16

Iqtaḍā’ al-Naṣṣ (Essential Purport) of the Qur’anic text is defined by


Bazdawī as a logical addition to the meanings of the Qur’anic text that is
essential to complete the meanings of the text.17

For example, the Qur’ān says:18 “Prohibited to you - Your mothers,


daughters, sisters.”19 The word of marriage has not been mentioned in the text

7 See: Abū Saʿūd, Muhammad bin Muhammad, Irshādal-ʿAql al-Salīm ilā Mazāyā al-Qurʾān al-
Karīm(Bayrūt: Dār Iḥyāʾ al-Turāth al-ʿArabi,1990), 6:104.
See: Muhammad Thanā Allah, Al-Maẓharī, Tafsīr al-Maẓharī (Bayrūt: Dār Iḥyā’ al-Turāth al-‘Arabī,
2004), 1:340, 3:284.
8‘Abd al-‘Azīz, Al-Bukhārī, Kashf al-Asrār ʿan Uṣūl Fakhr al-Islām al-Bazdawī (Bayrūt: Dāral-Kutub

al-ʿIlmiyyah, 1997), 1:106.


9Al-Qur’ān,al-Baqarah: 275
10 A.Yusuf Ali, The Holy Qur’ān Text, Translation and Commentary, (Beirut: Printing Production ,

1965), 1:111-112.
11 Sukrija Ramic, Language and the interpretation of Islamic Law (Cambridge: The Islamic Texts

Society,2003),7.
12 Alībin Muhammad al-bazdawī (400-480AH) was, in his time, referred to as Fakhr al-Islam (the pride

of Islam), because of his learning.(See Baqāʾ, Muhammad Maẓhar. (1414AH).Muʿjam al-Uṣūliyyīn.


Makkah al-Mukarramah: Maṭābiʿ Jāmiʿah Umm al-Qurā.)
13‘Abd al-‘Azīz, Al-Bukhārī, Kashf al-Asrār ʿan Uṣūl Fakhr al-Islām al-Bazdawī, 1:116
14Al-Qur’ān,al-Isrā’: 23
15 A.Yusuf Ali, The Holy Qur’ān Text, Translation and Commentary, 1:703.
16 Sukrija Ramic, Language and the interpretation of Islamic Law,19-20.
17‘Abd al-‘Azīz, Al-Bukhārī, Kashf al-Asrār ʿan Uṣūl Fakhr al-Islām al-Bazdawī,1:122.
18Al-Qur’ān,al--Nisā’: 23

36 Centre of Quranic Research (CQR)


Qur’anic Research: Interaction of Knowledge, Science, and Civilization

but it is essential to add this word to the Qur’anic text to complete the
meanings of the āyah.20

Bazdawī defined ishārat al-naṣṣ as definite but implicit and indirect


meanings of the Qur’anic text that are not intended by the text directly but can
be derived by contemplation upon its words.21

Reasoning on ishārat al-naṣṣ of the Qur’anic Text has a vast and


recognizable role in tafsīr. Ishārat al-Naṣṣ of the Qur’anic Text is not merely a
term of Ḥanafī jurisprudence; it has been utilized to interpret the Qur’ān
intensively in the books of tafsīr. Jurists have employed it to derive solution of
the legal issues related to human life from the Qur’ān. Mufassirūn have
employed it to prove that how the Qur’ān is a miracle and its limited number
of verses provide the answer to any question of human intellect. Mutakallimūn
(theologians) have used it to see whether the Qur’anic text really supports
deviational thoughts and dogmas of various camps and sects. Some Ṣūfīs have
used it in the Qur’anic interpretation to strengthen their intuitional thoughts
but their way of using it is different from mufassirūn and fuqahā’. They call
their tafsīr as al-tafsīr al-ishārī. Ishārat al-Naṣṣ is not similar to analogy
(Qiyās) or metaphor (Majāz). Analogy is akin to dalāat al-naṣṣ in which
divine cause of any injunction is explored and then its commandment is
applied to the new one due to the similarity of the cause. Ishārat al-Naṣṣ is an
entirely different method of reasoning. One way of proving the Qur’ān's
miraculous authority is to highlight how the Qur’ān indirectly and implicitly
imparts injunctions that are deciphered in the rapidly changing world to
acquire the guidance from the Qur’ān.

Some examples are quoted below to illustrate how ishārat al-naṣṣ


plays a notable role in the Qur’anic interpretation.

The Qur’ān says:22 “Marry women of your choice”23 The direct and
textual meaning of this āyah is the legitimacy of polygamy up to four. But
indirectly and implicitly this āyah also narrates that marriage between man
and man, woman and woman and between man and eunuch is totally unlawful.
These meanings are not direct and not evident but Qur’anic words “min al-
nisā’”reveal that nikāh (marriage) is allowed only between men and women.

The Qur’ān says:24 “Relate not thy vision to thy brothers”25

19A.Yusuf Ali, The Holy Qur’ān Text, Translation and Commentary, 1:190
20 Sukrija Ramic, Language and the interpretation of Islamic Law, 32.
21ʿAlī bin Muhammad al-bazdawī,Kanz al-Wuṣūl ilā Maʿrifah al-Uṣūl(Karachi: Mīr Muhammad Kutub

Khanah, n.d.), 11.


22
Al-Qur’ān,al-Nisā’: 3
23A.Yusuf Ali, The Holy Qur’ān Text, Translation and Commentary, 1:179.
24Al-Qur’ān,Yūsuf: 5
25 A.Yusuf Ali, The Holy Qur’ān Text, Translation and Commentary, 1:551.

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Qur’anic Research: Interaction of Knowledge, Science, and Civilization

This āyah tells the story of Prophet Yūsuf (A.S). Jalāl al-Dīn al-Suyūṭī
derives from this āyah using reasoning on ishārat al-naṣṣ that it is permissible
to conceal and not to disclose any blessings of Allah or any precious thing to
envying person or envious one to avoid any harm.26

The Qur’anic āyah27 “Then they came to their father in the early part
of the night weeping.”28has been interpreted by Abū Manṣūr Māturīdī29 using
reasoning on ishārat al-naṣṣ as follows:
i. He who commits a minor sin but feels fear of punishment by Allah is
not kāfir (infidel) as Khawārij said. This āyah rejects the dogma
developed by the Khawārij.
ii. He who commits a major sin is not kāfir as Mu‘tazilah said because the
brothers of Yūsuf (A.S) tried to kill him that is a major sin but the
Qur’ān did not call them “Kāfirūn”30
Famous Ṣūfī saint al-Sullamī interprets the āyah31 “And he swore to
them both, that he was their sincere adviser”32 using reasoning on ishārat al-
naṣṣ and claims that some advices may appear to be good but actually they are
camouflage for deceit.33

The scientific revolution in modern west transformed the academic


scenario of Quranic interpretations and modern Muslim intelligentsia preferred
scientific explanations of Quranic verses. The Qur’anic interpretations were
written in perspective of scientific methodologies and modern inventions. No
doubt ishārat al-naṣṣ is best tool to derive unlimited divine commandments
from limited verses of the Qur’an but its erroneous use can lead to
misinterpretation or pronouncement of some meanings that are not being
conveyed by the verse of the Quran. Here only some examples of verses will
be taken under consideration that had been interpreted in the light scientific
theories using ishārat al-naṣṣ.

Āyah on Creation of Heaven

ِ ‫السماء ب نَ ي نَاها بِأَي ٍد وإِنَّا لَم‬


‫وسعُو َن‬ ُ َ ْ َ ْ َ َ َّ ‫َو‬

26
Jalāl al-Dīn,Al-Suyūṭī,Al-Iklīl fi Istinbāṭ al-Tanzīl (Jeddah: Dār al-Andlus, 1422/2002), 2:.68.
27Al-Qur’ān, Yūsuf: 16
28 A.Yusuf Ali, The Holy Qur’ān Text, Translation and Commentary, 1:554.
29 Abū Manṣūr al-Maturīdī (853 AD - 333 AH / 944 AD) famous Ḥanafī theologian was born in Maturīd

near Samarkand. His background is claimed as Turkic or Tajik. (See S. H. Naṣr, The religious sciences
(Cambridge: University Press, 1975)
30 Abū MansūrAl-Maturīdī,Ta’wīlāt ahl al-Sunnah (Bayrūt: Muassisah al- Risālah, 1425/2004), 2:571.
31Al-Qur’ān,Al-A’rāf:21
32A.Yusuf Ali, The Holy Qur’ān Text, Translation and Commentary, 1:370.
33 Abū‘Abd al-Rahmān al-Sullamī, Haqā’iq al-Tafsīr, (Ed: Sayyed Imran), (Bayrūt: Dār al-Kutub al-

Ilmiyyah,1421/2001), 1:223.
38 Centre of Quranic Research (CQR)
Qur’anic Research: Interaction of Knowledge, Science, and Civilization

(With our power We have constructed the heaven. and indeed, We are capable
to extend.) 34

a) Traditional Commentary

The āyah re-confirms the absolute authority of Allah Almighty, reminding us


about the Day of Resurrection and eliminating the doubt and false impression
of those who refute the final truth. He is expanding his blessings upon His
creatures in terms of provisions and rains. The āyah also proves the oneness of
Allah.35

b) Scientific Interpretation

The word “mūsi‘ūn” gives the meanings of continuity in expansion of cosmos


all the times. The word establishes that ‘samā’’ (universe) is expanding
without any interval. The reason behind this interpretation is the scientific
theory of expanding universe. It has also been endorsed with the āyah of
“yazidu fil khalqi ma yasha‘” (Allah Almighty increases in creatures how
much He intends.)36 The phrase inna la-musi'un foreshadows the modern
theory of the "expanding universe" that assumes that the cosmos, though finite
in extent, is continuously expanding in space.37 For centuries, astronomers
grappled with primary questions of the size and life of the cosmos. Is the
universe unlimited and endless, or it has some border? Has it always existed,
or it was created sometime in the past? In 1929, Edwin Hubble, an astronomer
at Caltech, made a critical discovery that soon led to scientific answers for
these questions: he discovered that the universe is expanding. The ancient
Greeks thinkers were confounded about the universe whether it is finite or
infinite. They recognized that it was difficult to envisage what an infinite
universe might look like. But they also astounded that if the universe is finite,
and hand is fixed at the edge, where would the hand go? The universe had to
be either finite or infinite, and both alternatives presented paradoxical
situation. Isaac Newton when discovered the law of gravity, he realized that
gravity is always attractive. Every object in the universe attracts every other
object. If the universe truly were finite, the attractive forces of all the objects
should have brought the entire universe to collapse. This clearly had not
happened, and so astronomers were presented with a paradox. When Einstein
developed his theory of gravity in the General Theory of Relativity, he thought
he ran into the same problem that Newton did: his equations said that the
universe should be either expanding or collapsing, yet he assumed that the
universe was static. His original solution contained a constant term, called the
cosmological constant, which cancelled the effects of gravity on very large

34 Al-Qur’ān,al-Ḍhāriyāt: 47
35Abū Manṣūr al-Māturīdī, Ta’wīlāt Ahl al-Sunnah, 9:30; Muftī Muhammad Shafī‘, Ma‘ārif al-Qur’ān,
8:185
36Al-Qur’ān, Fāṭir:01
37 Muhammad Asad, The Message of The Qur’ān (Bayrut: Dār al-Andalus Gibraltar, 1980), 1100

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Qur’anic Research: Interaction of Knowledge, Science, and Civilization

scales, and led to a static universe. After Hubble discovered that the universe
was expanding, Einstein called the cosmological constant his "greatest
blunder." The scientists understood that the universe was expanding; they
immediately realized that it would have been smaller in the past. The
expanding universe is finite in both time and space. The reason that the
universe did not collapse, as Newton's and Einstein's equations said it might is
that it had been expanding from the moment of its creation. The universe is in
a constant state of change.38

c) Analysis
To derive from the isharah of word “musi‘ūn’ that universe is always
expanding is erroneous inference as it is against the textual meaning of the
Qur’anic āyah. The Qur’ān states: “Have they not seen that we are gradually
reducing the earth from its borders”. The words of āyah disclose manifestly
that the earth is decreasing day by day, then how can be accepted the idea of
expanding universe? Similarly in another āyah Allah Almighty proclaims that
we have created everything precisely measured. (inna kulla shay’in khalqnāhu
bi qadar) 39 The word “qadar” is contrary to ishārah of “mūsi‘ūn”. The
universe that precisely measured is not considered expanding. Here our
concern is not to reject the Scientific theory but we are criticizing the incorrect
conclusion based on ishārat al-naṣṣ. Otherwise the creator of the universe has
absolute power to expand it, to decrease it and to demolish it.

Āyah on Resurrection Day

ِِ ِ
َ ‫ُّس ِو‬
‫ي بَنَانَه‬ َ ‫نسا ُن أَلَّن ََْن َم َع عظَ َامهُ بَلَى قَادر‬
َ ‫ين َعلَى أَن ن‬
ِ ُ ‫ََيس‬
َ ‫ب اإل‬ َ َْ ‫أ‬
Does man suspect that We cannot assemble his bones? Yes, We are capable to
put together in accurate order the tips of his fingers.)40

a) Traditional Commentary
The Qur’ān is dealing with most frequestly repeated objection of the
disbelievers that when they will be lifeless and converted to bones and dust,
how they would be restored again towards life. These āyāt are rebutting the
objection with the words that Allah is powerful to reconstruct finger tips of
every human being. Allah knows the minor details of everybody and it is easy
for Him to reinstate. Man will be granted the same body as he had in his

38Stephen,Hawking, A Brief History of Time, (USA: Bantam Books, 1988), 35-53


Martin rees, Before the beginning: our universe and others, (USA Helix Books, 1998), 02-49
39Al-Qur’ān,al-Qamar: 49
40Al-Qur’ān,al-Qiyāmah:3-4

40 Centre of Quranic Research (CQR)


Qur’anic Research: Interaction of Knowledge, Science, and Civilization

worldly life without minor variation. Since the beginning of universe to the
end of the world, trillions of human beings of different figures and forms had
come and died. Allah says in the āyah with commentary that He is very able to
restructure not only the significant limbs and organs of the body, but He is
also able to restore his fingertips. The word banan is particularly mentioned
here because they are among the smallest parts of the body. If Allah is mighty
to restore such tiny parts, it would very easy for Him to recreate the large body
parts.41

b) Scientific interpretation
The special mention of the words “nusawwiya banānah” signified that
fingertips have been characterized with specific identification marks through
which an individual could be definitely differentiated and recognized from others.
This indication of the āyah remained hidden thousand years and later the
scientific advancement unveiled this amazing reality that human being could be
identified with fingerprints as no two thumb impressions or fingerprints are
identical. Though the whole body of human being is an assortment of marvels but
distinctive characteristics of human faces, tongues, throats and voices cannot
become a criterion for differentiation. 42

c) Analysis
At first it is necessary to probe if the word nusawwiya signifies such meanings
or not? Linguistically, said word is used to the meaning of symmetry and
uniformity.43 The Qur’ān had used the same root word in same meanings
when said “alladhī khalaqaka fa sawwāka fa‘adalak” 44 This āyah shows that
only “taswiyah” of “banan” had not been made but the whole human body has
enjoyed this favour. Hence, meanings of uniformity or symmetry are not
supportive to infer ‘distinguishing fingertips’ however, in case we admit them
favourable for said scientific invention, then it could not be limited to
fingertips but the whole body has been given this characteristic. How it is
logical to attach certain meanings with “nusawwiya bananah” but when same
word “fa sawwaka” is used for whole human body we did not extract this
conclusion. Another meaning that can be associated with “nusawwiya” is
beautification.45 Logically, beautification cannot be the sign for “Scientific

41Abū al-Ḥasan Alī bin Muhammad al-Māwrdī, Al-Nukat wa al-‘Uyūn, 6:150 ; Abū ‘Abd Allah,
Muhammad bin Ahmad, al-Qurṭabī, Al-Jāmiʿ li Aḥkām al-Qurān,19:94; Muftī Muhammad Shafī‘,
Ma‘ārif al-Qur’ān, 8:652
42 Hind Shilbi, Al-tafsīr al-‘Ilmī li al-Qur’ān al-Karīm bain al-Naẓriyyah wa al-taṭbīq (Tunas: Zaitūna

University, 1985), 121 ; Isma‘il Ibrāhīm, Al-Qur’ān wa I‘jaz al-‘Ilmī (Bayrūt : Dār al-Fikr al-‘Arabī,
n.d.), 111
43Ibn Manẓūr, Abū Al-Fadl, Jamāl al-Dīn. Muhammad bin Mukarram, Lisān al-‘Arab, 6:210
44Al-Qur’ān, Al-Infiṭar: 07
45Maḥmūd bin ʿUmar, Al-Zamakhsharī, Al-Kashshāf ʿan Haqāʾiq Ghawāmiḍ al-Tanzīl waʿUūn al-

Aqāwīl fi Wujūh al-Tāwīl,4:659


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Qur’anic Research: Interaction of Knowledge, Science, and Civilization

discovery of distinguishable fingerprints”. It is clarified that aforesaid critique


is on misuse of ishārat al-naṣṣ not scientific discovery.

Āyah Mentioning Power of Allah Almighty

ِ َّ ‫َن‬ ِ
‫اُهَا‬
ُ َ‫ض َكانَتَا َرتْقاً فَ َفتَ ْقن‬
َ ‫الس َم َاوات َو ْاْل َْر‬ َ ‫أ ََوَلْ يََر الَّذ‬
َّ ‫ين َك َفُروا أ‬

(Have not observed who disbelieve that the heavens and the earth were joined
as one united piece, then We tore them?)46

a) Traditional Commentary
Here the word ro’yat (yara) is used in its common sense of knowledge,
whether obtained by looking with eyes or by logical conclusion. The
discussion referred in the āyah partially belongs to real observation and
partially to logical inference. The word ratq means to close and fatq means to
open. When both are used jointly, the words mean full power in the
administration and carrying out a job. The meaning of the āyah is that the
earth and the skies were closed and Allah opened them up. Different
mufassirūn have described differently the sense of the words "closing" and
"opening", but the meanings which the companions of the Holy Prophet
(S.A.W.) and the majority of the mufassirūn have espoused that closing of sky
and earth means shutting off rain from the sky and plant life from the earth,
and opening means the opening of these two i.e. the rain and plant life.47

b) Scientific Interpretation
The words “awa lam yara” indicated that wonderful scientific reality about
beginning of the universe will be unveiled by disbelievers. The words “ratqan
fa fatqnahuma”denoted the famous Big Bang theory. This theory is a
scientific attempt to explain the beginning of the universe. The word ratq is
the name of thing that is combination of different entities blended in a single
place. The fataq gives the meanings to unknot or untie something. It means the
skies and erth were merged in the form of a ball and then this was
separated.48According to the standard theory, our universe came into existence
as "singularity" around 13.7 billion years ago. What is a "singularity" and
where does it come from? There is nothing sure about it. Singularities are
zones which confront our current understanding of physics. They are thought

46Al-Qur’ān, al-Anbiya‘:30
47Maḥmūd bin ʿUmar, Al-Zamakhsharī, Al-Kashshāf ʿan Haqāʾiq Ghawāmiḍ al-Tanzīl waʿUūn al-
Aqāwīl fi Wujūh al-Tāwīl, 3:113 ; Maulana Mufti Muhammad Shafi', Ma’arif al-Qur’ān, 6:186,187
48 ‘Abd al-Dāi’m al-Kuḥail, Kunūz al-I’jaz al-Ilmī fī al-Qur’ān al-Karīm, (Mauqa’ al-Muhanndas Abd

al-Dai‘m al-Kuhail, n.d.), 42-46


42 Centre of Quranic Research (CQR)
Qur’anic Research: Interaction of Knowledge, Science, and Civilization

to exist at the foundation of "black holes." Black holes are areas of extreme
gravitational pressure. The pressure is thought to be so extreme that finite
matter is actually grinded into infinite density (a mathematical concept which
truly astonishes the mind). These zones of infinite density are called
"singularities." Our universe is thought to have begun as an infinitly small,
infinitely hot, infinitely dense, something - a singularity. Where did it come
from? We don't know. Why did it appear? We don't know. After its initial
appearance, it seemingly inflated (the "Big Bang"), expanded and cooled,
going from very, very small and very, very hot, to the size and temperature of
our current universe. It continues to expand and cool to this day. This is the
Big Bang theory. 49

d) Analysis
The very first question that is needed to be replied by the scientific exegesists
about credibility and finality of this theory. This is not the single model about
the beginning of the universe that is supported with evidences. There are
theories like Mutiple Universes, String Theory and so on those are considered
at par with the theory of Bing Bang. 50 Hence it is to be known that Bing Bang
theory is just the most famed one. George F. R. Ellis, an internationally
renowned astrophysicist writes: "People need to be aware that there is a range
of models that could explain the observations…For instance, I can construct
you a spherically symmetrical universe with Earth at its center, and you cannot
disprove it based on observations...You can only exclude it on philosophical
grounds. In my view there is absolutely nothing wrong in that. What I want to
bring into the open is the fact that we are using philosophical criteria in
choosing our models. A lot of cosmology tries to hide that.” 51 It is strange that
a theory whose own status is incredible is being inferred from the Qur’ān.

Āyah Mentioning Sun and Moon as Signs of Allah

‫س ِضيَاء َوالْ َق َمَر نُ ًورا‬ ِ


ْ ‫ُه َو الَّذي َج َع َل الش‬
َ ‫َّم‬
(He is who has made the sun bright and the moon luminous.)52

49 Stephen, Hawking, A Brief History of Time, 116-120; Martin Rees, Before the beginning: our
universe and others, (USA Helix Books, 1998), 49-63,149-165; Steven W. Hawking, Roger Penrose,
"The Singularities of Gravitational Collapse and Cosmology," (London: Proceedings of the Royal
Society of London, series A, 1970) 529-548. (http://www.big-bang-theory.com/)
50
Muhammad Zafar Iqbāl, Islām aur Jadīd Science; Naiy Tanāzur main, (Sahiwal: Nawadrat,2011),
240-262
51W. Wayt Gibbs, “Profile: George F. R. Ellis,"Scientific American”, vol. 273, No.4, (1995): 55.
52Al-Qur’ān,Yunus: 05

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a) Traditional Commentary
Majority of linguistics have taken both words ḍiyā’ &nūr as synonyms that
give the meaning of glow and light respectively. However al-Zamakhsharī, al-
Tībi, beside some others have written: Though the meaning of light is
common to both words, but nūr is general, whether intense or delicate, weak
or strong, every light can be named as nūr while ḍiyā’ (plural of daw’) refers
to light that is strong and clear. 53 Human beings dewelling on the earth need
both types of light. The day with its brightness is needed for the daily affairs
of life, while soft light of moon in the night is more desirable for ordinary
tasks. The difficulties of mankind can be felt easily if the day light had turned
pale or the sun starts shining constantly even during the night. Allah Almighty
has made arrangements to provide both kinds of light. The light of sun (daw’)
was made sharp and strong and the moonlight (nūr) was made gentle and
pleasing for the comfort of human beings.54

b) Scientific Interpretation
Ḍiyā’ is the intrinsic light of something while nūr is extrinsic light derived
from something else. Ḍiyā’ is produced by some chemical process of burning
while nūr is reflection of the light of sun. The āyah indicates towards the
scientific reality that sunlight is generated by burning of gases whose radiation
is coming to the earth in the form of rays and humankind is befitting from the
solar enrgy. As moonlight is concerned, the moon acts like a mirror and light
of sun is bouncing off the moon. The use of two different words for two lights
in the Qur’ān is an indication towards scientific discovery.55

c) Analysis
This interpretation may not withstand scrutiny. It is not correct that Qur’ān
has used the word ḍiyā’ for the light that is generated by burning process and
nūr for the light that is not produced with this process. In other āyah the
Qur’ān clearly describes the burning process and then applies the word nūr on
such light. The Qur’ān says: “The example of His light is that of a bowl-
shaped mirror behind a lamp that is placed inside a glass. The glass is like a
bright star. The fuel is supplied from a blessed oil-producing tree that is
neither eastern, nor western. Its oil is almost self-radiating; ready to give light
even without touch of fire. Light upon light.”56 The āyah has used all symbols
of chemical process of burning for the word nūrlike lamp, oil and fire and at
the end result has been narrated nūr ‘alā nūr. Thus, the difference fabricated

53Maḥmūd bin ʿUmar, Al-Zamakhsharī, Al-Kashshāf ʿan Haqāʾiq Ghawāmiḍ al-Tanzīl waʿUyūn al-
Aqāwīl fi Wujūh al-Tāwīl: 2:329
54 Muftī Muhammad Shafī‘, Ma‘arif al-Qur’ān, 4:517
55Isma’il Ibrahim, Al-Qur’ān wa I’jazuhu al-ilmi, 79 ; Abd al-Dai‘m al-Kuhail, Kunuz al-I’jaz al-ilmi fi

al-Qur’ān al-karim, 54-58


56Al-Qur’ān,al-Nūr: 35

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Qur’anic Research: Interaction of Knowledge, Science, and Civilization

by the scientific interpreters is baseless and deviation from the lexicographical


roots of the words.

The discussion is closed with the words that the struggle of the Muslim
scholars to prove every scientific invention or theory from the Qur’ān did not
seem intelligent behavior rather it is an insertion of own ideas to divine book.
It is not a demerit of the Qur’ān if any scientific theory could not be located in
the Qur’ān, just as it is not a demerit of the books of physics those are empty
from legal theories to run the Government. A book is considered excellent,
when it produces relevant matter to its topic comprehensively, instead of
extending directionless information, without a central theme.

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46 Centre of Quranic Research (CQR)


Qur’anic Research: Interaction of Knowledge, Science, and Civilization

AKSIOLOGI ILMU DALAM AL-QUR’AN: TUMPUAN KHUSUS


TERHADAP NILAI HIERARKI ILMU 1

Mohd Syahmir Alias2


Mohd Shukri Hanapi3

Abstrak

Aksiologi merupakan salah satu aspek penting dalam falsafah


yang khusus membincangkan teori nilai. Dalam konteks Islam,
aksiologi mempunyai keistimewaan yang tersendiri kerana
berpandukan wahyu daripada Allah SWT iaitu al-Qur’an. Oleh
sebab wujudnya sumber ilmu sedemikian, maka pengkategorian
ilmu dalam Islam adalah berdasarkan hierarki tertentu.
Persoalannya, apakah aspek-aspek hierarki ilmu dari perspektif
al-Qur’an? Apakah nilai penting dalam hierarki ilmu tersebut?
Oleh itu, kertas kerja ini mempunyai dua tujuan. Pertama,
mengenal pasti aspek-aspek hierarki ilmu dalam al-Qur’an.
Kedua, menganalisis nilai yang menjadi intipati kepada aksiologi
ilmu Islam. Dengan menggunakan kaedah analisis kandungan,
perbincangan kertas kerja ini dibahagikan kepada dua bahagian.
Pertama, aspek-aspek hierarki ilmu dalam al-Qur’an. Kedua, nilai
hierarki ilmu dalam al-Qur’an. Secara keseluruhannya, kertas
kerja ini mendapati lima aspek dalam hierarki ilmu Islam iaitu
pertama, kalam Allah SWT; kedua, tradisi Rasulullah SAW;
ketiga, penaakulan akal; keempat, pendengaran; dan kelima,
pemerhatian. Penilaian berasaskan al-fu’ad (mata hati) akan
menatijahkan ilmu yang benar, manakala penilaian berasaskan al-
hawa’ (nafsu) membawa kepada ilmu yang batil. Oleh yang
demikian, aksiologi ilmu yang terdapat dalam al-Qur’an adalah
berasaskan penilaian al-fu’ad.

Kata kunci: aksiologi, al-Qur’an, hierarki, ilmu, al-fu’ad

1 Artikel yang dibentangkan di The 6th Annual International Quranic Conference 2016 (MUQADDAS
VI), anjuran Centre of Quranic Research (CQR) pada 19-20 Julai 2016 di Wisma R&D, Universiti
Malaya, Kuala Lumpur.
2 Mohd Syahmir Alias ialah calon ijazah Doktor Falsafah di Pusat Kajian Pengurusan Pembangunan

Islam, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Pulau Pinang. Beliau dapat dihubungi menerusi e-mel:
[email protected].
3 Mohd Shukri Hanapi (Ph.D) ialah Pensyarah Kanan di Pusat Kajian Pengurusan Pembangunan Islam,

Universiti Sains Malaysia, Pulau Pinang. Beliau dapat dihubungi menerusi e-mel: [email protected].
47
Qur’anic Research: Interaction of Knowledge, Science, and Civilization

Pengenalan

Aksiologi secara literalnya bermaksud teori tentang nilai (Abdul Rahman Abdullah,
2010:106). Dari sudut terminologi, aksiologi ialah penelitian tentang masalah nilai
dan manfaat sesuatu perkara yang dianalisis daripada sistem kepercayaan, keputusan
dan konsep-konsep moral (Mohammad Adib, 2010:79 & 81; Idzam Fautanu,
2012:202). Secara umumnya, Idzam Fautanu (2012:202) menyatakan bahawa
aksiologi merupakan penerangan mengenai akhlak dan moral merangkumi beberapa
aspek penting iaitu sifat baik dan buruk, benar dan salah, cara (means) dan tujuan
(ends), serta perkara yang sepatutnya (ought).

Dari perspektif Islam, Ghazali Basri (2012:20-21) menghubungkan aksiologi


dengan akhlak Islam yang berpandukan kekuatan iman dan kekuatan akal serta
bertunjangkan konsep tauhid, iaitu bersifat mutlak dan tidak berubah-ubah,
khususnya perilaku yang berkait dengan hukum agama. Malah, menurut Shuhairimi
Abdullah (2009:13), aksiologi Islam mempunyai keistimewaannya iaitu ia
berpandukan wahyu daripada Allah SWT. Justeru, dapat disimpulkan bahawa
aksiologi Islam merupakan penilaian baik dan buruk, penentuan kebenaran dan
kebatilan, penentuan kaedah dan matlamat, serta persoalan akhlak yang
bertunjangkan tauhid dan berpaksikan wahyu.

Menurut Frondizi (1971:10) dan Abdul Rahman Abdullah (2010:106),


aksiologi terbahagi kepada dua ciri umum iaitu ciri kekutuban dan ciri martabat.
Misalnya, ciri kekutuban membincangkan potensi berlawanan seperti baik atau buruk,
dan kebenaran atau kebatilan, manakala ciri martabat membincangkan potensi
menegak secara penarafan seperti amat penting, penting, dan kurang penting. Oleh
itu, ilmu juga boleh dibahagikan mengikut ciri-ciri aksiologi ini. Hal ini kerana, ilmu
dari perspektif Islam merupakan perkara yang diberi keutamaan, sama ada melalui al-
Qur’an dan Hadith, mahupun saranan para ilmuwan Islam (al-Qardawiy, 1996b:59).

Oleh yang demikian, kertas kerja ini bertujuan mengenal pasti hierarki ilmu
dalam al-Qur’an iaitu suatu perkara yang terangkum dalam ciri martabat aksiologi
(Abdul Rahman Abdullah, 2005). Pemilihan penelitian dari perspektif al-Qur’an
dibuat kerana ia merupakan sumber acuan Islam yang terpelihara daripada sebarang
kesilapan dan semua prinsip dasar Islam diekstrak daripadanya (al-Qardawiy,
1997:354). Kemudian, kertas kerja ini menganalisis pula nilai penting daripada
hierarki ilmu tersebut yang menjadi intipati aksiologi ilmu Islam. Dengan
menggunakan kaedah analisis kandungan, perbincangan kertas kerja ini dibahagikan
kepada dua bahagian. Pertama, aspek-aspek hierarki ilmu dalam al-Qur’an. Kedua,
nilai hierarki ilmu dalam al-Qur’an.

Aspek-Aspek Hierarki Ilmu Berdasarkan Al-Qur’an

Ilmu dari perspektif Islam ditaraf berdasarkan sumber ia diperoleh (Sidek Baba,
2009:4). Berdasarkan penyenaraian lafaz-lafaz al-Qur’an oleh Muhammad Fu’ad
‘Abd al-Baqiy (1364H:469-480), terdapat sejumlah 87 kata terbitan bagi perkataan
ilmu (‘ilm) dalam al-Qur’an. Syed Muhammad Naquib al-Attas (2015:287) pula
menjelaskan terdapat sekitar 800 ayat berkaitan ilmu yang dinyatakan dalam al-

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Qur’anic Research: Interaction of Knowledge, Science, and Civilization

Qur’an. Menurut Suhaila Abdullah et al. (2015:1), ayat-ayat berkaitan ilmu


merupakan ayat ketiga terbanyak diulang dalam al-Qur’an selepas ayat-ayat berkaitan
persoalan tauhid. Hal ini menunjukkan bahawa al-Qur’an begitu mementingkan ilmu
pengetahuan, sekali gus menjadikan al-Qur’an itu sendiri sebagai sumber ilmu yang
mustahak dalam Islam (Syed Muhammad Dawilah al-Edrus, 1999:9).

Al-Qur’an menurut golongan al-mutakallimin (ahli-ahli ilmu kalam)


merupakan kalam Allah SWT yang bersifat qadim (bukan makhluk) yang berkaitan
dengan kata-kata yang bersifat maknawi, bermula dari awal Surah al-Fatihah hingga
akhir Surah al-Nas (al-Zarqaniy, 1988:17; ‘Abd Allah, 1992:17). Golongan al-
mutakallimin mengemukakan pengertian sebegini semata-mata untuk menafikan
kalam Allah SWT dari segala sifat baharu dan sifat yang berubah-ubah (‘Abd Allah,
1992:18). Dalam perkataan lain, ia bertujuan untuk membezakan antara kalam Allah
SWT dengan kalam manusia.

Selain itu, al-Qattan (1993:21) dan al-Banna (2004:27) mendefinisikan al-


Qur’an sebagai kalam Allah SWT yang diturunkan kepada Nabi Muhammad SAW
dan pembacaannya dikira ibadah. Al-Qur’an merupakan kalam Allah SWT yang tidak
mampu ditandingi oleh sesiapa pun walau dengan sekadar untuk mencipta sebuah
surah yang menyamai al-Qur’an (al-Husniy, 1998:7).

Secara umumnya, terdapat sejumlah 6,236 ayat dalam al-Qur’an Mushaf


‘Uthmaniy. Secara spesifiknya lagi, al-Qur’an mengandungi 323,671 huruf, 77,437
perkataan, 114 surah, dan 30 juzuk (‘Arram, 1992:19; al-Qattan, 1993:146-152).
Daripada sejumlah besar ayat tersebut, sifat mendasar yang dijelaskan oleh Allah
SWT berkenaan ilmu ialah firman-Nya yang bermaksud:

“... Dan (ingatlah), Allah mengetahui (hakikatnya yang sebenarnya)


sedang kamu tidak mengetahuinya.” (al-Baqarah, 2:216; Ali ‘Imran,
3:66)

Berdasarkan tafsiran Ibn Kathir (2000:270), ilmu Allah SWT meliputi semua
perkara yang berlaku sejak dari permulaan sehingga pengakhirannya, serta
merangkumi setiap perkara yang memberi manfaat kepada manusia sama ada di dunia
mahupun di akhirat. Secara dasarnya, Allah SWT sahaja yang memiliki ilmu yang
mutlak (al-An‘am, 6:734). Oleh itu, manusia perlu beriman dan mentaati Allah SWT
supaya mendapat petunjuk yang benar daripada-Nya. Petunjuk yang benar pula dapat
diperoleh daripada kalam-Nya iaitu al-Qur’an (al-Baqarah, 2:25) dan juga daripada

4 Firman Allah SWT yang bermaksud: “Dan Dialah yang menciptakan langit dan bumi dengan (tujuan)
yang benar dan (Dialah juga) pada masa (hendak menjadikan sesuatu) berfirman: ‘Jadilah’, lalu
terjadilah ia. Firman-Nya itu adalah benar dan bagi-Nyalah kuasa pemerintahan pada hari ditiupkan
sangkakala. Dia yang mengetahui segala yang ghaib dan yang nyata dan Dialah yang Maha Bijaksana,
lagi Maha Mendalam Pengetahuan-Nya.” (al-An‘am, 6:73).
5
Firman Allah SWT yang bermaksud: “Kitab (al-Qur’an) ini tidak ada sebarang syak padanya (tentang
datangnya daripada Allah dan tentang kesempurnaannya); ia pula menjadi petunjuk bagi orang-orang
yang (hendak) bertakwa.” (al-Baqarah, 2:2).

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manusia terpilih yang dikehendaki oleh Allah SWT diberikan ilmu kepadanya (al-
Baqarah, 2:2556).

Walau bagaimanapun, disebabkan sifat manusia yang sering berbeza


pandangan7 pada perkara yang tidak diketahui secara jelas, maka Allah SWT
memerintahkan dalam Surah al-Nisa’ (4:59) supaya kembali merujuk kepada Kitab-
Nya dan Rasul-Nya. Allah SWT berfirman yang bermaksud:

“... Kemudian jika kamu berbantah-bantahan (berselisihan) dalam


sesuatu perkara, maka hendaklah kamu mengembalikannya kepada
(Kitab) Allah (al-Qur’an) dan (Sunnah) Rasul-Nya jika kamu benar-
benar beriman kepada Allah dan hari akhirat. Hal yang demikian
adalah lebih baik (bagi kamu) dan lebih elok pula kesudahannya.” (al-
Nisa’, 4:59)

Menurut Sayyid Qutb (2000:399), Allah SWT telah mewahyukan


pengetahuan tentang agama Islam melalui al-Qur’an. Dalam perkataan lain, al-Qur’an
menjadi sumber rujukan utama untuk memperoleh ilmu pengetahuan yang tepat
tentang Islam. Hamid Fahmy Zarkasyi (2004) menyatakan pembentukan struktur ilmu
pengetahuan berdasarkan al-Qur’an bermula pada era Mekah, sedangkan penyusunan
struktur ilmu pengetahuan yang berperanan penting dalam menghasilkan kerangka
konsep keilmuan bermula pada era Madinah.

Sebenarnya, pada era awal penurunan al-Qur’an di Mekah, ia mengandungi


konsep-konsep tentang ketuhanan dan keimanan kepada Allah SWT, hari akhirat, hari
pembalasan, penciptaan alam, syurga dan neraka, balasan baik dan buruk, dan
sebagainya. Semua ini merupakan perkara asas tasawur dalam Islam yang paling
penting. Berikutnya, pada era akhir penurunan al-Qur’an di Mekah pula telah
memperkenalkan konsep-konsep yang lebih luas dan abstrak seperti konsep ilmu,
kenabian, agama, ibadah, dan sebagainya (Acikgenc, 1996:71-72).

Manakala, dalam era Madinah wahyu yang diturunkan dan dijelaskan oleh
Rasulullah SAW itu telah mengandungi struktur-struktur tentang kehidupan, dunia,
ilmu pengetahuan, etika, dan manusia. Semua itu sangat berpotensi untuk
menggerakkan kegiatan keilmuan sehingga lahir beberapa istilah yang dikembangkan
dari kosa kata al-Qur’an dan Hadith Nabi SAW. Misalnya, istilah ‘ilm (ilmu), fiqh
(fekah), usul (asas-asas ilmu), ijtihad, ijma‘, qiyas, ‘aql (akal), idrak (mendapat),
tadabbur (meneliti, memahamidan mengamalkan), tafakkur (berfikir), dan sebagainya
(Hamid Fahmy Zarkasyi, 2004).

Pada hakikatnya, ilmu pengetahuan yang benar telah disampaikan kepada


manusia melalui para utusan-Nya (Wan Mohd. Nor Wan Daud, 1994:61). Dalam

6 Firman Allah SWT yang bermaksud: “... (Allah) yang mengetahui perkara yang ada di hadapan mereka
dan perkara yang ada di belakang mereka, sedangkan mereka tidak mengetahui sesuatu pun daripada
(kandungan) ilmu Allah melainkan perkara yang Allah menghendaki (memberitahu kepadanya)...” (al-
Baqarah, 2:255).
7 Pernyataan ini berasaskan ayat berikut yang bermaksud: “Dan kalaulah Tuhanmu (wahai Muhammad)

menghendaki, tentulah Dia menjadikan umat manusia semuanya menurut agama yang satu. (Tetapi Dia
tidak berbuat demikian) dan kerana itulah mereka terus-menerus berselisihan.” (Hud, 11:118).
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konteks ini merujuk kepada Nabi Muhammad SAW. Oleh sebab Nabi Muhammad
SAW berkata-kata dengan berlandaskan wahyu (al-Najm, 53:2-48), maka perkataan,
perbuatan, dan pengakuan (taqrir) Baginda juga dikategorikan sebagai salah satu
sumber wahyu dalam Islam (Asmawati Suhid, 2009:39; Suhaila Abdullah et al.,
2015:26; Seyyed Hossein Nasr, 2003:18).

Oleh itu, perkara yang dimaksudkan dengan “kembali kepada Rasul-Nya”


dalam Surah al-Nisa’ (4:59) itu ialah merujuk kepada Sunnah 9 atau Hadith Rasulullah
SAW (Ibn Kathir, 2000:502). Hal ini selaras dengan tujuan pengutusan Baginda iaitu
sebagai rahmat bagi manusia dan seluruh makhluk di alam semesta (al-Anbiya’,
21:10710). Allah SWT menjelaskan peranan Rasulullah SAW secara umum, misalnya
dalam ayat al-Taghabun (64:12) dan al-Ahzab (33:45), manakala secara lebih khusus
pula, tugas utama Baginda dijelaskan dalam ayat Surah al-A‘raf (7:62). Firman Allah
SWT tersebut bermaksud:

“Dan taatlah kamu kepada Allah serta taatlah kepada Rasulullah;


maka kalau kamu berpaling (enggan taat, kamulah yang akan
menderita balasannya yang buruk), kerana sesungguhnya kewajipan
Rasul Kami hanyalah menyampaikan ([al-balagh] perintah-perintah)
dengan jelas nyata.” (al-Taghabun, 64:12)

“Wahai Nabi, sesungguhnya Kami mengutusmu sebagai saksi


(terhadap umatmu) dan pembawa berita gembira (kepada orang-orang
yang beriman) serta pemberi amaran (kepada orang-orang yang
ingkar).” (al-Ahzab, 33:45)

“(Tugas)ku menyampaikan kepada kamu perintah-perintah yang


(diutuskan oleh) Tuhanku, serta aku memberi nasihat kepada kamu,
sedang aku mengetahui (melalui wahyu) daripada Allah akan perkara
yang kamu tidak mengetahuinya.” (al-A‘raf, 7:62).

Melalui ayat ini, terdapat tiga ciri utama seorang utusan Allah SWT seperti yang
dihuraikan oleh Ibn Kathir (2000:764). Pertama, menyampaikan perintah-perintah
Allah SWT; kedua, menjadi penasihat kepada manusia untuk melakukan kebaikan;
dan ketiga, mempunyai pengetahuan yang mendalam mengenai Allah SWT. Oleh
sebab itu, Hadith diangkat sebagai sumber ilmu Islam yang penting berdasarkan dua
fungsinya. Pertama, memberi tafsiran atau menjelaskan lagi ayat-ayat al-Qur’an; dan
kedua, menjadi rujukan untuk pelaksanaan sesuatu perkara dalam syariat Islam

8 Firman Allah SWT yang bermaksud: “Rakan kamu (Nabi Muhammad) tidaklah dia menyeleweng dan
dia pula tidak sesat. Dan dia tidak memperkatakan (sesuatu yang berhubung dengan agama Islam)
menurut kemahuan dan pendapatnya sendiri. Segala yang diperkatakannya itu (sama ada al-Qur’an atau
Hadith) tidak lain hanyalah wahyu yang diwahyukan kepadanya.” (al-Najm, 53:2-4).
9 Menurut Asmawi Ehsan (2003:7), para ilmuwan Hadith bersependapat bahawa Sunnah berbeza dengan

Hadith pada skopnya. Sunnah bertumpu kepada perbuatan Rasulullah SAW, manakala Hadith
mempunyai skop yang lebih luas iaitu meliputi kata-kata Baginda yang direkodkan serta perbuatannya.
Walau bagaimanapun, para ilmuwan usul berpendapat sebaliknya iaitu Hadith hanya melibatkan
perkataan Rasulullah SAW, manakala Sunnah merangkumi semua tentang Baginda.
10 Firman Allah SWT yang bermaksud: “Dan tidaklah Kami mengutuskan engkau (wahai Muhammad)

melainkan untuk menjadi rahmat bagi sekalian alam.” (al-Anbiya’, 21:107).

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(Asmawi Ehsan, 2003:21-22). Malah, Rasulullah SAW pernah menyatakan supaya


umat Islam mentaati Baginda dalam sebuah Hadith yang bermaksud:

“Apa-apa yang telah aku larang untukmu maka jauhilah. Dan apa-apa
yang aku perintahkan kepadamu, maka kerjakanlah sekuat tenaga
kalian...” (Riwayat Muslim, no. Hadith: 434811)

Selain itu, al-Qur’an juga banyak menyebut perkataan-perkataan yang menyarankan


manusia berfikir untuk menjana ilmu (Sidek Baba, 2009:4; Hikmatullah Babu Sahib,
2005:78; Zailan Moris, 2003:20). Menurut al-Qardawiy (1996a:13), antara perkataan
tersebut ialah akal (‘aqala) yang diulang sebanyak 49 kali dalam beberapa bentuk
terbitannya12. Selain daripada akal, al-Qur’an turut menggunakan perkataan fikir (f-k-
r) dan faham (f-q-h) (Wan Mohd. Nor Wan Daud, 1994:56). Penggunaan perkataan-
perkataan ini dalam al-Qur’an menjelaskan suatu realiti bahawa manusia perlu
berfikir untuk mendapatkan ilmu (Mustafa Daud, 1997:162). Malah kegiatan ini juga
dihubungkan dengan kisah-kisah masyarakat terdahulu yang memberi konotasi
supaya manusia mengambil pengajaran. Misalnya dapat dilihat dalam ayat berikut
yang bermaksud:

“Maka mereka (kaum Yahudi) kemudiannya akan digantikan oleh


keturunan-keturunan yang jahat yang mewarisi Kitab (Taurat).
Mereka mengambil kebendaan yang hina di dunia ini sambil berkata:
‘Dosa kami akan diampunkan kelak’. Padahal jika datang kepada
mereka kebendaan yang hina seperti itu, mereka akan mengambilnya
lagi. Bukankah telah diambil perjajian setia daripada mereka dalam
Kitab Taurat bahawa mereka tidak memperkatakan terhadap Allah
melainkan yang benar? Dan mereka pula telah mempelajari perkara
yang terkandung di dalamnya. Dan juga (mereka mengetahui bahawa)
negeri akhirat itu lebih baik bagi orang-orang yang bertakwa.
Tidakkah kamu mahu mengerti (afala ta‘qilun)?” (al-A‘raf, 7:169)

Dalam tafsirnya, AbdulMalik AbdulKarim Amrullah [HAMKA] (1984:2593)


menjelaskan dua iktibar daripada ayat tersebut. Pertama, akal perlu memikirkan
akibat yang menjangkaui alam dunia bagi suatu pencarian keuntungan yang
berunsurkan material dengan perasaan takwa (takut dan berharap) kepada Allah
SWT. Kedua, akal perlu digunakan bagi mendalami dan memahami kandungan kitab
yang diwahyukan oleh Allah SWT. Hal ini bertepatan dengan firman Allah SWT
dalam Surah al-Zukhruf (43:3) yang menerangkan bahawa al-Qur’an diturunkan
dalam bahasa Arab agar manusia memahaminya dengan akal. Walau bagaimanapun,
terdapat satu lagi bentuk ayat al-Qur’an yang mengajak manusia berfikir dengan
menggunakan kata kerja berbentuk positif (Mohd Kamal Hassan, 2011:2). Allah
SWT berfirman yang bermaksud:

11 Semua Hadith yang dipetik dalam bab ini dan Bab Keenam khususnya yang diriwayatkan oleh al-
Bukhariy, Muslim, Abu Dawud, al-Tirmidhiy, al-Nasa’iy, Ibn Majah, Ahmad, Malik dan al-Darimiy (al-
Kutub al-Tis‘ah) berasaskan sistem pernomboran Lidwa Pusaka (t.t.).
12 Kalimah-kalimah terbitan yang diulang tersebut ialah ta‘qilun sebanyak 24 kali, ya‘qilun sebanyak 22

kali, manakala ‘aqala, na‘qal, dan ya‘qal masing-masing diulang hanya sekali dalam al-Qur’an (al-
Qardawiy, 1996a:13).
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“Sesungguhnya pada kejadian langit dan bumi dan (pada) pertukaran


malam dan siang dan (pada) kapal-kapal yang belayar di laut dengan
membawa benda-benda yang bermanfaat kepada manusia; demikian
juga (pada) air hujan yang Allah turunkan dari langit lalu Allah
hidupkan dengannya tumbuh-tumbuhan di bumi sesudah matinya,
serta Dia biakkan padanya dari pelbagai jenis binatang; demikian juga
(pada) peredaran angin dan awan yang tunduk (kepada kuasa Allah)
terapung-apung di antara langit dengan bumi; sesungguhnya (pada
semuanya itu) ada tanda-tanda (yang membuktikan keesaan,
kekuasaan, kebijaksanaan dan keluasan rahmat-Nya) bagi kaum yang
(mahu) menggunakan akal fikiran (ya‘qilun).” (al-Baqarah, 2:164)

Menurut Ibn Kathir (2000:225-226), ayat Surah al-Baqarah (2:164) ini menjadi dalil
atau bukti keesaan Allah SWT (wahdaniyyah) yang menciptakan semua makhluk
baik yang berada di bumi, di angkasa, dan di antara keduanya. Beliau juga
menjelaskan persamaan ayat tersebut dengan ayat Surah Ali ‘Imran (3:190-19113).
Ayat ini jelas menunjukkan ciri-ciri golongan yang berakal (ulu al-albab) iaitu
sebagai segolongan manusia yang sentiasa mengingati Allah SWT (dhikr Allah),
melazimi berfikir secara mendalam mengenai ciptaan Allah SWT (tafakkur), dan
mempunyai perasaan takwa kepada-Nya (Sayyid Qutb, 2000:246; Mohd Kamal
Hassan, 2010:203-204). Mengikut Sayyid Qutb (2000:245), ulu al-albab merupakan
golongan manusia yang berpandangan terbuka untuk menerima ayat-ayat Allah SWT
yang terdapat pada alam tabii, sehingga Allah SWT memberikan ilham ke dalam hati
mereka untuk mengetahui hakikat hukum tabii.

Penjelasan melalui tafsiran Sayyid Qutb (2000) mempamerkan wujudnya


hubungan akal dengan hati. Malah menurut Mohd Kamal Hassan (2011:4), al-Qur’an
turut menggunakan perkataan al-fu’ad (jamak: al-af’idah) dan al-qalb (jamak: al-
qulub) yang diertikan secara harfiah sebagai hati, namun menjalankan peranan yang
sama seperti akal. Oleh yang demikian, akal diiktiraf oleh al-Qur’an sebagai sumber
memperoleh ilmu dan mengambil iktibar, baik dalam bidang kemanusiaan seperti
dihuraikan melalui ayat Surah al-A‘raf (7:169), mahupun dalam bidang sains tabii
seperti yang disarankan dalam ayat Surah al-Baqarah (2:164).

Walau bagaimanapun, sekiranya diteliti secara lebih mendalam, penyelidikan


yang dilakukan terhadap alam tabii mahupun alam kemanusiaan memerlukan kepada
pengamatan deria manusia (Kadar M. Yusuf, 2014:57). Kedudukan deria dalam al-
Quran dan Hadith dijelaskan dalam beberapa dalil berkaitan dengan nilai ilmu
berasaskan deria. Dalil tersebut ialah firman Allah SWT yang bermaksud:

“Dan janganlah engkau mengikut apa-apa yang engkau tidak


mempunyai pengetahuan mengenainya. Sesungguhnya pendengaran
(al-sam‘) dan penglihatan (al-basar) serta hati (al-fu’ad), semua

13 Firman Allah SWT yang bermaksud: “Sesungguhnya pada kejadian langit dan bumi, dan pada
pertukaran malam dan siang, ada tanda-tanda (kekuasaan, kebijaksanaan, dan keluasan rahmat Allah)
bagi orang-orang yang berakal; (iaitu) orang-orang yang menyebut dan mengingati Allah sesama mereka
berdiri dan duduk dan semasa mereka berbaring mengiring, dan mereka pula memikirkan tentang
kejadian langit dan bumi (sambil berkata): ‘Wahai Tuhan kami! Tidaklah Engkau menjadikan benda-
benda ini dengan sia-sia, Maha Suci Engkau, maka peliharalah kami daripada azab neraka’.” (Ali ‘Imran,
3:90-91).
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anggota-anggota itu tetap akan ditanya tentang perkara yang


dilakukannya.” (al-Isra’, 17:36)

Walaupun secara umumnya terdapat lima deria pada manusia iaitu penglihatan,
pendengaran, pembauan, pengecapan dan penyentuhan yang dirangkumkan sebagai
pengalaman empirik (Ibn Rusyd, t.t.:5; Ibn Miskawayh, 1968:9), namun Allah SWT
memberikan pengkhususan kepada dua organ deria iaitu mata dan telinga yang
masing-masing berperanan sebagai fakulti penglihatan (al-basar) dan pendengaran
(al-sam‘). Malah, beberapa tempat14 dalam al-Qur’an menggandingkan kedua-dua
fakulti ini dengan fakulti hati (al-fu’ad) (Irfan Ahmad Khan, 1995:80; Mohd Kamal
Hassan, 2011:4). Dari sudut kelazimannya, fakulti pendengaran disebutkan terlebih
dahulu dalam ayat-ayat tersebut. Dalam dua buah Hadith berikut, Rasulullah SAW
menerangkan kepentingan dan ketinggian fakulti pendengaran dalam proses
memperolehi ilmu. Baginda bersabda yang bermaksud:

“Jadilah engkau orang yang berilmu (‘aliman), atau orang yang


menuntut ilmu (muta‘alliman), atau orang yang mendengarkan ilmu
(mustami‘an), atau orang yang menyukai ilmu (muhibban). Dan
janganlah engkau menjadi orang yang kelima, maka kamu akan
celaka.” (Riwayat Bayhaqiy, no. Hadith: 1709)

“Semoga (kelak pada hari kiamat) Allah menyerikan wajah orang


yang mendengar daripada kami suatu Hadith lalu menyampaikannya
seperti yang didengarnya. Kadangkala orang yang menerima apa-apa
yang disampaikan itu jauh lebih memahami maksudnya berbanding
orang yang mendengarnya sendiri.” (Riwayat al-Tirmidhiy, no.
Hadith: 2581)

Berkenaan dengan fakulti pendengaran juga, HAMKA (1984:2718) menjelaskan al-


Qur’an menuntut manusia supaya mendengar perintah dan larangan Allah SWT yang
dibacakan daripada al-Qur’an, mahupun Hadith-hadith Rasulullah SAW. Selain itu,
kata-kata manusia yang didengar wajar ditimbang oleh akal kebaikan atau
keburukannya. Sungguhpun begitu, keutamaan yang diberikan untuk mendengar ayat-
ayat Allah SWT dan Hadith Baginda adalah dengan tidak menghalangi penerimaan
kebenarannya dengan kehendak nafsu (al-hawa). Sekiranya kehendak nafsu
menghalangi pendengaran manusia, maka perkara yang didengar tidak menambah
keimanan manusia kepada Allah SWT. Hal inilah yang ditafsirkan oleh HAMKA
(1984:2718-2719) menerusi firman Allah SWT yang bermaksud:

“Dan kalaulah Allah mengetahui ada kebaikan pada mereka, tentulah


Dia menjadikan mereka dapat mendengar dan kalau Allah menjadikan
mereka dapat mendengar juga (dengan keadaan yang demikian),
nescaya mereka tidak menerimanya sambil memalingkan diri.” (al-
Anfal, 8:23)

Gabungan ketiga-tiga fakulti ini diulang dalam Surah al-An‘am (6:46), al-Nahl (16:78 & 108), al-
14

Mu’minun (23:78), al-Sajdah (32:9), al-Ahqaf (46:26), dan al-Mulk (67:23).


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Perkara ini juga mempunyai persamaan dengan fakulti penglihatan. Allah SWT
melalui firman-Nya dalam al-Qur’an beberapa kali15 mencetuskan kepada manusia
untuk mengembara ke pelusuk bumi. Secara umumnya, terdapat dua tujuan utama
cetusan itu timbul. Pertama, bagi memerhatikan tingkat-tingkat penciptaan makhluk-
makhluk-Nya; dan kedua, bagi melihat dan mengiktibari kesan-kesan kemusnahan
masyarakat terdahulu. Maksud ayat-ayat tersebut seperti yang dipetik berikut:

“Katakanlah: ‘Mengembaralah (siru) kamu di muka bumi serta


lihatlah (fa’nzuru) bagaimana Allah telah memulakan ciptaan
makhluk-makhluk daripada asal jadinya; kemudian Allah akan
memulakan ciptaan itu semula (pada hari akhirat) dalam bentuk
kejadian yang baru. Sesungguhnya Allah Maha Kuasa atas tiap-tiap
sesuatu’.” (al-‘Ankabut, 29:20)

“Maka bukan sedikit negeri-negeri yang Kami binasakan dengan


sebab kezaliman penduduknya, lalu runtuhlah bangunan-bangunannya
dan bukan sedikit pula telaga yang telah terbiar dan istana yang
tersergam (telah kosong ditinggalkan). Oleh itu, bukankah ada
baiknya mereka mengembara (yasiru) di muka bumi supaya (dengan
melihat kesan-kesan yang tersebut) mereka menjadi orang-orang yang
ada hati yang dengannya mereka dapat memahami atau ada telinga
yang dengannya mereka dapat mendengar? (Tetapi kalaulah mereka
mengembara pun tidak juga berguna kerana) keadaan yang sebenarnya
bukanlah mata kepala (al-absar) yang buta, tetapi yang buta itu ialah
mata hati (al-qulub) yang ada di dalam dada (al-sudur).” (al-Hajj,
22:45-46)

Rangkuman daripada kedua-dua ayat al-Qur’an ini, terdapat tiga perkara penting
berkenaan melihat (nazara). Pertama, Allah SWT menyarankan agar manusia
meneliti dengan mata ciptaan-ciptaan-Nya adalah untuk membuktikan kebenaran al-
Qur’an dan kebangkitan semula pada hari akhirat (Fussilat, 41:53 16; Ibn Kathir,
2000:1437); kedua, setiap perkara yang dilihat menjadi lebih bernilai apabila dapat
memberi kesan kepada mata hati (al-qalb); dan ketiga, pemerhatian yang dilakukan
oleh manusia perlu mengoptimumkan kedua-dua jenis “penglihatan” iaitu penglihatan
mata fizikal (al-basar) dan penglihatan mata hati (al-qalb). Hal ini kerana, manusia
tidak dapat mengambil sebarang iktibar daripada sesuatu fenomena atau peristiwa
tanpa mata hatinya (Ibn Kathir, 2000:1281). Allah SWT menggelar golongan yang
celik mata hati sebagai uli al-absar (al-Nur, 24:4417; al-Hasyr, 59:218).

15 Antara ayat lain yang menyeru supaya manusia mengembara ke pelusuk bumi adalah dalam Surah Ali
‘Imran (3:137), al-An‘am (6:11), Yusuf (12:109), al-Nahl (16:36), al-Naml (27:69), al-Rum (30:9 & 42),
Fatir (35:44), Ghafir (40:21 & 82), dan Muhammad (47:10).
16
Firman Allah SWT yang bermaksud: “Kami akan perlihatkan kepada mereka tanda-tanda kekuasaan
Kami di merata-rata tempat (dalam alam yang terbentang luas ini) dan pada diri mereka sendiri, sehingga
ternyata jelas kepada mereka bahawa al-Qur’an adalah benar. Belumkah ternyata kepada mereka
kebenaran itu dan belumkah cukup (bagi mereka) bahawa Tuhanmu mengetahui dan menyaksikan tiap-
tiap sesuatu?” (Fussilat, 41:53).
17 Allah SWT berfirman yang bermaksud: “Allah menukarkan malam dan siang silih berganti;

sesungguhnya yang demikian mengandungi pelajaran yang mendatangkan iktibar bagi orang-orang yang
celik mata hatinya berfikir.” (al-Nur, 24:44).
18 Allah SWT berfirman yang bermaksud: “Dia-lah yang telah mengeluarkan orang-orang kafir dalam

kalangan Ahli Kitab dari kampung halaman mereka pada julung-julung kali mereka berhimpun hendak
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Berdasarkan keseluruhan perbincangan ini, dapat disimpulkan aspek-aspek


hierarki ilmu yang diperoleh menerusi analisis terhadap sebilangan ayat al-Qur’an
adalah seperti berikut. Pertama, al-Qur’an menduduki posisi tertinggi dan teratas
sebagai sumber ilmu; manakala pada posisi yang kedua ialah Hadith Rasulullah SAW
yang berperanan menjelaskan lagi kandungan al-Qur’an sama ada secara teori
mahupun praktikal. Ketiga pula ialah ilmu berasaskan gabungan hati dan akal;
keempat ialah ilmu yang didapati melalui perkhabaran yang ditanggap oleh telinga
dengan penilaian hati; dan yang kelima ialah ilmu yang diperoleh melalui
pengamatan mata dengan pemahaman oleh hati.

Nilai Hierarki Ilmu Berdasarkan Al-Qur’an

Secara dasarnya, intipati nilai yang dapat diekstrak daripada perbincangan aspek-
aspek hierarki ilmu sebelum ini ialah hati yang mendapat petunjuk daripada Allah
SWT atau disebut juga sebagai al-fu’ad (al-qalb dan al-basirah) yang berlawanan
dengan nafsu (al-hawa). Dengan menggunakan fakulti hati, pemerolehan sesuatu
ilmu difikirkan dengan mendalam (tafakkur), difahami dengan baik (tafaqquh) dan
diambil pengajarannya (tadhakkur) walau dari mana-mana sumber sekalipun, sama
ada ia diterima seperti al-Qur’an dan Hadith, ataupun yang dicari melalui akal,
pendengaran dan penglihatan.

Menurut Syed Muhammad Naquib al-Attas (1995:71), Seyyed Hossein Nasr


(2006:96), dan Haron Din (1990:159), al-fu’ad merupakan fakulti kerohanian yang
bertindak untuk mengenali Allah SWT dan menjadi tempat terbitnya ilham (intuition)
serta menjalankan fungsi seperti tafakur (contemplation). Al-fu’ad yang bersepadu
dengan akal (intellect) bukan bertujuan untuk proses penaakulan maklmuat yang
diperoleh melalui cerapan dan pengalaman semata-mata, malah untuk memahami
kebenaran agama dan hakikat kewujudan Allah SWT (Syed Muhammad Naquib al-
Attas, 1995:119).

Ibn Khaldun (2005b:338) memperincikan lagi fungsi al-fu’ad dengan


menyatakan terdapat tiga peringkat (maratib) al-fu’ad yang dinisbahkannya dengan
akal (al-‘aql)19. Pertama, al-‘aql al-tamyizi (akal pembeza) iaitu fikiran berasaskan
konsepsi (tasawwurat) yang dapat membezakan perkara yang bermanfaat atau yang
memudaratkan manusia dan alam sejagat. Kedua, al-‘aql al-tajribi (akal empirikal)
iaitu fikiran yang dapat menjana idea daripada perkara yang dialaminya (tasdiqat).
Ketiga, al-‘aql al-nazari (akal teoretikal) iaitu fikiran berasaskan tasawwurat dan

memerangi Rasulullah. Kamu (wahai umat Islam) tidak menyangka bahawa mereka akan keluar
(disebabkan bilangannya yang ramai dan pertahanannya yang kuat) dan mereka pula menyangka bahawa
benteng-benteng mereka akan dapat menahan serta memberi perlindungan kepada mereka (daripada
azab) Allah. Maka Allah menimpakan (azab-Nya) kepada mereka dari arah yang tidak terlintas dalam
fikiran mereka, serta dilemparkan-Nya perasaan cemas takut ke dalam hati mereka, (lalu) mereka
membinasakan rumah-rumah mereka dengan tangan mereka sendiri (dari dalam) sambil tangan orang-
orang yang beriman (yang mengepung mereka berbuat demikian dari luar). Maka insaflah dan ambillah
pelajaran (daripada peristiwa itu) wahai orang-orang yang berakal fikiran serta celik mata hatinya.” (al-
Hasyr, 59:2).
19 Penisbahan yang dibuat oleh Ibn Khaldun (2005) ini turut dipersetujui oleh Syed Muhammad Naquib

al-Attas (1980:2-3). Menurutnya, akal (al-‘aql) dan al-fu’ad (heart/al-qalb) merupakan jiwa rasional (al-
nafs al-natiqah) yang berfungsi untuk membezakan yang benar dan yang batil.
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tasdiqat yang memperlengkapkan manusia sama ada dengan ilmu (al-‘ilm) atau
pengetahuan spekulatif (al-zann). Walaupun ketiga-tiga tahapan al-fu’ad ini penting
bagi pemerolehan ilmu, namun tahap yang paling penting adalah al-‘aql al-nazari
kerana ia dapat membawa pengkaji kepada konsepsi kewujudan (tasawwur al-wujud)
yang sebenar.

Secara intipatinya, nilai kepada hierarki ilmu yang dibincangkan berdasarkan


al-Qur’an ini dapat dipamerkan dalam Rajah 1.

Rajah 1: Sumber dan Hierarki Ilmu dalam Aksiologi Ilmu Islam

Berdasarkan Rajah 1, Allah SWT merupakan sumber bagi segala ilmu. Allah SWT
berfirman dan menurunkan al-Qur’an kepada insan terpilih iaitu Rasulullah SAW
serta menjadikan ia berada pada martabat pertama dalam sumber ilmu pengetahuan
Islam. Hadith yang merupakan perkataan, perbuatan dan taqrir (diam persetujuan)
Rasulullah SAW pula berada pada martabat kedua. Kedua-dua sumber ini merupakan
sumber wahyu dalam Islam. Seterusnya, Allah SWT juga turut mengurniakan ilham
kepada manusia secara umumnya melalui al-fu’ad. Penilaian seseorang menerusi al-
fu’ad menjadikan setiap ilmu yang datang daripada al-Qur’an dan Hadith diterimanya
sebagai sumber ilmu yang autoritatif dan benar. Manakala, bagi ilmu pengetahuan
yang diperoleh melalui pemikiran akal, pendengaran dan penglihatan yang didapati
melalui pencarian dengan gabungan penilaian al-fu’ad turut menatijahkan ilmu yang
benar. Sebaliknya, melalui penilaian al-hawa pula, seseorang akan memperoleh dan
memiliki ilmu yang pada akhirnya membinasakan dirinya sendiri.

Kesimpulan

Kesimpulannya, perbincangan dalam kertas kerja ini mendapati lima aspek dalam
hierarki ilmu Islam. Pertama ialah kalam Allah SWT (al-Qur’an). Kedua ialah
perkataan, perbuatan dan taqrir Rasulullah SAW (Hadith). Ketiga ialah penaakulan
akal. Keempat ialah pendengaran telinga; dan kelima iaitu pemerhatian mata. Melalui
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penilaian al-fu’ad, ilmu yang benar dapat dinatijahkan kerana dapat mengenal Allah
SWT. Hal ini sama sekali berlawanan dengan penilaian al-hawa’ yang membawa
ilmu yang batil kerana mengingkari keesaan dan kekuasaan Allah SWT. Oleh itu,
intipati aksiologi ilmu yang diperoleh daripada hierarki ilmu berdasarkan al-Qur’an
ini ialah peri pentingnya penilaian al-fu’ad terhadap apa jua bentuk ilmu
pengetahuan.

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21. Ibn Kathir, al-Hafiz Abi al-Fida’ Isma‘il ‘Umar al-Qurasyiy al-Dimasyqiy.
(2000). Tafsir al-Qur’an al-‘azim. Beirut: Dar Ibn Hazm.
22. Ibn Khaldun, ‘Abd al-Rahman. (2005). Al-muqaddimah al-juz’ al-thani
(‘Abd al-Salam al-Syidadi, Tahkikan). Morocco: Al-Dar al-Bayda’.
23. Ibn Miskawayh. (1968). The refinement of character (C. K. Zurayk, Terj.).
Beirut: The American University of Beirut.
24. Ibn Rusyd (t.t.). Risalah al-nafs. Dicapai pada 24 Januari 2016 daripada
http://www.al-mostafa.info/data/arabic/depot/gap.php?file=001139-www.al-
mostafa.com.pdf.
25. Idzam Fautanu. (2012). Filsafat ilmu: Teori dan aplikasi. Jakarta: Referensi.
26. Irfan Ahmad Khan. (1995). The meaning of Islamic research. Dlm.
Muhammad Mumtaz Ali (Ed.), Conceptual and methodological issues in
islamic research: A few milestones. Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan
Pustaka.
27. Kadar M. Yusuf. (2014). Indera manusia menurut al-Quran dan psikologi
konvensional: Suatu kajian perbandingan. Jurnal Hadhari, 6(2), 55-69.
28. Lidwa Pusaka (t.t.). Ensiklopedi hadits kitab 9 imam versi online. Dicapai
daripada http://app.lidwa.com/.
29. Mohammad Adib. (2010). Filsafat ilmu: Ontologi, epistemologi, aksiologi,
dan logika ilmu pengetahuan. Yogyakarta: Pustaka Pelajar.
30. Mohd Kamal Hassan. (2010). A return to the Qur’anic paradigm of
development and integrated knowledge: The ulu al-albab model. Intellectual
Discourse, 18(2), 183-210.
31. Mohd Kamal Hassan. (2011). The human intellect, divine revelation and
knowledge based on al-Qaradowi’s work: Al-‘aql wa al-‘ilm fi al-Qur’an al-
karim. Revelation and Science, 1(3), 1-12.
32. Muhammad Fu’ad ‘Abd al-Baqiy. (1364H). Al-mu‘jam al-mufahras li alfaz
al-Qur’an al-karim. Kaherah: Dar al-Kutub al-Misriyyat.
33. Sayyid Qutb. (2000). Tafsir fi zhilalil-Qur’an: Di bawah naungan al-Qur’an
(Jld. II, As’ad Yasin, Abdul Aziz Salim Basyarahil & Muchotob Hamzah,
Terj.). Jakarta: Gema Insani.
34. Seyyed Hossein Nasr. (2003). A young Muslim’s guide to the modern world
(3rd ed.). Chicago: KAZI Publications.
35. Seyyed Hossein Nasr. (2006). Islamic philosophy from its origin to the
present, philosophy in the land of prophecy. New York: State University of
New York Press.
36. Shuhairimi Abdullah. (2009). Dinamisme nilai-nilai murni menurut
perspektif Islam. Perlis: Penerbit Universiti Malaysia Perlis.
37. Sidek Baba. (2009). Fikir dan zikir. Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan
Pustaka.

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38. Suhaila Abdullah, Mohd Sukki Othman, Wan Nasyrudin Wan Abdullah,
Muammar Ghaddafi Hanafiah, Mohammad Zaini Yahaya, Farahwahida
Mohd. Yusof, ... Rijaluddin Yahya. (2015). Tafsir maudhu‘iy: Ilmu dan
tamadun. Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka.
39. Syed Muhammad Dawilah al-Edrus. (1999). Epistemologi Islam: Teori ilmu
dalam al-Qur’an. Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka.
40. Syed Muhammad Naquib al-Attas. (1980). The concept of education in Islam.
Selangor: Angkatan Belia Islam Malaysia.
41. Syed Muhammad Naquib al-Attas. (1995). Prolegomena to the metaphysics
of Islam. Kuala Lumpur: International Institute of Islamic Thought and
Civilization.
42. Syed Muhammad Naquib al-Attas. (2015). Himpunan risalah. Kuala
Lumpur: IBFIM.
43. Wan Mohd. Nor Wan Daud. (1994). Konsep ilmu dalam Islam (Rosnani
Hashim, Terj.). Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka.
44. Zailan Moris. (2003). Revelation, intellectual intuition and reason in the
philosophy of Mulla Sadra: An analysis of the al-Hikmah al-‘Arshiyyah. New
York: Routledge.

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Qur’anic Research: Interaction of Knowledge, Science, and Civilization

PEMIKIRAN TASAWUF SA‘ID HAWWA DALAM PENTAFSIRAN AL-


QUR’AN: TINJAUAN ISU-ISU KEROHANIAN TERPILIH 1

Muhamad Alihanafiah Norasid2


Dr. Mustaffa Abdullah3

Abstrak

Antara bidang pengajian Islam yang hangat dibahaskan ialah


ilmu tasawuf. Para ulama’ turut mengembangkan ilmu tasawuf
dengan merujuk al-Qur’an sebagai batu asas pendalilan dan
pentafsiran. Artikel ini bertujuan mendedahkan pemikiran
tasawuf Sa‘id Hawwa menerusi pentafsiran al-Qur’an yang
dilakukan oleh beliau di samping meneliti beberapa isu
kerohanian perspektif Sa‘id Hawwa. Selain dikenali sebagai
mufasir abad moden, Sa‘id Hawwa juga dilihat begitu sinonim
sebagai juru tasawuf. Uniknya, idea-idea tasawuf beliau
diserasikan dengan gagasan islah yang tidak mengkesampingkan
lapangan dakwah dan jihad. Apatah lagi, beliau turut
mempromosikan tasawuf bercitra salaf dengan menggandingkan
asas-asas pendalilan yang kukuh daripada al-Qur’an dan sunnah.
Justeru, beberapa isu kerohanian meliputi kesepaduan tasawuf
dengan kegiatan dakwah, kaifiat zikir, dan keperluan guru
mursyid diteliti dalam artikel ini dengan mencermati pentafsiran
Sa‘id Hawwa terhadap ayat-ayat al-Qur’an berkaitan. Kajian
perpustakaan ini dijalankan dengan menganalisis data yang
dipetik daripada karya-karya Sa‘id Hawwa serta karya-karya
tafsir muktabar. Hasil dapatan menyaksikan Sa‘id Hawwa telah
berjaya mengemukakan tafsiran ayat yang kukuh sebagai sumber
penghujahan terhadap beberapa isu kerohanian. Tambahan pula,
beliau telah berjaya mempamerkan tasawuf amali yang
disepadukan dengan roh jihad.

Kata kunci: Tasawuf, Tafsir

1
Artikel ini dibentangkan dalam Persidangan Tahunan Penyelidikan Al-Quran Peringkat Antarabangsa
Kali Ke-6 (MUQADDAS VI) bertempat di Akademi Pengajian Islam, Universiti Malaya, Kuala
Lumpur, pada Selasa, 19 Julai 2016.
2 Calon Pascasiswazah Doktor Falsafah, Jabatan Al-Qur’an dan Al-Hadith, Akademi Pengajian Islam,

Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur. Emel: [email protected].


3 Prof. Madya, Jabatan Al-Qur’an dan Al-Hadith, Akademi Pengajian Islam, Universiti Malaya, Kuala

Lumpur. Emel: [email protected].


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Qur’anic Research: Interaction of Knowledge, Science, and Civilization

Pengenalan

Penerokaan ilmiah terhadap al-Qur’an sentiasa giat dijalankan zaman-berzaman.


Kesungguhan para cendekiawan Islam membongkar khazanah Islam disaksikan
dengan perkembangan ilmu tafsir al-Qur’an. Sehubungan itu, lahirlah corak-corak
pentafsiran ayat daripada pelbagai perspektif yang telah dilakukan oleh para ulama’.
Antara corak pentafsiran yang terkemuka ialah pentafsiran bernuansa sufisme atau
lebih dikenali sebagai tafsir ishari4. Sebagai tokoh tafsir era moden, Sa‘id Hawwa5
turut tidak ketinggalan mentafsirkan ayat al-Qur’an dengan memuatkan elemen-
elemen kerohanian khususnya terhadap ayat-ayat berkaitan penyucian jiwa (tazkiyat
al-nafs). Apatah lagi, beliau juga dianggap sebagai tokoh gerakan Islam yang telah
menceburkan diri secara serius dalam aktiviti kerohanian. Malah, model tasawuf yang
dipromosikan beliau menjadi pemangkin utama kepada kegiatan dakwah yang efektif.

Pemikiran dan Kegiatan Tasawuf Sa‘id Hawwa

Menelusuri susur galur kehidupan Sa‘id Hawwa, sememangnya beliau merupakan


ahli ibadah yang istiqamah dengan amalan-amalan sunnat. Menurut Sa‘id Hawwa,
tiadalah nilai sesuatu ilmu melainkan perlu dilengkapi dengan tarbiah, akhlak soleh,
ibadah, dan zikir. Ulas beliau, pembangunan rohani inilah memberikan kekuatan,
keazaman, ketetapan hati, dan keberkatan ketika menuntut ilmu. Berbanding
kebanyakan tokoh aktivis Islam semasa yang lain, Sa‘id Hawwa kelihatan begitu
dekat sebagai juru tasawuf berikutan pengalaman beliau menempuhi jalan-jalan
suluk. Uniknya, beliau dilihat berjaya mempromosikan tasawuf yang diserasikan
dengan semangat perjuangan gerakan islah dan tajdid. Tasawuf yang selama ini
dipersepsikan sebagai ilmu yang eksklusif untuk kelompok tertentu serta dilihat
‘sulit’ untuk dihadami, direjuvenasi kembali oleh beliau dengan melepaskan tasawuf
daripada cengkaman imej eksklusifnya. Beliau mengetengahkan tasawuf amali
dengan memasyarakatkan ilmu dan amalan terbabit kepada khalayak dalam bingkai
keilmuan Islam yang benar. 6 Tidak terpalit dengan ‘tasawuf falsafi’ yang antaranya

4 Tafsir Ishari atau Tafsir Faydi ialah pentafsiran al-Qur’an di sebalik ayat dengan melihat kepada
isyarat-isyarat tersembunyi yang terzahir pada ahli-ahli suluk dan tasawuf, dan pentafsiran terbabit
perlulah memiliki pertautan dengan zahir ayat. Menurut Muhammad Husayn al-Dhahabi, Tafsir Ishari
merupakan bahagian kedua daripada tafsir al-Sufi selain tafsir al-Sufi al-Nazari. Tafsir al-Sufi al-Nazari
pula membawa pengertian pentafsiran yang berasaskan penyelidikan teori dan ilmu falsafah. Lazimnya
golongan yang menggunakan metodologi ini melihat pentafsiran al-Qur’an seiring dengan teori falsafah
yang dibina oleh mereka. Sila lihat al-Dhahabi, Muhammad Husayn, al-Tafsir wa al-Mufassirun (Beirut:
Dar al-Yusuf, 2000), 2: 367 dan 381.
5 Dilahirkan pada tahun 1935 di Syria. Merupakan salah seorang pemimpin tertinggi al-Ikhwan al-

Muslimun yang berpengkalan di Syria. Selain dikenali sebagai ulama’ sufi haraki, beliau juga
merupakan salah seorang pendokong dan pimpinan tertinggi al-Ikhwan al-Muslimun yang berpangkalan
di Syria semenjak di bangku sekolah menengah. Pengaruh pemikirannya telah berjaya menerobos ke
benua Asia Tenggara termasuk Malaysia, khususnya menerusi lebih 30 penulisan karya beliau. Bahkan,
beliau juga dianggap sebagai tokoh mufasir terkemuka mutakhir ini kerana telah berjaya menghasilkan
sebuah karya tafsir besar 30 juzu’ berjudul al-Asas fi al-Tafsir yang berjilid-jilid sungguhpun karya tafsir
tersebut dikarang ketika beliau mendekam di penjara. Beliau meninggal dunia pada tahun 1989. Sila lihat
Zainuddin Hashim dan Riduan Mohamad Nor, Tokoh-tokoh Gerakan Islam Abad Moden (Kuala
Lumpur: Jundi Resources, 2009), 195.
6 Antara platform yang telah digunakan oleh Sa‘id Hawwa ialah dengan menjadikan masjid sebagai

pusat perhimpunan umat Islam menerusi aktiviti bacaan al-Qur’an sebanyak satu juzuk, selawat, zikir
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Qur’anic Research: Interaction of Knowledge, Science, and Civilization

membicarakan persoalan wahdat al-wujud7 serta pengaruh shatahat,8 aspek


pengamalan tasawuf salafi lebih ditonjolkan oleh beliau dalam mentarbiah
masyarakat awam sejajar dengan pedoman al-Qur’an dan sunnah serta amalan salaf
al-salih,9 serta jauh daripada perkara yang membatalkan syahadah.

Yang dimaksudkan dengan tasawuf salafi sebagaimana telahan Sa‘id Hawwa


ialah, satu bentuk pengamalan tasawuf atau proses tazkiyat al-nafs yang memiliki
sandaran nas.10 Beliau berhasil menonjolkan keaslian pendidikan rohani yang
dipromosikannya dengan merujuk langsung daripada dalil-dalil al-Qur’an dan
sunnah. Tidak ketinggalan juga, tokoh-tokoh pelopor sufi serta karya-karya besar dan
berautoriti dari khazanah kerohanian Islam, turut dinukilkan oleh beliau dengan
penuh selektif bagi mempersembahkan konsep tasawuf seperti al-Junayd al-Baghdadi
(m. 297H), al-Qushayri (m. 465H), ‘Abd al-Qadir al-Jilani (m. 561H), al-Ghazali (m.
505H) beserta karya beliau Ihya’ ‘Ulum al-Din, dan Ibn ‘Ata’ Allah al-Sakandari (m.
709H) beserta karya beliau, al-Hikam.11 Tips-tips bimbingan rohani yang

berjemaah, tazkirah, serta kupasan kitab kepada para jemaah seperti kitab Riyad al-Salihin. Pertemuan
sebegini pernah diadakan secara mingguan. Sila lihat Sa‘id Hawwa, Hadhihi Tajribati wa Hadhihi
Shahadati (Kaherah: Maktabah Wahbah, 1987), 143-144.
7 Wahdah al-wujud adalah sebuah doktrin tasawuf yang dikaitkan dengan aliran yang dicetuskan oleh

Ibn ‘Arabi. Namun, setelah dibuat kajian mengenai konsep ini, terdapat sebahagian tokoh sarjana seperti
Prof. Ibrahim Bayyumi Madkur dan Prof. Dr. Su‘ad al-Hakim berpendapat bahawa teori wahdat al-
wujud bukan berasal daripada Ibn ‘Arabi. Kajian Dr. Noer memutuskan bahawa orang yang pertama
menggunakan istilah wahdat al-wujud ialah al-Sadr al-Din al-Qunawi (m. 673H) yang merupakan anak
murid Ibn ‘Arabi sendiri. Ia kemudiannya dipopularkan oleh murid al-Qunawi, iaitu Sa‘id al-Din
Farghani (m. 700H). Aliran wahdah al-wujud tidak dapat dikaitkan dengan tasawuf Ibn ‘Arabi
melainkan dengan memetik beberapa petikan tulisan beliau yang kemudiannya dipadankan dengan
huraian yang bersesuaian dengan semangat aliran wahdat al-wujud. Antara petikan beliau yang dikaitkan
dengan aliran wahdat al-wujud ialah “tidak ada di dunia selain Allah”, “al-Wujud itu semuanya satu”,
dan “tidak ada di dalam al-Wujud melainkan Allah.” Pemikiran Ibn ‘Arabi mengenai konsep kewujudan
ialah penekanan beliau terhadap al-Wujud al-Haq iaitu hanya Allah sahaja yang wujud secara hakiki,
manakala selain-Nya hanyalah wujud khayali, atau dengan kata lain, beliau menggambarkan bahawa
Allah adalah Zat al-Wujud al-Haq, dan wujud makhluk hanyalah bayangan kepada al-Wujud al-Haq. Al-
Dhahabi pula berpendapat bahawa wahdat al-wujud bermaksud tiada wujud yang lain selain wujud yang
satu, manakala alam semesta merupakan manifestasi daripada kewujudan yang satu iaitu Allah. Sila lihat
William C. Chittick, Dunia Imajinal Ibnu ‘Arabi, terj. Achmad Syahid (Surabaya: Risalah Gusti, 2001),
27. Lihat juga Sulaiman Ibrahim, Al-Syaykh Ibn ‘Arabiy dan Pemikiran Wahdat al-Wujud: Kemantapan
Rohani Penjana Negara Maju (Jabatan Mufti Kerajaan Negeri Sembilan Darul Khusus, 2004), 112-113.
Ibn ‘Arabi, Muhy al-Din Muhammad Ibn ‘Ali Ibn Muhammad Ibn Ahmad, Fusus al-Hikam (Beirut: Dar
al-Kitab al-‘Arabi), 1:104.
8 “Shatahat” merupakan suatu istilah yang dinisbahkan kepada perbuatan para salik yang melatah tanpa

disedari oleh salik berikutan tenggelam dalam pelayaran samudera zikir. Latahan tersebut adakalanya
membawa kepada kekeliruan kefahaman akidah terhadap masyarakat awam seperti “Aku adalah Allah”
dan lain-lain. Kata-kata ganjil terpacul ketika fana terpancar dalam lubuk hati salik, dan sekiranya fana
yang berlaku ke atas dirinya kuat, maka dia menggambarkan sesuatu yang dirasai dalam dirinya dengan
ungkapan yang ganjil serta didengari oleh orang lain. Sila lihat Zulkifli Mohamad al-Bakri, Tazkiyat al-
Nufus: Soal Jawab A-Z Tentang Tasawuf Tapi Anda Tiada Tempat untuk Bertanya (Kuala Lumpur:
Telaga Biru, 2009), 139-140.
9 Istilah “tasawuf salafi” ini diungkapkan oleh Sa‘id Hawwa dalam beberapa karya beliau, antaranya

dinukilkan dalam Jawlat fi al-Fiqhayn al-Kabir wa al-Akbar dan Tarbiyatuna al-Ruhiyyah. Sila lihat
Sa‘id Hawwa, Jawlat fi al-Fiqhayn al-Kabir wa al-Akbar, cet. ke-2 (Kaherah: Maktabah Wahbah, 1981),
109. Sa‘id Hawwa, Tarbiyatuna al-Ruhiyyah, cet. ke-9 (Kaherah: Dar al-Salam li al-Tiba‘ah wa al-Nashr
wa al-Tawzi‘ wa al-Tarjamah, 2007), 12.
10 Sa‘id Hawwa, Tarbiyatuna al-Ruhiyyah, 9.
11 Sa‘id Hawwa turut memetik pandangan Ibn Taymiyah yang mengiktiraf karamah yang terdapat pada

tokoh-tokoh sufi yang dinyatakan di atas apatah lagi mereka adalah fuqaha’ serta berpegang kepada
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diperkenalkan Sa‘id Hawwa ternyata meyakinkan, serta tidak membebankan dengan


pengistilahan falsafah yang adakalanya membingungkan masyarakat awam. Namun,
tidak pula dengan pengamalan tasawuf menyebabkan seseorang mempermudahkan
syariat sehingga memunculkan tasawuf sesat yang menggugurkan taklif. 12

Mengenai kegiatan tasawuf Sa‘id Hawwa, beliau konsisten mengamalkan


zikir harian pada pagi dan petang. Bahkan menurut anaknya, Muhammad, lidah
bapanya sentiasa basah dengan zikir ketika tiada topik perbualan bersama tetamu
yang hadir di rumahnya. 13 Anak-anak Sa‘id Hawwa memperakui bahawa mereka
melihat sendiri bapa mereka bangun malam, sentiasa berzikir, dan kerap membaca al-
Qur’an.14 Saat Sa‘id Hawwa bangun pada keheningan malam, selain menunaikan
solat sunat, beliau banyak menelaah kitab-kitab dan menulis. Beliau turut menunaikan
solat-solat sunat yang lain seperti solat sunat rawatib dan solat sunat duha. Para
banduan yang bersama Sa‘id Hawwa menyifatkan pelaksanaan ibadah beliau begitu
banyak ketika di dalam penjara, antaranya melaksanakan qiamullail. Adakalanya,
beliau turut membaca al-Qur’an sebanyak lima juzuk pada satu-satu malam ketika di
penjara. Mengenai hafalan al-Qur’an beliau, menurut Mu‘adh, di samping Sa‘id
Hawwa memiliki keupayaan hafazan yang begitu mantap, beliau juga memiliki
kekuatan luar biasa dalam mengemukakan dalil al-Qur’an secara spontan ketika
menyampaikan ceramah mengenai sesuatu topik. Kehebatan beliau mengemukakan
dalil secara spontan diakui sendiri oleh anak-anak beliau sehingga mereka
berpendapat bahawa jarang sekali mereka melihat individu penceramah lain berupaya
mengemukakan dalil al-Qur’an sepertinya secara langsung. 15

Berkenaan wirid dan zikir pula, wirid utama yang dilakukan seharian oleh
Sa‘id Hawwa ialah istighfar 100 kali, selawat ke atas Rasulullah s.a.w 100 kali,
mengucap “la Ilaha illa Allah” 100 kali pada waktu pagi dan 100 kali pada waktu
petang, serta membaca surah al-Nas, al-Falaq, dan al-Ikhlas sebanyak tiga kali pada
waktu pagi dan tiga kali pada waktu petang. 16 Beliau turut memperbanyakkan selawat
khususnya pada hari Jumaat. Seawal usia 18 tahun juga, Sa‘id Hawwa telah
mengambil wirid zikir dalam tarekat al-Dirqawiyyah daripada gurunya, Syeikh
Muhammad al-Hashimi. Menurut Sa‘id Hawwa, wirid zikir tersebut adalah ma’thur
sebagaimana yang dimuatkan oleh Hasan al-Banna dalam risalah al-Ma’thurat di
bawah tajuk wirid doa. Bacaan wirid tersebut termasuklah istighfar, selawat ke atas
Nabi s.a.w, serta lafaz:
“‫قدير‬ ‫ له امللك وله احلمد وهو على كل شيء‬،‫”ال إله أال هللا وحده ال شريك له‬.17

mazhab akidah Ahl al-Sunnah wa al-Jama‘ah. Sila lihat Sa‘id Hawwa, Kay La Namdi Ba‘idan ‘an
Ihtiyajat al-‘Asr, cet. ke-5 (Kaherah: Dar al-Salam li al-Tiba‘ah wa al-Nashr wa al-Tawzi‘, 2009), 208.
12 Sa‘id Hawwa, Kay La Namdi Ba‘idan ‘an Ihtiyajat al-‘Asr, 209.
13 Muhammad Sa‘id Hawwa (pensyarah Universiti Mu’tah, Jordan) dalam temu bual dengan penulis,

Jumaat, 29 Jun 2012, Masjid ‘A’isyah, ‘Abdun, ‘Amman, Jordan. Temu bual berhubung bentuk-bentuk
tarbiah Sa‘id Hawwa.
14 Ibid.
15 Mu‘adh Sa‘id Hawwa (Ph.D, Imam Masjid Awwabin, Suwaylih, Jordan), dalam temu bual dengan

penulis, 8 Jun 2012. Temu bual berkisar bentuk-bentuk tarbiah Sa‘id Hawwa.
16 Ibid.
17 Sa‘id Hawwa, Hadhihi Tajribati wa Hadhihi Shahadati, 30.

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Qur’anic Research: Interaction of Knowledge, Science, and Civilization

Beliau juga mendidik anak-anaknya melaksanakan riadah zikir pada satu-satu


tempoh tertentu seperti dalam sehari, dua hari, atau tiga hari untuk menghabiskan
zikir sebanyak 7000 kali. Wirid zikir tersebut perlulah mengikut urutan, dimulakan
dengan istighfar, diikuti selawat, kemudian tahlil (‫)ال إله إال هللا‬, tasbih, tahmid, takbir,
lafaz “‫سبحان هللا وبحمده‬, ‫سبحان هللا العظيم‬, ‫”ال حول وال قوة إال باهلل‬, dan “‫”حسبي هللا ونعم الوكيل‬
dengan menyebut setiap satu wirid tersebut sebanyak 7000 kali. Menurut Sa‘id
Hawwa, dengan pengamalan wirid tersebut, Allah akan menerangi hati pengamalnya
serta dia dapat memperbaharui kehidupannya ke arah lebih baik. Selain itu, zikir
tersebut juga dijadikan sebagai santapan rohani buat hati. Setelah beliau dan anak
didiknya telah melewati zikir sebanyak 7000 kali, beliau mempertingkat bilangan
zikir tersebut sebanyak 70000 kali bagi setiap wirid menerusi program majlis zikir.18

Menurut Mu‘adh, Sa‘id Hawwa mula mendalami ilmu tasawuf dan


hakikatnya bermula daripada didikan dua orang gurunya iaitu Syeikh Muhammad al-
Hashimi dan Syeikh ‘Abd al-Qadir ‘Isa. Ketika di alam universiti, Sa‘id Hawwa
banyak menghadiri halakah-halakah zikir bersama tokoh-tokoh sufi terkemuka di
Damsyik seperti Syeikh Sa‘id al-Burhani, Syeikh ‘Abd al-Qadir ‘Isa, dan Syeikh
Bashir Qahwaji. 19 Apa yang diketengahkan oleh Sa‘id Hawwa ialah suatu
pengamalan tasawuf yang seimbang, bertepatan dengan al-Qur‘an dan sunnah, bebas
daripada penyelewengan dan bid‘ah. 20 Pernah juga Sa‘id Hawwa mengadakan kursus
di bawah naungan Madrasah I‘dad al-Muwajjihin21 kelolaan beliau. Aktiviti kursus
tersebut berupa kem selama 40 hingga 60 hari yang diisi dengan penerapan ilmu-ilmu
agama yang mantap serta penyucian jiwa. Sa‘id Hawwa telah menjadi pembimbing
kepada para peserta dengan menyampaikan pendidikan agama seperti akidah, tafsir,
hadith, dan Bahasa Arab di samping menghidupkan aktiviti rohani seperti qiamullail,
membaca al-ma’thurat,22 membaca al-Qur’an, solat sunat duha, dan berpuasa sunat
Isnin dan Khamis. 23

Sekitar tahun 1982-1984, Sa‘id Hawwa turut mengadakan majlis zikir di


masjid-masjid Syria secara mingguan. Dalam majlis zikir tersebut, terdapat ulama’
yang mengepalai zikir secara perlahan bersama-sama jemaah yang hadir. Antara zikir
yang diterapkan dalam majlis tersebut ialah “‫ ”ال إله إال هللا‬dan selawat sebanyak 1000
kali. Majlis zikir ditutupi dengan doa, dan para jemaah memohon keberkatan daripada

18 Mu‘adh Sa‘id Hawwa (Ph.D, Imam Masjid Awwabin, Suwaylih, Jordan), dalam temu bual dengan
penulis, 8 Jun 2012. Temu bual berkisar bentuk-bentuk tarbiah Sa‘id Hawwa.
19 Sa‘id Hawwa, Hadhihi Tajribati wa Hadhihi Shahadati, 47.
20 Mu‘adh Sa‘id Hawwa (Ph.D, Imam Masjid Awwabin, Suwaylih, Jordan), dalam temu bual dengan

penulis, 8 Jun 2012. Temu bual berkisar bentuk-bentuk tarbiah Sa‘id Hawwa.
21 Pada musim panas di Jordan sekitar tahun 1978 hingga 1982, Sa‘id Hawwa telah mengumpulkan

beberapa pelajar Syria di Jordan agar terlibat dengan kem atau kursus Madrasah I‘dad al-Muwajjihin
kelolaan beliau. Menurut Mu‘adh Sa‘id Hawwa, program tersebut telah berjaya membentuk keteguhan
tarbiah di samping memantapkan ilmu para peserta sehingga disifatkan oleh mereka sebagai madrasah
yang melahirkan para wali. Konsep program ini dilihat selaras dengan gagasan Ihya’ al-Rabbaniyyah
cetusan beliau dengan penerapan elemen pendidikan dan penyucian jiwa (tarbiah). Mu‘adh Sa‘id Hawwa
(Ph.D, Imam Masjid Awwabin, Suwaylih, Jordan), dalam temu bual dengan penulis, 8 Jun 2012. Temu
bual berkisar bentuk-bentuk tarbiah Sa‘id Hawwa.
22 Al-Ma’thurat merupakan himpunan ayat-ayat al-Qur’an dan doa yang disandarkan kepada Nabi s.a.w

dan ia telah dibukukan oleh Hasan al-Banna menjadi satu rantaian wirid khususnya buat pendokong
gerakan Islam. Sila lihat Al-Banna, Hasan, Majmu‘ah Rasa’il al-Imam al-Shahid Hasan al-Banna
(Kaherah: Dar-al-Shihab, t.t.), 335.
23 Sa‘id Hawwa, Hadhihi Tajribati wa Hadhihi Shahadati, 139.

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Allah daripada majlis tersebut. 24 Melalui aktiviti yang dilaksanakan oleh Sa‘id
Hawwa, ternyata beliau merupakan seorang tokoh yang sentiasa melakukan amalan
sunat seperti berzikir, selawat, qiamullail, solat sunat, serta berpuasa sunat. Menurut
Muhammad, bapanya juga sering berpuasa sunat Isnin dan Khamis khususnya ketika
sebelum beliau dipenjarakan. 25

Menurut Mu‘adh lagi, bapanya seorang yang zuhud dan tidak mementingkan
kekayaan dunia. Di rumah Sa‘id Hawwa, para tetamu yang berkunjung tidak
mendapati pekakas-pekakas mewah melainkan tikar nipis dan barang-barang
keperluan asas. Penampilan serta pakaiannya juga amat sederhana namun beliau
mementingkan kekemasan. Sedangkan menurut Muhammad, sekiranya bapanya
inginkan kekayaan harta, beliau mampu membeli pekakas mewah dan berpakaian
eksklusif.26 Beliau juga seorang yang sangat menghormati tetamu, suka bersedekah
kepada yang memerlukan. Ini disaksikan sendiri oleh anak-anak beliau apabila beliau
sekeluarga berada di Arab Saudi, segala wang yang didapatinya menerusi pengajaran
di sana telah digunakannya untuk melayani tetamu, menyalurkan wang kepada fakir
miskin yang memerlukan wang, serta memenuhi keperluan keluarganya. Sehingga
apabila beliau kembali ke Hamah, Syria, ujar anak-anak beliau, beliau dalam keadaan
berhutang. Tambah Muhammad, bapanya tidak menyimpan apa-apa harta melainkan
beliau pasti akan menginfakkan harta tersebut kepada mereka yang memerlukan. 27

Dalam pada itu, Sa‘id Hawwa juga menasihatkan anak-anak beliau dan juga
para penuntut ilmu agar sentiasa mendampingi golongan yang beristiqamah dalam
perjuangan Islam, apatah lagi mendampingi para ulama’ murabbi rabbani. Beliau
turut mengingatkan dirinya dan para penuntut ilmu agar sentiasa bermuraqabah,28
bersungguh-sungguh menghindarkan segala penyakit hati seperti riak, takabur, dan
meninggi diri. Amalan memberikan khidmat kepada umat Islam serta merendah diri
kepada mereka juga turut dititikberatkan oleh Sa‘id Hawwa bagi menyemai rasa kasih
sayang dan ukhwah.29 Justeru, antara wahana terpenting bagi menyumbang khidmat
ialah menerusi penceburan beliau dalam gerakan al-Ikhwan al-Muslimin.

24 Ibid., 144.
25 Muhammad Sa‘id Hawwa (Imam Masjid ‘A’ishah, ‘Abdun Jordan, dan pensyarah Universiti Mu’tah,
Jordan) dalam temu bual dengan penulis, 12 Jun 2012, Masjid ‘A’ishah, ‘Abdun, ‘Amman, Jordan.
Temu bual berkisar keperibadian Sa‘id Hawwa.
26 Pernah seorang syeikh besar menziarahi rumah Sa‘id Hawwa dalam keadaan beliau hanyalah memakai

baju lusuh dan seluar labuh. Perwatakan syeikh tersebut yang gemar berjenaka menyebabkan beliau
bertanya kepada Sa‘id Hawwa sambil bergurau: “Wahai Syeikh, kita sekarang di hospital sakit jiwa
(sambil melihat pakaian syeikh)”. Sa‘id Hawwa menjawab: “Gembira saya berada di hospital ini dan
awaklah sebagai pengurusnya.” Lalu mereka ketawa. Muhammad Sa‘id Hawwa (Imam Masjid ‘A’ishah,
‘Abdun Jordan, dan pensyarah Universiti Mu’tah, Jordan) dan Mu‘adh Sa‘id Hawwa (Ph.D, Imam
Masjid Awwabin, Suwaylih, Jordan), dalam temu bual dengan penulis, 29 Jun 2012, Masjid ‘A’ishah,
‘Abdun, ‘Amman, Jordan.
27 Ibid.
28 Muraqabah terbahagi kepada dua iaitu pertama; Muraqabah seorang hamba terhadap Tuhannya

dengan memelihara batasan dan syariat agama, serta menuruti sunnah Baginda s.a.w. Kedua; Muraqabah
Allah S.W.T terhadap hamba-hamba-Nya dengan memelihara mereka serta memperhitung segala
pekerjaan mereka di akhirat. Nasihat Sa‘id Hawwa dilihat bersandarkan kepada pengertian yang pertama
agar para pelajar sentiasa memelihara agama dan batasan syariat. Sila lihat al-Ridwani, Mahmud ‘Abd
al-Raziq, al-Mu‘jam al-Sufi (Kaherah: Maktabah Salsabil, 2007), 1004-1005.
29 Muhammad Sa‘id Hawwa (Imam Masjid ‘A’ishah, ‘Abdun Jordan, dan pensyarah Universiti Mu’tah,

Jordan) dan Mu‘adh Sa‘id Hawwa (Ph.D, Imam Masjid Awwabin, Suwaylih, Jordan), dalam temu bual
dengan penulis, 29 Jun 2012, Masjid ‘A’ishah, ‘Abdun, ‘Amman, Jordan.
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Kesepaduan Tasawuf Amali dengan Kegiatan Dakwah

Jika menginklusifkan ilmu tasawuf yang murni kepada umat keseluruhannya menjadi
motif utama Sa‘id Hawwa, justeru penerapan elemen tasawuf kepada kader dakwah
lebih-lebih lagi. Bagi beliau, pengamalan tasawuf merupakan tunjang utama
keampuhan sesebuah gerakan Islam sebagaimana yang telah disaksikan dalam
gelanggang sejarah perjuangan seperti kemunculan gerakan jihad Syeikh al-Shamil
al-Naqshabandiyyah di Turkestan, gerakan Syeikh Sa‘id Nursi di Turki, gerakan al-
Sanusiyyah di Libya, termasuk juga gerakan Islam al-Ikhwan al-Muslimin yang
dipelopori oleh Hasan al-Banna.30 Kesemua gerakan terbabit tidak
mengkesampingkan pengamalan tasawuf sebagai sisi penting kekuatan berjemaah
bagi menghadirkan rasa bertuhan, serta pergantungan yang utuh kepada-Nya.

Justeru, apa yang diperkenalkan oleh Sa‘id Hawwa ialah sejenis tasawuf
amali yang tidak mendorong seseorang lari daripada medan jihad, malah menjadikan
mereka lebih cekal untuk berjihad. Yang dipromosikannya juga adalah komitmen
kerohanian yang disepadukan dengan amal, tidak hanya ghairah dengan ibadah,
malah sensitif dengan cabaran lingkungan. 31 Demikianlah sebagaimana yang
dicitakan oleh Hasan al-Banna, iaitu melahirkan generasi rabbani yang berjiwa sufi
jundi.32 Gagasan pendidikan kerohanian Sa‘id Hawwa dilihat seimbang, dengan
matlamat memaknai watak pendakwah dalam erti kata yang lebih luas dan
komprehensif, tanpa mengabaikan riadah rohani. Beliau mengguna pakai ayat 63
daripada Surah al-Ma’idah sebagai asas pendalilan keperluan riadah rohani yang
diseiringkan dengan dakwah, firman Allah S.W.T:

         

    


Al-Ma’idah 5:63

Terjemahan: Alangkah baiknya kalau ketua-ketua agama dan


pendeta-pendeta mereka melarang mereka dari mengeluarkan
perkataan-perkataan yang dusta dan dari memakan yang haram?
Sesungguhnya amatlah buruk apa yang mereka telah kerjakan.

Gabungan tasawuf dan dakwah merupakan dua kriteria penting golongan


rabbani. Antara ciri-ciri golongan rabbani yang dinyatakan oleh Sa‘id Hawwa ialah
melaksanakan amar makruf nahi mungkar. 33 Beliau telah mengguna pakai dalil di atas
bagi membuktikan bahawa seseorang muslim memainkan tanggungjawab memacu

30 Sa‘id Hawwa, Kay La Namdi Ba‘idan ‘an Ihtiyajat al-‘Asr, 208.


31 Sa‘id Hawwa, Jawlat fi al-Fiqhayn al-Kabir wa al-Akbar, 137 dan 142.
32 Sa‘id Hawwa, Fi Afaq al-Ta‘alim, (Kaherah: Maktabah Wahbah, t.t), 83. Lihat juga asas fikrah al-

Ikhwan al-Muslimin sebagaimana yang diutarakan oleh Hasan al-Banna turut merangkumi haqiqah
sufiyyah (asas amalan kebajikan adalah penyucian jiwa). Sila lihat al-Banna, Hasan, Majmu‘ah Rasa’il
al-Imam, 156.
33 Sa‘id Hawwa, 4. Ihya’ al-Rabbaniyyah 5. Al-Ijabat (Kaherah: Dar al-Salam, 1984), 18.

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usaha dakwah berasaskan kalimah “” (menegah kemungkaran) di samping


mengabdikan diri kepada-Nya. Ternyata huraian beliau ini didapati selaras dengan
tafsiran al-Qushayri (m. 465H) yang mendefinisikan rabbani sebagai pemimpin yang
menegah kemungkaran dengan menonjolkan perilaku mereka berbanding kata-kata.34
Malangnya, terdapat ahli zuhud dan abid yang memahami istilah “rabbani”
dijuruskan kepada proses tazkiyat al-nafs semata-mata, lalu meninggalkan tugasan
dakwah dengan beruzlah (mengasingkan diri daripada manusia). Walhal menurut
Sa‘id Hawwa, tuntutan berdakwah adalah lebih aula buat mereka di samping perlunya
memperkasakan pengabdian diri kepada Tuhan.35

Fakhr al-Din al-Razi (m. 606H) turut menyatakan, jika golongan rabbani
meninggalkan usaha mencegah kemungkaran, kedudukan mereka setara dengan
manusia yang melakukan kemungkaran terbabit, bahkan kecelaan Allah S.W.T ke
atas mereka lebih besar berbanding pelaku dosa. Ini kerana, Allah S.W.T telah
menyebut mereka (rabbaniyyun) terlebih dahulu berbanding pelaku dosa berdasarkan
ayat di atas. Manakala, pada akhir ayat tersebut, tambah Fakhr al-Din al-Razi,
diungkapkan kalimah “”(yang mereka kerjakan), bukan dengan kalimah
“‫ ”يعملون‬adalah sebagai suatu bentuk kecelaan yang dikhususkan kepada rabbaniyyun
yang tidak menegah kemungkaran dalam keadaan yang mereka tahu akan
kemungkaran tersebut. 36

Daripada konsep tasawuf yang diperkenalkan Sa‘id Hawwa, dapatlah


dirumuskan bahawa pengamalan tasawuf tersebut berpaksikan nas, iaitu tasawuf yang
mencetuskan roh jihad dan aktivisme (haraki).37 Ternyata tasawuf amali disepadukan
dengan kegiatan dakwah hasil cetusan idea beliau selaras dengan tafsiran yang
dikemukakan oleh para mufasir seperti al-Qushayri dan Fakhr al-Din al-Razi.

Pengamalan Zikir dan Kaifiatnya

Ruang lingkup pengertian zikir diterjemahkan oleh Sa‘id Hawwa dalam konteks yang
lebih umum. Menurutnya, solat merupakan satu bentuk zikir yang tertinggi kerana
wujudnya penerapan ketundukan (khudu‘) yang tertinggi kepada Allah S.W.T
berasaskan firman Allah S.W.T daripada surah Taha 20:14.38 Terdapat tiga perspektif
zikrullah yang diutarakan oleh Sa‘id Hawwa iaitu: 39
a) Zikir secara umum dengan menghadirkan niat melakukan segala pekerjaaan
kerana Allah.

34 Al-Qushayri, ‘Abd al-Karim Ibn Hawazin, Lata’if al-Isharat, cet. ke-3 (Mesir: al-Hay’ah al-Misriyyah
al-‘Ammah li al-Kitab, t.t.), 1:436.
35 Sa‘id Hawwa, al-Asas fi al-Tafsir, cet. ke-7 (Kaherah: Dar al-Salam li al-Tiba‘ah wa al-Nashr wa al-

Tawzi‘ wa al-Tarjamah, 2009), 2:82.


36 Al-Razi, Fakhr al-Din, Muhammad bin ‘Umar bin al-Hasan bin al-Husin, Mafatih al-Ghayb, cet. ke-3

(Beirut: Dar Ihya’ al-Turath al-‘Arabi, 1999), 12:393.


37 Sa‘id Hawwa, Kay La Namdi Ba‘idan ‘an Ihtiyajat al-‘Asr, 209.
38 Sa‘id Hawwa, Kay La Namdi Ba‘idan ‘an Ihtiyajat al-‘Asr, 376.
39 Sa‘id Hawwa, Jund Allah Thaqafatan wa Akhlaqan, cet. ke-7 (Kaherah: Dar al-Salam li al-Tiba‘ah wa

al-Nashr wa al-Tawzi‘ wa al-Tarjamah, 2010), 226.


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b) Zikir asas iaitu menunaikan solat fardu dan sunat kerana tanpanya manusia
tidak mengingati Allah S.W.T dan sekiranya dilaksanakan dengan sempurna,
mereka tergolong dalam kalangan hamba-Nya yang banyak mengingati Allah
(‫)الذاكرين هللا كثيرا والذاكرات‬.

c) Zikir pelengkap iaitu wirid dan zikir-zikir yang ma’thur selaras dengan
keadaan, tempat dan situasi tertentu.

Mustafa Masyhur berpendapat bahawa berzikir dapat menghindarkan diri


daripada suasana buruk serta bahana fitnah. Zikir turut menjadi aset terpenting yang
mendorong seseorang menghiasi diri dengan sifat-sifat yang mulia serta menjauhi
sifat-sifat terkutuk.40 Menurut Sa‘id Hawwa, bacaaan wirid dan al-ma’thurat turut
terangkum dalam bentuk-bentuk zikrullah yang sangat baik.41 Asas keperluan berzikir
dan selawat menurut Sa‘id Hawwa adalah berdasarkan firman Allah S.W.T:
             

   


Al-Ahzab 33:21

Terjemahan: Demi sesungguhnya adalah bagi kamu pada diri


Rasulullah itu contoh ikutan yang baik, iaitu bagi orang yang
sentiasa mengharapkan (keredaan) Allah dan (balasan baik) hari
akhirat, serta ia pula menyebut dan mengingati Allah banyak-
banyak. (dalam masa susah dan senang).

Menurut Sa‘id Hawwa, Rasulullah s.a.w pastinya dijadikan model ikutan


yang terbaik bagi manusia yang takut kepada Allah S.W.T. Mereka inilah yang
digelar sebagai golongan siddiqin yang sentiasa mengingati Allah dalam setiap
keadaan.42 Beliau beranggapan bahawa pengamalan zikrullah merupakan salah satu
komposisi terpenting dalam mewarisi ciri-ciri kenabian berdasarkan tafsiran ayat di
atas.43 Zikrullah menurut beliau wajar dilakukan pada setiap keadaan. Tambahan
pula, zikrullah mencambahkan keyakinan dalam jiwa seseorang muslim terhadap janji
Allah S.W.T berupa kemenangan setelah diuji. 44 Beberapa isu berkaitan zikir adalah
seperti berikut:

40 Mustafa Masyhur, Zadun ‘ala al-Tariq: Bekalan di Sepanjang Jalan Da‘wah, terj. Ahmad Hasan
Mohd. Nazam dan Mohd. Nizam Mohd. Ali (Shah Alam: Dewan Pustaka Fajar, 2003), 194 dan 196.
41 Sa‘id Hawwa, Jund Allah Thaqafatan wa Akhlaqan, 227.
42 Sa‘id Hawwa, al-Asas fi al-Tafsir, 5:132.
43 Sa‘id Hawwa, 4. Ihya’ al-Rabbaniyyah 5. Al-Ijabat, 23.
44 Sa‘id Hawwa menjelaskan, bagi seseorang yang mengamalkan zikrullah, Allah menjanjikan ujian

yang membawa kemenangan kepada umat Islam sebagaimana yang dihadapi oleh Rasulullah dan para
sahabat dalam perang Ahzab. Hal ini telah dirakamkan pada ayat berikutnya dalam surah al-Ahzab
33:22-23 tatkala mereka mewarisi ciri-ciri kenabian serta mengingati Allah S.W.T. Sila rujuk Sa’id
Hawwa, al-Asas fi al-Tafsir, 5:132.
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a) Zikir dengan Ism Mufrad

Turut menjadi perbahasan hangat dalam pengamalan zikir ialah berzikir dengan
menyebut nama Allah secara tunggal (ism mufrad). Sa‘id Hawwa berpegang dengan
keharusan menyebut nama Allah secara ism mufrad sungguhpun wujud kritikan
terhadap pendirian beliau. 45 Menurut Sa‘id Hawwa, lafaz “Allah” satu-satunya lafaz
yang mencakupi keseluruhan maksud bagi Allah sama ada dari segi Zat, Sifat, Asma’,
dan Af‘al-Nya. Ia merupakan sebaik-santapan yang terus berfokus kepada hati.46
Beliau turut mengemukakan dalil daripada al-Qur’an, firman Allah S.W.T:
      
Al-Muzzammil 73:8

Terjemahan: Dan sebutlah (dengan lidah dan hati) akan nama


Tuhanmu (terus menerus siang dan malam), serta tumpukanlah
(amal ibadatmu) kepadanya dengan sebulat-bulat tumpuan.

Menurut beliau, antara nama Tuhan yang teragung ialah “Allah”. Maka,
sesiapa yang menyebut-Nya, sesungguhnya dia seumpama telah menyebut nama-
nama-Nya secara keseluruhannya serta diganjari pahala. Berbanding para mufasir lain
yang mentafsirkan ayat tersebut secara umum iaitu mengingati Allah, 47 hujah yang
dikemukakan oleh Sa‘id Hawwa adalah dalam bentuk penggayaan yang literal.
Berbanding dengan lafaz zikir seperti Subhana Allah, al-hamd li Allah, dan Allah
Akbar, menurut beliau, dengan hanya melafaz “Allah” serta mengulanginya sehingga
tetap hatinya dengan makrifatullah, maka kesan zikir tersebut akan lebih
menghadirkan rasa syukur ke lubuk hati, memantapkan ketauhidan dan puji-pujian
secara lebih sempurna, serta hatinya lebih menyelami ‘kepuasan’ mengenal Allah
(ma‘rifah dhawqiyyah).48 Tambah beliau lagi, para ahli sufi juga telah ijmak bahawa
berzikir dengan kalimah “Allah” merupakan sejenis zikir yang paling memberikan
kesan yang mendalam untuk mencapai makam Ihsan.49 Selanjutnya beliau turut
mengemukakan dalil hadith berzikir dengan ism mufrad, antaranya daripada riwayat
Anas, Rasulullah s.a.w bersabda:

‫ال يِف األ َْر ي‬


ُ‫ هللا‬،ُ‫ هللا‬:‫ض‬ َ ‫اعةُ َح ََّّت الَ يُ َق‬
َ ‫الس‬
َّ ‫وم‬
ُ ‫الَ تَ ُق‬

45 Antara yang melontarkan kritikan mengenai zikir dengan ism mufrad terhadap Sa‘id Hawwa ialah
Salim al-Hilali. Sungguhpun beliau memetik pandangan ulama’ yang mengharuskan zikir dengan ism
mufrad seperti al-Shibli dan Ibn ‘Arabi, menurutnya, ia merupakan perkara bid‘ah yang tidak pernah
dilakukan Rasulullah s.a.w, sebaliknya Rasulullah s.a.w menganjurkan zikir La Ilaha illa Allah. Sila lihat
Salim al-Hilali, Mu’allafat Sa‘id Hawwa: Dirasah wa Taqwim (t.p: t.tp, 1983), 73-74.
46 Sa‘id Hawwa, Kay La Namdi Ba‘idan ‘an Ihtiyajat al-‘Asr, 379.
47 Tafsiran “mengingati Allah” ini antaranya dikemukakan oleh al-Baydawi (m. 685H) dalam karya tafsir

beliau, Anwar al-Tanzil wa Asrar al-Ta’wil. Beliau menghuraikan maksud “‫ ”واذكر اسم ربك‬tersebut
sebagai satu perintah mengingati Allah sepanjang masa dengan apa jua cara berzikir seperti bertasbih,
bertahmid, bertahlil, membaca al-Qur’an, serta menuntut ilmu. Sila lihat al-Baydawi, Nasir al-Din Abu
Sa‘id ‘Abd Allah bin ‘Umar bin Muhammad al-Shirazi, Anwar al-Tanzil wa Asrar al-Ta’wil, ed.
Muhammad ‘Abd al-Rahman al-Mara‘shali (Beirut: Dar Ihya’ al-Turath al-‘Arabi, 1418H/1997-1998),
5:256.
48 Sa‘id Hawwa, Tarbiyatuna al-Ruhiyyah, 247-248.
49 Ibid., 245.

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Terjemahan: Kiamat tidak akan berlaku sehinggalah tidak


diucapkan di bumi: “Allah Allah.”50

Walaupun terdapat sanggahan mengenai zikir dengan ism mufrad akan


ketidakharusannya, ternyata hujah yang dikemukakan Sa‘id Hawwa mengenai
keharusan zikir dengan kaedah tersebut cukup meyakinkan.

b) Zikir dengan Bilangan Tertentu

Menurut Sa‘id Hawwa, pengamalan zikir oleh individu muslim adalah


dengan melalui tahap-tahap riadah rohani yang berkadar langsung dengan bekalan
zikir yang semakin meningkat. Kuantiti zikir ini menjadi polemik hangat apabila
Sa‘id Hawwa mengesyorkan berzikir dengan bilangan-bilangan tertentu sehingga
mencapai 70000 kali. 51 Walau bagaimanapun, beliau tidaklah bermaksud agar
seseorang penuntut perlu terikat dengan bilangan tertentu dalam pengamalan zikir
harian, sebaliknya ia bergantung kepada kondisi hati seseorang yang memerlukan
santapan zikir yang menjadi ‘ubat’. 52 Sungguhpun tiada suatu skala khusus daripada
Nabi s.a.w mengenai bilangan zikir seperti melafazkannya sehingga ke 70000 kali,
tetapi kuantiti 70000 kali itu boleh juga diinterpretasikan sebagai satu simbol kuantiti
yang ‘banyak’. Berzikir mengingati Allah dengan banyak kali sememangnya dituntut
di dalam al-Qur’an dengan firman-Nya:
          ...
Al-Ahzab 33:35

Terjemahan: …dan orang-orang lelaki yang menyebut nama Allah


banyak-banyak serta orang-orang perempuan yang menyebut nama
Allah banyak-banyak, Allah telah menyediakan bagi mereka
semuanya keampunan dan pahala yang besar.

Justeru, Sa‘id Hawwa turut menegaskan penerapan zikir yang banyak


merupakan satu jalan memperoleh kesejahteraan dan rahmat Allah S.W.T buat pelaku
zikir. Dengan rahmat Allah, seseorang di dalam petunjuk Allah. Memperbanyakkan
zikir merupakan satu langkah mengikuti Rasulullah s.a.w. 53 Sa‘id Hawwa turut
menyediakan pengamalan wirid harian yang perlu diamalkan oleh setiap individu
iaitu beristighfar sebanyak 100 kali, berselawat ke atas Nabi s.a.w 100 kali,
mengucapkan La Ilaha illa Allah 100 kali, membaca al-ma’thurat setiap hari, dan

50 Diriwayatkan oleh Muslim, Muslim bin al-Hajjaj Abu al-Hasan al-Qushayri al-Naysaburi. al-Musnad
al-Sahih al-Mukhtasar bi Naql al-‘Adl ‘an al-‘Adl ila Rasul Allah Salla Allah ‘alayh wa Sallam (Sahih
Muslim), ed. Muhammad Fu’ad ‘Abd al-Baqi (Beirut: Dar Ihya’ al-Turath al-‘Arabi, 1954), Kitab al-
Iman, Bab Dhihab al-Iman Akhir al-Zaman, no. hadith: 234, 1:131. Al-Tirmidhi, Muhammad bin ‘Isa
bin Sawrah bin Musa bin Dahhak, Muhammad bin ‘Isa bin Sawrah bin Musa bin Dahhak, Sunan al-
Tirmidhi, ed. Ahmad Muhammad Shakir, Muhammad Fu’ad ‘Abd al-Baqi, dan Ibrahim ‘Atwah ‘Iwad,
cet. ke-2 (Mesir: Sharikah Maktabah wa Matba‘ah Mustafa al-Babi al-Halabi, 1975), Kitab Abwab al-
Fitan, Bab Ma Ja’a fi Ashrat al-Sa‘ah, no. hadith: 2207, 4:492, Dinilai oleh al-Tirmidhi sebagai hadith
hasan, manakala al-Albani menilainya sebagai sahih.
51 Sa‘id Hawwa, Kay La Namdi Ba‘idan ‘an Ihtiyajat al-‘Asr, 317.
52 Sa‘id Hawwa, Tarbiyatuna al-Ruhiyyah, 94.
53 Ibid., 5:154.

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menghadiri majlis zikir pada setiap minggu.54Pentafsiran Sa‘id Hawwa didapati


selaras dengan kenyataan kebanyakan para mufasir muktabar seperti Ibn Kathir (m.
774H) yang menyatakan keperluan berzikir sebanyak mungkin. 55 Walau
bagaimanapun, al-Naysaburi (m. 850H) melihat bahawa maksud “‫( ”كثيرا‬banyak) pada
ayat di atas menjurus kepada zikir yang boleh dilaksanakan dalam semua keadaan
sama ada ketika mereka bersedekah, berpuasa, memelihara kehormatan diri, dan
sebagainya.56

Apa pun, perbincangan yang menjadi fokus kepada persoalan zikir ialah
implikasi pengamalan wirid dan zikir yang berupaya menggilap hati serta
membangunkan nurani muslim, manakala pendekatan serta kaifiat zikir tersebut
seharusnya tidaklah menjadi pokok perdebatan selagi kaifiat tersebut tidak
bercanggah dengan al-Qur’an dan sunnah. Tumpuan yang harus diberikan adalah
persoalan keberkesanan zikir serta aspek konsistensi modal insan untuk
mengamalkannya dalam jendela kehidupan seharian. Akhirnya, dia dapat
memposisikan dirinya kepada salah satu daripada tiga golongan ahli zikir
sebagaimana yang dinyatakan oleh Sa‘id Hawwa iaitu: 57
a) Orang yang berzikir untuk menyinari hatinya.

b) Orang yang telah dilimpahi nur di dalam hatinya, lalu dia berzikir untuk
menambahkan limpahan cahaya.

c) Orang yang berzikir untuk memelihara limpahan cahaya yang banyak di


dalam hatinya, maka dia dikenali sebagai golongan “al-‘Arifun”.

Keperluan Guru Mursyid

Sa‘id Hawwa turut melihat kepentingan bimbingan murabbi yang benar dalam
perjalanan kerohanian menuju Allah. Bagi beliau, seseorang muslim tidak sekadar
menekuni ilmu dan melaksanakan aktiviti penyucian jiwa, malah seharusnya
menempuh perjalanan rohani daripada guru mursyid yang mampu ‘mengemudi’
perjalanan rohani malah dakwah mereka. 58 Beliau berhujah berdasarkan firman Allah
S.W.T:59

54 Ibid., 52 dan 68. Sila lihat juga Sa‘id Hawwa, Pendidikan Harakah Islamiyyah: Syarah Risalah al-
Ta’lim: Fi Afaq al-Ta‘alim, terj. Nor Hasanuddin (Shah Alam: Dewan Pustaka Fajar, 2008), 471. Dalam
karya beliau, iaitu Fi Afaq al-Ta‘alim, beliau mendedahkan disiplin riadah kerohanian anggota al-Ikhwan
al-Muslimin. Mereka ditugaskan untuk membaca al-Qur’an sekurang-kurangnya satu juzuk sehari di
samping pengamalan wirid seharian yang lain. Beliau turut menyediakan contoh wirid-wirid harian yang
perlu diamalkan oleh setiap para pendakwah dalam karyanya, Tarbiyatuna al-Ruhiyyah, antaranya
beristighfar tidak kurang 100 kali setiap hari, solat berjemaah, qiamullail, solat sunat duha, selawat tidak
kurang 100 kali setiap hari, dan membaca surah al-Ikhlas sekurang-kurangnya tiga kali sehari. Sila lihat
Sa‘id Hawwa, Tarbiyatuna al-Ruhiyyah,102.
55 Ibn Kathir, ‘Imad al-Din Abu al-Fida’ Isma‘il bin ‘Umar al-Qurashi. Tafsir al-Qur’an al-‘Azim, ed.

Sami bin Muhammad Salamah, cet. ke-2 (t.tp.: Dar al-Taybah li al-Nashr wa al-Tawzi’, 1999), 6: 420.
56 Al-Naysaburi, Nizam al-Din al-Hasan bin Muhammad bin Husayn. Ghara’ib al-Qur’an wa Ragha’ib

al-Furqan (Beirut: Dar al-Kutub al-‘Ilmiyyah, 1995), 5: 461.


57 Sa‘id Hawwa, Mudhakkirat fi Manazil al-Siddiqin wa al-Rabbaniyyin min Khilal al-Nusus wa Hikam

Ibn ‘Ata’ Allah al-Sakandari, cet. ke-5 (Beirut: Dar al-‘Ammar, 1989), 625.
58 Sa‘id Hawwa, Tarbiyatuna al-Ruhiyyah, 182.
59 Sa‘id Hawwa, ibid. Lihat juga Sa‘id Hawwa, Kay La Namdi Ba‘idan ‘an Ihtiyajat al-‘Asr, 132 dan

159.
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             ...
Al-Kahf 18:17

Terjemahan: …Sesiapa yang diberi hidayah petunjuk oleh Allah,


maka dialah yang berjaya mencapai kebahagiaan; dan sesiapa yang
disesatkannya maka Engkau tidak sekali-kali akan beroleh
sebarang penolong yang dapat menunjukkan (jalan yang benar)
kepada-Nya.

Pada ayat di atas, Sa‘id Hawwa menegaskan bahawa guru pembimbing (wali
murshid) memiliki keupayaan melorongkan manusia ke arah hidayah. Namun,
apabila Allah menghendaki seseorang sesat, maka wali murshid tidak mampu
membimbing mereka selaras dengan kehendak-Nya.60 Ia juga bermaksud, apabila
seseorang telah disesatkan Allah, maka tidak ada seorang pun, walau seorang yang
bertaraf wali murshid dapat membawanya kepada petunjuk. Ternyata, wali murshid
pada persepsi Sa‘id Hawwa ditempatkan pada satu martabat yang mulia bahawa
mereka merupakan sebaik-baik ‘pemandu’ bagi meraih hidayah Allah. 61

Sa‘id Hawwa dilihat mengkhususkan pengertian terminologi wali murshid


iaitu seorang murabbi yang membimbing manusia menuju hidayah berbanding
tafsiran kebanyakan mufasir yang lain. Jika disoroti keterangan kebanyakan para
mufasir muktabar seperti al-Tabari (m. 310H) dan al-Baghawi (m. 510H), mereka
mengetengahkan tafsiran dengan makna yang lebih umum iaitu teman (‫ )خليال‬dan
pembantu (‫ )معينا‬yang membawa hidayah. 62 Didapati Sa‘id Hawwa bertindak berani
menjuruskan ayat tersebut kepada satu bentuk tafsiran ishari bagi menyokong hujah
akan keperluan berguru mursyid. Ini kerana, jika dicermati tafsiran secara zahir ayat,
ia lebih berkisar kepada persoalan hidayah Allah, bahawa sekiranya seseorang
disesatkan oleh-Nya, maka tiada ‘seorang penolong pun yang dapat mengurniakannya
petunjuk’ (‫)وليا مرشدا‬. Apa yang wajib ditanggapi secara lurus pada surah al-Kahf
18:17 ialah, persoalan hidayah adalah hak milik mutlak Allah S.W.T. Walau
bagaimanapun, asas pendalilan Sa‘id Hawwa akan keperluan wali murshid harus
dipuji, kerana beliau telah menguak satu dimensi baharu dalam pentafsiran di sebalik
ayat berbanding kebanyakan tokoh mufasir yang lain, dan pentafsiran beliau tidaklah
menjejaskan maksud sebenar ayat serta tidak juga mengheret kepada kefahaman yang
batil.

Sa‘id Hawwa turut mengaitkan wali murshid dengan terminologi “al-sadiqin”


dalam al-Qur’an. Konsep “al-sadiqin” dapat diperhatikan menerusi kupasan beliau
dalam surah al-Tawbah 9:119, firman Allah S.W.T:
        
Al-Tawbah 9:119

60 Sa‘id Hawwa, Tarbiyatuna al-Ruhiyyah, ibid., 182.


61 Sa‘id Hawwa, al-Asas fi al-Tafsir, 3:368.
62 Al-Baghawi, Abu Muhammad al-Husayn bin Mas‘ud. Ma‘alim al-Tanzil fi Tafsir al-Qur’an, ed.

Muhammad ‘Abd Allah al-Namr, ‘Uthman Jumu‘ah Damiriyyah, dan Sulayman Muslim al-Harash, cet.
ke-4 (Riyadh: Dar Taybah li al-Nashr wa al-Tawzi‘, 1997), 5:157, Al-Tabari, Jami’ al-Bayan fi Ta’wil
al-Qur’an, ed. Ahmad Muhammad Shakir (t.tp: Mu’assasah al-Risalah, 2000), 17:623.
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Terjemahan: Wahai orang-orang yang beriman! Bertakwalah kamu


kepada Allah, dan hendaklah kamu berada bersama-sama orang-
orang yang benar.

Menurut Sa‘id Hawwa, orang-orang yang beriman sewajarnya bersama-sama


dengan golongan al-sadiqin.63 Beliau mengulas, terminologi “al-sadiqin” secara tidak
langsung membuktikan kepentingan wujudnya wali murshid untuk membimbing
individu muslim. Justeru, ciri-ciri wali murshid atau murabbi menurutnya adalah
sebagaimana kriteria golongan al-sadiqin yang dinyatakan dalam al-Qur’an menerusi
surah al-Baqarah 2:177, al-Ahzab 33:23, dan al-Hujurat 49:15.64 Kenyataan al-Hasan
al-Basri (m. 110H) turut dinukilkan beliau dalam tafsirannya, bahawa untuk
berdamping bersama golongan al-sadiqin, seseorang itu perlu bersifat zuhud di
dunia.65 Namun, secara umumnya kalimah “al-sadiqin” pada pengamatan beliau
adalah mereka yang menghimpunkan keimanan dengan jihad pada segenap penjuru. 66

Kesimpulan

Berdasarkan pemikiran dan kegiatan tasawuf Sa‘id Hawwa, ternyata pemikiran


tasawuf beliau bersifat amali dan inklusif, serta bersandarkan nas dan tidak terpalit
dengan unsur bid‘ah dan khurafat. Beliau juga mempromosikan tasawuf yang
disepadukan dengan kewajipan dakwah semasa, tasawuf yang tidak diresapi doktrin
falsafah, serta tasawuf yang tidak menggugurkan taklif. Malah, aktiviti kerohanian
turut diaplikasikan oleh Sa‘id Hawwa secara praktikal dan konsisten dalam kehidupan
beliau. Menelusuri beberapa isu kerohanian, didapati Sa‘id Hawwa mengemukakan
dimensi penghujahan nas yang meyakinkan. Walau bagaimanapun, terdapat sedikit
perbezaan pentafsiran ayat yang dilakukan oleh beliau berbanding para mufasir
terdahulu seperti isu kaifiat zikir dengan bilangan tertentu, zikir dengan ism mufrad,
dan keperluan guru mursyid. Dari sisi yang lain pula, Sa‘id Hawwa bertindak berani
menonjolkan suatu perspektif tafsir ishari yang jarang dilakukan oleh kebanyakan
mufasir, sekaligus menghasilkan suatu bentuk pentafsiran yang baharu dan segar
berdasarkan keupayaan intelektual yang dimiliki beliau.

63 Sa‘id Hawwa, al-Asas fi al-Tafsir, 2:534.


64 Sa‘id Hawwa, Tarbiyatuna al-Ruhiyyah, 182-183. Kriteria golongan al-sadiqin (mereka yang benar)
sebagaimana yang digariskan dalam al-Qur’an surah al-Baqarah 2:177 ialah beriman kepada Allah, hari
akhirat, para malaikat, kitab-kitab, dan nabi-nabi. Mereka memberikan harta kepada orang-orang yang
dikasihinya seperti kaum kerabat, anak yatim, orang-orang miskin, musafir, orang yang memerlukan,
dan untuk memerdekakan hamba, yang menunaikan solat dan membayar zakat, orang yang menepati
janji, orang yang bersabar dalam kemelaratan dan pada masa peperangan. Dalam surah al-Ahzab 33:23
pula ciri-ciri golongan al-sadiqin ialah menepati janji mereka kepada Allah iaitu syahid di jalan Allah.
Manakala ciri-ciri al-sadiqin dalam surah al-Hujurat 49:15 pula ialah mereka beriman kepada Allah dan
Rasul-Nya, tidak ragu-ragu dengan keimanan mereka, dan berjihad di jalan Allah.
65 Sa‘id Hawwa, al-Asas fi al-Tafsir, 2:536.
66 Ibid., 2:535.

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22. Sa‘id Hawwa, Jund Allah Thaqafatan wa Akhlaqan, cet. ke-7. Kaherah: Dar al-
Salam li al-Tiba‘ah wa al-Nashr wa al-Tawzi‘ wa al-Tarjamah, 2010.

23. Sa‘id Hawwa, Kay La Namdi Ba‘idan ‘an Ihtiyajat al-‘Asr, cet. ke-5. Kaherah:
Dar al-Salam li al-Tiba‘ah wa al-Nashr wa al-Tawzi‘, 2009.

24. Sa‘id Hawwa, Mudhakkirat fi Manazil al-Siddiqin wa al-Rabbaniyyin min


Khilal al-Nusus wa Hikam Ibn ‘Ata’ Allah al-Sakandari, cet. ke-5. Beirut: Dar
al-‘Ammar, 1989.

25. Sa‘id Hawwa, Pendidikan Harakah Islamiyyah: Syarah Risalah al-Ta’lim: Fi


Afaq al-Ta‘alim, terj. Nor Hasanuddin. Shah Alam: Dewan Pustaka Fajar,
2008.

26. Sa‘id Hawwa, Tarbiyatuna al-Ruhiyyah, cet. ke-9. Kaherah: Dar al-Salam li al-
Tiba‘ah wa al-Nashr wa al-Tawzi‘ wa al-Tarjamah, 2007.

27. Sulaiman Ibrahim, Al-Syaykh Ibn ‘Arabiy dan Pemikiran Wahdat al-Wujud:
Kemantapan Rohani Penjana Negara Maju. Jabatan Mufti Kerajaan Negeri
Sembilan Darul Khusus, 2004.

28. William C. Chittick, Dunia Imajinal Ibnu ‘Arabi, terj. Achmad Syahid.
Surabaya: Risalah Gusti, 2001.

29. Zainuddin Hashim dan Riduan Mohamad Nor, Tokoh-tokoh Gerakan Islam
Abad Moden. Kuala Lumpur: Jundi Resources, 2009.

30. Zulkifli Mohamad al-Bakri, Tazkiyat al-Nufus: Soal Jawab A-Z Tentang
Tasawuf Tapi Anda Tiada Tempat untuk Bertanya. Kuala Lumpur: Telaga
Biru, 2009.

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Qur’anic Research: Interaction of Knowledge, Science, and Civilization

Temu Bual

1. Mu‘adh Sa‘id Hawwa (Ph.D, Imam Masjid Awwabin, Suwaylih, Jordan),


dalam temu bual dengan penulis, 8 Jun 2012, Masjid Awwabin, Suwaylih,
Jordan.

2. Muhammad Sa‘id Hawwa (pensyarah Universiti Mu’tah, Jordan) dalam temu


bual dengan penulis, Jumaat, 29 Jun 2012, Masjid ‘A’isyah, ‘Abdun,
‘Amman, Jordan.

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WARNA KUNING MENURUT PERSPEKTIF AL-QURAN : SATUANALISIS


AWAL

Norwardatun Mohamed Razali 1


Kauthar Abdul Kadir2

Abstrak

Warna merupakan salah satu elemen penting dalam kehidupan


manusia. Ia merupakan tanda kekuasaan Allah yang jika
diperhalusi akan mempengaruhi tahap keimanan hamba-Nya.
Kajian ini bertujuan untuk melihat penggunaan warna kuning
yang disebut di dalam al-Qurān. Justeru terdapat lima ayat yang
menyebut perkataan yang mengandungi makna warna kuning di
dalam al-Qurān. Penulis menggunakan kaedah induktif dengan
mengumpulkan ayat-ayat al-Qurān yang terdapat perkataan yang
membawa maksud warna kuning di dalamnya, kemudian merujuk
tafsiran daripada kitab-kitab tafsir mu’tabar bagi melihat tafsiran
sebenar perkataan tersebut dari konteks setiap ayat. Hasil kajian
mendapati, perkataan yang membawa maksud warna kuning
terdapat di dalam lima ayat menggunakan lafaz; ( ‫صفراء‬ َ ) , (
‫ ) ُمصفرا‬, dan (‫صفر‬
ُ ) . Ia boleh dibahagikan kepada empat tema
utama; tiga daripanya menyentuh perihal kehidupan dunia dan
satu daripadanya menyentuh perihal kehidupan akhirat. Analisis
awal mendapati, terdapat dua indikasi daipada penggunaan
perkataan yang membawa makna warna kuning. Salah satu
daripadanya mengandungi indikasi positif seperti warna kuning
berkaitan warna lembu yang diperintahkan Allah kepada kaum
Nabi Musa alaihissalām untuk disembelih. Selain itu, ia juga
membawa indikasi negatif yang mana warna kuning digunakan
untuk menggambarkan tumbuh-tumbuhan atau tanam-tanaman
yang hampir mati, begitu juga ia digunakan sebagai gambaran api
neraka Jahannam di akhirat kelak.

Kata Kunci: Warna; Kuning; Warna Kuning di dalam al-Qur’ān.

1
Norwardatun Mohamed Razali. Calon Ph.D. Fakulti Pengajian al-Qur’an dan as-sunnah, Universiti
Sains Islam Malaysia. E-mail: [email protected]
2 Kauthar Abdul Kadir. Pensyarah. Fakulti Pengajian al-Qur’an dan as-sunnah, Universiti Sains Islam

Malaysia. E-mail: [email protected]


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Pendahuluan

Allah Subhānahū wata’āla menciptakan alam semesta dengan segala bentuk dan
kelebihan tertentu. Setiap bentuk dan ciptaan yang hidup di muka bumi ini
mempunyai warna-warna tertentu. Kehidupan tanpa warna akan menjadikan
kehidupan manusia menjadi suram kerana warna memberikan manusia perasaan
gembira apabila mampu membezakan antara sesuatu dengan yang lain. Oleh kerana
warna merupakan sesuatu yang sangat dekat dengan kehidupan manusia, maka Allah
Subhānahū wata’āla menyebut warna-warna tertentu di dalam al-Qur’ān. Sekiranya
kita meneliti ayat-ayat al-Qur’ān yang menggandingkan sesuatu dengan warna-warna
tertentu, kita akan dapati kebanyakan ayat-ayat ini menghubungkan warna dengan
dorongan untuk mentadabbur serta memikirkan kebesaran Allah subhānahū wata’ āla
dengan cara melihat ia sebagai tanda kekuasaan dan kebesaran Allah subhānahū
wata’ āla. Di antara warna yang disebut di dalam al-Qur’ān ialah warna kuning.

Di dalam kajian ini, penulis mendapati terdapat lima ayat yang menyebut
secara jelas lafaz warna kuning di dalam al-Quran. Empat daripadanya menyentuh
berkaitan keadaan kehidupan di dunia, dan satu ayat menyentuh berkaitan kehidupan
di akhirat yang memberi fokus kepada sifat neraka jahannam.

Skop Dan Metodologi

Di dalam artikel ini, penulis akan menjalankan analisis awal berkaitan warna kuning
dengan menggunakan kaedah induktif. Penulis akan mengumpulkan ayat-ayat al-
Qur’ān yang menyebut warna kuning secara jelas, kemudian menganalisis ayat-ayat
tersebut dengan merujuk kepada kitab-kitab tafsīr yang mu’tabar. Kaedah ini
membantu kita memahami penggunaan warna kuning di dalam konteks setiap ayat
dan sebab pemilihannya.

Pengertian Warna

Warna di dalam bahasa arab datang dari perkataan (‫)اللون‬. Di dalam mu’jam dan
kamus berbahasa arab, perkataan (‫ )اللون‬membawa beberapa maksud. Pertama:
perkataan al-lawn bermaksud ‫ الهيئة‬iaitu 'bentuk 'seperti merah atau hitam (Mukhtar
as-Sihhah, 1999). Kedua: Perkataan al-Lawn membawa maksud (‫ )النوع‬atau (‫)الجنس‬
iaitu jenis. Ketiga: ia bermaksud (‫ )الدقل‬iaitu )‫ (الضرب من النخل‬sesuatu yang datang
daripada pokok tamar (Lisan al-Arab, 1993). Apabila merujuk kepada perbahasan
ulamā’ di dalam bahasa arab mengenai pengertian al-lawn, dapat disimpulkan di sini
bahawa kalimah al-lawn tidak lari daripada salah satu daripada makna yang disebut di
atas.

Adapun di dalam al-Qur’ān, perkataan warna disebut secara umum dengan


lafaz lawn (‫)لون‬. Ia datang dalam bentuk kata tunggal di dalam dua tempat (di dalam
satu ayat) dan kata jamak alwān )‫ (ألوان‬di dalam enam tempat di dalam al-Qur’ān,
menjadikan bilangan ayat yang menyebut perkataan warna menjadi tujuh ayat.

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Jadual 1: Jumlah perkataan dan ayat yang mengandungi perkataan Lawn dan Alwān

Bil Warna Jumlah Jumlah Nama Surah dan


perkataan Ayat Nombor ayat

1 Lawn (kata 2 1 Al-Baqarah: 69


tunggal)

2 Alwān (kata 6 6 An-Nahl:13 dan 69,


jamak) al-Rū m:22, Fātir:27
dan 28, az-
Zumar:21.

Di dalam Al-Qurān juga, Allah subhānahū wata’ āla menyebut warna-warna


secara khusus bagi menggambarkan warna tertentu. Terdapat enam warna utama yang
disebutkan di dalam al-Qur’ān iaitu: warna putih, hitam, kuning, hijau, merah dan
biru sepertimana yang terdapat di dalam jadual di bawah. Namun begitu, penulis
hanya akan membincangkan warna kuning sahaja sebagai topik kajian utama.

Jadual 2: Jumlah ayat yang mengandungi perkataan warna-warna di dalam al-Qur’ān

1
Bil Warna Jumlah Jumlah Ayat
Perkataan
1 Putih 12 10
2 Hitam 8 7
3 Kuning 5 5
4 Hijau 9 9
5 Biru 1 1
6 Merah 2 2
Jumlah 37 34
Ayat Berkaitan Warna Kuning Di Dalam Al-Qur’an

Di dalam al-Qur’an, warna kuning disebut di dalam lima ayat, dan ia dibahagikan
kepada empat tema utama. Tiga daripadanya menceritakan tentang kehidupan di
dunia, dan satu daripadanya berkaitan kehidupan di akhirat. Tema-tema tersebut
ialah seperti berikut;

Pertama: Warna kuning berkaitan warna lembu yang diperintahkan kepada kaum
Nabi Musa alaihissalām untuk disembelih

Firman Allah subhānahū wata’ āla:

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‫ن‬ ‫ن‬
َ‫ي‬ َ ٌ‫ول إنن ََّها بَ َقَرة‬
َ ‫ص ْفَراُُ َاق ٌٌ لَ ْونُ َها َ ُُر النَّاِ نر‬ ُ ‫ال إننَّهُ يَ ُق‬ ْ ِ‫ك يُبَ ن‬
َ َ‫ّي لَنَا َما لَ ْونُ َها ق‬ َ َّ‫ع لَنَا َرب‬
ُ ‫قَالُوا ْاد‬
Maksudnya: Mereka berkata lagi: “Pohonkanlah kepada
Tuhanmu untuk kami, supaya diterangkanNya kepada kami apa
warnanya?” Nabi Musa menjawab: “Bahawasanya Allah
berfirman: Bahawa (lembu betina) itu ialah seekor lembu kuning,
kuning tua warnanya, lagi menyukakan orang-orang yang
melihatnya”. (Surah al-Baqarah:2:69)

Kedua: Warna Kuning berkaitan angin yang membawa kerosakan dan kemusnahan

Firman Allah subhānahū wata’ āla:

‫ص َفًّرا لَظَلوا نم َْ بَ ْع ند نه يَ ْك ُفُرو َن‬ ‫ن‬


ْ ‫َولَئ َْ أ َْر َس ْلنَا نرحيًا َ َرأ َْوهُ ُم‬
Maksudnya: Dan demi sesungguhnya, jika Kami hantarkan angin
(menyerang tanaman) lalu mereka melihat tanaman itu menjadi
kuning kering, nescaya mereka sesudah itu, terus kembali kufur
(tidak mengenangkan nikmat-nikmat Allah serta berputus asa.
(surah ar-Rum:30:51)

Ketiga: Warna kuning berkaitan dengan kematian tumbuh-tumbuhan

Terdapat dua ayat yang menyentuh berkaitan kematian tumbuh-tumbuhan.


1- Firman Allah subhānahū wata’ āla::

‫يٌ نف ْاَأ َْر ن َُّمَّ ُْخْ نر ُ بننه َرْر ًاا ُمَُْتلن ًفا‬‫ن‬ ‫اَّلل أَنْزَل نمَ َّ ن‬ َّ ‫أَ ََلْ َََر أ‬
َ ‫الُ َماُ َماًُ َ َُلَ َكهُ يَنَاب‬ َ َ ََّ ‫َن‬
‫ُوِل ْاَأَلْب ن‬ ‫أَلْوانُه َُّمَّ ي نهيج َ تَ راه مص َفًّرا َُّمَّ ََيعلُه حطَاما إن َّن نف َذلن َ ن ن‬
‫اب‬ َ ‫ك لَذ ْكَرى َأ ن‬ ً ُ ُ َْ ْ ُ َُ ُ َ ُ َ
Maksudnya: “Tidakkah engkau memerhatikan, bahawa Allah
menurunkan hujan dari langit, lalu dialirkanNya menjadi matair-
matair di bumi; kemudian Ia menumbuhkan dengan air itu
tanaman-tanaman yang berbagai jenis dan warnanya; kemudian
tanaman-tanaman itu bergerak segar (hingga ke suatu masa yang
tertentu), selepas itu engkau melihatmu berupa kuning; kemudian
Ia menjadikannya hancur bersepai? Sesungguhnya segala yang
tersebut itu mengandungi peringatan yang menyedarkan orang-
orang yang berakal sempurna”. (surah- az-Zumar: 39:21)

2- Firman Allah subhānahū wata’ āla:

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‫اخٌر بَْي نَ ُك ْم َوَ َكاثٌُر نف ْاَأ َْم َو نال َو ْاَأَ ْوََ ند‬
ُ ‫ب َوََلٌْو َونرينَةٌ َوَ َف‬
‫ن‬
ٌ ‫ْاالَ ُموا أَََّّنَا ا ْْلَيَا ُة الدنْيَا لَع‬
‫ص َفًّرا َُّمَّ يَ ُكو ُن ُحطَ ًاما ونف ْاْل نخرةن‬ ‫ن‬ ٍ
َ َ ْ ‫يج َتَ َراهُ ُم‬ ُ ‫َّار نَبَاَُهُ َُّمَّ يَه‬ َ ‫َك َمثَ نل َغْيث أ َْا َج‬
َ ‫ب الْ ُكف‬
‫ا َذاب َش ندي ٌد وم ْغ نفرةٌ نمَ َّن‬
ُ َ‫ض َوا ٌن َوَما ا ْْلَيَاةُ الدنْيَا إنََّ َمت‬
‫اع الْغُُرونر‬ ْ ‫اَّلل َونر‬ َ َ ََ ٌ َ
Maksudnya: Ketahuilah bahawa (yang dikatakan) kehidupan
dunia itu tidak lain hanyalah (bawaan hidup yang berupa semata-
mata) permainan dan hiburan (yang melalaikan) serta perhiasan
(yang mengurang), juga (bawaan hidup yang bertujuan)
bermegah-megah di antara kamu (dengan kelebihan, kekuatan,
dan bangsa keturunan) serta berlumba-lumba membanyakkan
harta benda dan anak pinak; (semuanya itu terhad waktunya)
samalah seperti hujan yang (menumbuhkan tanaman yang
menghijau subur) menjadikan penanamnya suka dan tertarik hati
kepada kesuburannya, kemudian tanaman itu bergerak segar (ke
suatu masa yang tertentu), selepas itu engkau melihatnya berupa
kuning; akhirnya ia menjadi hancur bersepai; dan (hendaklah
diketahui lagi, bahawa) di akhirat ada azab yang berat (di
sediakan bagi golongan yang hanya mengutamakan kehidupan
dunia itu), dan (ada pula) keampunan besar serta keredaan dari
Allah (disediakan bagi orang-orang yang mengutamakan akhirat).
Dan (ingatlah, bahawa) kehidupan dunia ini tidak lain hanyalah
kesenangan bagi orang-orang yang terpedaya”.(surah al-
Hadid:57:20)

Keempat: Warna Kuning berkaitan tentang gambaran neraka Jahannam

‫ن‬ ‫ن‬
‫ص ْفٌر‬
ُ ‫ت‬ ْ ‫إنن ََّها ََ ْرمي بن َشَرٍر َكالْ َق‬
ٌ َ‫) َكأَنَّهُ ِجَال‬32( ‫ص نر‬
Maksudnya: “Sesungguhnya neraka itu melemparkan bunga api,
(yang besarnya) seperti bangunan besar. (Banyaknya dan
warnanya) bunga api itu seolah-olah rombongan unta
kuning”.(al-Mursalat:77:33)

Jadual 3: Jumlah perkataan, ayat dan surah yang mengandungi perkataan yang
bermaksud kuning

Perkataan Bil. Ayat Nama surah dan


nombor ayat

‫صفراء‬ 1 Al-Baqarah: 69

‫مصفرا‬ 3 Ar-Rum: 51, az-Zumar:


21 dan al-Hadid:20

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‫صفر‬ 1 Al-Mursalāt: 33

Analisis Dan Perbincangan

3.1 Pertama: Warna kuning berkaitan warna lembu yang diperintahkan kepada
kaum nabi Musa alaihissalam untuk disembelih

Firman Allah subhānahū wata’ āla:

‫ص ْفَراُُ َاقن ٌٌ لَ ْونُ َها ََ ُُر‬


َ ٌ‫ول إننَّ َها بَ َقَرة‬
ُ ‫ال إننَّهُ يَ ُق‬ ْ ِ‫ك يُبَ ن‬
َ َ‫ّي لَنَا َما لَ ْونُ َها ق‬ َ َّ‫ع لَنَا َرب‬
ُ ‫قَالُوا ْاد‬
‫ن‬
َ ‫النَّاِ نر‬
َ‫ي‬

Maksudnya: Mereka berkata lagi: “Pohonkanlah kepada Tuhanmu


untuk kami, supaya diterangkanNya kepada kami apa warnanya?”
Nabi Musa menjawab: “Bahawasanya Allah berfirman: Bahawa
(lembu betina) itu ialah seekor lembu kuning, kuning tua
warnanya, lagi menyukakan orang-orang yang melihatnya”.
(Surah al-Baqarah:2:69)

Perkataan (‫ )صفراء‬yang disebut di dalam ayat ini ditujukan kepada warna


lembu yang diperintahkan oleh Allah subhānahū wata’ āla kepada kaum nabi Musa
alaihissalām selepas pertanyaan demi pertanyaan diutarakan oleh mereka. Antara
soalan yang disuarakan ketika perintah ini datang ialah pertanyaan berkaitan sifat-
sifat dan cri-ciri lembu tersebut, sedangkan Allah subhānahū wata’āla pada
permulaannya hanya memerintahkan agar menyembelih lembu secara umum tanpa
mengkhususkan ciri-ciri dan sifat lembu untuk disembelih. Sehingga pertanyaan
tersebut akhirnya menjadi beban berat buat mereka (at-Thabari, 2000). Sepertimana
disebut di dalam tafsir al-Thabari (2000): Sekiranya kaum Musa alaihissalām ketika
diperintahkan kepada mereka untuk menyembelih lembu, kemudian mereka
menyembelih sahaja mana-mana lembu yang mereka perolehi, maka yang demikian
itu pasti sudah cukup untuk menyempurnakan perintah Allah subhānahū wata’āla,
namun mereka memberat-beratkan diri mereka (dengan pertanyaan tersebut) sehingga
Allah memberatkan pula bagi mereka (at-Thabari, 2000).

Pengertian perkataan (‫ )صفراء‬di dalam ayat ini terbahagi kepada dua


pendapat: Pendapat pertama mengatakan (‫ )صفراء‬ialah warna kuning sepertimana
yang kita maklum (al-Qurthubi, 1964). Pendapat kedua mengatakan, perkataan
(‫ )صفراء‬menunjukkan warna hitam, yang kebarangkaliannya bermaksud warna yang
sangat hitam (‫)شديد السواد‬. Sepertimana dinukilkan oleh imam az-Zamakhsyari (1986)
daripada kata-kata Hassan al-Basri: Maksud ayat (‫ص ْفرا ُء فا ِق ٌع لَ ْونُها‬
َ ) ialah warna yang
sangat hitam. Ini kerana ia dipinjam dari sifat unta, kerana unta yang berwarna hitam
dilihat seakan-akan berwarna kuning (az-Zamakhsyari, 1986).

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Penulis mentarjihkan pendapat pertama iaitu membawa makna kuning seperti


yang diketahui kerana ini merupakan makna yang difahami melalui zahir ayat.
Adapun pendapat kedua yang mengatakan bahawa perkataan (‫ )صفراء‬ialah warna
hitam, ia merupakan pendapat yang lemah (‫ )شاذ‬menurut imam al-Qurthubi, kerana al-
Qur’an tidak menggunakan perkataan (‫ )صفراء‬secara majazi melainkan pada unta
(‫( )اإلبل‬al-Qurthubi, 1964), sepertimana firman Allah subhānahū wata’āla di dalam
ُ ٌ‫(كَأَنَّهُ ِج َمالَت‬. Perkataan (‫ )صفر‬di sini membawa maksud
surah al-Mursalat: ayat 33, )‫ص ْف ٌر‬
unta hitam (‫( )سواد اإلبل‬al-Qurthubi, 1964). Tambahan pula, jika perkataan (‫)صفر‬
membawa maksud warna hitam, mengapakah perkataan (‫ )صفر‬digandingkan dengan
perkataan (‫ )فاقع‬sedangkan perkataan ini di dalam bahasa arab digunakan untuk
menunjukkan kata sifat yang khusus untuk warna kuning (‫ )صفراء‬sahaja, yang
bermaksud warna kuning yang bersangatan, dan ia juga merupakan kata penguat bagi
warna kuning di kalangan orang arab (az-Zamakhsyari, 1986).

Begitu juga, perkataan (‫ )صفراء‬digandingkan dengan lafaz (‫ )تسر الناظرين‬yang


membawa maksud ketaajuban atau kekaguman bagi sesiapa yang melihatnya. Ini
kerana kebiasaannya, perasaan gembira akan hadir apabila datang sesuatu yang
bermanfaat atau menyenangkan di dalam hati seseorang (al-Baidhawi, 1997). Maka,
pendapat yang mengatakan perkataan (‫ )صفراء‬menunjukkan warna hitam adalah tidak
bertepatan dengan konteks penggunaan di dalam ayat ini dan juga penggunaan bahasa
arab di kalangan orang arab sendiri.

Kesimpulannya, perkataan (‫ )صفراء‬yang membawa makna kuning di dalam


ayat ini digunakan untuk menunjukkan warna hakiki, bukan majazi seperti pendapat
lain yang dianggap syaz oleh imam al-Qurthubi. Ia digunakan untuk menunjukkan
warna lembu yang berwarna kuning sehingga membuatkan orang yang
memandangnya merasa taa’jub dan kagum lalu menerbitkan perasaan gembira dan
lazat di dalam hati mereka (Hamid, 2009). Sepertimana kata-kata Imam al-Qurthubi
(1964): “Lafaz warna disebut di dalam ayat ini bertujuan untuk menjelaskan warna
kulit lembu yang diperintahkan untuk disembelih”(al-Qurthubi, 1964), maka jelas
menunjukkan perkataan (‫ )صفراء‬ini ialah warna kuning yang hakiki.

3.2 Kedua: Warna Kuning berkaitan angin yang membawa kerosakan dan
kemusnahan

Warna kuning juga digunakan di dalam ayat berkaitan tumbuh-tumbuhan yang


musnah akibat dilanda angin yang sangat kuat. Firman Allah subhānahū wata’ āla:

‫ص َفًّرا لَظَلوا نم َْ بَ ْع ند نه يَ ْك ُفُرو َن‬ ‫ن‬


ْ ‫َولَئ َْ أ َْر َسلْنَا نرحيًا َ َرأ َْوهُ ُم‬
Maksudnya: Dan demi sesungguhnya, jika Kami hantarkan
angin (menyerang tanaman) lalu mereka melihat tanaman itu
menjadi kuning kering, nescaya mereka sesudah itu, terus
kembali kufur (tidak mengenangkan nikmat-nikmat Allah serta
berputus asa. (surah ar-Rum:30:51)

Ayat ini menjelaskan tentang salah satu fenomena alam iaitu kedatangan
angin yang membinasakan. Warna kuning digunakan untuk menunjukkan azab dan
kebinasaan tumbuh-tumbuhan dan tanam-tanaman. Oleh kerana itu, lafaz (‫)مصفرا‬
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digunakan di dalam ayat ini dan bukannya (‫ )األصفر‬untuk menunjukkan ia


merupakan insiden atau peristiwa kehancuran serta kebinasaan (az-Zamakhsyari,
1986).

Warna kuning di dalam ayat ini membawa makna kematian dan kemusnahan
tumbuh-tumbuhan kerana warna tumbuh-tumbuhan yang asalnya hijau akan bertukar
kekuning-kuningan, kemudian akan kering dan akhirnya mati (al-Qurthubi, 1964).
Fenomena ini dijadikan perumpamaan bagi menunjukkan sikap atau tabiat orang
kafir yang tidak bersyukur kepada Allah subhānahū wata’ āla apabila dikurniakan
kepada mereka nikmat dan rezeki, namun apabila diturunkan musibah, mereka
segera kufur kepada Allah subhānahū wata’ āla.

Ini merupakan tamsilan atau gambaran yang sangat bagus untuk


membayangkan golongan yang digelapkan hatinya. Perkara ini selaras dengan
pandangan sebahagian ahli ilmu bahawa warna kuning merupakan warna yang
menunjukkan kekecewaan, ketakutan, kesempitan, kesakitan dan azab. Sepertimana
di dalam bidang perubatan contohnya, anggota tubuh yang bertukar tanda menjadi
warna kuning seperti pada wajah dan kulit menunjukkan seseorang itu di dalam
keadaan sakit (Hamid, 2009). Petanda ini seiring dengan apa yang dijelaskan oleh
Allah subhānahū wata’ āla di dalam ayat ini yang menjadikan warna kuning sebagai
tanda kematian atau kemusnahan tumbuh-tumbuhan disebabkan tiupan angin yang
sangat kuat.

3.3 Ketiga: Warna Kuning Berkaitan dengan kematian tumbuh-tumbuhan.

Terdapat dua ayat yang menceritakan tentang peringkat kematangan tanam-tanaman,


iaitu

Ayat pertama: firman Allah swt:

‫يٌ نف ْاَأَْر ن َُّمَّ ُْخْ نر ُ بننه َرْر ًاا ُمُْتَلن ًفا‬‫ن‬ ‫اَّلل أَنْزَل نمَ َّ ن‬ َّ ‫أَ ََلْ َََر أ‬
َ ‫الُ َماُ َماًُ َ َُلَ َكهُ يَنَاب‬ َ َ ََّ ‫َن‬
‫ُوِل ْاَأَلْب ن‬ ‫أَلْوانُه َُّمَّ ي نهيج َتَ راه مص َفًّرا َُّمَّ ََيعلُه حطَاما إن َّن نف ذَلن َ ن ن‬
‫اب‬ َ ‫ك لَذ ْكَرى َأ ن‬ ً ُ ُ َْ ْ ُ َُ ُ َ ُ َ
Maksudnya: “Tidakkah engkau memerhatikan, bahawa Allah
menurunkan hujan dari langit, lalu dialirkanNya menjadi matair-
matair di bumi; kemudian Ia menumbuhkan dengan air itu
tanaman-tanaman yang berbagai jenis dan warnanya; kemudian
tanaman-tanaman itu bergerak segar (hingga ke suatu masa yang
tertentu), selepas itu engkau melihatmu berupa kuning; kemudian
Ia menjadikannya hancur bersepai? Sesungguhnya segala yang
tersebut itu mengandungi peringatan yang menyedarkan orang-
orang yang berakal sempurna”. (surah- az-Zumar: 39:21)

Ayat ini mengandungi tanda-tanda kekuasaan Allah subhānahū wata’ āla dan kudrat-
Nya untuk menghidupkan kembali sesuatu yang telah mati. Lafaz (‫ )مصفرا‬di dalam
ayat ini membawa makna hakiki iaitu peringkat kematangan tanam-tanaman yang
disemai selepas turunnya hujan, sehingga dengannya keluar dari bumi tumbuh-
tumbuhan dan tanam-tanaman yang terdiri daripada pelbagai jenis dan warna,

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sehingga pada akhirnya tumbuh-tumbuhan ini bertukar menjadi warna kuning


kekeringan dan seterusnya mati (at-Thabari, 2000).

Ayat kedua: Firman Allah subhānahū wata’ āla:

‫اخٌر بَْي نَ ُك ْم َوَ َكاثٌُر نف ْاَأ َْم َو نال َو ْاَأ َْوََ ند‬
ُ ‫ب َوََلٌْو َونرينَةٌ َوَ َف‬
‫ن‬
ٌ ‫ْاالَ ُموا أَََّّنَا ا ْْلَيَاةُ الدنْيَا لَع‬
‫ص َفًّرا َُّمَّ يَ ُكو ُن ُحطَ ًاما ونف ْاْل نخرةن‬ ‫ن‬ ٍ
َ َ ْ ‫يج َ تَ َراهُ ُم‬ ُ ‫َّار نَبَاَُهُ َُّمَّ يَه‬ َ ‫َك َمثَ نل َغْيث أ َْا َج‬
َ ‫ب الْ ُكف‬
‫ا َذاب َش ندي ٌد وم ْغ نفرةٌ نمَ َّن‬
ُ َ‫ض َوا ٌن َوَما ا ْْلَيَاةُ الدنْيَا إنََّ َمت‬
‫اع الْغُُرونر‬ ْ ‫اَّلل َونر‬ َ َ ََ ٌ َ
Maksudnya: “Ketahuilah bahawa (yang dikatakan) kehidupan
dunia itu tidak lain hanyalah (bawaan hidup yang berupa semata-
mata) permainan dan hiburan (yang melalaikan) serta perhiasan
(yang mengurang), juga (bawaan hidup yang bertujuan)
bermegah-megah di antara kamu (dengan kelebihan, kekuatan,
dan bangsa keturunan) serta berlumba-lumba membanyakkan
harta benda dan anak pinak; (semuanya itu terhad waktunya)
samalah seperti hujan yang (menumbuhkan tanaman yang
menghijau subur) menjadikan penanamnya suka dan tertarik hati
kepada kesuburannya, kemudian tanaman itu bergerak segar (ke
suatu masa yang tertentu), selepas itu engkau melihatnya berupa
kuning; akhirnya ia menjadi hancur bersepai; dan (hendaklah
diketahui lagi, bahawa) di akhirat ada azab yang berat (di
sediakan bagi golongan yang hanya mengutamakan kehidupan
dunia itu), dan (ada pula) keampunan besar serta keredaan dari
Allah (disediakan bagi orang-orang yang mengutamakan akhirat).
Dan (ingatlah, bahawa) kehidupan dunia ini tidak lain hanyalah
kesenangan bagi orang-orang yang terpedaya”.(al-Hadid:57:20).

Ayat ini juga menjelaskan tentang peringkat kematangan tumbuh-tumbuhan dan


tanam-tanaman. Namun begitu ayat ini mengandungi tamsilan atau perumpamaan
berkaitan keadaan orang yang kufur atas kenikmatan yang dikurniakan oleh Allah
subhānahū wata’āla kepada mereka di dunia. Diperihalkan bahawa orang-orang yang
kufur di dunia ini ialah golongan yang mengusahakan sesuatu sepanjang hidupnya
tanpa memikirkan kesan dan pengakhirannya di akhirat kelak. Oleh itu, di akhir ayat
ini dijelaskan akibat bagi orang yang kufur ialah azab yang sangat berat, adapun bagi
orang yang beriman, mereka mendapat keampunan Allah subhānahū wata’āla (at-
Thabari, 2000).

Di dalam kedua-dua ayat ini terdapat lafaz ( ‫ ) مصفرا‬yang mana ayat pertama
membawa makna warna kuning yang hakiki. Adapun di dalam ayat kedua, perkataan
( ‫ )مصفرا‬boleh membawa makna hakiki iaitu warna kuning pada tumbuh-tumbuhan,
dan pada masa yang sama ia boleh difahami dengan membawa makna majazi.
Perkataan ( ‫ ) مصفرا‬digunakan dengan membawa makna majazi yang boleh kita
fahami, bahawa di dalam kehidupan ini, tiadalah sesuatu yang sempurna melainkan ia
juga akan ada pengakhirannya. Ayat ini dilihat sebagi perumpamaan bagi kematian
dan kemusnahan selepas kehidupan yang penuh permainan dan tipu daya.

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Kesimpulannya, kedua-dua ayat ini membawa indikasi yang negatif iaitu


kematian dan kehancuran, sama ada ia membawa makna hakiki iaitu kematian
tumbuh-tumbuhan, atau membawa makna majazi iaitu perumpamaan kematian
tumbuhan dengan kematian insan.

3.4 Keempat: Warna Kuning berkaitan tentang gambaran neraka Jahannam di hari
akhirat

Warna kuning disebut juga di dalam ayat berkaitan tentang gambaran neraka
jahannam di hari akhirat kelak, sepertimana disebut di dalam firman Allah subhānahū
wata’ āla:

‫ن‬ ‫ن‬
‫ص ْفٌر‬
ُ ‫ت‬ ْ ‫إنن ََّها َ ْرمي بن َشَرٍر َكالْ َق‬
ٌ َ‫) َكأَنَّهُ ِجَال‬32( ‫ص نر‬
Maksudnya: “Sesungguhnya neraka itu melemparkan bunga api,
(yang besarnya) seperti bangunan besar. (Banyaknya dan
warnanya) bunga api itu seolah-olah rombongan unta
kuning”.(al-Mursalat:77:33)

Allah swt memberikan perumpamaan neraka jahannam di dalam ayat ini seperti unta
yang berwarna kuning (‫)الجمال الصفر‬. Lafaz ‫ الصفر‬di dalam ayat ini membawa makna
warna kuning hakiki seperti yang kita fahami. Di dalam konteks ayat ini, Allah
subhānahū wata’ āla menggunakan warna kuning untuk menunjukkan warna api
neraka Jahannam (al-Baghawi, 1999) yang cahayanya menyala kekuning-kuningan.

Ada pendapat lain yang mengatakan perkataan (‫ )الصفر‬di sini bermaksud


warna hitam (Ibnu Kathir, 1998) kerana unta yang hitam kelihatan warnanya seakan
kekuning-kuningan (al-Baidhawi, 1997). Begitu juga dari segi kebiasaan orang arab,
apabila mereka ingin memaksudkan unta hitam, mereka akan menyebutnya dengan
lafaz (‫ )صفرا‬kerana warna unta hitam dilihat seakan-akan hampir kepada warna
kuning (al-Baghawi, 1999).

Kesimpulannya, ayat ini menjelaskan kepada kita gambaran api neraka


jahannam yang mana ia merupakan gambaran secara hissi (yang boleh dirasa) di
dalam fikiran kita, iaitu api neraka jahannam yang diumpakan dengan warna unta
kuning yang berjalan secara gerombolan (Hamid, 2009). Penggunaan warna kuning di
dalam ayat ini digunakan untuk menunjukkan kepada orang kafir tentang dahsyatnya
keadaan api neraka yang merupakan azab yang akan ditimpakan kepada mereka di
hari akhirat kelak (Hamid, 2009).

Kesimpulan

Kertas kerja ini memfokuskan pada analisis awal terhadap ayat-ayat al-Qurān yang
menyebut perkataan yang membawa makna warna kuning di dalam al-Qurān. Penulis
mendapati perkataan ini disebut di dalam lima ayat, dan dibahagikan kepada empat
tema utama. Tiga daripada tema utama menyentuh berkaitan keadaan kehidupan di
dunia iaitu warna lembu yang diperintahkan oleh Allah kepada kaum Nabi Musa
alaihissalam untuk disembelih, dan warna tumbuh-tumbuhan yang hampir mati.
Adapun satu tema lagi menyentuh berkaitan kehidupan di akhirat iaitu gambaran

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neraka Jahannam. Secara keseluruhannya, penggunaan warna kuning yang disebut di


dalam al-Qurān membawa dua indikasi penting. Pertama; Ia membawa indikasi
positif yang mana ia dilihat sebagai warna yang mampu menarik perhatian bagi yang
melihatnya. Ini bertepatan dengan penemuan ahli ilmu dari bidang psikologi yang
menyatakan bahawa warna kuning tergolong di dalam warna panas yang boleh
menarik perhatian orang yang memandang seterusnya membantu dalam peningkatan
memori seseorang untuk mengingat sesuatu. Kedua; warna kuning yang disebut di
dalam al-Qurān juga membawa indikasi yang negatif, yang mana ia digunakan untuk
menjelaskan pengakhiran kehidupan bagi tumbuh-tumbuhan. Ini kerana tumbuh-
tumbuhan yang hampir mati kebiasaannya akan bertukar warna kepada warna kuning
sebelum ia layu dan kering. Indikasi ini bertepatan dengan bidang perubatan yang
mana warna kuning pada anggota badan seseorang menunjukkan tanda bahawa
seseorang itu menghidap penyakit tertentu. Kajian ini diharapkan dapat memberi
gambaran awal berkaitan penggunaan perkataan yang membawa makna warna kuning
di dalam al-Qurān, dan diharap dapat membuka ruang-ruang kajian mendatang
melalui perkaitan dengan bidang lain seperti psikologi, perubatan dan lain-lain.
4

Senarai Rujukan

1. Al-Qurān al-Karīm.

2. Abū Abdullāh, Muhammad bin Abi Bakr. (1999) . Mukhtār as-sihhah.


Beirut: Dar an-Namūzajiyyah.

3. Al-Baidhāwī, Abdullah bin Umar bin Muhammad As-Syeirazi al-Baidhāwī.


(1997) . Anwār at-Tanzīl wa Asrār at-Ta’wīl. Beirut: Dār Ihya’ at-Turath al-
‘Arabī.

4. Al-Qurthubī, Muhammad bin Ahmad. (1964) . Al-Jāmi’ li ahkām al-Qur’ān


(Tafsīr al-Qurthubī). Al-Qāhirah: Dārul Kutūb al-Misriyyah.

5. Ar-Rāzī, Fakhruddīn ar-Rāzī. (1999) . Mafātīh al-Ghaib (Tafsīr ar- Rāzī).


Beirūt: Dar Ihyā’ at-Turāth al-‘Arabiyy.

6. At-Thobarī, Muhammad bin Jarīr. (2000) . Jami’ al-Bayān fī Ta’wīl al-


Qur’ān. ____: Muassasah ar-Risālah.

7. Az-Zamakhsyarī, Abu al-Qāsim Mahmūd bin ‘Amrū bin Ahmad. (1986) . Al-
Kassyāf ‘an Haqāiq Ghawamidh at-tanzīl (Tafsīr az-Zamakhsyarī). Beirūt:
Dārul Kitāb al-‘Arabī.

8. Hamīd, A. A. G. (2009). Min simāt al-jamāl fil Qur’ān al-Karim: Al-alwān


Wa Dalālātuhā Anmuzajan. Al-majallah al-Urdūniyyah fi ad-dirasāt al-
Islamiyyāh. 5(4).

9. Ibnu ‘Āsyūr, Muhammad at-Thāhīr. (1984) . At-Tahrīr wa at-Tanwīr.


Tunisia: Dārul Tunīsiyyah.

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10. Ibnu Kathīr, Isma’il bin ‘Umar bin Kathīr. (1998) . Tafsīr al-Qur’ān al-
‘Azhīm (Tafsīr Ibnu Kathīr). Beirūt: Dārul Kutub al-‘Ilmiyyah.

11. Ibnu Manzūr. Muhammad bin Mukarram. (1993) . Lisān al-‘Arab. Beirut:
Dar Sādir.

12. Qutb, Sayyid. (1991). Fī Zilāl al-Quran. Al-Qāhirah: Dar as-Syurūf.

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Chapter 2:
LAWS AND PATTERNS IN THE
QUR’AN AND ITS MIRACULOUS
NATURE (’I‘JAZ)
Qur’anic Research: Interaction of Knowledge, Science, and Civilization

EXTRACTING PSYCHOLOGICAL AND BINARY ALGORITHM OF AL-


QURAN USING AUTOMATIC SENTIMENT ANALYSIS.

Amine Baïna1

Abstract

Every Muslim knows that “al Quran” has many therapeutic


benefits because the person who reads “al Quran” feels a great
comfort and relief. The implicit mechanisms inducing this
comfort are very poorly understood. The Lord in his infinite
knowledge included therapeutic elements in “Al Quran” for the
mind and the soul, which we hope to modestly highlight in this
work. Several scientific studies and researches have been
conducted over Islamic knowledge in general, and over “Al
Quran” in particular, these studies have encompassed many
layers and levels of analysis, but none yet have taken into account
the sentiment analysis of “Al Quran”. This work will try to run a
sentiment analysis over chosen surat and verses, and to show
binary and mind state conclusions of this analysis.
Keywords: Islam, Al Quran, Surat, Ayat, Sentiment Analysis,
Natural Language ToolKit, EEG signals.

Introduction

Every Muslim knows that “al Quran” has many therapeutic benefits because the
person who reads “al Quran” feels a great comfort and relief. The implicit
mechanisms inducing this comfort are very poorly understood. The Lord in his
infinite knowledge included therapeutic elements in “Al Quran” for the mind and the
soul, which we hope to modestly highlight in this work. Several scientific studies and
researches have been conducted over Islamic knowledge in general, and over “Al
Quran” in particular, these studies have encompassed many layers and levels of
analysis (such as numerical miracles, a-Salat, a-zakat, Ramadan, Islamic financing
system, etc), but none have taken into account the sentiment analysis of “Al Quran”.
This work will try to run a sentiment analysis over chosen surat and verses. The
purpose of this manuscript is to show binary and mind state conclusions of this

1 STRS Lab., National Institute of Posts and Telecommunications 2, av. Allal El Fassi, Madinat Al
Irfane, Rabat, Morocco [email protected]
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Qur’anic Research: Interaction of Knowledge, Science, and Civilization

analysis. A sample of 4 surat (al fatiha, al ikhlas, al falak, a-nass) and 1 specific verse
(ayat al kursi) were selected to study the objective. At first, section 2 presents
sentiment analysis, section 3 presents Natural Language Toolkit, section 4 presents
our contribution, and finally we draw conclusion.

Background: sentiment analysis

This section is based on the book of Dr Bing Liu, “Sentiment Analysis and Opinion
Mining”, Synthesis Lecture on Human Language Technologies, Morgan & Claypool
Publishers.

Sentiment analysis, also called opinion mining, is the field of study that analyzes
people’s opinions, sentiments, evaluations, appraisals, attitudes, and emotions
towards entities such as products, services, organizations, individuals, issues, events,
topics, and their attributes. It represents a large problem space. There are also many
names and slightly different tasks, e.g., sentiment analysis, opinion mining, opinion
extraction, sentiment mining, subjectivity analysis, affect analysis, emotion analysis,
review mining, etc. However, they are now all under the umbrella of sentiment
analysis or opinion mining. While in industry, the term sentiment analysis is more
commonly used, but in academia both sentiment analysis and opinion mining are
frequently employed. They basically represent the same field of study. Sentiment
analysis and opinion mining mainly focuses on opinions which express or imply
positive or negative sentiments.

To make an empirical study of feelings, emotions, and sentiments in “al Quran”, we


choose to use a “sentiment analysis” [5] tool [7] based using NLTK [3].Version
2.0.4 [4].

Background: Natural Language Toolkit

This section is based on [2]. NLTK is a leading platform for building Python
programs to work with human language data. It provides easy-to-use interfaces to
over 50 corpora and lexical resources such as WordNet, along with a suite of text
processing libraries for classification, tokenization, stemming, tagging, parsing, and
semantic reasoning, wrappers for industrial-strength NLP libraries, and an active
discussion forum. Thanks to a hands-on guide introducing programming
fundamentals alongside topics in computational linguistics, plus comprehensive API
documentation, NLTK is suitable for linguists, engineers, students, educators,
researchers, and industry users alike. NLTK is a free, open source, community-driven
project. NLTK has been called “a wonderful tool for teaching, and working in,
computational linguistics using Python,” and “an amazing library to play with natural
language.” Natural Language Processing with Python provides a practical
introduction to programming for language processing. Written by the creators of
NLTK, it guides the reader through the fundamentals of writing Python programs,
working with corpora, categorizing text, analyzing linguistic structure, and more.

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Some simple things you can do with NLTK

Tokenize and tag some text:


>>> import nltk
>>> sentence = """At eight o'clock on Thursday morning
... Arthur didn't feel very good."""
>>> tokens = nltk.word_tokenize(sentence)
>>> tokens
['At', 'eight', "o'clock", 'on', 'Thursday', 'morning',
'Arthur', 'did', "n't", 'feel', 'very', 'good', '.']
>>> tagged = nltk.pos_tag(tokens)
>>> tagged[0:6]
[('At', 'IN'), ('eight', 'CD'), ("o'clock", 'JJ'), ('on', 'IN'),
('Thursday', 'NNP'), ('morning', 'NN')]

Identify named entities:


>>> entities = nltk.chunk.ne_chunk(tagged)
>>> entities
Tree('S', [('At', 'IN'), ('eight', 'CD'), ("o'clock", 'JJ'),
('on', 'IN'), ('Thursday', 'NNP'), ('morning', 'NN'),
Tree('PERSON', [('Arthur', 'NNP')]),
('did', 'VBD'), ("n't", 'RB'), ('feel', 'VB'),
('very', 'RB'), ('good', 'JJ'), ('.', '.')])

Display a parse tree:


>>> from nltk.corpus import treebank
>>> t = treebank.parsed_sents('wsj_0001.mrg')[0]
>>> t.draw()

Figure 1: Displaying a parse tree using NLTK.


In the next section, we are going to describe how we used sentiment analysis to
analyze the 4 surat (al fatiha, al ikhlas, al falak, a-nass) and 1 specific verse (ayat al
kursi) that were selected to study the objective

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Contribution: Sentiment analysis of Al Quran

In our contribution, we used a sentiment analysis tool [2] available at http://text-


processing.com/demo/sentiment/. to analyze the 4 surat (al fatiha, al ikhlas, al falak,
a-nass) and 1 specific verse (ayat al kursi), we take into account 4 important notions :
neutral, polar (non neutral), positive, negative, when quantifying the meaning of each
surat, or ayat.

a) Sentiment analysis of surat Al Fatiha

Our 1st study case is the first surat of “al Quran”: Al-Fatihah (The Opener) - ‫سورة‬
‫الفاتحة‬

Why we choose Al-Fatihah, it is the first surat, of “al Quran”, it is used in each
prayer, contains only 7 verses, so more suitable for our study.

All at once version:

Verse Subjectivity bin Polarity bin


In the name of Allah, the Most Beneficent, neutral: 0.8
the Most Merciful. All praise is due to polar: 0.2
Allah, Lord of the worlds. The Most
Beneficent, the Most Merciful. The Lord of
the Day of Judgment. Thee alone do we
worship and Thee alone we seek for help.
Guide us to the Right Path. The path of
those upon whom Thou have bestowed
favors, Not of those who Thou have cursed
once nor of those who have gone misguided.
AMEN2

First conclusion, the surat is considered “neutral”.

Decomposed version:

Verse subjectivit bi Polarity bin


y n
In the name of Allah, the Most Beneficent, the neutral: 0 Null 0
Most Merciful. 0.5 polar:
0.5
All praise is due to Allah, Lord of the worlds. neutral: 0 Null 0
0.8 polar:
0.2

2AMEN is pronounced each time we recite al Fatiha, in the daily prayer, so we choose to add it to the
sentiment analysis.
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The Most Beneficent, the Most Merciful. neutral: 1 pos: 0.6 1


0.3 polar: neg: 0.4
0.7
The Lord of the Day of Judgment. neutral: 0 Null 0
0.9 polar:
0.1
Thee alone do we worship and Thee alone we neutral: 0 Null 0
seek for help. 0.8 polar:
0.2
Guide us to the Right Path. neutral: 1 pos: 0.7 1
0.4 polar: neg: 0.3
0.6
The path of those upon whom Thou have 0 neutral: Null 0
bestowed favors, Not of those who Thou have 0.7 polar:
cursed once nor of those who have gone 0.3
misguided.
AMEN neutral: 0 Null 0
0.6 polar:
0.4

The result of this study can be recapitulated in the following formula: 0-0-1-0-0-1-0-
0. It appears that there is a specific pattern (in succession and numbers of 0 and 1.
Knowing that 0 means neutral, 1 means ‘non’ neutral, or polar, and in our case 1
means positive. The study has its limits, for example “In the name of Allah, the Most
Beneficent, the Most Merciful” is considered by the tool as “neutral” and “The Most
Beneficent, the Most Merciful” is considered “polar”, even if for a human mind, the
two verses could have the same approximate meaning. We present hereafter, the
representative diagram.
-

Figure 2: Binary visual representation of surat al Fatiha.

The previous diagram clearly shows a particular pattern. Hereafter, we choose to give
further details by showing the decomposition of the notion of “subjectivity» into

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“neutral” and “polar”, and by showing the decomposition of notion of “polarity» into
“positive” and “negative”.

Detailed version:

Verse ne po po neg
u l s
In the name of Allah, the Most Beneficent, the Most Merciful. 0. 0. 0 0
5 5
All praise is due to Allah, Lord of the worlds. 0. 0. 0 0
8 2
The Most Beneficent, the Most Merciful. 0. 0. 0. 0.4
3 7 6
The Lord of the Day of Judgment. 0. 0. 0 0
9 1
Thee alone do we worship and Thee alone we seek for help. 0. 0. 0 0
8 2
Guide us to the Right Path. 0. 0. 0. 0.3
4 6 7
The path of those upon whom Thou have bestowed favors, Not 0. 0. 0 0
of those who Thou have cursed once nor of those who have 7 3
gone misguided.
AMEN 0. 0. 0 0
6 4

We present hereafter, the representative diagram.

Figure 2: Neutral, Polar, Positive, and negative lines of surat al Fatiha.

The previous diagram contains too many data, we choose to eliminate some of these
in order to have a clear vision, and we delete the “neutral” line.

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Figure 3: Polar, Positive, and negative lines of surat al Fatiha.

In result, we obtain a cleared vision showing, the correlation between “polar”,


“positive” and “negative” line. Moreover, we notice that the three residual lines have
a pick every two verses, which confirms the figure 1.

b) Sentiment analysis of surat Al Ikhlas

Our 2nd study case is Al-Ikhlas (The Sincerity) - ‫سورة اإلخالص‬. Why we choose Al-
Ikhlas, it is, counting from the end of “al Quran3, the 3rd surat, it is used in each
prayer, contains only 4 verses, and it considered as the third of “Al Quran” (Al-
Bukhari reported in his Sahih that Abu Said Al-Khudri, may Allah be pleased with
him, narrated that the Prophet (Sallallahu Alaihi wa Sallam) told the companions:
"Are you not able to read a third of the Qur'an in one night? They found this very
difficult and replied that nobody amongst us can do so. Then the Prophet (Sallallahu
Alaihi wa Sallam) said: "Allah, The One, the Self sufficient "Surath Qul Huwa
Allahu Ahad equals a third of the Qur'an")

All at once version:

Verse Subjectivity bin Polarity bin


Say, "He is Allah , [who is] One, Allah , the neutral: 0.9 0 Null 0
Eternal Refuge. He neither begets nor is polar: 0.1
born, Nor is there to Him any equivalent."

First conclusion, the surat is considered “neutral”.

Decomposed version:

Verse subjectivity bi Polarity bin


n
Say, "He is Allah , [who is] One, neutral: 0.9 0 NULL 0
polar: 0.1
Allah , the Eternal Refuge. neutral: 0.8 0 NULL 0
polar: 0.2
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He neither begets nor is born, neutral: 0.5 1 pos: 0.3 -1


polar: 0.5 neg: 0.7
Nor is there to Him any equivalent." neutral: 0.6 0 NULL 0
polar: 0.4

The result of this study can be recapitulated in the following formula: 0-0-(-1)-0. It
appears.
The study has its limits, for example “He neither begets nor is born,” is considered by
the tool as “negative” due to “neither” and “nor”, which is not especially negative
terms depending on the context of use.

Figure 4: Binary visual representation of surat al Ikhlas.

Detailed version:

Verse neu pol pos neg


Say, "He is Allah , [who is] One, 0.9 0.1 0 0
Allah , the Eternal Refuge. 0.8 0.2 0 0
He neither begets nor is born, 0.5 0.5 0.3 0.7
Nor is there to Him any equivalent." 0.6 0.4 0 0

We present hereafter, the representative diagram.

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Figure 5: Neutral, Polar, Positive, and negative lines of surat al Ikhlas.

The previous diagram contains too many data, we choose to eliminate some of these
in order to have a clear vision, and we delete the “positive” and “negative” lines.

Figure 5: Neutral, Polar lines of surat al Ikhlas.

The second time, we choose to eliminate the “neutral” and “polar” lines.

Figure 6: Positive, and negative lines of surat al Ikhlas.

c) Sentiment analysis of surat Al Falaq

Our 3rd study case is Al-Falaq (The Daybreak) - ‫سورة الفلق‬

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Why we choose Al-Falaq, it is, counting from the end of “al Quran3, the 2nd surat; it
is one of the two “al-mu'awwidzatain”, contains only 5 verses, so more suitable for
our study.

All at once version:

Verse Subjectivity bin Polarity bin


Say, "I seek refuge in the Lord of daybreak neutral: 0.6 0 Null 0
From the evil of that which He created polar: 0.4
And from the evil of darkness when it
settles And from the evil of the blowers in
knots And from the evil of an envier when
he envies."

First conclusion, the surat is considered “neutral”.

Decomposed version:

Verse Subjectivity bin Polarity bin


Say, "I seek refuge in the Lord of daybreak neutral: 0.7 0 Null 0
polar: 0.3
From the evil of that which He created neutral: 0.6 0 Null 0
polar: 0.4
And from the evil of darkness when it settles neutral: 0.6 0 Null 0
polar: 0.4
And from the evil of the blowers in knots neutral: 0.6 0 Null 0
polar: 0.4
And from the evil of an envier when he neutral: 0.7 0 Null 0
envies." polar: 0.3

The result of this study can be recapitulated in the following formula: 0-0-0-0-0-0.
The study has its limits, for example, all the 4 last verses are considered as “neutral”,
even if for a human mind, the term “evil” is considered “negative”, but considering
the first verse containing “I seek refuge”, these verses have to be considered as
“positive”.

Detailed version:

Verse neu pol pos neg


Say, "I seek refuge in the Lord of daybreak 0.7 0.3 0 0
From the evil of that which He created 0.6 0.4 0 0
And from the evil of darkness when it settles 0.6 0.4 0 0
And from the evil of the blowers in knots 0.6 0.4 0 0
And from the evil of an envier when he envies." 0.7 0.3 0 0

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We present hereafter, the representative diagram.

Figure 7: Positive, and negative lines of surat al Falaq.

The previous diagram clearly shows a particular pattern. However, we don’t have
other elements of analysis yet to go further in this study.

d) Sentiment analysis of surat An-Nas

Our 4th study case is An-Nas (The Mankind) - ‫سورة الناس‬

Why we choose Al-Nas, it is the last surat of “al Quran3, it is one of the two “al-
mu'awwidzatain”, contains only 6 verses, so more suitable for our study.

All at once version:

Verse Subjectivit bi Polarity bin


y n
Say, "I seek refuge in the Lord of mankind, The neutral: 0 Null 0
Sovereign of mankind. The God of mankind, 0.7
From the evil of the retreating whisperer - Who polar: 0.3
whispers [evil] into the breasts of mankind -
From among the jinn and mankind."

First conclusion, the surat is considered “neutral”.

Decomposed version

Verse Subjectivity bin Polarity bin


Say, "I seek refuge in the Lord of neutral: 0.7 0 Null 0
mankind, polar: 0.3
The Sovereign of mankind. neutral: 0.7 0 Null 0
polar: 0.3
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The God of mankind, neutral: 0.8 0 Null 0


polar: 0.2
From the evil of the retreating neutral: 0.6 0 Null 0
whisperer - polar: 0.4
Who whispers [evil] into the breasts of neutral: 0.6 0 Null 0
mankind - polar: 0.4
From among the jinn and mankind." neutral: 0.8 0 Null 0
polar: 0.2

The result of this study can be recapitulated in the following formula: 0-0-0-0-0-0.
The study has its limits, similar limitations found in surat Al-Falaq (The Daybreak) -
‫سورة الفلق‬. Hereafter, we choose to give further details by showing the decomposition
of the notion of “subjectivity» into “neutral” and “polar”, and by showing the
decomposition of notion of “polarity» into “positive” and “negative”.

Detailed version:

Verse ne po po neg
u l s
Say, "I seek refuge in the Lord of mankind, 0. 0. 0 0
7 3
The Sovereign of mankind. 0. 0. 0 0
7 3
The God of mankind, 0. 0. 0 0
8 2
From the evil of the retreating whisperer - 0. 0. 0 0
6 4
Who whispers [evil] into the breasts of mankind - 0. 0. 0 0
6 4
From among the jinn and mankind." 0. 0. 0 0
8 2

We present hereafter, the representative diagram.

Figure 8: Neutral, Polar, positive, and negative lines of surat An-nas.


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The previous diagram clearly shows a particular pattern. However, we don’t have
other elements of analysis yet to go further in this study.

e) Sentiment analysis of surates al Ikhlas, al Falaq, An-nas, al Fatiha

Side remark: we notice that the number of ayat goes crescendo from Al-Ikhlas, to Al-
Fatiha.
Surat Number of ayat
Al Ikhlas 4
Al Falaq 5
An-nas 6
Al Fatiha 7

We decide to run a group the result of sentiment analysis of all these surat, in the
same order.

bin neu pol pos neg


0 0,9 0,1 0 0
0 0,8 0,2 0 0
-1 0,5 0,5 0,3 0,7
0 0,6 0,4 0 0
0 0,7 0,3 0 0
0 0,6 0,4 0 0
0 0,6 0,4 0 0
0 0,6 0,4 0 0
0 0,7 0,3 0 0
0 0,7 0,3 0 0
0 0,7 0,3 0 0
0 0,8 0,2 0 0
0 0,6 0,4 0 0
0 0,6 0,4 0 0
0 0,8 0,2 0 0
0 0,5 0,5 0 0
0 0,8 0,2 0 0
1 0,3 0,7 0,6 0,4
0 0,9 0,1 0 0
0 0,8 0,2 0 0
1 0,4 0,6 0,7 0,3
0 0,7 0,3 0 0
0 0,6 0,4 0 0

Hereafter, we present hereafter, the representative diagrams:

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Figure 9: Binary visual representation of surates al Ikhlas, al Falaq, An-nas, al Fatiha.

Figure 10: Neutral, Polar, positive, and negative lines


of surates al Ikhlas, al Falaq, An-nas, al Fatiha

f) Sentiment analysis of ayat al Kursi

Our 5th study case is Al-Baqarah (The Cow) - ‫ سورة البقرة‬: ayat al Kursi (verse the
throne).

Why we choose Ayat al Kursi, it is considered as the greatest3 ayat of al Quran.

3Ubayy bin Ka'b (radiAllahu anhu) reported: The Messenger of Allah (peace be upon him) said: "Abu
Mundhir! Do you know which Ayath in Allah's Book is the greatest? I said: 'Allah and His messenger
know best.' He (peace be upon him) again said: 'Do you know which Ayath in Allah's Book, according to
you, is the greatest?' I (Abu Mundhir) replied: ‘It is 'Allah la ilaha illa Huwal-Hayyul-Qayyum'.[2:255].
Thereupon he (peace be upon him) patted me in the chest and said, ' Rejoice by your knowledge, O Abu
Mundhir! (i.e, may this knowledge be a source of respect, honour and benefit to you)'."
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All at once version (original format):

Verse Subjectivity bin Polarity bin


Allah - there is no deity except Him, the Ever- neutral: 0.8 0 null 0
Living, the Sustainer of [all] existence. Neither polar: 0.2
drowsiness overtakes Him nor sleep. To Him
belongs whatever is in the heavens and whatever
is on the earth. Who is it that can intercede with
Him except by His permission? He knows what
is [presently] before them and what will be after
them, and they encompass not a thing of His
knowledge except for what He wills. His Kursi
extends over the heavens and the earth, and
their preservation tires Him not. And He is the
Most High, the Most Great.

First conclusion, the surat is considered “neutral”.

Decomposed version (comma separated value):

Verse Subjectivit bi Polarity bin


y n
Allah - there is no deity except Him, the Ever- neutral: 0 Null 0
Living, the Sustainer of [all] existence. 1.0
polar: 0.0
Neither drowsiness overtakes Him nor sleep. neutral: 0 Null 0
0.6
polar: 0.4
To Him belongs whatever is in the heavens and neutral: 0 Null 0
whatever is on the earth. 1.0
polar: 0.0
Who is it that can intercede with Him except by neutral: 0 Null 0
His permission? 1.0
polar: 0.0
He knows what is [presently] before them and neutral: 0 Null 0
what will be after them, and they encompass not 1.0
a thing of His knowledge except for what He polar: 0.0
wills.
His Kursi extends over the heavens and the neutral: 0 Null 0
earth, and their preservation tires Him not. 1.0
polar: 0.0
And He is the Most High, the Most Great. neutral: 0 Null 0
0.7
polar: 0.3

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The result of this study can be recapitulated in the following formula: 0-0-0-0-0-0-0.
We have no specific conclusions yet for this verse.

Detailed version:

Verse neu pol pos neg


Allah - there is no deity except Him, the Ever- 0.1 0.0 0 0
Living, the Sustainer of [all] existence.
Neither drowsiness overtakes Him nor sleep. 0.6 0.4 0 0
To Him belongs whatever is in the heavens and 0.1 0.0 0 0
whatever is on the earth.
Who is it that can intercede with Him except by His 0.1 0.0 0 0
permission?
He knows what is [presently] before them and what 0.1 0.0 0 0
will be after them, and they encompass not a thing
of His knowledge except for what He wills.
His Kursi extends over the heavens and the earth, 0.1 0.0 0 0
and their preservation tires Him not.
And He is the Most High, the Most Great. 0.7 0.3 0 0

We present hereafter, the representative diagram.

Figure 11: neutral, polar, Positive, and negative lines of ayat al kursi.

The previous diagram clearly shows a particular pattern. However, we don’t have
other elements of analysis yet to go further in this study.

Analogy with EEG Signals While Listening to Quran Recitation

Human brain which is one of the most complex organic systems, involves billons of
interacting physiological and chemical process that will give rise to experimentally
observed neuro-electrical activity, which is called an electroencephalogram (EEG)
[6]. The visual representation of binary, neutral, polar, positive, and negative line of
surat, recalls very clearly EEG diagrams, hereafter, an example of EEG waves

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Figure 12: Spikes waves [6].

Briefly, electroencephalography (EEG) is an electrophysiological monitoring method


to record electrical activity of the brain. It is typically noninvasive, with the
electrodes placed along the scalp, although invasive electrodes are sometimes used in
specific applications. EEG measures voltage fluctuations resulting from ionic current
within the neurons of the brain. In clinical contexts, EEG refers to the recording of
the brain's spontaneous electrical activity over a period of time, as recorded from
multiple electrodes placed on the scalp. Diagnostic applications generally focus on
the spectral content of EEG, that is, the type of neural oscillations (popularly called
"brain waves") that can be observed in EEG signals (definition from Wikipedia).

There are works that study EEG signals listening to Quran, such as [8]. This
study is performed in order to extend the research findings of the effect of religious
activities to the human brain. EEG signals from subject at rests, as well as in different
cognitive states; listening to Quran recitation and listening to hard music are
measured and analyzed. Statistical analysis using SPSS software is performed in
order to test the validity of obtained data. The analysis results from this study show
that listening to Quran recitation can generate alpha wave and can help a person
always in relax condition compared with listening to hard rock music. The following
two figures describe 2 subjects magnitude versus electrodes graph during listening
Quran recitation and hard music.

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Figure 13: Subject A magnitude Figure 14: Subject B magnitude


versus electrodes graph during versus electrodes graph during
listening Quran recitation and hard listening Quran recitation and hard
music. [13] music. [14]

However, this work didn’t focus on EEG signals over time, or over specific Surat, or
ayat. This latter was addressed in [1], using EEG signal for the identification of
dominant wave during the recitation of a specific Surat: “Al Mulk”, however, this
study didn’t focus on studying each verse (ayat) at a time.

Conclusions and future work:

In this work, we used sentiment analysis to analyze different surat of “al Quran”, first,
we extracted a preliminary version of the binary (and psychological) algorithm of
these surat, then we detailed these values considering values for each psychological
states (neutral, polar, positive, etc), and last we discussed some conclusion. One of
the most important, is that the verses of “al Quran” go through different “value” of
psychological states (neutral, polar, positive, etc). Our future study will try to use
different and automated sentiment analysis tools and methodologies in order to
complete the approach. Second, we will try to show the link between endings of one
surat (last verse) and the beginning of the following one (first verse). Make a
comprehensive sentiment analysis of the whole “al Quran”, and find a representative
psychological and binary algorithm. And at last, we have to find correlations with
studies measuring the EEG activity of the brain while reading, listening, and reciting
the Quran, while taking into account the surates, the ayates, and time.

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References:

1. Identification of dominant wave during the recitation of al-Mulk verse with


(without) understanding using EEG signals, Norsiah Fauzan, Siti Naqiah
Shahidan, Nur Hurunain Amran, the online journal of Islamic education,
special issue of ICIEd2014.

2. Natural Language Processing with Python. Bird, Steven, Edward Loper and
Ewan Klein? O’Reilly Media Inc, 2009.

3. Ntlk, www.nltk.org.

4. Nltk 2.0.4, https://pypi.python.org/pypi/nltk/2.0.4

5. Sentiment Analysis and Opinion Mining, Bing Liu, Synthesis Lecture on


Human Language Technologies, Morgan & Claypool Publishers, 2012.

6. Spike waves, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/26/Spike-


waves.png_Fondeurs_d%27art.JPG licenced under under the Creative
Commons Attribution-Share Alike 2.0 Generic license.: Der Lange.

7. Text-processing, http://text-processing.com/demo/sentiment/.

8. The Effect of Temporal EEG Signals While Listening to Quran Recitation,


Azian Azamimi Abdullah, Zainab Omar, Proceeding of the International
Conference on Advanced Science, Engineering and Information Technology,
Malaysia, January 2011.

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INVESTIGATION OF THE EFFECTIVENESS OF QURAN RECITING ON


EXAMINATION ANXIETY OF STUDENTS

Elham Naseri1

Abstract

Background and objective:


Stress is a widespread event among student. To treat this
disorder, pharmacological and psychotherapy methods are
usually used. In the present study the effectiveness of Quran
reciting has been evaluated as a psychotherapy method to
alleviate the stress of students. This semi-experimental pre test-
post test study was conducted with a control group.
Methods: The research population consisted of male students in
high schools of Tehran who for more a month during 2015 and
the Beck test was utilized. Thirty students with high Beck test
scores were divided into two groups of fifteen (case and control
groups). Then, the case the Quran reciting sound was broadcasted
for the case group during 20 forty-five minute- sessions. After the
intervention therapy for the experiment group, both control and
intervention groups were retested and the data were analyzed
using correlated T test to compare inside group an independent T
between two groups
Results: The results of this research indicated that Quran reciting
sound alleviates the stress among students. This was confirmed
with a significant difference in test scores (p=001/0) among two
groups.
Conclusion: regarding the research findings Quran reciting
sound is a useful method to reduce stress among students.
Key words: Quran reciting, Examination Anxiety, Students

Introduction

Anxiety and worry is one of the biggest disasters of human life and its side effects are
tangible in individual and social life. Anxiety is unpleasant condition that people with
this disorder are not able to carry out their daily activities. Anxiety is unpleasant and
unable people to enjoy in normal situations. But also try to avoid situations that cause

1Ma, educational technology and university lecturer

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anxiety (Nikbakht, 1998). As a result, they lose opportunities to act according to their
desire. In this term, fear is different from anxiety that its feature is worrying about a
particular and dangerous issue. Many experts describe people with neurotic anxiety
disorder.

In DSM, the classification scheme that was heavily influenced by the


psychodynamic perspective, the term neurosis was used to describe a disorder that
has been identified by anxiety, discomfort personal and inappropriate behavior (These
categories were classified because we thought it was all part of the same motivation
and unconscious mental processes. Anxiety warning is for external or internal threat
and has lifesaving quality (Sadrboshan, 2004). At a lower level, anxiety is warning
for bodily injury, pain, distress, and possible punishment and the lack of social and
physical needs, separation from loved ones, a threat to the strength and success and
finally threatened the integrity and security of the person.

Since the anxiety occurs in varying degrees from mild anxiety to panic
anxiety, so the awareness of people have varying degrees of their problems
(Mohammadi et al, 2010). The anxiety experience been described by different people
in different ways, but the major people described anxiety as predicted unpleasant
disasters that person has about future, the risks or their fate. Anxiety often makes an
extremely irritable person, usually becomes extremely cautious and uncertain person.
He may be become restless and immobile person.

Test anxiety is a common cause of performance anxiety that in various


surveys effects 10 to 30% of students. This type of anxiety or problem occurs in the
evaluation and problem-solving situation and its axis, is doubts about the performance
and the result, and a significant decline in the ability to deal with the situation. In
other words, the anxiety reduced the level of performance than the actual level of the
individual. If the anxiety is higher in this case, will reduce academic performance. At
the same time, anxiety is an unpleasant experience, beliefs, attitudes and motivations
that will affect the individual life. Exam results have a great impact on various
aspects of a life of individuals (Abbaszadeh, 2007). For promoting students through
educational systems, they are faced with the higher frequency of examinations. This
issue follows expectations and more pressure from parents and educational systems
regarding their performance and gradually increase test anxiety.

In fact, it seems that the academic failure reason of many students, is not a
learning disability or mental weakness, but it is a high level of test anxiety
(MacDonald, 2001). A low level of stress during exams is necessary, but sometimes
high anxiety of students limits their activities. Anxiety at a reasonable level can
motivate the student. In addition, contrary to popular perception, anxiety is not
always malicious. In the academic dimension, student who do not feel motivation to
succeed in their education and scientific progress, is considered exam success and
failure is unproductive and do not show interest in studying; but if have feelings of
anxiety of failure, will increase their level of performance and finally academic
success and on the other hand, panic anxiety has inverted effect and may cause low
self-esteem, low grades, bad behavior in class and negative attitudes toward school
and has been proven that the effects of anxiety and stress test in a number of
demonstrations are the result of the exam(Alyani,2014).

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Thus It is not accidental occurrence of a phenomenon that only affect a


limited number of them but in fact, all people who try to work and participate in some
kind of test, more or less have the taste the anxiety, stress and panic.
In conjunction with the music of the Quran should be noted that Quran has a
pleasurable song and comfortable human psyche and this song is soul food that
promise of happiness to the human psyche. Music by the recitation of the Holy Quran
as a music and rhythm with its own special properties of the most glorious aspects
miracle of the Holy Quran. The findings show that music of Holy Quran can be an
effective and safe intervention on the problems of patients, including reducing stress,
irritability, decreased loneliness, improves mood and emotion regulation.

Holy Quran with eloquent expression, fluent style and has the enchanting
song that this feature should come up to the arena and effect all kinds of listeners and
conquer their life and existence and seizure of his own, then is revealed its (‫البیان ان‬
‫( )سحرا‬Ansari, 2005).Recently by approval of religious beliefs take more attention to
mental health, because is specified that religious beliefs prevent negative attitudes and
thus prevent a thought disorder and mental illness .Candler research results in 2003
showed that negative attitudes towards life that occur due to lack of religious beliefs
thereby increasing the risk of mental illness and in general, religious men and women
are less likely to getting anxiety and anxiety disorder. According to recite of the Holy
Koran that is one of the best and the least expensive treatments for anxiety disorder
can be used to reduce anxiety in people (azarnia, 2013).

Method Analysis

This research is an experimental survey that was conducted in the first semester of the
academic year 2014-2015 in secondary school students in Tehran. The study group
consisted of 62 students and after coordination with Education & Training from table
numbers, students randomly divided into two groups(control and experimental group)
and after several minutes of explaining the objectives and the importance of research
for students, Sarason test anxiety questionnaire was available to students.

Data collection tools include the demographic questionnaire, Sarason test


anxiety questionnaire. In this study, to determine the test anxiety level was used a 37-
point scale of Sarason test anxiety with two options of true and false that created
based on the theory of Mendler and Sarason test anxiety. This scale is a short
questionnaire which subjects should answer to true or false question and thus be
based on a self-reporting approach and can be achieved to mental and psychological
experiences during the test, before and after it. If the obtained score is 12 or less than
12 test anxiety is in the low range (mild anxiety), 12 to 20 score means high test
anxiety (panic anxiety). People who obtained scores 15 or more than 15 can be
tolerated pressure and discomfort associated with the test.

Sarason and Mendler have reported the reliability of this scale through two
halves of 99 percent and have reported82 percent through test-retest interval of six
weeks. Methods in a way that that the degree of anxiety was measured in both groups
before the intervention then, before starting the exam to reduce anxiety in the
experimental group for 20 minutes and was used Holy Quran recitation by
Mohammad Sadiq Minshawi and were recited 1-52 verses of Surah Al-Yusuf and no
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intervention was done in the control group and again was measured the level of
anxiety in both groups. Data were analyzed by using descriptive statistics and paired
T-test and independent T to assess the effectiveness of Quran on reducing test
anxiety.

Findings

In this study, participated 62 students secondary school in Zanjan. All third-grade


students belonging to one school and were similar in terms of economic and social
status and economic situation and all of them were at the medium level. In terms of
age, 29% (n = 18), 13 years old, and 69/4% (n = 43), 14 years old, and 1.6% (n = 1)
was 15 years old. Results showed that 16.2 percent of students with mild anxiety and
83/8 percent of students are experiencing panic anxiety. According to the Sarason
anxiety Scale, if they obtained score 12 or less than 12 is in the range of mild anxiety
and scores above 12, means high anxiety. And the results of the post-test showed that
the average score of students in the experimental group is less than the control group
score.

Table 1: Absolute and relative frequency distribution of the subjects according to the
level of anxiety
Frequency Numb. Percent
Anxiety level

Mild 10 16/1
Panic 52 83/8
Total 62 100

Table 2: Mean score of anxiety in the experimental group before and after
intervention
Group Experimental group
Anxiety scores

before intervention 17/52


After intervention 14/48
The significance level of test result P=0.00

So that the average anxiety scores in the control group was 17/1 and in the
experimental group after the intervention was 14/48. The Independent t-test showed
that this difference is statistically significant (p = 0.00) so that in the experimental
group after the intervention significantly reduced anxiety levels. The average level of
anxiety before the intervention groups was 17/52 and after an intervention was 14/48.
Paired t-test showed that significant difference between them (p = 0.00) so that test
anxiety after listening to the Quran is significantly reduced.

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Table 3: Mean score of anxiety in experimental and control groups before and after
intervention
Group Control Experimental
group group
The average score of anxiety
Mild 17/39 17/52
Panic 17/1 14/48
Total P≥0.05 P=0.00

Discussion and Conclusion

In this research, were examined the effect of listening to Quran on reducing test
anxiety. The results showed that there is a significant difference between control and
experimental groups. This difference means that the average post-test score of anxiety
in the experimental group significantly less than the control group.
In the other words, the result of the research shows that Quran sound was
significantly reduced the test anxiety level.

Evaluation of conducted studies about the impact of religious activity and


increasing the mental health shows that our research findings corresponded with
many of them, among the results can be pointed to Sharifi et al., 2006 and Salehi et
al., in 2007 that showed a significant relationship between religious attitude with
general health problems and it means that religious attitudes reduce disorder related to
public health.

Shojaeian et al. in their research also showed that there is a significant


relationship between taking advantage of prayers and health of subjects and the
increase prayers, their mental health will be increased and rates of anxiety and their
depression will be reduced. The researchers believe that whatever the religious
attitude is stronger, anxiety and depression expected death will be reduced, the
researchers also found that religious attitudes more than religious practices are
effective in reducing anxiety and depression. Fear and anxiety are essential
components of life in childhood and clearly reflects natural growth process.

Anxiety and fear are common in the early years of life. High school is where
stress begin to happen, becomes fixed and continues toward adulthood and if you
experience panic anxiety causes drop in your performance. Considering the
prevalence of test anxiety and its negative effects on people and education systems
need to improve the goals of the mental health of children and adolescents in order to
prevent damage to physical, mental, education and financial. Test anxiety threatens
the mental health of students and effects on their effectiveness, talent, the formation
of their character and social identity and as a pervasive and problematic phenomenon
among students, and could have a negative impact on student academic achievement
and performance evaluation. In reduction the anxiety, many factors such as
personality traits are effective and in many research, is applied different methods to
reduce test anxiety.

It is recommended that carried out wider investigation to identify the factors


that increase the incidence of this disorder and effective approaches to prevention and
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treatment of test anxiety. The Holy Quran recommended constructive strategies and
scientific advice in the face of psychological pressure on Muslims that include: prayer
(Al-Baqara, 45 and 153), Repent (Al-Raad, 7-28), trust (Al-Nahl, 4), Prayer and
praise (Al-Furqan, 70 and 71), participation in religious ceremonies and general
adherence to rules and religious orders. In general, the Qur'an calls people to remain
calm (Al-Ibrahim 45, Repentance 103, and Al Fath 4) and keeps away his followers
from stress and anxiety and actually stress and anxiety is a mother of all the mental
and physical diseases. Our research like other research that carried out in the field of
the influence of religious acts and attitudes affect the improvement of mental health
and showed that teaching Quran, recitation of Quran and listening to the Quran
sound, reduce the amount of anxiety in the people. Because believe in Quran and act
of its principles is an important factor in reducing psychological pressures. Generally,
the findings of this research indicate that listening to the Quran significantly decrease
people's anxiety levels. So considering Pathology, implementation of prevention
programs and early treatment of student is necessary, especially to empower school
counselors has fundamental importance in order to identify and provide psychological
services.

Accordingly, is recommended to physicians, psychologists and therapists that


alongside psychological techniques that use to reduce the anxiety of patients, don’t
ignore the calming effects of the Quran and other religious and spiritual resources and
ask clients to reduce their anxiety by listening and reading Quran and considered
them in their life schedule. Based on the results of this study, can be suggested to the
counselors, psychologists and teachers that using these methods to reduce test anxiety
and improve the academic performance of students with test anxiety.
The findings of this research shows that the effectiveness of the Quran in reducing
anxiety and the Quran can be used as a non-pharmacological, safe and inexpensive
way to reduce anxiety before an exam.

Reference

1. Abbaszadeh,A. The relationship between religious beliefs and locus of


control whit mental health. J Qazvin Univ Med Sci. 2007; 11: 49-55.
2. Ansari, J. asarbakhshi avaye Qoran bar afsordegi. bimaran bastari bimarestan
rafsanjan. majale elmi pajouheshi daneshghah Kordestan 2005, (10) 42-48.
3. Alyani, Z. 2014. Relationship between adherence to pray with the anxiety of
students of Tabriz University. MA thesis. Tabriz University.
4. Azania, A. Examine the relationship between levels of anxiety, memory and
academic achievement of secondary male students of Tabriz city in the
academic year 2010-2012. MA thesis. Tabriz University,2013.
5. Mohammadi MB, Azadbakht M, Hosseini H, Pezeshkan P. Knowledge and
attitudes of the faculty of the Mazandaran university of medical sciences
about the Quran. J Mazandaran Univ Med Sci. 2010; 19: 73-78.
6. Nikbakht, A. baresi mizan tasir Qoran karim bar kahesh ezterab bimaran
ghabl va bad az eghdamat tashkhisi darman. majale elmi pajouheshie teb va
tazkiyeh, 1998, shomare (29) 77-84.
7. Sadrboshan N. Effects of reality therapy group on ways to reduce anxiety in
female adolescent students. J Danesh Pazhohesh. 2004; 25: 2-33.

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THE ROLE OF HOLY QUR'AN IN CREATING AND DEVELOPING OF


ISLAMIC CULTURE

Ebrahim Fallah1
Seyed Mohammad Hosseini2

Abstract

Since Qur'an is the book of leading, the source of education and


living regulations of human, and in fact a book of human, to aim
human growing, there is not a way except employing Qur'an
program and reflecting it in human life. This rich and strong book
introduced the basis and foundation for all teachings,
justifications, programs and objectives as a cultural and notice
matter. Present study is based on the research that what is the role
of Holy Qur'an in creating Islamic culture? Which is the basis
and foundation of Islamic culture from the perspective of Holy
Qur'an? This study with the title of “the role of Holy Qur'an in
creating and developing Islamic culture” seeks to study the role
of Holy Qur'an in creating and developing Islamic culture by data
collection in card writing style. Holy Qur'an as the last divine
book is established a deep and profound revolution in creating
development of Islamic culture. Research findings indicated that
Qur'an organized and planned basis and foundation of Islamic
culture which aims to achieve human a better spiritual life and
consequently more acceptable physical life.

Key Words: Qur'an, Developing, Culture, Islamic Society.

Introduction

The Qur'an is a divine book which Allah revealed to the prophet Mohammad through
the angel Gabriel, to invite people to the right path and perfection of humanity.

‫إ ّن هذا القرآن یهدی لِلّتی هی أقوم‬

1 Department of Arabic Literature and Language, Sari, Branch, Islamic Azad University, Sari, Iran,
Corresponding Author, [email protected]
2 Department of Arabic Literature and Language, Babol Branch, Islamic Azad University, Babol, Iran,

[email protected]

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Qur’anic Research: Interaction of Knowledge, Science, and Civilization

( AL-ISRA: 9) :[Verily this Qur'an doth guide to that which is most right (or stable)]
and the prophet delivered divine revelation to the people during twenty- three years
continuous cultural effort. So the foundation of Islamic culture was put by the Holy
Qur'an and the prophet.

Qur'an is the book of Islamic culture that introduced all of its teachings,
justifications, programs and objectives as a knowledgeable and cultural matter, which
include: knowing God, faith in him, be servitude to him, obey him and move toward
him. Unlike human schools, Holy Qur'an, assign originality to the culture, thought,
morality and personal beliefs. And also it knows it as the most authentic reality of
human life in this world.

Research Method

The present study tries to investigate the role of Holy Qur'an in creation and
development of Islamic culture by analytical – description method. Holy Qur'an bases
the cornerstone of Islamic culture, and have illustrated the existence of Muslims.
Accomplishing of this study was conducted by library studying of firsthand resources
and documents which were collected Qur'anic and cultural research approach. And
then qualities data are classified and organized in descriptive and analytical way by
reread and review of documents and existing researches.

Literature

With conductive studies, some researchers have been done about Qur'an and culture.
For example, we can refer to following researches:

1-Qur'an and the method of culture correction, by Seid Moses Sadr, are written in the
journal of Qur'an researches in 1387. The author of the article is spoken about
correcting method of Qur'an after speak about the definition of culture engineering.
Then it divided the nature of corrective method of Qur'an into two categories: 1-form
features, and 2-content features, and at the end he counts form and content features
and results that form and content features is some of the basics and principles which
Qur'an proposed them as the main strategies of the prophet method and other prophets
in line of conducting their missions.

2-Thesis titled, combating methods of prophet with ignorant culture by Seid Safie Mir
Hoseini in 2010 has been defend in Azad University of Sari branch under the
guidance of Dr. FAllah, and has concluded that the prophet created a massive cultural
transformation in the society of that day in a short period of time with his wisdom,
consciousness, perseverance and good management and also with the inspiration of
Holy Qur'an.

Concept of Culture

Today, for researching every problem or issue, the concept of that issue or problem is
more important before entering the discussion. Analyzing their research topic in
dictionary, defining it in terminology, and other indicators that have been discussed in

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the realm of concept, in fact every researcher is preparing readers mind to entering
their discussion. If the discussed concepts do not have precision and sufficient clarity,
researchers will act based on their personal or overall permissions. This problem will
hamper the research process. In this study, at first we try to examine the word,
culture, and then the Islamic culture will be examined in terms of vocabulary and
idiomatic. Then the main argument will be reviewed and scrutinized.

a) Recognition of Culture in the Context of Literal Definition

Because of the diversity and complexity of the meaning of the word, culture, to date
there is not stated a comprehensive definition that perfectly expresses the meaning
and concept of culture. The rich word, culture, is one of the oldest words in Persian
literature that discussed both in Pahlavi works and also in ancient Persian texts. In the
Achaemenian Persian and Avesta literature, the word culture (Farhang) consists of
two parts, Fara and Hang. Fara is a prefix meaning above and beyond, and Hang is
also taken from Avesta root, sank, meaning drag. Thus, this combination word means
to evoke or to raise inherent talents and merits hidden in the nature of individuals or
society. (John Ahmadi, 2008:35). Culture` (Farhang) literally meanings have use as
knowledge, professional, science, technology, art, learning, exercise literature,
greatness, integrity, dictionary, education, pedagogy, religion, traditions and wisdom.
(Dehkhoda 1955, vol 39: 227; Nafisi 1975, vol 4: 2557; Moein 1986, vol 2: 2538;
Pahlavan 1999, 12-15) or it means cultivate the plant (Milner, 2006:319).

b) Recognition of Culture in the Context of Idiomatic Definition

European equivalent of the word Farhang (culture) in its scientific concept was
introduced for the first time by Taylor in its book namely, primitive cultures, in the
UK since the eighteenth century. He used culture in equivalent of civilization, and
presented a definition of culture at the beginning of his book which has been quoted
more times after him. Culture or civilization in its ethnographic general concept is a
complex set consisting of knowledge, beliefs, art, law, ethics, customs and all habits
and abilities that can obtain more as a member of the community (Tunerval, 1992:
78).
When the word culture is used about humans, it will make the rate of
education of the rate of attention about training thought and intellectual pursuits.
When this term is used in anthropology, ethnology or sociology, the meanings is
relatively different. Fortunately, the difference in interpretations is not of conflict
type, but it is of brief and detailed version which is understandable in the three
following definitions:
1-Is the lifestyle (Millner, 2006:319);
2-culture is a set of ideas and norms that distinguishes the particular behavior of
individuals of a society from the behavior of other communities (Enayat, 1973: 66).

Establishment and Creation of Islamic Culture in Qur'an

The Holy Qur'an as the cornerstone of creating Islamic culture created a more
profound change in human life by calculated, scientific, objective and accurate setting
and designing to achieve human to a superior life (pure life) and thus more acceptable
secular life. Now, at this time, organization, creation and development will be
discussed.
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a) In the Faith Field

In time of ignorance, Arabic people were different in terms of religious and beliefs.
Some of them were pagan, some theist, some Jews and some Christian. In this regard
Imam Ali (AS) said: You, Arab nations… idols were worshiped among you (Nahjol
Balagha, sermon 26). Qur'an created culture in such circumstances in the field of
beliefs.

a) i. Call to Worship God

Qur'an expressed monotheism and worship of God as signboard of all the prophets’
invitation:

ِ ‫ولََق ْد ب عثْنَا ِِف ك ِل أ َّم ٍة َّرسواًل أ َِن ْاعبدواْ اّلل و‬


َ ‫اجتَنبواْ الطَّاغ‬
‫وت‬ ْ َ َّ ّ ََ َ
( AN-NAHL/36): [ for we assuredly sent amongst every people a messenger, (with
the command), "serve Allah, and eschew evil"].

In the Holy verse, human have been invited to the God, and this issue is the
most important purposes of Holy Qur'an to proving God and monotheism. If human
beings turn to worship God, they will rescue and get rid of idolatrous and
unrighteous. Holy Qur'an created a kind of belief and culture based on uniqueness of
God and rejection of idolatry and idolatrous by this invitation and calling.

a) ii. Faith in the Mission of the Prophets and the Prophet (Mohammad)

Holy Qur'an swears to the prophecy of the prophet to creating culture of faith in
prophets:

‫ي‬ ِ ِ َ ‫آن ا ْْل ِكي ِم إِن‬


ِ
َ ‫َّك لَم َن الْم ْر َسل‬ َ ‫یس َوالْق ْر‬
(YA-SEEN /1-3):[ya sin. (۱) by the Qur'an, full of wisdom,- (۲)thou art indeed one of
the messengers, (۳)], and in another verse, it introduced prophets as intermediaries
between God and the people mankind!

a) iii. Resurrection and the Purpose of Creation and Life

After faith in God, the most difficult discussions, which was strange and impossible
for Arabs, was reviving human beings and purposes of creation and life.The Qur'an
has created culture in the field of believing essence purposes and resurrection:

‫ك َر ْج ٌع بَعِي ٌد‬ ِ ِ ِ َ ‫فَ َق‬


َ ‫ال الْ َكافرو َن َه َذا َش ْيءٌ َعجيبٌأَئِ َذا ِمْت نَا َوكنَّا ت َراباا ذَل‬

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( QAF/2-3 ) :[ say: "this is a wonderful thing! (۲)" What! When we die and become
dust, (shall we live again?) that is a (sort of) return far (from our understanding)."
(۳)].

a) iv. Faith in Resurrection

One of the other Qur'an`s culture making is faith in resurrection that the sacrifice and
martyrdom culture spread among Muslims in light of it. And this culture caused
Muslims to best each other in going to jihad and charity his properties. Jihad and
charity spread among the Muslims in light of faith in resurrection and auditing and
reward the righteous and torment unbelievers and wicked persons.

a) v. Obeying the Prophet is the Way of Salvation

In a short time, Prophet Muhammad awakens hearts, renew morality, and build and
stabilize virtue palace with more efforts. By obeying Prophet Muhammad, Muslims
were saved from paganism and achieve happiness.

b) In the Field of Morals

Holy Qur'an has made culture in the field of moral. Imam Ali describes the situation
of people in revelation time as such: God send the Prophet Muhammad to people
when they were surprised, misguide and confused; when they lived in deviltry
situation, sensuality was overcome them, arrogance had brought them to abundant
slips, ineptitudes of ignorance had disgraced them, they were wondered in affaires of
life, and involved in ignorance and inaptitude (Nahjolbalagha, sermon 95).

In the unorganized situations of ignorant Arabs, Holy Qur'an endeavor greedy


to the issue of moral, in as much as it introduced the ultimate cause of all prophets
and especially prophet Muhammad as educating and refining of individuals and
training good manners.

‫ي َرسواًل ِّمنْ ه ْم یَتْ لو َعلَْي ِه ْم آیَاتِِه َوی َزّكِي ِه ْم‬ ِ َ ‫ه َو الَّ ِذي بَ َع‬
َ ِّ‫ث ِِف ْاْل ّمي‬

( AL-JUMUA/2) :[it is he who has sent amongst the unlettered a messenger from
among themselves, to rehearse to them his signs, to sanctify them] The prophet also
said about his prophecy as such: now, in this time, we will be discussed about making
cultures of Qur'an in the field of morals (Motaghi Hindi, 1409, vol3:16).

b) i. Greeting and Salutation

Greeting and salutation is one thing that was not in pre-Islamic period. Before the
revelation of the Qur'an, the pre-Islamic Arabs just say Hayat Sabah (good morning)
and Hayat Masa (good evening) when meets each other (Suyuti, 1403, vol6: 176). In
many verse of the Qur'an, it is recommended more about greetingwhen entering the
house of others:

َِّ ‫ند‬
‫اّلل مبَ َارَك اة ََيِّبَ اة‬ ِ ‫فَِإ َذا دخلْتم ب يوتاا فَسلِّموا علَى أَنف ِسكم ََِتيَّ اة ِمن ِع‬
ّْ ْ َ َ ََ
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( AL-NOOR/61) :[ but if ye enter houses, salute each other - a greeting of blessing


and purity as from Allah].

b) ii. Customs of Entry to another Home (Permission)

One of the false tradition of pre-Islamic Arabs was that they was entered to people`s
house without their permission. This ignorant tradition, among others, was one case
that the Holy Qur'an has forbidden it. Pre-Islamic people used to enter others house
just by saying good morning or good afternoon, they sometimes faced with privacy of
couples (Zamakhshari, Bita, vol3:227). Holy Qur'an had made culture in this field and
commends that:

‫ًَل تَ ْدخلوا ب يوتاا َغْي َر ب يوتِك ْم َح ََّّت تَ ْستَأْنِسوا َوت َسلِّموا َعلَى أ َْهلِ َها ذَلِك ْم َخْي ٌر لَّك ْم لَ َعلَّك ْم تَ َذ َّكرو َن‬

( AL-NOOR/27) :[ enter not houses other than your own, until ye have asked
permission and saluted those in them: that is best for you, in order that ye may heed
(what is seemly)].

b) iii. Bailment

Bailment is one of the necessities of social life. Respect for bailment will ensure the
integrity of social system of community. And disrespect to it will cause collapse of
social system. Holy Qur'an has addressed the issue of bailment in many verses… and
made culture in this field:

‫ین ه ْم ِْل ََمانَاِتِِ ْم َو َع ْه ِد ِه ْم َراعو َن‬ ِ


َ ‫َوالَّذ‬
( AL-MUMENOON/8) :[those who faithfully observe their trusts and their
covenants].

b) v. Avoid Pessimism

Pessimism is an inner and hearty condition which causes lack of trust in others.
Pessimism is something that the Qur'an warned about it, and counted it as guilt.
Pessimism is a vice or bad trait that Qur'an has made culture to forbidding it.

‫اجتَنِبوا َكثِ اريا ِّم َن الظَّ ِّن‬ ِ


َ ‫یَا أَیُّ َها الَّذ‬
ْ ‫ین َآمنوا‬
( AL-HUJRAAT /12):[ o ye who believe! avoid suspicion as much (as possible].
There is optimism in contrast of pessimism that is count as good traits.

b) vi. Avoid of Sensualizing

In Holy Qur'an`s perspective, sensual zing has many dangerous consequences, that
the Qur'an warned repeatedly about it including, negligence and ignorance, infidelity

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and disbelief, and the worst ignorance. Human`s perspectives could only unfold when
the dust of sensual trends do not pollute its face. The Holy Qur'an is civilized in this
field.

b) vii. Avoid Ridicule Others

Mocking and ridicule others is one of ugly moral trait and also one deadly moral and
awkward ethics. This dark attribute is like a boundless desert that the man whatever
goes forward there is nothing to lead him, except that they wronged themselves.
‫وم ِّمن قَ ْوٍم َع َسى أَن یَكونوا َخْي ارا ِّمْن ه ْم‬ ِ
َ ‫یَا أَیُّ َها الَّذ‬
ٌ َ‫ین َآمنوا ًَل یَ ْس َخ ْر ق‬
( AL-HUJRAAT /11):[ o ye who believe! let not some men among you laugh at
others: it may be that the (latter) are better than the (former)].

Allah warned in Qur'an that there are painful tortures for scoffers (AL-TAWBA/79).
So Muslims should stay away from these ugly traits.

c) Social Ethics and Legal Foundations

The Holy Qur'an has considered social life principle and stated that it makes
relationship among people which is essential for corporation in different directions.
Legal foundation is also essential for the survival of a prosperous society. Now, in
this paper, the most important of these principles will be discussed.

c) i. Fidelity to Covenant

Contract is one of the highly emphasized treaties and agreements in Holy Qur'an. It
varies with covenant that is, in contract, there is a sense of trust and contracting and
should certainly be among two persons.

c) ii. Social Justice

Justice is the most basic principle of Holy Qur'an`s utopia. Holy Qur'an in its much
verse has shown the effective of justice in organizing of society. A society in which
social fairness and justice lies in its own agenda, human destiny will goes to the well-
being and fortune, and that society will be more human. Justice and its complications
repeated 28 times in the Qur'an. According to the Qur'an, Muslims must act to justice
not only among themselves, but also to the oppositions and infidels who do not
commit sabotage, murder, plunder, and exile believers (Motahari, 1978: 62).

c) iii. Corporation and Correlation

Corporation and correlation is one of the important principles of the Qur'an in


foundations of Islamic culture. The principle of corporation expressed in Qur'an in
such sentences:

‫َوتَ َع َاونواْ َعلَى الْ ِّب َوالتَّ ْق َوى‬

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( AL-MAEDA/2) :[ help ye one another in righteousness and piety],

َّ ِ‫اص ْوا ب‬
‫الص ِْب‬ ْ ِ‫اص ْوا ب‬
َ ‫اْلَ ِّق َوتَ َو‬ َ ‫َوتَ َو‬
( AL-ASR/3) :[ and (join together) in the mutual teaching of truth, and of patience
ُ ِ‫ () َراب‬AL-E-IMRAN/200) :[ strengthen each other].
and constancy],(‫طوا‬

And calls all of the Islamic community`s members to join and work together to
realize good work and stay beside right. And then convince the government and
nation to interaction. In the perspective of scholars in Arabic language, the shape and
structure of the words, Rabeto – Taavano – Tavasaw, reflect the active participation
and mutual influence that are not practical without spontaneity of individuals and
institutions.

d) Financial and Economic Rules and Regulations

The Holy Qur'an has been created transformation in the financial and economic field
that some of them are mentioned below:

d) i. Gavel

Holy Qur'an has civilized in the context of financial and economic rules, and has
changed economic system of pre-Islamic era which was categorical. So that a group
of rich and also a group of poor killed their children, this was because of their fear of
poverty and misery and destruction.

‫َوًلَ تَ ْقت لواْ أ َْوًلَ َدكم ِّم ْن ْإمالَ ٍق ََّّْنن نَ ْرزقك ْم َوإِیَّاه ْم‬

( AL-ANAAM /151):[ kill not your children on a plea of want;- we provide


sustenance for you and for them].

In such categorical and poor society, gavel was also common. For example,
an item was sold for a time and because of the time they raised its prices and
increased gavel, and when the time of payment ran up, they would increase the time
again and also they would raise the gavel again (Zoheili, 1382, vol3, 4: 90). In such
circumstances, the Holy Qur'an commanded the boycott of gavel. And denounced
gavel as a disapproval work and war with God.

‫اّلل َوَرسولِِه‬
ِ ‫الربا إِن كنتم ُّمؤِمنِي فَِإن ََّّل تَ ْفعلواْ فَأْذَنواْ ِِبر ٍب ِمن‬
ّ َ ّ َْ َ ْ َ ْ
ِ ِ
َِّ ‫َوذَرواْ َما بَق َي م َن‬
( AL-BAQARA/278-279) :[and give up what remains of your demand for usury, if
ye are indeed believers. (۲۷۸)if ye do it not, take notice of war from Allah and his
messenger(279)].

So the Holy Qur'an fight with one of the most important factors in disorganization of
pre-Islamic economic system and civilized about it.

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d) ii. Inheritance

Holy Qur'an has changed a principle of inheritance that was based on discrimination
and injustice in pre-Islamic era, and established a new system based on justice. In pre-
Islamic era, general rule in inheritance was such that the inheritance is for male
children and women and girls were disinherited. It means that there was not a rule in
inheritance for women and girls, because in their view, someone could inherit that
could ride a horse and participate in the war (Javad Ali, 1971,vol5: 562).

The Holy Qur'an civilized in this context and by rejecting of this ignorant culture said
that:

‫يب ِّّمَّا تََرَك الْ َوالِ َد ِان َواْلَقْ َربو َن‬ ِ ِِ ِ ِ ِ ِ‫لِّ ِلرج ِال نصي‬
ٌ ‫ب ّّمَّا تََرَك الْ َوال َدان َواْلَقْ َربو َن َوللنّ َساء نَص‬
ٌ َ َّ
( AN-NISA/7) :[from what is left by parents and those nearest related there is a share
for men and a share for women, whether the property be small or large].

d) iii. Taxation

In pre-Islamic system, the people were divided into two groups of rich and poor. A
group lived in complete comfort and another group in poverty. In such a situation, the
Holy Qur'an has commended the pious people to give charity and tax, to fill the gaps
between social classifications.

‫لسائِِل َوالْ َم ْحر ِوم‬


َّ ِّ‫َوِِف أ َْم َواِلِِ ْم َح ٌّق ل‬
( ADH-DHARIYAT /19): [and in their wealth and possessions (was remembered) the
right of the (needy,) him who asked, and him who (for some reason) was prevented
(from asking)].

e) Religious Laws and Programs

In pre-Islamic ear, people worshiped idols. And there was full of idols around Kaaba
(Muslim`s kiblah). But Holy Qur'an rejected idolatry and introduced a certain
worship systems, for example prayer was the civilization and transformation of
Qur'an in the context of worship.

e) i. Prayer

According to the Qur'an, the prayer of pre-Islamic people was whistling and clapping.

‫ص ِدیَاة‬ ِ ِ
ْ َ‫صالَت ه ْم ع َند الْبَ ْيت إًِلَّ م َكاء َوت‬
َ ‫َوَما َكا َن‬
(AL-ANFAL/35): [their prayer at the house (of Allah) is nothing but whistling and
clapping of hands: (its only answer can be) ].

Ibn Abbas narrated that: Quraysh was circumambulating the house of Kaaba
in a state of undress and by whistling and clapping (Tabari, 1996, vol6: 239). But the

125
Qur’anic Research: Interaction of Knowledge, Science, and Civilization

prayer that the Qur'an civilized about it was so different from the prayer in pre-
Islamic era. Many verses said about prayer in the Holy Qur'an.
And it expressed its sentences and rules:

َّ ‫َوأَقِ ِم‬
َّ ‫الص َال َة إِ َّن‬
‫الص َال َة تَْن َهى َع ِن الَْف ْح َشاء َوالْمن َك ِر‬

( AL-ANKABOOT /45):[ and establish regular prayer: for prayer restrains from
shameful and unjust deeds].

e) ii. Fast

“Siam” and “Soam” is a term that is used in Qur'an about fasting. “Soam” in the
recognition of lexical definition means: refrain from any work or conduct (Mostafa,
2006, vol1: 529). It means refraining from eating, drinking, sex and otherwise. But
“Soam” in the recognition of terminology definition means: forbearance and also
fasting of some special tasks from blooming to sunset with the intention of proximity
to Allah (Tabatabaii, 1972, vol2: 7).

Conclusion

After examining the topic “the role of Holy Qur'an in creating and developing of
Islamic culture” following results were obtained:
1- The Qur'an organized and planned basis and foundations of Islamic culture
which aimed to achieve superior human spiritual life and more acceptable
material life.
2- Holy Qur'an introduced its basis and foundations of all teaching,
justifications, programs, and objectives as a cultural and knowledgeable
order, that is: to know God, faith in God, expressing reverence to God, obey
and move toward God.
3- In Arabic language and Holy Qur'an, the word “Saghafe” is not the
equivalent of culture in terms of meaning. It seems that, Gog painting”
Sebghat Allah” is the only word in Qur'an that could be regarded as a
common symbol of all cultural elements which its meaning covers all aspects
of life.
4- Islamic culture involves a large range of beliefs and attitudes of a community
including, faith in God, piety, giving tax, praying, establishing social justice,
adorning with individual and moral justice, habits, continuity of servitude
relationship and slavery to God, keeping helping and justice mood in people,
material and spiritual knowledge and products, charity to the needy, applying
objective and concrete contraptions toward economic order, directing
behaviors based on faith and belief to the last day and resurrection which is
based on our present behaviors.

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References

1- Pahlavan, Changiz (1999), Ethnography, Tehran: Today Message.


2- Trnrval, Jonathan H, (1992); Emergence of sociological theories translated by
Abdol Ali Lesanizadeh, Shiraz: Shiraz University Press.
3- John Ahmadi, Fatima, (1999); the history of Islamic culture and civilization,
Qum: Publication Office of Education.
4- Dehkhoda, Ali Akbar, (1955); Dictionary, Edited by Mohammad Moien and
Jaafar Shahidi, Tahran: Tahran University.
5- Ragheb, Isfahani, Abo al-Qasem Hosein ibn Mohammad, (1430), strange
vocabulary of Qur'an, searched by Ibrahim Shamsodin, Beirut, scientific
institute press.
6- Roholamini, Mohammad, (2006), the field of ethnography, Tehran: Attar
press.
7- Zoheili, Vahbe, (2003), enlightening interpretation, translated by Abdollah
Khamoosh Haravi, Torbat E Jam: Shaikh al- Islam.
8- Zemakhshari, JarAllah, (Bita), researcher: Bija, Islamic library.
9- Sioti, Jalal al-Din, (1982), Aldoor al-Mansour, Beirut, Dar al-Fekr.
10- Sadr, Seid Mosa, (2008), Qur'an and the way of modification of culture,
Journal of Qur'anic Studies, 14th year, number 54-55.
11- Tabatabaii, Seid Mohammad Hosein, (1972), Al-Mizan, Beirut, scientific
institute press.
12- Tabari, Fazl Ibn Hasan, (1986), Majmaa Al-Bayan, Tehran: Farahani.
13- Tabari, Mohammad Ibn Joreir, (1986), Jame Al-Bayan, research: Jalil Almisi,
Beirut: Dar Al-Fekr.
14- Ali, Javad, (1971), Detailed in history of Arab, Beirut: University of Mallaiin.
15- Enayat, Hamid, (1973), religion and community, Tehran: Moj Bokk.
16- Motaghi Hindi, Hesam Al-Din, (1988), Kenz Al-Amal, Beirut: Al-Resale
institute.
17- Mustafa, Ibrahim and others, (2006), intermediate lexicon, Tehran: Mortazavi
Press.
18- Motahari, Morteza, (1978), divine Justice, Tehran: Keyhan.
19- Moin, Mohammad, (1986), Moin Dictionary, Tehran: Amir Kabir.
20- Mir Hoseini, Seide Safieh, (2010), prophet way of fighting with pre-Islamic
Culture, Islamic Azad University of Sari Branch.
21- Mill, John Stewart, (1966), In Freedom, translated by Mahmood Sanaii,
Tehran: Sokhan Press.
22- Milner, Andrew and others, (2006), introduction to the theory of
contemporary culture, translated by Jamah Mohammadi, Tehran: Ghoghnoos.
23- Nafisi, Ali Akbar, (1976), Nafisi Dictionary, Tehran: Khayam Bookstore.

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Qur’anic Research: Interaction of Knowledge, Science, and Civilization

Chapter 3:

MODERN TECHNOLOGY AND


SCIENTIFIC DISCOVERIES, DUE TO
SERVE THE HOLY QUR’AN
Qur’anic Research: Interaction of Knowledge, Science, and Civilization

ETHICAL ISSUES RELATED TO ADULT STEM CELLS SOURCES FROM


THE ISLAMIC PERSPECTIVE

Ainul Fatihah Muhammad Alimin1


Mohd Suhaimi Draman2
Nurul Kabir3
Shamsul Azlin Ahmad Shamsuddin4
Abdul Karim Ali5
Luqman Haji Abdullah6
Durriyyah Sharifah Hasan Adli 7

Abstract

Islamic texts (Al-Qur’an and Sunnah) provide abundance of


guidance on how we should lead our lives. Al-Qur’an has
challenged the readers to reflect and to think over not only of our
own existence but also all of Allah’s creations. The emphasis for
us to seek knowledge and/or truth is a basic principle that is
repeated throughout al-Qur’an. The hadith "There is no disease
that Allah has created, except that He also has created its remedy
(Sahih al-Bukhari. Book Al-Tibb: 76, hadith: 5678)" has been a
pillar for Muslims to seek treatments for any health problems.
Research in stem cells is one of the recent growing fields, which
is being actively investigated due to its potential in treating
diseases. Stem cells are cells that have the ability for self-renewal
and can be differentiated into other types of cells; thus, giving the
opportunity to treat diseases. It is considered to be a scientific
breakthrough as stem cells can play a crucial role in tissue
regeneration and it, therefore, could advance medical science in
treating health problems. However, since the early years of stem
cell discovery, there are many ethical issues and controversies
surrounding stem cells research, especially regarding the sources
of stem cells such as embryonic stem cells. Possibly many
Muslim scientists may still be unclear how Islam views stem cells

1 Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science,


2 Ibid
3 Ibid
4 Ibid
5
Department of Fiqh and Usul, Academy of Islamic Studies, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala
Lumpur, Malaysia Corresponding e-mail: [email protected] & [email protected]
6 Ibid
7 Ibid

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Qur’anic Research: Interaction of Knowledge, Science, and Civilization

research. Hence, this paper will discuss issues related to stem


cells research and will also focus on one of the sources of stem
cells, i.e. the adult stem cells, from Islamic perspective.

Keywords : Adult stem cells, Stem cell sources, Islamic


perspective.

Introduction

Islamic texts (Al-Qur’an and Sunnah) provide abundance of guidance on how we


should lead our lives. Al-Qur’an has challenged the readers to reflect and to think
over not only of our own existence but also all of Allah’s creations.

ٍ ‫ك ََلي‬‫َٰ ي‬ ‫ي‬ ‫وس َّخر لَ ُكم َّما يِف َّ ي‬


‫ات وما يِف أاْلَر ي ي ي‬
‫ات‬َ َ ‫ض ََج ًيعا ِّمأنهُ ۚ إ َّن يِف َذل‬ ‫أ‬ َ َ ‫الس َم َاو‬ َ ََ
﴾١٣﴿ ‫لِّيَق أوٍم يَتَ َف َّكُرو َن‬
“And He has subjected to you whatever is in the heavens
and whatever is on the earth - all from Him. Indeed in that
are signs for a people who give thought.”
[Al-Jathiyah, 45:13]

The emphasis for us to seek knowledge and/or truth is a basic principle that is
repeated throughout al-Qur’an. Knowledge can come in many forms, and discovering
cures for ailments is a form of knowledge that is useful for all mankind. Finding the
right treatment for diseases is one of the important and highly sought after
knowledge, which is proven to be useful. Abu Huraira narrated:

‫ال " َما أَنأَزَل‬


َ َ‫َّب صلى هللا عليه وسلم ق‬‫ي ي‬ ‫ي‬
ِّ‫َع أن أَب ُهَريأَرَة رضى هللا عنه َعن الن ي‬
‫ي‬ ‫َّ ي‬
ً‫اّللُ َداءً إلَّ أَنأَزَل لَهُ ش َفاء‬
“There is no disease that Allah has created, except that He
also has created its treatment.”
[Sahih al-Bukhari. Book Al-Tibb: 76, hadith: 5678]

In an effort to seek cures for diseases, a Muslim should first believe and realise
that disease can be a form of trial from Allah to His creation and only He can relieve
him from the trial. This means that getting a disease and founding a cure is all from
Allah’s doing as He is the Great Planner. Allah is the one who heals whomsoever He
wills, and He decrees sickness and death for whomsoever He wills, as Qur’an has
stated:

‫ك يِبَأٍي فَ ُه َو َعلَ َٰى‬


َ ‫ف لَهُ إيَّل ُه َو ۚ َوإين َيَأ َس أس‬ ‫ي‬ ُ ‫ك اللَّهُ بي‬
َ ‫ضٍِّر فَََل َكاش‬ َ ‫َوإين َيَأ َس أس‬
﴾١٧﴿ ‫ُك يِّل َش أي ٍء قَ يدير‬
“And if Allah should touch you with adversity, there is no
remover of it except Him. And if He touches you with good -
then He is over all things competent.”
[Surah Al-An‘am, 6:17]
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Qur’anic Research: Interaction of Knowledge, Science, and Civilization

However, this does not mean that we remain helpless and not do anything in
the presence of diseases without taking any effort to combat these ailments. Islam
prioritizes human lives and considers it as something significant. Not only life should
be guarded but it is also a sacred duty that the physical body should be taken care of
as well as it should, since the body is a means for housing the soul during the lifetime
on this earth.

This principle is important for Muslims because as His utmost creation in this
world, we should try to find a cure for diseases afflicting human and at the same
time, pray to Allah for the success of the treatment. Narrated by Usamah ibn Sharik:

‫ي ي‬
َ ‫ َع أن أ‬،‫ َع أن يزيَاد بأ ين عَلَقَ َة‬،ُ‫ َحدَّثَنَا ُش أعبَة‬،‫ي‬
‫ُس َام َة‬ ُّ ‫ص بأ ُن ُع َمَر الن ََّم ير‬ ُ ‫َحدَّثَنَا َح أف‬
‫َص َحابُهُ َكأَََّّنَا َعلَى‬ َّ ‫ت الني‬ ٍ ‫ب ين َش ير‬
‫َّب صلى هللا عليه وسلم َوأ أ‬ ُ ‫ال أَتَ أي‬َ َ‫ ق‬،‫يك‬ ‫أ‬
‫ي‬ ‫ي‬
‫اب م أن َها ُهنَا َوَها ُهنَا فَ َقالُوا‬ ُ ‫َعَر‬ ‫ت فَ َجاءَ اْل أ‬ ُ ‫ت ُُثَّ قَ َع أد‬ ُ ‫ُرءُوس يه ُم الطَّأي ُر فَ َسلَّ أم‬
‫ول َّي‬
‫ض َع‬َ ‫ض أع َداءً إيلَّ َو‬ َّ ‫ال " تَ َد َاوأوا فَيإ َّن‬
َ َ‫اّللَ َعَّز َو َج َّل ََلأ ي‬ َ ‫اّلل أَنَتَ َد َاوى فَ َق‬ َ ‫يَا َر ُس‬
‫اح ٍد ا أْلََرُم‬‫لَه دواء َغي ر د ٍاء و ي‬
َ َ َ‫ُ ََ ً أ‬
“I came to the Prophet (saw) and his Companions were
sitting as if they had birds on their heads. I saluted and sat
down. The desert Arabs then came from here and there.
They asked: Messenger of Allah, should we make use of
medical treatment? He replied: Make use of medical
treatment, for Allah has not made a disease without
appointing a remedy for it, with the exception of one
disease, namely old age. “

[Sunan Abi Dawud. Book Al-Tibb: 29, hadith: 1]

We know that Prophet Muhammad (saw) used Al-Qur’an and dua to treat
various types of ailments along with using physical means of healing. The use of
medical treatments, therefore, does not contradict any Islamic guidelines nor should it
suppress one’s belief and trust in Allah. The proper way, therefore, is to have
tawakkul (putting one’s trust in Allah) and ask for His help, while seeking medical
treatments as well. ‘Aqar bin Al-Mughirah bin Shubah narrated from his father who
said that the Messenger of Allah (saw) said:

‫ول َّي‬ َ َ‫ ق‬،‫َع أن أَبي ييه‬


‫اّلل صلى هللا عليه وسلم " َم ين ا أكتَ َوى أَ يو أ‬
‫استَ أرقَى‬ ُ ‫ال َر ُس‬َ َ‫ال ق‬
" ‫ئ يم َن الت ََّوُّك يل‬
َ ‫فَ َق أد بَير‬
“Whoever seeks treatment by cauterization, or with Ruqyah,
then he has absolved himself of at-Tawakkul (reliance upon
Allah).”

(Jami` at-Tirmidhi. Chapters on Medicine: 28, Hadith: 2194)

In this context, a Muslim scholar, Ibn Al-Qayyim has further explained this concept:

131
Qur’anic Research: Interaction of Knowledge, Science, and Civilization

“This (seeking medical advice) does not contradict


‘tawakkul’ (putting one’s trust in Allah), just as warding off
hunger, thirst, heat and cold does not contradict ‘tawakkul’.
The essence of ‘tawakkul’ is not complete without resorting
to the means which Allah has set out in order for us to
achieve results both according to His decree (‘qadr’) and
His laws. Not using these means is contrary to ‘tawakkul’: it
goes against and undermines the command and wisdom of
Allah, although the one who neglects the means may think
that this makes his ‘tawakkul’ stronger. Ignoring the means
is a sign of helplessness that goes against the true essence of
‘tawakkul’, which is that the heart relies on Allah to bring
the slave whatever will benefit him in this world and the
next, and to protect him from whatever may harm him in this
world and the next. But along with this reliance, it is
essential to take the appropriate means, otherwise he will be
going against the wisdom and command of Allah.
Helplessness should not be taken as a sign of ‘tawakkul’,
nor should ‘tawakkul’ make a person helpless”

[Mukhtasar Zaad Al-MaAad, 4/15]

Research In Stem Cells

Research in stem cells is one of the recent growing fields being actively investigated
due to its potential to advance medical science in treating health problems, playing a
crucial role in tissue regeneration. Activities of research in stem cells can lead us to
knowledge (e.g. learning more about our body) and this type of research has the
ability to treat or cure the body, itself, from a disease.

Stem cells are defined by its two important characteristics: (i) Self-renewal,
and (ii) Potency. Self-renewal is the ability of the cells to undergo mitosis and retain
its characteristic throughout the heredity. Potency on the other hand, is the potential
of a cell to be differentiated or ‘transformed’ into a more specialized cell (Schöler,
2007). The three main types of potency of stem cells are (i) Totipotent, (ii)
Pluripotent, and (iii) Multipotent.

a) Stem Cells And Its Potential In Treating Diseases

In humans, the origin of stem cells starts after the fertilization of the female gamete
(an ovum) by the male gamete (a sperm) that produces a zygote, which is totipotent in
its state. The zygote then gives rise to the pluripotent embryo, which ultimately
produces all the cells in all tissues of the adult body. The stem cells that can be found
in the adult body are multipotent. The potency of stem cells is reduced for each phase
from the embryonic stage to the adult body (Mitalipov & Wolf, 2009).

Stem cell therapy has advanced quickly throughout the years and is making its
way as a popular treatment in curing some lesser complex health issues. A few media
reports have shared success stories on the matter. For example, how a law enforcer
who had two failing knees due to injury while chasing a suspect had chosen stem cell

132 Centre of Quranic Research (CQR)


Qur’anic Research: Interaction of Knowledge, Science, and Civilization

therapy as an alternative treatment after undergoing an unsuccessful therapy in


relieving the pain. Extracted stem cell from bone marrow of the hip bone was
processed prior to injecting them into the injury site. In just within a few days, the
patient was able to resume normal work without being disabled by the problematic
knees (Owens, 2016). For now, the ongoing clinical trial of stem cell therapy has also
helped many patients with vision impairments. A clinical trial done in Queen Victoria
Hospital, England, U.K., has successfully treated 40 patients with vision impairments
using stem cell therapy (BBC News, 2005).

Stem cell is not without any disadvantages. Over time, with the increasing
success of stem cells research and therapy, scientists are starting to worry on the
negative effects of stem cell usage. In 2003, Sheila Singh and her colleagues
discovered that the uncontrollable growth of stem cells can caused cancer in humans.
This is called cancer stem cell (Singh et al., 2003).

b) Adult Stem Cells (Ascs)

Even though adult stem cells (ASCs) have limited differentiation capacity, this
type of stem cells is still the main source to be used in vitro and in vivo for pre-
clinical and clinical trials. Currently, ASCs from both humans and animals are being
actively investigated in the regenerative medical field. Human stem cell (hSC) and rat
stem cell (rSC) types are the commonly used stem cells in research; hSC is to be used
to treat human disease and rSC is being used to study more about the stem cell, itself.

Usage of ASCs will bypass the ethical concerns related to using embryonic
stem cells. This type of stem cells is also popular among researchers due to its
availability; i.e. it can be easily obtained in both humans and animals. This is in
addition to the fact that conventionally its usage is not as controversial as the
embryonic stem cells. The term ‘adult’ is used because these stem cells originate from
any parts of the body of an organism after birth; either from adults and/or infants.
Hence, ASCs though with limited potency can be harvested throughout life, e.g. from
the bone marrow, teeth pulp, fat/adipose tissue, and Wharton’s jelly in the newly born
umbilical cord. These multipotent ASCs, which have the capability to differentiate
into multiple cell types (Schöler, 2007) physiologically help replace any damaged
cells in the tissues that they reside in by regenerating new cells.

Since the multipotent ASCs have limited potency, they can only give rise to
type of cells that come from the same lineage. Recent studies, however, have
proposed that ASCs could have the potential to be differentiated into other cell types
from different germ layers, partly on the basis of when they are being induced
(Krause, 2001). For example, mesoderm-derived stem cells of bone marrow can be
differentiated into organs that are physiologically derived from endoderm and
mesoderm such as liver and skin. ASCs can also give rise to multiple mesenchymal
lineage and in 2003, Gronthos and his team have discovered specific markers for
marrow stromal cells that have been isolated (Wagers & Weissman, 2004).

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Qur’anic Research: Interaction of Knowledge, Science, and Civilization

b) i. Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPSCs) are specific multipotent ASCs that
have been converted into the more powerful pluripotent stem cells. The ASCs were
induced into becoming pluripotent stem cells by four specific genes encoding
transcription factors (Takahashi & Yamanaka, 2006). Pluripotent stem cells are the
most ideal stem cells in research because of its nature of self-renewal and potency.
Pluripotent stem cells have unlimited self-regeneration capability and are able to give
rise to any type of cells in the body; hence, holding a great potential for regenerative
therapy. The controversy surrounding pluripotent embryonic stem cells is avoided
with the discovery of iPSCs in 2006, since unlike embryonic stem cells no organism
is being destroyed in this process. iPSCs have opened a great opportunity for
scientists to further study the stem cells for regenerative therapy.

Sources Of Ascs

There are currently four main sources of ASCs for stem cell research, with each
specifically giving rise to bone marrow stem cells (BMSCs), adipose/fat stem cells
(Adp-SCs), dental pulp/teeth pulp stem cells (DPSCs) and Wharton’s jelly stem cells
(WJSCs). Currently BMSCs are the most commonly used type of stem cells in
research. It consists of two types of stem cells: (i) Hematopoietic stem cells, the
progenitor cells of all types of blood cell, and (ii) Mesenchymal stem cells, which
give rise to connective tissue cells, such as, bone, cartilage and adipose. However,
these cells exist in a number of post-natal tissues that display transgermal plasticity;
i.e. having the ability to differentiate into cell types phenotypically unrelated to the
cells of their tissue of origin (Bianco et al., 2001). This means that apart from giving
rise to connective cells/tissue, BMSCs can also be differentiated into non-connective
tissue cells, including neurons of the neural tissue.

ASCs can also be found in the adipose or fat tissue. According to Dr. Caplan
(2011), a renowned stem cell researcher from Case Western Reserve University,
U.S.A., Adp-SCs has 300-500 fold number of healing mesenchymal stem cells
compared to bone marrow (Rodriguez, 2011). This fact is also supported by Dr.
Roelofs, a researcher at the Department of Immunohematology and Blood
Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center in Leiden, Netherlands, that was
working on finding an alternative source of stem cells using adipose tissue (Stem
Cells Translational Medicine, 2016). These findings and the abundance of adipose
tissue in humans, makes it a preferred source for obtaining ASCs, especially in the
U.S.A. since adipose tissue is easily obtainable through liposuction.

As for DPSC, a newly found source of ASCs in human, they are located in the
dental pulp or the soft tissue in the centre of a tooth. It was discovered in 2003 by
researchers in National Institute of Health (Miura et al., 2003), and the findings are
later supported by other researchers investigating humans’ deciduous teeth (Kerkis &
Caplan, 2012). Although humans’ permanent and wisdom teeth can also be used to
extract stem cells, deciduous teeth, however, is the ideal source of DPSCs as they are
deemed to have the highest quantity and quality of stem cells (National Dental Pulp
Laboratory, 2016).

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Qur’anic Research: Interaction of Knowledge, Science, and Civilization

Wharton’s Jelly, a gelatinous-like structure that surrounds arteries and vein in


the umbilical cord is another source of ASCs. The umbilical cord is a cord-like tissue
that serves as a conduit or ‘link’ between the mother and foetus in the exchange of
nutrients and waste products during pregnancy. It is formed from the placenta during
foetal development. Although the umbilical cord is developed during foetal
development, WJSCs are still considered as ASCs as the stem cells found inside
Wharton’s Jelly only exhibits multipotent properties. Wang et al. (2004) reported that
Wharton’s Jelly also has stem cells as they proved that under various conditions, the
cells in Wharton’s Jelly could be induced to differentiate into chondrocytes,
osteocytes, adipocytes and even cardiomyocytes. The use of stem cells isolated from
Wharton’s jelly is increasing in popularity among researchers. Not only it has low
level of immune rejection; i.e. it can be used on different human recipient and also
animal model without rejection, but it can also express similar embryonic stem cell
signalling (Kalaszczynska et al., 2015). Other than that, WJSCs are also believed to
have homing capability to injured tissues.

Islamic Perspectives Concerning Ascs Sources

Since the early years of stem cells discovery, there are many ethical issues and
controversies surrounding stem cells use even from the perspective of the scientific
community. Hence, there is a great possibility that many Muslim scientists are
unclear how Islam views stem cells research, although according to the Ethics
Committee of Islamic Medical Association of North America (IMANA) there is
consensus among Muslim scholars around the world to permit the usage of ASCs in
research (Fadel et al., 2007).

From the Islamic perspective, some of the ethical issues surrounding stem cells
research do not have a definite hukm (law) as it is not mentioned directly in Al-
Qur’an and Sunnah; the permissibility to use ASCs is not specifically mentioned.
Therefore, Muslim scholars need to refer to related issues in both Al-Qur’an and
Sunnah when formulating guidelines in dictating hukm for such newfound issues. In
the Fiqh Council of the Organization of the Islamic Conference in 1988, Shaykh
Ibraaheem al-Fayyoom, Secretary General of the Islamic Research Council in Egypt
(Al-Munajjid, 2011), said:

“Islam does not prevent science that is beneficial to man.


The Council is following with interest everything that is new
in this important branch of science, and acknowledges that
growing stem cells opens a new door to treatment that will
reduce dependency on organ transplants from deceased
persons or donors. It will give a greater opportunity to help
patients whose sickness is incurable, especially in cases of
liver, kidney and heart disease.”

Hence, local councils of committee need to be formed to solve such types of


issues through the process of consultation and ijtihad. Through the ijtihad process,
legal decisions can be made by independent interpretation of the legal sources, Al-
Qur’an and Sunnah. For many of the stem cell research issues, they could be resolved
by using Maqasid al-Syariah. These legal interpretations must also be conveyed
throughout the Muslim world so that there is standardization.
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Qur’anic Research: Interaction of Knowledge, Science, and Civilization

a) Ascs Research According To Maqasid Al-Syariah

Maqasid al-Syariah in general is based on the understanding of the wisdom or


purposes behind every Islamic ruling. The four general objectives of Maqasid al-
Syariah are to: (i) maintain the order of necessity (Hifz al-Nizam), (ii) give benefits
(Jalb al-Masalih), (iii) refuse harm (Dar ‘al-Imperfect), and (iv) advocate equality
(al-Musawat) among people. Maqasid al-Syariah is further divided into three “levels
of necessity”: (i) Necessities (al-Dharuriyat), (ii) Needs (al-Hajiyat), and (iii)
Luxuries (al-Tahsinat).

According to the syarak parameter that became the resolutions of al-Majma’ al-
Fiqh al-Islami, held in Makkah al-Mukarramah (Syawwal 1424H/ December 2003)
the permissibility of using stem cells are as follow:

a) It will not lead to any real harm (mudharat) or even having any anticipated
risk to both the donor and the recipient.
b) The process can only be conducted after getting consent from either a sane
minded adult or the Islamically accepted rightful guardians/caretakers of
an underage individual.
c) It will lead to beneficial situations (maslahah).

The usage of ASCs in stem cell research and therapy can be categorised under
Necessities (al-Dharuriyat) as it could save lives or improve health of patients with
chronic diseases. Preserving one’s life is one of the “Five Fundamental Importance”
(al-Dharuriyat al-Khams) in Necessities (al-Dharuriyat). In addition the usage of the
non-controversial method and abundant sources makes ASCs an ideal research
subject for cellular regeneration study (Mohd Nasir et al., 2015).

b) Ascs From Wharton’s Jelly Of Human Umbilical Cord

The use of ASCs from bone marrow, adipose tissue, and dental pulp do not
potentially raise any issues except for those related to ensuring the consent of the
donor. The consent must be given by rightful adults. Donors and recipients of
different religion and background are allowed from Islamic perspective. Especially in
cases when the patient, himself, is the donor, then there is no conflict of interest
arising from the situation.

However, the use of stem cells isolated from Wharton’s jelly may raise issues
that need to be addressed. Technically, the use of ASCs from the umbilical cord, a
structure in existence between the baby and the mother, is not an ethical issue since
no damage is caused by the act since WJ-MSCs are only isolated from the cord after
birth. Commonly the cord will be discarded after childbirth. Instead of disposing it
Muslim scholars and religious authorities have agreed that with proper parental
consent the umbilical cord, which is considered as solid waste can be used as it is
beneficial in treating diseases (General Authority of Islamic Affairs & Endownments,
2010). Prior to its use, it must also be proven that there will be no harm or risk that
could befallen on the recipient of these WJ-MSCs. Islam also does not allow the sales

136 Centre of Quranic Research (CQR)


Qur’anic Research: Interaction of Knowledge, Science, and Civilization

and purchase of any human body parts; hence, the use of WJ-MSCs must be through
the act of volunteerism and/or donation.

Issues that could arise are most likely related to ownership consent. For
example, it becomes an issue if each of the parents has different and opposing
opinions on the matter. In Islam, the mother’s preference has priority over the
father’s. In addition, it can also become an issue in cases when the mother dies during
childbirth and if the father is also not available. Then, right to give consent will
possibly follow the Islamic guideline of rights to property.

A more complex issue will be in cases involving surrogate mothers, since such
a practice is denounced in Islam. In cases where abortion is carried out, Islam does
not allow any acts of us gaining benefits from the death of the foetus. Thus, if the
situation involves a natural miscarriage and not involving financial profit, then only
the act of using any body parts of the foetus allowed. This is one of the resolutions
made at al-Majma’ al-Fiqh al-Islami, held in Jeddah (Sya’ban 1410H/ March 1990).
These resolutions are then supported by the later ones decided at the 2003 al-Majma’
al-Fiqh al-Islami, which specifically addressed use of stem cells focusing on the
safety aspect, proper consent, and the benefits to be gained.

c) Other Issues

Other than the above mentioned issues that come under scrutiny from the
Islamic perspectives, there are also other factors that need considerations. These
include the disposal of remaining tissue, and involvement of non-human tissue.

c) i. Disposal Of Remaining Tissue Post-Research Activities

There is a disagreement among Muslim scholars on the methods to dispose


remains of tissues/organs that have been used for research, including the source of
ASCs. In the case of the umbilical cord which is attached to the placenta, under
normal circumstances it will be discarded. However, depending on the culture, some
will ensure they are properly cleaned before they get buried, for example as done by
the Malay Muslims.

Some Muslim scholars said that the umbilical cord should be buried because it
is considered as a part of the human body, due to its attachment to both the baby and
the mother (Al-Mahmudi, 2013). It must be ensured that these tissues/organs do not
get desecrated by human and/or animals, nor consumed. The other opinion, on the
other hand, stated that the umbilical cord that has been used to extract stem cells can
be burned and does not need to be buried. This is because the umbilical cord has been
destroyed during the extraction and the remains are considered as a waste.

c) ii. Animals As Experimental Subjects

Another ethical issue to be considered is the use of animals as experimental


subjects, which will involve sacrificing them and/or putting them under stressful or
painful situations. Weighing the benefits, such researches can be deemed as
permissible (harus).

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Qur’anic Research: Interaction of Knowledge, Science, and Civilization

It is true that Allah has honoured man with authority over the world or as
viceroy (khalifah):

‫اه أم‬ ‫ولََق أد َكَّرمنَا ب يِن آدم و ََح ألنَاهم يِف الأ يب والأبح ير ورزقأ نَاهم يمن الطَّيب ي‬
ُ َ‫ض ألن‬
َّ َ‫ات َوف‬َِّ َ ِّ ُ ََ َ ‫أ َ َ َ َ َ ُ أ َِّ َ َ أ‬ َ
‫ي‬ ‫ي‬ ٍ ‫ي‬
﴾٧٠﴿ ‫َعلَ َٰى َكثي ِِّم أَّن َخلَ أقنَا تَ أفض ًيَل‬
“We have honoured the children of Adam and carried them
by land and sea. We have provided good sustenance for
them and favoured them especially above many of those We
have created.”

[Al-Isra’, 17:70]

However, that does not mean that we can treat other creatures mercilessly. As stated
in al- Qur’an, all of the creatures in the world praise Allah, including animals. Hence,
as khalifah to the world, we have to honour the animals.

‫ات َوَمن يِف أاْل أَر ي‬ ‫السماو ي‬


‫س َوالأ َق َمُر‬
ُ ‫َّم‬
‫ض َوالش أ‬ َ َ َّ ‫أَ ََلأ تََر أ ََّن اللَّ َه يَ أس ُج ُد لَهُ َمن يِف‬
‫َّاس ۚ َوَكثيي َح َّق َعلَأي يه‬ ‫اب وَكثيي يِّم َن الن ي‬
َ ُّ ‫َّو‬َ ‫َّجُر َوالد‬َ ‫ال َوالش‬ ُ َ‫وم َوا أْليب‬
ُ ‫ُّج‬
ُ ‫َوالن‬
۩ ُ‫اب ۚ َوَمن يُيه ين اللَّهُ فَ َما لَهُ يمن ُّم أك يرٍم ۚ إي َّن اللَّ َه يَ أف َع ُل َما يَ َشاء‬ ُ ‫الأ َع َذ‬
﴾١٨﴿
“Do you not realize [Prophet] that everything in the
heavens and earth bows down to God: the sun, the moon,
the stars, the mountains, the trees, and the animals? So do
many human beings, though for many others punishment is
well deserved. Anyone disgraced by God will have no one to
honour him: God does whatever He will.”
[Al-Hajj, 22:18]

c) iii. Types Of Animal Experimental Subjects

Various types of laboratory rats are the most common test subjects to be used
in stem cell researches. However, the small size of the laboratory rats makes it
impossible to extract stem cells without killing the animals and sometimes the effect
of the study, itself, is reported to be harmful or fatal to the test subjects. Hence,
commonly these rats will be ‘sacrificed’ in the name of science during the study.

In a related issue, merciless killing and/or abomination, e.g. growing human’s


part like ear on an animal have been reported (Macrae, 2016). Such an act is
considered a sin and is haram. Prophet Muhammad (saw) had numerous times
admonished people who mistreated animals.

c) iv. Ascs From Animals Forbidden In Islam (Haram)

Islamic principles clearly forbid consumption of unslaughtered animals and certain


animals (e.g. pigs), in addition to having contacts with animals such as pigs and/or
138 Centre of Quranic Research (CQR)
Qur’anic Research: Interaction of Knowledge, Science, and Civilization

dogs without cleaning oneself properly before doing prayers, as they are considered as
impurities of the highest level (mughallazah).

‫َل ُُمَّرما علَى طَ ي‬


‫اع ٍم يَطأ َع ُمهُ إيَّل أَن يَ ُكو َن َمأيتَ ًة أ أَو‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ي‬
َٰ َ ً َ َّ َ ‫قُل َّل أَج ُد يِف َما أُوح َي إي‬
‫وحا أ أَو ََلأ َم يخن يزي ٍر فَيإنَّهُ ير أجس أ أَو في أس ًقا أ يُه َّل ليغَأيي اللَّ يه بييه ۚ فَ َم ين‬
ً ‫َد ًما َّم أس ُف‬
﴾١٤٥﴿ ‫ك َغ ُفور َّريحيم‬ ٍ
َ َّ‫اضطَُّر َغأي َر بَ ٍاغ َوَل َعاد فَيإ َّن َرب‬
‫أ‬
“Say, "I do not find within that which was revealed to me
[anything] forbidden to one who would eat it unless it be a
dead animal or blood spilled out or the flesh of swine - for
indeed, it is impure - or it be [that slaughtered in]
disobedience, dedicated to other than Allah. But whoever is
forced [by necessity], neither desiring [it] nor transgressing
[its limit], then indeed, your Lord is Forgiving and
Merciful."
[Al-An’am, 6:145]

However, even though pork or the flesh of a pig is viewed as ‘impure’ or


unclean, it can be consumed in specific desperate times; i.e. to avoid death due to
starvation since there is nothing permissible (halal) to eat. Hence, if the stem cells
from pigs are the only feasible treatment in combating a specific disease, then it will
also be permissible for use. Although working on stem cells from pigs is allowed, care
has to be taken care in cleansing oneself according to the Islamic rites since tissues
from pigs are considered as “mughallazah impurities”. Under normal circumstances, it
is possible that many Muslims will take other options rather than using ASCs from pig
as stem cell therapy (Lovgren, 2005).

Another type of animal that could be focused on when deliberating stem cells
research therapy will be the dog. However, with the exception of jurists from Sunni
Maliki school of thoughts, other Muslim jurists considered dogs as haram because of
its saliva.

‫ َع أن أيَب التَّيَّ ي‬،ُ‫ َحدَّثَنَا ُش أعبَة‬،‫ َحدَّثَنَا أيَب‬،‫اّلل بأ ُن ُم َع ٍاذ‬


‫ َيَس َع‬،‫اح‬ ‫وحدَّثَنَا عب ي ُد َّي‬
‫َُ أ‬ ََ
‫اّلل صلى هللا‬ ‫ي‬َّ ‫ول‬
ُ ‫ال أ ََمَر َر ُس‬َ َ‫ ق‬،‫َّل‬ ‫ث َع ين ابأ ين الأ ُمغَف ي‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ي‬ َ ‫ُمطَِّير‬
ُ ‫ ُُيَ ِّد‬،‫اّلل‬
َّ ‫ف بأ َن َعأبد‬
‫ص يِف‬ ‫ال " ما با ُْلُم وب ُ ي ي‬ ‫ي ي‬ ‫ي‬
َ ‫ ُُثَّ َر َّخ‬. " ‫ال الأكَلَب‬ َ َ ‫عليه وسلم ب َقأت يل الأكَلَب ُُثَّ قَ َ َ َ أ‬
‫ب يِف ا يإلنَ ياء فَا أغ يسلُوهُ َسأب َع‬ ‫ب الأغَنَ يم وقَ َ ي‬
ُ ‫ال " إ َذا َولَ َغ الأ َك أل‬ َ
‫الصأي يد وَك أل ي‬
َ َّ ‫َك ألب‬
‫ي‬
‫ات وع يِّفروه الث ي‬
‫َّامنَةَ يِف التُّر ي‬
‫اب‬ ٍ
َ ُ ُ َ َ ‫َمَّر‬
“Ibn Mughaffal reported: The Messenger of Allah (saw)
ordered killing of the dogs, and then said: What about them,
i.e., about other dogs? And then granted concession (to
keep) the dog for hunting and the dog for (the security) of
the herd, and said: When the dog licks the utensil, wash it
seven times, and rub it with earth the eighth time.”

[Sahih Muslim. The Book of Purification: 2, Hadith 119]


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Qur’anic Research: Interaction of Knowledge, Science, and Civilization

This hadith indicates that a dog’s saliva is unclean and it will require specific
Islamic rites to clean anything that has been in contact with the bodily fluid of a dog.
Thus, the reluctance in coming into contacts with dogs for many Muslims. However,
similar to the case as pigs, there is no ban from Muslim researchers to study stem
cells extracted from a dog.

Conclusions

Islam allows the use of ASCs from humans and/or animals, although in some cases
there are issues to be specifically addressed. To acquire, grow and use ASCs for
therapy or scientific research is acceptable if the objectives of these activities are in
line with what is permissible by Islamic principles, e.g. saving lives and combating
diseases. The sources of the ASCs must be Islamically permissible, including
spontaneously aborted foetuses or those aborted for a legally acceptable cause and
with the permission from rightful individuals related to the foetus. However, it is
forbidden for Muslim scientists to obtain or use stem cells taken from forbidden
sources, e.g. foetuses that are intentionally aborted without a legal medical reason.

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32. Takahashi, K., & Yamanaka, S. (2006). Induction of Pluripotent Stem Cells
from Mouse Embryonic and Adult Fibroblast Cultures by Defined Factors.
Cell, 126(4), 663-676. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2006.07.024

33. Wagers, A.J., & Weissman, I.L. (2004). Plasticity of Adult Stem Cells. Cell,
116(5), 639-648. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0092-8674(04)00208-9

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34. Wang, H.S., Hung, S.C., Peng, S.T., Huang, C.C., Wei, H.M., Guo, Y.J., Fu,
Y.S., Lai. M.C. & Chen, C.C. (2004). Mesenchymal stem cells in the
Wharton's jelly of the human umbilical cord. Stem Cells, 22(7), 1330-1337.
doi: 10.1634/stemcells.2004-0013

35. Wang, S., Qu, X., & Zhao, R.C. (2012). Clinical applications of
mesenchymal stem cells. Journal of Hematology & Oncology, 5(1), 1-9. doi:
10.1186/1756-8722-5-19

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BUAH-BUAHAN DALAM AL-QURAN SEBAGAI SEBAHAGIAN DIET


KANAK-KANAK DENGAN AUTISME

Feezyha Azmi1
Noor Naemah Abdul Rahman2
Durriyyah Sharifah Hasan Adli 3

Abstrak

Pada kebiasaannya kanak-kanak dengan autisme sangat cerewet


dalam pemilihan makanan kerana sensitiviti deria mereka yang
berbeza dibandingkan dengan kanak-kanak yang tipikal. Justeru,
kanak-kanak dengan autisme cenderung untuk mempamerkan
tantrum dan/atau tingkah laku tidak berminat untuk makan, serta
mengalami masalah berkaitan dengan pemakanan yang tidak
seimbang. Mereka hanya berminat untuk makan sesuatu yang
menurut kelaziman sahaja memandangkan mereka sangat terikat
dengan kesamaan. Salah satu diet konvensional yang
dicadangkan untuk kanak-kanak dengan autisme adalah Diet
Karbohidrat Spesifik (Specific Carbohydrate Diet, SCD) yang
menyingkirkan dan/atau mengurangkan makanan berkanji serta
mempunyai gula kompleks dari diet seharian. Kertas kerja ini
menyarankan pengambilan buah-buahan sebagai sebahagian diet
mereka kerana ia boleh memenuhi keperluan pengambilan gula
ringkas (seperti fruktosa) dan dengan itu berkemungkinan
mengurangkan masalah tingkah laku yang dikaitkan dengan
kandungan gula yang tinggi dalam diet. Pengambilan buah-
buahan juga ada disebutkan di dalam al-Quran, dan antaranya
adalah kurma, anggur, delima, zaitun, tin, labu, dan pisang. Oleh
kerana buah-buahan menyumbang kepada nutrisi tambahan
dalam bentuk serat serta vitamin, maka menjadikannya sebagai
sebahagian dari diet akan mengurangkan risiko kanak-kanak
dengan autisme mengalami malnutrisi. Buah-buahan boleh
diambil dalam bentuk segar, kering (seperti kismis dari anggur),
dikisar menjadi jus atau diproses serta dimasak dalam hidangan.
Di samping itu, buah-buahan berkemungkinan dapat menarik
minat kanak-kanak dengan autisme atas faktor kepelbagaian
warna, tekstur, saiz, bentuk dan rasa buah-buahan tersebut,
sekaligus mampu menambah pilihan makanan yang mereka

1 Institut Sains Biologi, Fakulti Sains, Universiti Malaya. Emel: [email protected].


2 Prof. Madya, Jabatan Fiqh dan Usul, Akademi Pengajian Islam, Universiti Malaya.
3 Prof. Madya, Institut Sains Biologi, Fakulti Sains, Universiti Malaya [email protected].

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Qur’anic Research: Interaction of Knowledge, Science, and Civilization

ingin makan serta mengurangkan masalah tingkah laku


terutamanya sewaktu makan. Oleh itu, diet yang merangkumi
buah-buahan, terutamanya yang dinyatakan dalam al-Quran
adalah digalakkan untuk kanak-kanak dengan autisme.

Kata Kunci: Buah-buahan, al-Quran, kanak-kanak autisme, diet karbohidrat


spesifik.

Pemilihan Makanan Dalam Kalangan Kanak-Kanak Autisme

Kanak-kanak yang didiagnos sebagai mengalami Gangguan Spektrum Autisme


(Autism Spectrum Disorder, ASD) mempamerkan simptom yang pelbagai,
termasuklah kekurangan dari aspek interaksi sosial, komunikasi, serta perilaku yang
berulang dan terbatas (American Psychiatric Association, 2000). Diagnostic and
Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-V) telah juga memasukkan “tindak
balas yang “hyper” atau “hypo” terhadap “input deria” sebagai salah satu simpton
ASD (American Psychiatric Association, 2012).

Umum mengetahui bahawa kanak-kanak dengan autisme mempunyai tabiat


pelik terhadap makanan dan aktiviti pemakanan. Mereka jarang digambarkan sebagai
pemakan yang sihat (healthy eater) atau makan makanan yang pelbagai. Kanak-kanak
dengan autisme lebih cenderung untuk mempunyai masalah makan berbanding
kanak-kanak tipikal (Sharp et al., 2013). Tabiat amat memilih makanan sering
dinyatakan sebagai penyebab utama masalah aktiviti makan mereka (Ledford & Gast,
2006). Selera atau cita rasa yang kuat pada satu-satu warna makanan atau makanan
tertentu dengan bungkusan yang tertentu sahaja sering ditunjukkan oleh kanak-kanak
ASD serta mereka mengelak untuk mencuba makanan yang baru dengan tekstur yang
tertentu (Williams et al., 2000; Ahern et al., 2001; Cornish, 2002; Donna et al., 2008).

Ibubapa dan/atau penjaga kanak-kanak dengan autisme melaporkan bahawa


mereka ini sangat terikat dengan kesamaan terhadap jenis makanan yang dimakan dan
memiliki tabiat pemakanan yang spesifik dengan selera makanan tertentu berbanding
kanak-kanak tipikal (Raiten and Massaro, 1986; Williams et al., 2000; Ahern et al.,
2001; Cornish, 2002; Schreck et al., 2004; Donna et al., 2008). Dilaporkan juga
bahawa anak-anak ini sering menolak pelbagai jenis makanan yang di luar dari
kelaziman dan secara tidak langsung keadaan ini membawa kepada kekurangan
pengambilan nutrisi yang sepatutnya untuk proses tumbesaran mereka.

Masalah Kesihatan Berkaitan Pemakanan Tidak Seimbang

Dua masalah kesihatan yang biasa dalam kalangan kanak-kanak dengan autisme
adalah tabiat pemakanan yang susah dan juga yang berkaitan simptom gastrousus.
Seawal tahun 1979, tingkah laku pada waktu makan, seperti amat memilih makanan
(picky eating), enggan makan, dan tingkah laku yang menimbulkan masalah ketika
waktu makan telah dilaporkan dalam 90% kanak-kanak dengan autisme (DeMeyer,
1979; Ahearn, Castine, Nault, & Green, 2001; Tanja et al., 2013). Masalah yang
ditunjukkan oleh mereka bertambah teruk dengan pengambilan jenis makanan
tertentu. Banyak kajian telah melaporkan bahawa mengelak dari mengambil makanan

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Qur’anic Research: Interaction of Knowledge, Science, and Civilization

mengandungi alergen dan bahan kimia membantu mengurangkan simptom autisme


dan/atau Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) (Curtis, 2008). Kanak-
kanak dengan autisme dan ADHD masing-masing mempamerkan tingkah laku yang
hiperaktif. Kajian-kajian penyingkiran diet yang dilakukan sejak tahun 1970 lazimnya
melibatkan pemantauan kesan tidak adanya makanan tertentu diambil oleh subjek
ASD yang dikaji, terutamanya tingkah laku subjek tersebut. Ada di antara protokol
yang mengelak dari pengambilan makanan tertentu ini menunjukkan perkembangan
positif tingkah laku yang signifikan bagi kumpulan tertentu ASD; seolah-olah
wujudnya hubung kait penyingkiran sesuatu jenis makanan dari diet dengan kesan
positif yang dikesan, atau boleh juga ditafsirkan bahawa pengambilan diet yang
melibatkan makanan tertentu lebih memudaratkan simptom autisme (Whiteley, 2013).
Selain masalah tingkah laku ketika makan, masalah kesihatan melibatkan simptom
gastrousus juga lazim ditemui dalam kalangan kanak-kanak ASD (Horvath &
Perman, 2002) seperti cirit-birit, kembung dan steathorrea yang menyerupai simptom
penyakit celiac. Penyakit celiac adalah gangguan imun yang diakibatkan oleh tindak
balas imun terhadap gluten, protein larut air yang ditemui dalam gandum, rai, barli
dan oats. Kerosakan yang teruk pada permukaan usus mukosa boleh diakibatkan
tindak balas terhadap gluten yang menjadikan penyerapan tidak sempurna berlaku.
Simptom gastrousus lazim dialami oleh kanak-kanak dengan autisme adalah berkait
dengan alahan makanan. Telah dihipotesiskan bahawa kanak-kanak ASD mengalami
kebocoran usus atau kerosakan dalam kebolehtelapan usus (defective intestinal
permeability) (White, 2003) yang secara tidak langsung mempengaruhi fungsi otak
seperti kognitif, emosi, persepsi dan juga tingkah laku (Dewanti, 2014).

Kanak-Kanak Autisme Dan Risiko Malnutrisi

Pengambilan kepelbagaian makanan yang terbatas untuk jangka masa yang lama
boleh membawa kepada risiko masalah kesihatan dalam kanak-kanak yang sedang
melalui proses tumbesaran (Cermak et al., 2010). Masalah seumpama ini telah
dijadikan kategori baru dalam pemakanan serta gangguan makan menurut Diagnostic
and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (American Psychiatric Association,
2013) dan ia boleh pula mengakibatkan masalah kesihatan yang khusus.
Sebagai contoh, tabiat diet tanpa buah-buahan dan sayur-sayuran serta amalan jarang
mengambil suplemen tambahan menjadikan kanak-kanak ASD berisiko mendapat
skurvi (scurvy) (Ma et al., 2016). Secara amnya, manusia tidak mempunyai
keupayaan untuk menukarkan glukosa kepada asid askorbik (vitamin C). Vitamin C
banyak diperoleh khususnya dalam buah-buahan yang segar, dan ia juga merupakan
nutrien penting dalam diet manusia (Levine 1986). Justeru, jika kanak-kanak dengan
autisme tidak mengambil buah-buahan dalam jangka masa yang lama, keadaan
kekurangan vitamin C atau skurvi akan berlaku.

Diet Konvensional Untuk Autisme: Diet Karbohidrat Spesifik

Banyak diet yang telah dilaporkan berkesan untuk kanak-kanak ASD, tetapi masih
tidak dapat diterima sepenuhnya untuk semua jenis ASD. Penilaian secara saintifik
yang khusus tentang setiap satu tidak dapat dilaksanakan dengan baik kerana
kesukaran untuk mendapatkan subjek dalam bilangan yang ramai dengan variabel
terkawal. Walau bagaimanapun, terdapat enam jenis diet yang dicadangkan untuk
pengamalan pemakanan kanak-kanak dengan autisme berdasarkan banyak kajian
147
Qur’anic Research: Interaction of Knowledge, Science, and Civilization

penyingkiran diet yang melibatkan tidak adanya sesuatu jenis makanan dari diet
untuk tempoh masa tertentu dan tindak balas tubuh direkodkan. Diet tersebut adalah:
(i) Diet Bebas Gluten Bebas Kasein (Gluten Free Casein Free Diet (GF/CF-D)), (ii)
Diet Karbohidrat Spesifik (Specific Carbohydrate Diet (SCD)), (iii) Diet Ekologi
Badan (Body Ecology Diet (BED)), (iv) Diet Rendah Oxalate( Low Oxalate Diet
(LOD)), (v) Diet Feingold( Feingold Diet (FD)), dan (vi) Diet Bebas Lutein(Lutein
Free Diet (LFD)). Satu jenis atau kombinasi diet-diet tersebut mungkin lebih sesuai
bagi seseorang kanak-kanak berdasarkan kepada keadaannya. Setiap diet
konvensional yang dicadangkan ini dilaporkan berpotensi mengurangkan masalah
gastrousus yang dialami oleh kanak-kanak dengan autisme.

Dalam konteks ini, Diet Karbohidrat Spesifik (SCD) khususnya


memfokuskan kepada penyingkiran semua gula kompleks dan kanji selain gluten dan
kasein. Penyingkiran komponen gula membantu menghalang sumber nutrisi yis dan
bakteria dalam sistem penghadaman. Sekaligus ini mengurangkan kesan sampingan
terhadap masalah berkaitan salur pencernaan, sakit kepala dan hiperaktiviti yang
diakibatkan oleh pertumbuhan yis dan bakteria yang berlebihan.

Diet SCD ini, secara awalnya diamalkan bagi merawat penyakit celiac pada
pertengahan abad ke-20 dan menjadi popular pada tahun 1990. Diet ini mengehadkan
pemakanan bijirin (seperti. gandum, barli, jagung dan beras) serta menggunakan
tepung berasaskan kekacang untuk dijadikan roti dan lain-lain makanan bakar.
Tambahan pula, pengambilan gula hanya dihadkan kepada fruktosa (gula daripada
buah-buahan). Diet ini juga mengehadkan kebanyakan produk tenusu, kecuali yogurt
yang ditapai sepenuhnya, kerana ia bertujuan mengurangkan keradangan usus dengan
memulihkan keseimbangan bakteria dalam usus. Walaupun bilangan tepat golongan
yang mempraktikkan diet ini tidak diketahui tapi dilaporkan sebanyak 36% - 50%
pesakit pediatrik yang mengalami penyakit keradangan usus (inflammatory bowel
disease, IBD) di klinik-klinik gastroenterologi telah menggunakan terapi-terapi
alternatif seumpama diet ini (American Psychiatric Association, 2000).

Buah-Buahan Dalam Al-Quran

Berdasarkan al-Quran dan sunnah Nabi Muhammad (saw), buah-buahan merupakan


makanan sehari-hari Rasulullah (saw) dan para sahabat. Oleh itu amalan mengikut
perlakuan ini sudah merupakan sesuatu yang diberi ganjaran baik dalam Islam, iaitu
sebagai perlakuan amalan sunnah.

Sains sendiri menghubungkaitkan pemakanan buah-buahan dengan nilai


tambah yang terkandung di dalam buah-buahan tersebut yang memberi manfaat
dalam kesihatan tubuh manusia. Buah-buahan mengandungi gula ringkas (seperti
fruktosa) dan dengan itu pengambilannya dapat mengganti makanan yang
mengandungi gula yang tinggi dalam diet. Oleh kerana buah-buahan menyumbang
kepada nutrisi tambahan dalam bentuk serat serta vitamin, maka menjadikan buah-
buahan sebagai sebahagian dari diet akan mengurangkan risiko dari mengalami
malnutrisi.

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Antara beberapa jenis buah yang disebut di dalam al-Quran dan al-Hadis
adalah anggur, delima, limau, kurma, labu, timun, pisang, tembikai, buah tin, zaitun
(Ismail & Ahmad, 2016). Firman Allah S.W.T:

ِ ‫ضرا خُّنْر‬ ِ ِ ٍ ِ ِ َّ ‫وهو الَّ ِذي أَنزَل ِمن‬


ُ‫ِج مْنه‬ ُ ً ‫َخَر ْجنَا مْنهُ َخ‬ َ َ‫َخَر ْجنَا بِه نَب‬
ْ ‫ات ُك ِِّل َش ْيء فَأ‬ ْ ‫الس َماء َماءً فَأ‬ َ َ ََُ
‫الزيْتُو َن َوالخرَّما َن ُم ْشتَبِ ًها‬ ِ ٍ ِ ِ ِ
ٍ َ‫َّخ ِل من طَْلعها قْن وا ٌن َدانيةٌ وجنَّات من أ َْعن‬
َّ ‫اب َو‬ ِ ِ ِ
ْ ِّ ََ َ َ َ ْ ‫َحبًّا خمتَ َراكبًا َوم َن الن‬
﴾٩٩﴿ ‫ات لَِِّق ْوٍم يُ ْؤِمنُو َن‬ ٍ ‫و َغي ر متَ َشابٍِه ۗ انظُروا إِ َ َٰل ََثَِرِه إِذَا أ ََْثَر وي نْعِِه ۗ إِ َّن ِِف ٰذَلِ ُكم ََلي‬
َ ْ ََ َ ُ ُ َْ َ
“Dan Dialah yang menurunkan air hujan dari langit, lalu Kami
tumbuhkan dengan air itu semua jenis tumbuh-tumbuhan, maka Kami
keluarkan dari tumbuh-tumbuhan itu tanaman yang menghijau. Kami
keluarkan dari tanaman menghijau itu butir yang banyak; dan dari
mayang kurma mengurai tangkai-tangkai yang menjurai, dan kebun-
kebun anggur, dan (Kami keluarkan pula) zaitun dan delima yang
serupa dan yang tidak serupa. Perhatikanlah buahnya di waktu
pokoknya berbuah dan (perhatikanlah pula) kematangannya.
Sesungguhnya yang demikian itu ada tanda-tanda (kekuasaan Allah)
bagi orang-orang yang beriman.” (Quran 6: 99)

‫ك ََليَةً لَِِّق ْوٍم‬ ِ ِ ‫َّخيل و ْاْلَعنَاب وِمن ُك ِل الثَّمر‬


َ ‫ات ۗإِ َّن ِِف ٰذَل‬َ َ ِّ
ِ
َ َ ْ َ َ ‫الزيْتُو َن َوالن‬
َّ ‫ع َو‬ َّ ‫ت لَ ُكم بِِه‬
َ ‫الزْر‬ ُ ِ‫يُنب‬
﴾١١﴿ ‫يَتَ َف َّكُرو َن‬
“Dia juga menumbuhkan bagi kamu dengan sebab hujan itu tanaman-
tanaman dan pokok-pokok zaitun dan tamar (kurma) serta anggur; dan
juga dari segala jenis buah-buahan. Sesungguhnya yang demikian
mengandungi satu tanda (yang membuktikan kekuasaan Allah) bagi
kaum yang mahu berfikir.” (Quran 16: 11)

ِ ‫اب وفَ َّجرنَا فِيها ِمن الْعي‬


ٍ َِّ ِ ٍ ِ
﴾٣٤﴿ ‫ون‬ُُ َ َ ْ َ َ‫َو َج َعلْنَا ف َيها َجنَّات ِّمن ُّن ٍيل َوأ َْعن‬
“Dan Kami jadikan padanya beberapa kebun kurma dan anggur, dan
Kami pancarkan padanya mata air-mata air.”
(Quran 36: 34)

﴾٦٨﴿ ‫فِي ِه َما فَاكِ َهةٌ َوَُّنْ ٌل َوُرَّما ٌن‬


“Di dalam kedua-keduanya ada bermacam buah-buahan, kurma dan
delima.”
(Quran 55: 68)

ٍ ِ
ِ ‫ات ََّّلا طَلْع ن‬
﴾١٠﴿ ‫َّضي ٌد‬ ٌ َ ‫َّخ َل بَاس َق‬
ْ ‫َوالن‬
“Dan (kami jadikan) pokok-pokok kurma, keadaannya panjang-
panjang. Ia mempunyai mayang bertumpuk-tumpuk.”
(Quran 50:10)

﴾١١﴿ ‫ات ْاْلَ ْك َم ِام‬ ِ ِ


ُ َ‫ف َيها فَاك َهةٌ َوالنَّ ْخ ُل ذ‬
“Padanya ada buah-buahan dan dan pokok-pokok kurma yang
mempunyai kelopak-kelopak mayang.” (Quran 55: 11)
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Qur’anic Research: Interaction of Knowledge, Science, and Civilization

ِ
ٌ ‫وع َوَُّنْ ٍل طَلْ ُع َها َهض‬
﴾١٤٨﴿ ‫يم‬ ٍ ‫َوُزُر‬
“Dan tanam-tanaman dan pokok-pokok kurma yang mayangnya
lembut.”
(Quran 26:148)

ٍ ‫وأَنبَتْ نَا َعلَْي ِه َش َجرةً ِِّمن يَ ْق ِط‬


﴾١٤٦﴿ ‫ي‬ َ َ
“Dan Kami tumbuhkan di atasnya pokok labu.”
(Quran 37: 146)

ٍ ‫وطَْل ٍح َّمنض‬
﴾٢٩﴿ ‫ود‬ ُ َ
“Dan pokok pisang yang bersusun-susun (buahnya).”
(Quran 56: 29)

Di dalam al-Quran buah-buahan disebut dalam pelbagai konteks; contohnya di mana


Allah bersumpah dengan dua jenis buah, iaitu buah tin dan zaitun selain menyebut
Bukit Sinai yang penuh sejarah dan juga merujuk kepada tanah suci Mekah yang
aman. Secara tidak lansung ayat al-Quran tersebut meningkatkan taraf kedua-dua
jenis buah.

‫نسا َن ِِف‬ ِ ِ ِ ِ ِِ ِ َّ ‫ي و‬
َ ‫﴾ َوطُوِر سين‬١﴿ ‫الزيْتُون‬ ِِ
َ ‫﴾ لََق ْد َخلَ ْقنَا ْاْل‬٣﴿‫﴾ َوَهٰ َذا الْبَ لَد ْاْلَمي‬٢﴿ ‫ي‬ َ ِّ‫َوالت‬
﴾٤﴿ ‫َح َس ِن تَ ْق ِو ٍي‬
ْ‫أ‬
“Demi tin dan zaitun, dan Bukit Sinai dan negeri yang aman (Mekah),
sungguh Kami telah menciptakan manusia dalam bentuk yang sebaik-
baiknya.”
(Quran 95: 1-4)

Terdapat banyak ayat yang menyebut buah-buahan secara am dan/atau


menamakannya secara khusus sebagai salah-satu ciptaan Allah (swt) untuk
dimanfaatkan oleh manusia serta haiwan sebagai makanan.

﴾١٩﴿ ‫اب لَّ ُك ْم فِ َيها فَ َواكِهُ َكثِ َريةٌ َوِمْن َها تَأْ ُكلُو َن‬ َ
ٍ ِ
ٍ َ‫َّات ِمن َُِّّن ٍيل وأ َْعن‬
ِّ ‫َنشأْنَا لَ ُكم بِه َجن‬
َ ‫فَأ‬
“Lalu dengan air itu, Kami tumbuhkan untuk kamu kebun-kebun kurma
dan anggur. Di dalam kebun-kebun itu kamu peroleh buah-buahan
yang banyak dan sebahagian dari buah-buahan itu kamu makan.”
(Quran 23: 19)

َّ ‫ع ُمُْتَلِ ًفا أُ ُكلُهُ َو‬


‫الزيْتُو َن‬ َ ‫الزْر‬
َّ ‫َّخ َل َو‬ ٍ َ ‫ات و َغي ر معر‬
ْ ‫وشات َوالن‬ ُ ْ َ َ ْ َ ‫وش‬
ٍ َ ‫َّات َّمعر‬
ُْ
ٍ ‫َنشأَ جن‬ ِ
َ َ ‫َوُه َو الَّذي أ‬
‫ص ِادهِ ۗ َوََل‬ ِ ٍ ِ
َ ‫َوالخرَّما َن ُمتَ َشاِبًا َو َغْي َر ُمتَ َشابِه ۗ ُكلُوا من ََثَِرِه إِ َذا أ ََْثََر َوآتُوا َحقَّهُ يَ ْوَم َح‬
ِ ‫تُ ْس ِرفُوا ۗ إِنَّهُ ََل ُُِي خ‬
﴾١٤١﴿ ‫ي‬ َ ‫ب الْ ُم ْس ِرف‬
“Dan Dialah yang menjadikan kebun-kebun yang berjunjung dan yang
tidak berjunjung, pokok kurma, tanam-tanaman yang bermacam-
macam buahnya, zaitun dan delima yang serupa (bentuk dan

150 Centre of Quranic Research (CQR)


Qur’anic Research: Interaction of Knowledge, Science, and Civilization

warnanya) dan tidak sama rasanya. Makanlah dari buahnya (yang


bermacam-macam itu) bila ia berbuah, dan tunaikanlah haknya di hari
memetik hasilnya (dengan dikeluarkan zakatnya). Dan kamu janganlah
berlebih-lebihan. Sesungguhnya Allah tidak menyukai orang-orang
yang berlebihan.”
(Quran 6: 141)

Terdapat juga surah al-Quran yang memberikan tumpuan beberapa ayatnya mengenai
buah-buahan, seperti dalam surah ‘Abasa (80) yang menyatakan tentang hujan yang
diturunkan membantu tumbuh-tumbuhan termasuklah sayur-sayuran, rumput serta
pokok buah-buahan seperti zaitun, tamar dan anggur yang boleh dimanfaatkan oleh
manusia serta haiwan.
ِِ
‫ض‬
َ ‫﴾ ُُثَّ َش َق ْقنَا ْاْل َْر‬٢٥﴿ ‫صبًّا‬
َ َ‫صبَْب نَا الْ َماء‬ َ ‫﴾ أَنَّا‬٢٤﴿ ‫نسا ُن إِ َ َٰل طَ َعامه‬ ِ ِ
َ ‫فَ ْليَنظُر ْاْل‬
‫﴾ َو َح َدائِ َق‬٢٩﴿ ‫﴾ َوَزيْتُونًا َوَُّنْ ًل‬٢٨﴿‫ضبًا‬ ْ َ‫﴾ َو ِعنَبًا َوق‬٢٧﴿ ‫﴾ فَأَنبَتْ نَا فِ َيها َحبًّا‬٢٦﴿ ‫َشقًّا‬
﴾٣٢﴿ ‫اعا لَّ ُك ْم َوِْلَنْ َع ِام ُك ْم‬ ِ
ً َ‫﴾ َّمت‬٣١﴿‫﴾ َوفَاك َه ًة َوأَبًّا‬٣٠﴿ ‫غُلْبًا‬
“Maka manusia itu hendaklah memerhatikan makanannya.
Sesungguhnya Kami benar-benar telah mencurahkan air (dari langit).
Kemudian Kami belah bumi dengan sebaik-baiknya. Lalu Kami
tumbuhkan biji-bijian di bumi itu. Anggur dan sayur-sayuran, zaitun
dan kurma, kebun-kebun (yang lebat), buah-buahan serta rumput untuk
kesenangan mu dan untuk binatang-binatang ternakan mu.”
(Quran 80: 24-32)

Ayat-ayat yang merujuk kepadanya dengan kiasan bahawa buah-buahan dan/atau


produknya merupakan ganjaran baik di akhirat kepada kehidupan manusia di dunia
turut boleh ditemui.
﴾٣٢﴿ ‫﴾ َح َدائِ َق َوأ َْعنَابًا‬٣١﴿ ‫ي َم َف ًازا‬ ِ ِ
َ ‫إِ َّن للْ ُمتَّق‬
“Sesungguhnya orang-orang yang bertaqwa akan mendapat
kesenangan. Kebun-kebun dan anggur.”
(Quran 78: 31 & 32)

‫يل ِصنْ َوا ٌن َو َغْي ُر ِصنْ َو ٍان يُ ْس َق ٰى ِبَ ٍاء‬ ِ ٌ ‫اب وَزر‬
ٌ ‫ع َوَُّن‬
ٍ ِ ٌ ‫ات وجن‬
ْ َ َ‫َّات ِّم ْن أ َْعن‬ َ َ ٌ ‫ض قطَ ٌع خمتَ َجا ِوَر‬
ِ ِ ‫وِِف ْاْلَر‬
ْ َ
ِ ٍ ِ ٍ ِ ٰ ِ ِ ٍ ِ‫و‬
﴾٤﴿ ‫ك ََليَات لَِّق ْوم يَ ْعقلُو َن‬ َ ‫ض ِِف ْاْلُ ُك ِل ۗ إ َّن ِِف ذَل‬
ٍ ‫ض َها َعلَ ٰى بَ ْع‬
َ ‫ض ُل بَ ْع‬
ِّ ‫احد َونُ َف‬ َ
“Dan di bumi ini terdapat bahagian-bahagian yang berdampingan,
kebun-kebun anggur, tanaman-tanaman, pokok kurma yang bercabang
dan yang tidak bercabang, disiram dengan air yang sama. Kami
melebihkan sebahagian tanam-tanaman itu atas sebahagian yang lain
tentang rasanya. Sesungguhnya pada yang demikian, terdapat tanda-
tanda kebesaran Allah bagi kaum yang berfikir.”
(Quran 13: 4)

‫ك ََليَةً لَِِّق ْوٍم‬ ِ


َ ‫َّخ ُذو َن ِمنْهُ َس َكًرا َوِرْزقًا َح َسنًا ۗ إِ َّن ِِف ٰذَل‬
ِ ‫اب تَت‬
ِ َ‫َعن‬ ِ ‫وِمن ََثَر‬
ِ ‫ات الن‬
ْ ‫َّخ ِيل َو ْاْل‬ َ َ
﴾٦٧﴿ ‫يَ ْع ِقلُو َن‬

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Qur’anic Research: Interaction of Knowledge, Science, and Civilization

“Dan dari buah kurma dan anggur, kami jadikan dari (perahannya)
minuman yang memabukkan dan rezeki yang baik. Sesungguhnya pada
yang demikian itu ada tanda bagi kaum yang mahu memikirkannya.”
(Quran 16: 67)

﴾٩١﴿‫ب فَتُ َف ِِّجَر ْاْلَنْ َه َار ِخ َل ََّلَا تَ ْف ِج ًريا‬


ٍ َ‫ك َجنَّةٌ ِِّمن َُِّّن ٍيل و ِعن‬
َ َ َ‫أ َْو تَ ُكو َن ل‬
“Atau (sehingga) engkau mempunyai kebun dari kurma dan anggur,
lalu engkau mengalirkan sungai-sungai dicelah-celahnya dengan
terpancar.” (Quran 17: 91)

Buah-buahan ada juga disebut di dalam al-Quran sebagai sebahagian kepada


kisah utama yang lain, seperti dalam al-Quran 2:266 dan al-Quran 18:32.
Terdapat juga yang menerangkan baghaimana buah bukan sahaja untuk
dimakan, malah ada hasilnya boleh digunakan untuk perkara lain, seperti
minyak zaitun sebagai minyak dalam al-Quran 24:35 dan seperti ayat di bawah:

ِِ ِ ِ ِ
ْ ‫ت بِالد‬
َ ‫خه ِن َوصْب ٍغ لِّ ْْلكل‬
﴾٢٠﴿ ‫ي‬ ُ ُ‫َو َش َجَرًة ََتُْر ُج من طُوِر َسْي نَاءَ تَنب‬
“Dan pokok kayu keluar dari Thursina (pokok zaitun), yang
menghasilkan minyak, dan pemakan makanan bagi orang-orang yang
makan.” (Quran 23: 20)

Kandungan Nutrisi Di Dalam Buah-Buahan

Ada dinyatakan di dalam banyak bahan rujukan tentang kelebihan kandungan nutrisi
yang ada pada buah-buahan ini:
1) Anggur atau kismis: Sangat kaya dengan nutrisi penting seperti vitamin dan
bahan mineral. Sebanyak 20-25% kandungan anggur adalah gula ringkas yang senang
diserap masuk ke dalam saluran darah. Terdapat juga kuantiti zat besi yang tinggi di
dalam sebiji buah anggur yang dapat membantu penghasilan darah serta bertindak
sebagai penawar atau ubat semula jadi bagi penyakit hati, buah pinggang dan juga
yang berkaitan sistem pencernaan. Pesakit yang menderita ulser perut, keradangan
usus kecil, rheumatism dan yang diracun adalah sangat digalakkan untuk meminum
jus anggur ini. Kandungan gula ringkas yang ada pada buah anggur menjadikan
iannya sesuai untuk diambil sebagai diet bagi kanak-kanak autisme.

2) Kurma:Kaya dengan zat besi yang boleh meningkatkan kadar hemoglobin.


Selain itu, kurma juga mengandungi protein, serat, glukosa, vitamin, biotin (vitamin
B kompleks), niasin (vitamin B3), dan asam folat. Seperti yang diketahui umum
vitamin B mempunyai kesan positif terhadap fungsi tisu saraf. Ada juga saintis yang
mencadangkan kurma mempunyai kesan untuk mengurangkan kemurungan. Kurma
juga mengandungi mineral seperti kalsium, sodium dan potasium. Kadar protein pada
buah kurma adalah sekitar 1.8-2 %, kadar glukosa sekitar 50- 57 %, dan kadar serat 2-
4% (Jahromi et al., 2007). Kandungan karbohidrat dalam kurma juga tinggi iaitu
antara 44-88%, manakala lemak (0.2-0.5%), 15 garam dan mineral, protein (2.3-
5.6%), vitamin dan serat (6.4-11.5%). Isi kurma sahaja mengandungi 0.2-0.5%
minyak, manakala bijinya mengandungi 7.7-9.7% minyak. (Farhangi 2014). Manfaat
kesihatan yang diperoleh dengan memakan kurma adalah: (a) ia mengandungi

152 Centre of Quranic Research (CQR)


Qur’anic Research: Interaction of Knowledge, Science, and Civilization

kandungan lemak yang sangat rendah, serta kaya dengan vitamin dan mineral, (b) ia
kaya dengan sumber protein, serat dan vitamin B1, B2, B3 dan B5 serta bitamin A1
dan C3, (c) membantu sistem pencernaan kerana mempunyai serat yang larut dan
tidak larut serta beberapa jenis asid amino. (d) kurma merupakan peransang/penguat
tenaga yang bagus kerana kandungan gula seperti glukosa, sukrosa dan fruktosa yang
tinggi, (e) kandungan kalium yang tinggi dan natrium yang rendah membantu
mengawal sistem saraf, (f) kandungan zat besi yang tinggi penting untuk merawat
anemia serta kandungan florin untuk melambatkan proses kerosakan gigi, (g)
membantu merawat sembelit, (h) membantu menambah berat, dan akhir sekali (i)
membantu merawat kanser abdomen atau perut (Al-shahib & Marshall, 2003).
Manfaat kesihatan yang disenaraikan juga secara tidak langsung boleh diaplikasikan
dalam kesihatan kanak-kanak autisme.

3) Zaitun: Merupakan komoditi penting kerana ia mengeluarkan minyak


bernutrisi yang boleh diambil dan mempunyai nilai dalam perubatan. Buah zaitun
jarang diambil dalam bentuk semulajadi kerana rasanya yang sangat pahit sebaliknya
dimakan dalam bentuk minyak. Buah zaitun membekalkan kalori yang mengandungi
anti-oksidan, mineral, phytosterols dan vitamin yang penting. Buah zaitun
mengandungi bahan fenolik seperti oleuropein dan oleocanthal yang menyebabkan
rasa pahit dan bau yang menusuk. Kandungan antioksidan di dalam zaitun beserta
vitamin E dan karotenoid memainkan peranan yang penting dalam melawan kanser,
keradangan, penyakit jantung koronari, penyakit kemerosotan saraf, kencing manis
dan lain-lain (Farhangi et al., 2014).

4) Delima: Mengandungi kandungan kalium yang tinggi dan begitu juga


mineral seperti fosforus, kalsium, zat besi dan natrium serta vitamin A, B1, B2, B3
dan C. Kandungan nutrisi dalam delima bertindak mengawal keseimbangan air dalam
badan, membantu fungsi saraf dan otot, membantu degupan jantung secara normal
serta mengurangkan kandungan gula dalam aliran darah. Secara umumnya, delima
memulihkan otot yang letih dan menguatkan jantung. Delima dilaporkan dapat
merawat cirit-birit, sakit telinga, penglihatan, demam, sakit gigi dan sakit gusi serta
ketakcernaan (Sumner et al. 2005; Sartippour et al. 2008; Langley, 2000; Khan et al.,
2007; Jurenka, 2008; Basu, 2009; Tavilani & Mohsenzadeh, 2013). Justeru, buah
delima adalah digalakkan untuk dimakan oleh kanak-kanak dengan autisme yang
sering dilaporkan menghadapi masalah berkaitan sistem gastrousus atau
penghadaman.

5) Buah tin: Kalorinya rendah dan mengandungi serat larut, mineral, vitamin,
serta antioksidan yang meyumbang kepada kesihatan yang optimum. Buah tin yang
kering merupakan sumber yang terbaik bagi mineral, vitamin dan antioksidan; bahkan
buah tin yang kering mempunyai lebih tinggi sumber tersebut berbanding dengan
buah tin yang segar. Buah tin juga mempunyai bahan fenol dan antioksidan seperti
karotin, lutein, tannins dan lain-lain. Antioksidan dan fitokima dalam buah tin
membantu melawan radikal bebas dan seterusnya melindungi dari terkena kanser,
diabetis, penyakit degeneratif dan juga jangkitan. Tambahan pula, ada kajian
menunjukkan bahawa asid klorogernik dalam buah tin membantu menurunkan
kandungan gula dalam darah serta mengawal paras gula dalam darah terutamanya
bagi pesakit diabetis jenis–II. Oleh itu, kedua-dua buah tin yang segar dan kering
masing-masing mengandungi vitamin yang berfungsi sebagai ko-faktor bagi
metabolisme untuk karbohidrat, protein dan lemak. Buah tin yang kering juga
153
Qur’anic Research: Interaction of Knowledge, Science, and Civilization

merupakan sumber mineral yang terbaik seperti kalsium, kuprum, zat besi, zink dan
kalium. Kalium adalah komponen penting bagi sel dan cecair dalam badan yang
membantu mengawal kadar degupan jantung serta tekanan darah. Manakala, kuprum
pula diperlukan bagi pembentukan sel darah merah dan juga untuk oksidasi selular
(Appel et al., 1997; Shanahan et al., 2001; Cho et al., 2004).

Kesimpulan

Justeru, kandungan kimia atau nutrisi yang terdapat dalam buah-buahan seperti
anggur, kurma, buah tin, dan delima, khususnya gula ringkas seperti fruktosa,
sekaligus mampu memberikan nutrisi tambahan kanak-kanak dengan autisme.
Tambahan pula buah-buahan ini dikatakan mempunyai kesan positif kepada tisu saraf
serta fungsi berkaitan dengannya. Faktor-faktor positif lain yang ada pada buah-
buahan ini juga berkemungkinan dapat meningkatkan kesihatan serta kesejahteraan
emosi dan/atau tingkah laku kanak-kanak dengan autisme terutamanya sewaktu
makan. Oleh itu, diet yang merangkumi buah-buahan, terutamanya yang dinyatakan
di dalam al-Quran adalah digalakkan untuk kanak-kanak dengan autisme.

Penghargaan

Untuk Universiti Malaya atas pembiayaan dana (University of Malaya Research


Grant RG272-14AFR).

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MAKANAN OLAHAN DALAM AL-QUR’AN DAN AL-HADITH: KAJIAN


DARI SUDUT MANFAAT DAN MUDHARAT

Siti Sarah Binti Izham1


Dr. Khadher Bin Ahmad 2
Prof. Dato’ Dr. Zulkifli Haji Mohd Yusoff3

Abstrak

Makanan merupakan perkara asas yang diperlukan dalam


sesebuah kehidupan. Pengambilan keatasnya mestilah terdiri
daripada sumber yang baik dan halal. Ini kerana setiap apa yang
dimakan akan menjadi darah daging dan penentu kepada
perkembangan fizikal, mental dan emosi. Menurut M Quraish
Shihab, makanan terbahagi kepada tiga iaitu nabati, haiwani dan
olahan. Makanan olahan adalah proses mengerjakan sesuatu
sehingga menjadi sesuatu yang lain (yang dapat digunakan).
Perbincangan mengenai makanan olahan dalam al-Qur’an dan
hadith adalah jarang dilakukan berbanding makanan nabati dan
haiwani. Ini menjadikan kategori makanan olahan kurang
diketahui. Justeru itu, kajian ini berperanan membincangkan
secara tuntas berkaitan permasalahan ini dan mendedahkan
berkaitan manfaat dan mudharat daripada makanan olahan ini.
Penyelidikan ini menggunakan metode perpustakaan (library
research) sepenuhnya. Manakala analisis dilakukan berdasarkan
ayat-ayat dari al-Qur’an dan al-hadith dan juga fakta-fakta sains.
Dapatan kajian menunjukkan terdapat sembilan makanan olahan
dalam al-Qur’an dan al-hadith. Kajian ini dapat memberi
pendedahan yang baru dalam soal makanan olahan yang terdapat
dalam al-Qur’an dan al-hadith serta dapat mengetahui manfaat
dan mudharatnya.

Pengenalan

Pepatah Arab menyebut al-Ma’dah bait al-Da’ yang bermaksud perut merupakan ibu
segala penyakit. Ini memberi pengertian bahawa setiap apa makanan yang dimakan

1
Pelajar Ijazah Doktor Falsafah Jabatan al-Qur’an dan al-Hadith, Akademi Pengajian Islam,
Universiti Malaya. [email protected]
2
Pensyarah Kanan Jabatan al-Qur’an dan al-Hadith, Akademi Pengajian Islam, Universiti
Malaya
3
Profesor Jabatan al-Qur’an dan al-Hadith, Akademi Pengajian Islam, Universiti Malaya
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mestilah diperhatikan terlebih dahulu. Jika baik dan berkhasiatnya makanan tersebut
maka baik dan sihatlah tubuh badan. Sebaliknya jika buruk dan tidak berkhasiat maka
senanglah untuk didatangi pelbagai penyakit. Makanan merupakan perkara asas yang
diperlukan dalam sesebuah kehidupan. Pengambilan keatasnya mestilah terdiri
daripada sumber yang baik dan halal. Ini kerana setiap apa yang dimakan akan
menjadi darah daging dan penentu kepada perkembangan fizikal, mental dan emosi.

Allah s.w.t. menerusi al-Qur’an dan wahyu kepada baginda s.a.w. telah
membicarakan berkaitan makanan. Antara ayat al-Qur’an yang menyentuh berkaitan
makanan adalah seperti, “dan makanlah dari rezeki yang telah diberikan Allah
kepada kamu, iaitu yang halal lagi baik, dan bertaqwalah kepada Allah yang
kepadanya sahaja kamu beriman”(Surah al-Maidah (5):88) dan “maka makanlah
dari (sembelihan binatang-binatang halal) yang disebut nama Allah ketika
menyembelihnya, jika betul kamu beriman kepada ayat-ayatNya”. (Surah al-An’am
(5):118) Ayat pertama menerangkan bahawa Allah taala menyuruh hamba-hambaNya
untuk makan makanan yang halal lagi baik. Manakala ayat kedua menerangkan
bahawa dalam proses sembelihan dan makan mestilah dengan menyebut nama Allah.

Menurut M Quraish Shihab, makanan terbahagi kepada tiga iaitu nabati,


haiwani dan olahan. Makanan olahan adalah proses mengerjakan sesuatu sehingga
menjadi sesuatu yang lain (yang dapat digunakan). Makanan yang terdiri daripada
nabati atau tumbuh-tumbuhan dan haiwani atau haiwan banyak dibincangkan oleh
pengkaji-pengkaji yang lain. Manakala makanan olahan adalah jarang
diperbincangkan. Oleh itu, kajian ini akan memperbincangakan berkaitan makanan
olahan dalam al-Qur’an dan al-Hadith. Dan meninjau dari sudut manfaat serta
mudharatnya.

Metodologi dan Skop

Pengkajian ini mengaplikasikan metode perpustakaan sepenuhnya dalam


mengumpulkan data. Dalam proses pengkaji menyelesaikan kajian ini, pengkaji
hanya akan menggunakan buku-buku yang terdiri daripada bahasa Melayu, Inggeris
dan Arab. Selain itu, pengkaji turut sama menggunakan sumber-sumber dari artikel.
Manakala dalam menganalisis data pengkaji menggunakan analisis induktif dan
deduktif. Iaitu dari semua ayat al-Qur’an yang menceritakan tentang makanan,
pengkaji akan menganalisis dan mendapatkan ayat al-Qur’an yang berkaitan dengan
makanan olahan. Begitu juga dalam hadith. Pengkaji akan melihat hadith-hadith yang
membincangkan mengenai makanan dan minuman, daripada situ pengkaji akan
menganalisis seterusnya mendapatkan hadith-hadith yang hanya menyentuh berkaitan
dengan makanan olahan. Setelah itu pengkaji akan membahaskan hadith-hadith
tersebut.

Dari aspek hadith, pengkaji akan menggunakan kitab Sahih Bukhari dan
Sahih Muslim pada bab al-ath’imah (makanan) dan al-asyribah (minuman) sahaja.
Pemilihan hanya kepada dua kitab ini bertitik tolak daripada status kitab tersebut. Di
mana, pengkaji memerlukan hanya hadith-hadith yang sahih sahaja dijadikan panduan
supaya hasil kajian adalah datang daripada sumber yang benar, sahih dan tiada
pertikaian. Manakala pemilihan hanya kepada bab al-Ath’imah (makanan) dan al-

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Asyribah (minuman) adalah kerana objektif utama kajian ini adalah untuk mengkaji
berkaitan makanan.

Makanan dan pembahagiaannya menurut al-Qur’an dan al-Hadith

Makanan berasal dari kata “makan” yang telah di tambah imbuhan –an
dibelakangnya. Makan bermaksud memamah serta menelan makanan dan juga
mengunyah (Kamus Dewan, 980). Manakala makanan adalah bermaksud apa sahaja
yang boleh dimakan seperti roti, nasi dan lain-lain (Kamus Dewan, 981).

Makanan dalam bahasa arab adalah ta’am. Yakni kata mufrad, jama’nya ialah
at-imah. Ta’am ialah nama keseluruhan bagi setiap yang dimakan dan ada yang
mengatakan ia dikhususkan bagi gandum. Al-Kafawi berkata, “ta’am kadangkala
digunakan bagi menyebut minuman. Ini sebagaimana firman Allah:

    

Al-Baqarah (02): 249

Terjemahan: Dan sesiapa yang tidak merasai airnya maka


sesungguhnya ia dari pengikutku,

Disebut minuman itu sebagai ta’am bertitik tolak dari firman Allah di atas, kerana
asal lafaz ini mengisyaratkan, merasakan sesuatu atau setiap apa yang dirasai. Lafaz
ta’am telah disebutkan sebanyak 24 kali dalam al-Qur’an (Zulkifli, 342). Manakala
dalam hadith fokusnya dalam sahihain telah diletakkan bab khas bagi
membincangkan berkaitan ta’am iaitu bab makanan dan bab minuman.

Makanan dalam al-Qur’an dapat dibahagikan kepada tiga bahagian menurut


M. Quraish Shihab. Pertama, nabati. Kedua, haiwani. Dan ketiga olahan (M. Quraish
Shihab, 137). Nabati adalah bahagian makanan dari tumbuh-tumbuhan. Haiwani pula
adalah bahagian makanan dari haiwan. Manakala yang ketiga ialah makanan olahan.
Perbincangannya akan dibincangkan kemudian.

Makanan dalam hadith pula merujuk kepada bab makanan dan bab minuman.
Melalui kedua-dua bab ini, dapat dibahagikan kepada lima bahagian. Pertama, nabati.
Kedua, haiwani. Ketiga, bijiran. Keempat, olahan. Dan kelima, tidak termasuk mana-
mana kategori.

Definisi Makanan Olahan

Makanan olahan merupakan salah satu daripada pembahagian makanan yang terdapat
dalam al-Qur’an mahupun hadith. Makanan olahan berasal dari perkataan olah yang
membawa maksud mengerjakan sehingga menjadi sesuatu yang lain (yang dapat
digunakan). Manakala apabila ditambah imbuhan –an, perkatan olah menjadi olahan
membawa maksud proses dalam mengolah atau diolah (Kamus Dewan, 1095).

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Berdasarkan takrifan di atas, memberi pengertian bahawa sesuatu makanan


yang apabila mengalami proses pengubah suaian atau melalui proses pencampuran
daripada bahan asal sehingga menjadikannya membentuk satu bahan yang lain yang
berbeza dari sudut fizikal, rasa mahupun namanya di sebut sebagai makanan olahan.
Sebagai contoh, khamr. Khamr termasuk kategori makanan olahan kerana proses
menjadi khamr ialah perubahan atau pengubah suaian daripada bahan asal seperti
kurma ataupun anggur (M. Quraish Shihab, 144).

Taburan Ayat al-Qur’an dan Hadith-hadith Dalam Al-Sahihain Berkaitan


Makanan Olahan

Berikut merupakan jadual berkaitan taburan ayat al-Qur’an dan hadith dalam kitab al-
sahihain yang membincangkan berkaitan makanan olahan.

Bil Al-Qur’an/Hadith Makanan Olahan No. ayat/ no. hadith


1. Al-Qur’an Khamr Surah al-Nahl: 67
Surah al-Baqarah: 219
Surah al-Maidah: 90

2. Hadith 1. Khamr SB: 5580, 5600, 5585,


5586, 5588, 5589, 5602,
5622,
SM: 5131, 5132, 5133,
5135, 5136, 5137, 5138,
5145, 5149, 5150, 5151,
5153, 5154, 5156, 5157,
5158, 5159, 5160, 5161,
5162, 5163, 5164, 5165
2. Al-Bitu’ SB: 5585, 5586
SM: 5211, 5212, 5213,
5214, 5215, 5216
3. Al-Bazaq SB: 5598
4. Al-Mizr SM: 5214, 5215, 5216,
5217
5. Nabiz SB: 5591
6. Roti (Al-Naqi SB: 5385, 5386, 5410,
/Akrisoh/ Khabzun) 5413, 5414, 5415, 5430,
5438
SM: 5325, 5353, 5355
7. Al-Tharid SB: 5418, 5419, 5420,
5428
8. Sawiq SB: 5384, 5390, 5454,
5455
9. Khazirah SB: 5401
10. Khatifah SB: 5450
11. Hais SB: Bab 16, 5387, 5425
12. Wathbah SM: 5328
13. Talbinah SB: 5417

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14. Keju SB: 5387, 5389, 5402


15.Samn SB: 5387, 5389
16.Cuka SM: 5350, 5351, 5352,
5353, 5354, 5355
17. Manisan SB: 5431
18.Kismis SB: 5588, 5589
SM: 5116, 5117, 5118,
5119, 5120, 5121, 5122,
5123, 5124, 5125, 5126,
5127, 5128, 5129, 5130,
5131, 5132, 5133, 5134,
5135.

Jadual di atas memaparkan berkaitan makanan olahan yang terdapat dalam al-Qur’an
dan hadith. Daripada jadual tersebut, makanan olahan yang terdapat dalam al-Qur’an
adalah satu jenis iaitu khamr. Manakala dalam hadith terdapat lapan jenis iaitu khamr,
al-bitu’, al-bazaaq, al-mizr, wathbah, al-naqi, al-tharid dan talbinah.

Perbincangan Mengenai Ayat al-Qur’an dan Hadith-hadith Dalam Al-Sahihain


Berkaitan Jenis Makanan Olahan

Makanan olahan yang terdapat dalam al-Qur’an hanyalah khamr. Ini sebagaimana
yang telah disebutkan oleh M. Quraish Shibah (M. Quraish Shihab, 144). Meletakkan
khamr sebagai makanan olahan adalah kerana khamr bukanlah bahan asas. Untuk
menjadikan khamr mestilah melalui suatu bentuk pemprosesan atau olahan antara
beberapa bahan. Ini sebagaimana yang telah difirmankan oleh Allah Taala:

          

    

Surah al-Nahl: 67

Terjemahan: Dan dari buah tamar (kurma) dan anggur kamu jadikan
daripadanya minuman haram dan makanan serta minuman yang
halal; Sesungguhnya pada yang demikian itu terdapat satu tanda
(yang membuktikan kekuasaan Allah) bagi orang-orang yang mahu
menggunakan akalnya.

Ayat Allah di atas menerangkan bahawa pembuatan khamr itu diperbuat


daripada tamr dan anggur. Dimana, asalnya kedua-dua bahan ini adalah merupakan
jenis makanan yang halal yang boleh dimakan. Tetapi menjadi haram apabila proses
pembuatannya sehingga menjadikan buruk dan membawa kepada kemabukan.

Manakala dalil yang menyebut makanan olahan dalam hadith adalah seperti berikut:

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Hadith pertama:

:‫ أَنَّهُ َسأ ََل َس ْه اًل‬:‫ َح َّدثَِِن أَبُو َحا ِزٍم‬:‫ال‬ ُ ِ‫َحدَّثَنَا َسع‬
َ َ‫ ق‬،‫ َحدَّثَنَا أَبُو َغ َّسا َن‬،‫يد بْ ُن أَِِب َم ْرَََي‬
‫ فَ َه ْل ُكنْتُ ْم‬:‫ت‬
ُ ْ‫ «لَ» فَ ُقل‬:‫ال‬ َ َ‫صلَّى هللاُ َعلَْي ِه َو َسلَّ َم الن َِّق َّي؟ ق‬ َ ‫َّب‬ ِ ِ ِ
‫َه ْل َرأَيْتُ ْم ِف َزَمان الن ِي‬
4
»ُ‫ َولَ ِك ْن ُكنَّا نَنْ ُف ُخه‬،َ‫ «ل‬:‫ال‬ َ َ‫تَنْ ُخلُو َن الشَّعِ َري؟ ق‬
Terjemahan: Telah menceritakan kepada kami Sa’id bin Abi
Maryam, telah menceritakan kepada kami Abu Qassan, telah berkata:
telah menceritakan kepada aku Abu Hazim: Sesungguhnya aku
bertanya Sahla: “adakah kamu melihat pada zaman Nabi s.a.w. al-
Naqi?” Beliau menjawab: “tidak”. Aku berkata: “apakah kamu
mengayak tepung?” Dia menjawab, “tidak, tetapi kami meniupnya”

Hadith kedua:

‫ َع ْن ُُثَ َامةَ بْ ِن‬،‫ َحدَّثَنَا ابْ ُن َع ْو ٍن‬،‫اِت‬ ٍِ ‫اِت األَ ْش َهل بْن َح‬ ٍِ ‫ ََِس َع أَبَا َح‬،‫اَّللِ بْ ُن ُمنِ ٍري‬
َّ ‫َحدَّثَنَا َعْب ُد‬
َ َ
ِ َّ ‫س َر ِض َي‬
ُ‫صلَّى هللاُ َعلَْيه َو َسلَّ َم َعلَى غًُلٍَم لَه‬ َ ‫َّب‬ ِ
‫ت َم َع الن ِي‬ ُ ْ‫ َد َخل‬:‫ال‬ َ َ‫ ق‬،ُ‫اَّللُ َعنْه‬ ٍ َ‫ َع ْن أَن‬،‫س‬ ٍ َ‫أَن‬
ُ‫صلَّى هللا‬ َ ‫َّب‬ُّ ِ‫ «فَ َج َع َل الن‬:‫ال‬ َ َ‫ ق‬،‫ َوأَقْ بَ َل َعلَى َع َملِِه‬:‫ال‬ َ َ‫ ق‬،‫ص َع اة فِ َيها ثَِري ٌد‬ ِ ‫ فَ َقد‬،‫اط‬
ْ َ‫َّم إِلَْيه ق‬
َ
ٍ َّ‫خي‬
َ
ِ ِ
‫ت بَ ْع ُد‬ ُ ْ‫ فَ َما ِزل‬:‫ال‬ َ َ‫ْي يَ َديْه ق‬ َْ َ‫َض ُعهُ ب‬
َ ‫ت أَتَتَبَّ ُعهُ فَأ‬ُ ‫ فَ َج َع ْل‬:‫ال‬
َ َ‫الدبَّاءَ» ق‬ ُّ ‫َعلَْيه َو َسلَّ َم يَتَتَبَّ ُع‬
5
َ‫الدبَّاء‬
ُّ ‫ب‬ ُّ ‫أ ُِح‬
Terjemahan: Telah menceritakan kepada kami ‘Abd Allah bin Munir,
aku mendengar Aba Hatim al-Asyhal bin hatim, telah menceritakan
kepada kami ‘Auni, dari Thumamah bin Anas, dari Anas r.a. telah
berkata: “aku masuk bersama Nabi s.a.w. kepada seorang budak
tukang jahit. Maka dihidangkan kepadanya piring berisi tharid”. Dia
berkata: “maka Nabi s.a.w. mencari-cari dubba’.” Dia berkata: “maka
aku pun mencarinya kemudian meletakkan dihadapannya.” Dia
berkata, “sejak itu aku menyukai dubba’.

Hadith ketiga:

،‫ت بُ َشْي َر بْ َن يَ َسا ٍر‬ ِ ٍِ َِّ ‫حدَّثَنَا علِي بن عب ِد‬


ُ ‫ ََس ْع‬:‫ال ََْي ََي بْ ُن َسعيد‬
َ َ‫ ق‬،‫ َحدَّثَنَا ُس ْفيَا ُن‬،‫اَّلل‬ ْ َ ُ ْ ُّ َ َ
ِ ِ
‫صلَّى هللاُ َعلَْيه َو َسلَّ َم إ ََل‬ ِ ِ ِ
َ ‫اَّلل‬
َّ ‫ َخَر ْجنَا َم َع َر ُسول‬:‫ال‬َ َ‫ ق‬،‫ َحدَّثَنَا ُس َويْ ُد بْ ُن الن ُّْع َمان‬:‫ول‬
ُ ‫يَ ُق‬
َِّ ‫ول‬
‫اَّلل‬ َ َ‫ ق‬- ‫الص ْهبَ ِاء‬
ُ ‫ َد َعا َر ُس‬- ‫ َوِه َي ِم ْن َخْيبَ َر َعلَى َرْو َح ٍة‬:‫ال ََْي ََي‬ َّ ِ‫ فَلَ َّما ُكنَّا ب‬،‫َخْيبَ َر‬

4
Hadith riwayat al-Bukhari, Kitab al-Ath’imah, Bab al-Nafgh fi al-Sya’ir, no. Hadith 5410.
Lihat Abu ‘Abd Allah Muhammad bin Isma’il al-Bukhari, “Sahih al-Bukhari,” dalam
Mawsu’at al-Hadith al-Sharif: al-Kutub al-Sittah, ed. Salih bin ‘Abd al-‘Aziz Al al-Shaykh
(Riyadh: Dar al-Salam, 2000), 467.
5
Hadith riwayat al-Bukhari, Kitab al-Ath’imah, Bab al-Tharid, no. Hadith 5420. Lihat Abu
‘Abd Allah Muhammad bin Isma’il al-Bukhari, “Sahih al-Bukhari,” dalam Mawsu’at al-
Hadith al-Sharif: al-Kutub al-Sittah, ed. Salih bin ‘Abd al-‘Aziz Al al-Shaykh, 467
162 Centre of Quranic Research (CQR)
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،‫ ُُثَّ َد َعا ِِبَ ٍاء‬،‫ فَأَ َك ْلنَا ِمْن ُه‬،ُ‫ فَلُ ْكنَاه‬،‫ فَ َما أُِِتَ إَِّل بِ َس ِو ٍيق‬،‫صلَّى هللاُ َعلَْي ِه َو َسلَّ َم بِطَ َع ٍام‬َ
ِ ِ
‫ « ََس ْعتُهُ منْهُ َع ْوادا‬:‫ال ُس ْفيَا ُن‬ َ َ‫ضأْ " ق‬ َّ ‫ب َوََلْ يَتَ َو‬ ِ ِ َّ
َ ‫صلى بنَا املَغْر‬ َ َ‫ ف‬،‫ضنَا‬ ْ ‫ض َم‬ ْ ‫ض َوَم‬ َ ‫ض َم‬ ْ ‫فَ َم‬
6
»‫َوبَ ْدءاا‬
Terjemahan: Telah menceritakan kepada kami ‘Ali bin ‘Abd Allah,
telah menceritakan kepada kami Sufyan, telah berkata Yahya bin
Sa’id, Aku mendengar Busyr bin Yasr berkata, telah menceritakan
kepada kami Suwaid bin al-Nu’man berkata, “kami keluar bersama
Rasulullah s.a.w. ke Khaibar ketika kami berada di al-Sohbah – kata
Yahya, Khaibar sejauh satu Rauhah – Rasulullah s.a.w. minta
dibawakan makanan, maka tidak dibawakan kecuali tepung. Kami
pun mengadunnya dan memakannya. Kemudian baginda s.a.w.
meminta dibawakan air lalu berkumur-kumur dan kami berkumur-
kumur. Baginda s.a.w. solat Maghrib mengimami kami tanpa
mengulangi wudhu.” Sufyan berkata, “aku mendengar darinya
beberapa kali dan pertama kali.”

Hadith keempat:

َ ِ‫ فَأَلْ َقى الت َّْمَر َواألَق‬،َ‫ص ِفيَّة‬


‫ط‬ ِ
َ ِ‫صلَّى هللاُ َعلَْيه َو َسلَّ َم ب‬َ ‫َّب‬ ُّ ِ‫ بَ ََن الن‬،‫ت أَنَ اسا‬
ِ
ُ ‫ ََس ْع‬:‫ال ُُحَْي ٌد‬َ َ‫َوق‬
7
»‫صلَّى هللاُ َعلَْي ِه َو َسلَّ َم َحْي اسا‬ ُّ ِ‫صنَ َع الن‬
َ ‫َّب‬ َ « :‫س‬ ٍ َ‫ َع ْن أَن‬،‫ال َع ْمُرو بْ ُن أَِِب َع ْم ٍرو‬
َ َ‫الس ْم َن َوق‬
َّ ‫َو‬
Terjemahan: Humaid berkata: Aku mendengar Anas berkata: Nabi
s.a.w. bersama dengan Shafiyyah, maka dihidangkan kurma dan keju
serta samin. Amr bin Abi Amr berkata dari Anas, “Nabi s.a.w.
membuat hais (makanan yang terbuat dari tepung, kurma dan samn).

Hadith kelima:

ٍ ‫ َع ِن ابْ ِن ِشه‬،‫ َعن ُع َقْي ٍل‬،‫ث‬


‫ َع ْن‬،َ‫ َع ْن ُع ْرَوة‬،‫اب‬ َ ْ ُ ‫ َحدَّثَنَا اللَّْي‬،‫َحدَّثَنَا ََْي ََي بْ ُن بُ َك ٍْري‬
ِ ِ ِ‫ أَنَّها َكانَت إِ َذا مات املي‬:‫َّب صلَّى هللا علَي ِه وسلَّم‬ ِ
‫اجتَ َم َع‬
ْ َ‫ ف‬،‫ت م ْن أ َْهل َها‬ ُ ‫ْ َ َ َي‬ َ َ َ َ ْ َ ُ َ ‫ َزْو ِج النِ ِي‬،‫َعائ َش َة‬
‫صنِ َع‬ ٍ ِ ٍ ْ ‫ أَمر‬،‫اصتَ ها‬ ِ َ ِ‫لِ َذل‬
ُ َّ‫ ُُث‬،‫ت‬ ْ ‫ت بِبُ ْرَمة م ْن تَ ْلبِينَة فَطُبِ َخ‬ َِّ
َ َ َ َّ ‫ ُُثَّ تَ َفَّرقْ َن إل أ َْهلَ َها َو َخ‬،ُ‫ك الني َساء‬

6
Hadith riwayat al-Bukhari, Kitab al-Ath’imah, Bab Laisa ‘ala al-A’ma haraj, wa la ‘ala al-
a’raj haraj, wala ‘ala al-Maridh haraj (al-Nur:61) ila qauluhu (la’allakum ta’qilun)(al-
Baqarah:73), no. Hadith 5384. Lihat Abu ‘Abd Allah Muhammad bin Isma’il al-Bukhari,
“Sahih al-Bukhari,” dalam Mawsu’at al-Hadith al-Sharif: al-Kutub al-Sittah, ed. Salih bin
‘Abd al-‘Aziz Al al-Shaykh, 465
7
Hadith riwayat al-Bukhari, Kitab al-Ath’imah, Bab al-Aqith, tanpa no. Hadith . Lihat Abu
‘Abd Allah Muhammad bin Isma’il al-Bukhari, “Sahih al-Bukhari,” dalam Mawsu’at al-
Hadith al-Sharif: al-Kutub al-Sittah, ed. Salih bin ‘Abd al-‘Aziz Al al-Shaykh, 466.
163
Qur’anic Research: Interaction of Knowledge, Science, and Civilization

‫صلَّى هللاُ َعلَْي ِه‬ َِّ ‫ول‬ ِ ِ ِ َ‫ثَِري ٌد ف‬


َ ‫اَّلل‬ ُ ‫ فَِإِيّن ََس ْع‬،‫ ُكلْ َن منْ َها‬:‫ت‬
َ ‫ت َر ُس‬ ْ َ‫ ُُثَّ قَال‬،‫صبَّت التَّلْبِينَةُ َعلَْي َها‬
ُ
8 ِ
»‫ض احلُْزن‬ ِ
ِ ‫ب ببَ ْع‬ ِ ِ ِ ِ ِ
ِ ‫ «التَّلْبينَةُ ُُم َّمةٌ ل ُف َؤاد املر‬:‫ول‬ُ ‫َو َسلَّ َم يَ ُق‬
ُ ‫ تَ ْذ َه‬،‫يض‬ َ
Terjemahan: Telah menceritakan kepada kami Yahya bin Bukhair,
telah menceritakan kepada kami al-Laiyth dari ‘Aquil, dari Ibn
Syihab, dari ‘Urwah, dari ‘Aisyah isteri Nabi s.a.w.: Sesungguhnya
apabila ada yang meninggal dari keluarganya, maka akan berkumpul
akan perkara itu perempuan-perempuan, kemudian mereka kembali
kecuali ahli keluarga dan orang-orang yang khusus. Maka
diperintahkan membawa periuk berisi talbinah lalu dimasak.
Kemudian dibuat tharid lalu dituangkan ke talbinah, lalu berkata,
“makanlah kalian darinya, sesungguhnya aku mendengar Rasulullah
s.a.w. bersabda, “talbinah menyenangkan hati orang sakit dan
menghilangkan sebahagian kesakitan”.

Hadith keenam:

‫َخبَ َرنَا ُسلَْي َما ُن بْ ُن‬


ْ ‫ أ‬،‫َخبَ َرنَا ََْي ََي بْ ُن َح َّسا َن‬
ِ َّ ‫هللا بْ ُن َعْب ِد‬
ْ ‫ أ‬،‫الر ُْحَ ِن الدَّا ِرم ُّي‬
ِ ‫ح َّدثَِِن عب ُد‬
َْ َ
َّ ِ َّ ِ ِ ِ ِ ِ
َّ ‫ أ‬،َ‫ َع ْن َعائ َشة‬،‫ َع ْن أَبيه‬،َ‫ َع ْن ه َشام بْ ِن عُْرَوة‬،‫بًَِلل‬ ٍ
:‫ال‬َ َ‫ ق‬،‫صلى هللاُ َعلَْيه َو َسل َم‬ َّ ِ‫َن الن‬
َ ‫َّب‬
9 ِْ ‫ أَ ِو‬- ‫«نِ ْعم ْاأل ُُد ُم‬
»‫ ا ْْلَ ُّل‬- ‫اْل َد ُام‬ َ
Terjemahan: Telah menceritakan kepada aku ‘Abd Allah bin ‘Abd
Rahman al-Darimi, telah mengkhabarkan kepada kami Yahya bin
Hassan, telah mengkhabarkan kepada kami Sulaiman bin Bilal, dari
Hisyam bin ‘Urwah dari ayahnya, dari ‘Aisyah, sesungguhnya Nabi
s.a.w. telah bersabda: “sebaik-baik lauk atau satu lauk yang baik
adalah cuka”.

Hadith ketujuh:

‫ َع ْن‬،‫َخبَ َرِّن أَِِب‬


ْ ‫ أ‬:‫ال‬ َ َ‫ ق‬،‫ َع ْن ِه َش ٍام‬،‫ُس َام َة‬ ِ
َ ‫ َع ْن أَِِب أ‬،‫يم احلَْنظَل ُّي‬
ِ ِ ُ ‫ح َّدثَِِن إِسح‬
َ ‫اق بْ ُن إبَْراه‬ َْ َ
ِ ِ
ُّ ‫صلَّى هللاُ َعلَْيه َو َسلَّ َم َُي‬
‫ب احلَلْ َو َاء‬ ِ ِ ِ
َ ‫اَّلل‬
َّ ‫ول‬ ُ ‫ « َكا َن َر ُس‬:‫ت‬ ْ َ‫ قَال‬،‫اَّللُ َعْن َها‬
َّ ‫َعائ َش َة َرض َي‬
10
»‫الع َس َل‬
َ ‫َو‬

8
Hadith riwayat al-Bukhari, Kitab al-Ath’imah, Bab al-Talbinah, no. Hadith 5417 . Lihat Abu
‘Abd Allah Muhammad bin Isma’il al-Bukhari, “Sahih al-Bukhari,” dalam Mawsu’at al-
Hadith al-Sharif: al-Kutub al-Sittah, ed. Salih bin ‘Abd al-‘Aziz Al al-Shaykh, 467
9
Hadith riwayat Muslim, Kitab al-Ashribah, Bab Fadhilah al-Khal Wa al-Taadum bih, no.
Hadith 5350. Lihat Abu al-Husayn Muslim bin al-Hajjaj bin Muslim, “Sahih Muslim,” dalam
Mawsu’at al-Hadith al-Sharif: al-Kutub al-Sittah, ed. Salih bin ‘Abd al-‘Aziz Al al-Shaykh
(Riyadh: Dar al-Salam, 2000), 1044.
10
Hadith riwayat al-Bukhari, Kitab al-Ath’imah, Bab al-Halwa wa al-‘Asal, no. Hadith 5431 .
Lihat Abu ‘Abd Allah Muhammad bin Isma’il al-Bukhari, “Sahih al-Bukhari,” dalam
Mawsu’at al-Hadith al-Sharif: al-Kutub al-Sittah, ed. Salih bin ‘Abd al-‘Aziz Al al-Shaykh,
468
164 Centre of Quranic Research (CQR)
Qur’anic Research: Interaction of Knowledge, Science, and Civilization

Terjemahan: Telah menceritakan kepada aku Ishak bin Ibrahim al-


Hanzholi, dari Abi Usamah, dari Hisyam, telah berkata: telah
mengkhabarkan kepada aku ayahku, dari Aisyah r.a. telah berkata:
“Adalah Rasulullah s.a.w. menyukai manisan dan madu”.

Hadith kelapan:

‫ َع ْن أَِِب‬،‫يد بْ ُن يَِز َيد أَبُو َم ْسلَ َم َة‬ ُ ِ‫ َحدَّثَنَا َسع‬،‫ َحدَّثَنَا ابْ ُن ُعلَيَّ َة‬،‫وب‬ َ ُّ‫َحدَّثَنَا ََْي ََي بْ ُن أَي‬
ِ ِ‫الزب‬ ِ ِ ِ ُ ‫ «نَهانَا رس‬:‫ال‬ ٍِ
‫يب‬ َّ ‫ْي‬َْ َ‫صلَّى هللاُ َعلَْيه َو َسلَّ َم أَ ْن ََنْل َط ب‬
َ ‫ول هللا‬ ُ َ َ َ َ‫ ق‬،‫ َع ْن أَِِب َسعيد‬،َ‫ضَرة‬ ْ َ‫ن‬
11
َ ِ‫ َوأَ ْن ََنْل‬،‫َوالت َّْم ِر‬
»‫ط الْبُ ْسَر َوالت َّْمَر‬
Terjemahan: Telah menceritakan kepada kami Yahya bin Ayyub,
telah menceritakan kepada kami Ibn ‘Ulayyah, telah menceritakan
kepada kami Sa’id bin Yazid Abu Maslamah, dari Abi Nadhrah, dari
Abi Sa’id telah berkata, “Rasulullah s.a.w. melarang kami untuk
mencampurkan antara kismis dan kurma kering, dan mencampurkan
kurma basah dan kurma kering”.

Hadith kesembilan:

‫ ح َو َع ْن‬،‫س‬ ٍ َ‫ َع ْن أَن‬،‫ َع ِن اجلَ ْع ِد أَِِب ُعثْ َما َن‬،‫اد بْ ُن َزيْ ٍد‬ ٍ


ُ َّ‫ َحدَّثَنَا َُح‬،‫ت بْ ُن ُُمَ َّمد‬ ُ ْ‫الصل‬
َّ ‫َحدَّثَنَا‬
‫ َع َم َد ِت‬،ُ‫َن أ َُّم ُسلَْي ٍم أ َُّمه‬ ٍ َ‫ وعن ِسن‬،‫س‬
ٍ َ‫ َع ْن أَن‬،َ‫ان أَِِب َربِ َيعة‬ ٍ ٍ ِ
َّ ‫ أ‬،‫س‬ ْ َ َ ٍ َ‫ َع ْن أَن‬،‫ َع ْن ُُمَ َّمد‬،‫ه َشام‬
‫َّب‬ ِ ِ ِ ِ َّ ْ ‫ وعصر‬،‫ وجعلَت ِمْنه خ ِطي َف اة‬،‫اَل م يٍد ِمن َشعِ ٍري جشَّْته‬
‫ ُُثَّ بَ َعثَتِْن إ ََل الن ِي‬،‫ت عُك اة عْن َد َها‬ ََ َ َ َ ُ ْ ََ َ ُ َ ْ ُ
ِ ِ ِ
َ َ‫ ق‬،ُ‫َص َحابِه فَ َد َع ْوتُه‬ ِ
‫ت‬ ُ ‫ « َوَم ْن َمعي؟» فَجْئ‬:‫ال‬ ْ ‫صلَّى هللاُ َعلَْيه َو َسلَّ َم فَأَتَ ْيتُهُ َوُه َو ِِف أ‬ َ
ِ َِّ ‫ول‬ َ َ‫ ق‬،َ‫ َوَم ْن َمعِي؟ فَ َخَر َج إِلَْي ِه أَبُو طَلْ َحة‬:‫ول‬ ُ ‫ إِنَّهُ يَ ُق‬:‫ت‬
ٌ‫ إََّّنَا ُه َو َش ْيء‬،‫اَّلل‬ َ ‫ يَا َر ُس‬:‫ال‬ ُ ْ‫فَ ُقل‬
‫ «أ َْد ِخ ْل َعلَ َّي َع َشَرةا» فَ َد َخلُوا فَأَ َكلُوا َح ََّّت‬:‫ال‬ َ َ‫ َوق‬،‫ فَ َد َخ َل فَ ِجيءَ بِِه‬،‫صنَ َعتْهُ أ ُُّم ُسلَْي ٍم‬ َ
ِ
‫ «أ َْدخ ْل َعلَ َّي‬:‫ال‬ ِ ِ
َ َ‫ ُُثَّ ق‬،‫ «أ َْدخ ْل َعلَ َّي َع َشَرةا» فَ َد َخلُوا فَأَ َكلُوا َح ََّّت َشب ُعوا‬:‫ال‬ ِ
َ َ‫ ُُثَّ ق‬،‫َشب ُعوا‬
ِ ِ
‫ َه ْل‬،‫ت أَنْظُُر‬ ُ ْ‫ فَ َج َعل‬،‫ ُُثَّ قَ َام‬،‫صلَّى هللاُ َعلَْيه َو َسلَّ َم‬َ ‫َّب‬ُّ ِ‫ ُُثَّ أَ َك َل الن‬،‫ْي‬
َ ‫َع َشَراة» َح ََّّت َع َّد أ َْربَع‬
12
" ٌ‫ص ِمْن َها َش ْيء‬ َ ‫نَ َق‬
Terjemahan: Telah menceritakan kepada kami al-Salt bin
Muhammad, telah menceritakan kepada kami Hammad bin Zaid, dari
Ja’di Abi ‘Uthman, dari Anas ‫ ح‬dan dari Hisyam dari Muhammad
dari Anas dari Sinan Abi Rabi’ah, dari Anas, sesungguhnya Ummu
Sulaim ibunya Anas, mengambil satu mud gandum yang ditumbuk

11
Hadith riwayat Muslim, Kitab al-Ashribah, Bab Karahah Intibaz al-Tamr wa al-Zabib
Makhluthain, no. Hadith 5150. Lihat Abu al-Husayn Muslim bin al-Hajjaj bin Muslim, “Sahih
Muslim,” dalam Mawsu’at al-Hadith al-Sharif: al-Kutub al-Sittah, ed. Salih bin ‘Abd al-‘Aziz
Al al-Shaykh, 1033
12
Hadith riwayat al-Bukhari, Kitab al-Ath’imah, Bab Man Adkhal al-Dhifan ‘Asyrah ‘Asyrah
wa al-Julus ‘ala al-Tha’am ‘Ayrah al-Asyrah, no. Hadith 5450 . Lihat Abu ‘Abd Allah
Muhammad bin Isma’il al-Bukhari, “Sahih al-Bukhari,” dalam Mawsu’at al-Hadith al-Sharif:
al-Kutub al-Sittah, ed. Salih bin ‘Abd al-‘Aziz Al al-Shaykh, 470.
165
Qur’anic Research: Interaction of Knowledge, Science, and Civilization

agak kasar dan membuat khatifah serta menuangkan dari tempat


madu disisinya. Kemudian dia mengutusku kepada Nabi s.a.w. dan
aku pun mendatangi baginda s.a.w. yang pada waktu itu bersama
para sahabatnya, lalu aku menjemputnya. Baginda bertanya, “orang-
orang yang bersamaku juga”. Aku datang dan berkata, “sungguh
beliau menyebut orang-orang bersamaku juga”. Abu Talhah keluar
menyambut dan berkata: “Wahai Rasulullah, sesungguhnya ia
sesuatu yang dibuat oleh Ummu Sulaim. Baginda masuk dan
makanan pun dihidangkan kepadanya. Baginda bersabda: “masuklah
kepadaku sepuluh orang”. Mereka pun masuk, lalu makan sehingga
kenyang. Kemudian baginda bersabda: “masuklah kepadaku sepuluh
orang”. Mereka pun masuk, lalu makan sehingga kenyang. Kemudian
baginda bersabda: “masuklah kepadaku sepuluh orang” sehingga
dihitung sebanyak empat puluh orang. Kemudian Nabi s.a.w. makan,
lalu berdiri. Aku pun memerhatikan apakah makanan itu berkurang?

Hadith kesepuluh:

‫ َع ْن يَِز َيد بْ ِن‬،ُ‫ َحدَّثَنَا ُش ْعبَة‬،‫ َحدَّثَنَا ُُمَ َّم ُد بْ ُن َج ْع َف ٍر‬،‫ي‬ ُّ ‫َح َّدثَِِن ُُمَ َّم ُد بْ ُن الْ ُمثَ ََّن الْ َعنَ ِز‬
َ َ‫ ق‬،‫صلَّى هللاُ َعلَْي ِه َو َسلَّ َم َعلَى أَِِب‬ ِ ُ ‫ نَزَل رس‬:‫ال‬ ِ ِ
:‫ال‬ َ ‫ول هللا‬ ُ َ َ َ َ‫ ق‬،‫ َع ْن َعْبد هللا بْ ِن بُ ْس ٍر‬،‫ُُخٍَْري‬
ِ ِ ِ
َْ َ‫ ُُثَّ أُِِتَ بِتَ ْم ٍر فَ َكا َن يَأْ ُكلُهُ َويُلْقي الن ََّوى ب‬،‫ فَأَ َك َل منْ َها‬،‫فَ َقَّربْنَا إِلَْيه طَ َع ااما َوَوطْبَةا‬
‫ْي‬
ِ ِ ِِ َّ ‫ َوََْي َم ُع‬،‫صبَ َعْي ِه‬ ْ ِ‫إ‬
ُ‫ ُه َو ظَِيِن َوُه َو فيه إ ْن َشاءَ هللاُ إلَْقاء‬:ُ‫ال ُش ْعبَة‬ َ َ‫ ق‬- ‫السبَّابََة َوالْ ُو ْسطَى‬
:‫ال أَِِب‬ َ ‫ فَ َق‬:‫ال‬ َ َ‫ ق‬،‫ ُُثَّ نَ َاولَهُ الَّ ِذي َع ْن ََيِينِِه‬،ُ‫اب فَ َش ِربَه‬
ٍ ‫ ُُثَّ أُِِت بِ َشر‬- ‫ْي‬
َ َ
ِ ْ ‫صبَ َع‬ ِْ ‫ْي‬
ْ ‫اْل‬ َْ َ‫الن ََّوى ب‬
‫ َوا ْغ ِف ْر ََلُ ْم‬،‫ بَا ِر ْك ََلُ ْم ِِف َما َرَزقْتَ ُه ْم‬،‫الله َّم‬
ُ « :‫ال‬ َ ‫ فَ َق‬،‫ع هللاَ لَنَا‬ ِِ ِ ‫وأ‬
ُ ‫ ْاد‬،‫َخ َذ بِل َج ِام َدابَّته‬ َ َ
13
»‫َو ْار َُحْ ُه ْم‬
Terjemahan: Telah menceritakan kepada kami Muhammad bin al-
Muthanna al-‘Anazi, telah menceritakan kepada kami Muhammad
bin Ja’far, telah menceritakan kepada kami Syu’bah, dari Yazid bin
Khumair, dari ‘Abd Allah bin Busr telah berkata: Rasulullah s.a.w.
singgah di rumah ayahku. Ia berkata, lalu kami mendekatkan
makanan dan wathbah (sejenis makanan dari bahan kurma, tepung
dan mentega) kepada baginda. Baginda makan dari makanan
tersebut, kemudian dihidangkan kurma. Baginda memakannya dan
meletakkan biji kurma di antara dua jarinya dan menggabungkan
antara jari telunjuk dan jari tengah. Syu’bah berkata: “itu menurut
prasangkaku” insyaAllah terdapat keterangan bahawa baginda
meletakkan biji kurma di antara dua jarinya”- kemudian baginda
dihidangkan minuman, lalu baginda meminumnya, kemudian
baginda memberikannya kepada orang yang berada di sebelah

13
Hadith riwayat Muslim, Kitab al-Ashribah, Bab Istihbab wad’a’a al-Nawa Kharaja al-Tamr,
wa Istihbab du’ai al-dhaif li ahli al-tha’am, wa thalaba al-du’ai min al-Dhaif al-Soleh wa
ijabatuhu ila zalik, no. Hadith 5328. Lihat Abu al-Husayn Muslim bin al-Hajjaj bin Muslim,
“Sahih Muslim,” dalam Mawsu’at al-Hadith al-Sharif: al-Kutub al-Sittah, ed. Salih bin ‘Abd
al-‘Aziz Al al-Shaykh, 1043
166 Centre of Quranic Research (CQR)
Qur’anic Research: Interaction of Knowledge, Science, and Civilization

kanannya.” Ia (Abdullah) berkata: “lalu ayahku berkata, sambil


mengambil tali haiwan tunggangannya, “berdoalah kepada Allah
untuk kami.” Baginda bersabda, “Ya Allah! Berilah keberkahan dari
rezeki yang telah Engkau berikan kepada mereka, ampunilah mereka
dan berilah rahmat kepada mereka”.

Hadith kesebelas:

ٍ ‫ َع ِن ابْ ِن ِشه‬،‫ َعن ُع َقْي ٍل‬،‫ث‬


ُ ‫َخبَ َرِّن َُْم ُم‬
‫ود‬ ْ ‫ أ‬:‫ال‬ َ َ‫ ق‬،‫اب‬ َ ْ ُ ‫ َحدَّثَنَا اللَّْي‬،‫َحدَّثَنَا ََْي ََي بْ ُن بُ َك ٍْري‬
‫صلَّى هللاُ َعلَْي ِه َو َسلَّ َم‬ ِ ِ ْ ‫ َوَكا َن ِم ْن أ‬،‫ك‬ ٍ ِ‫َن ِعتْبا َن بن مال‬ ُّ ‫صا ِر‬
َ ‫َّب‬
‫َص َحاب الن ِي‬ َ َ ْ َ َّ ‫ أ‬،‫ي‬ َ ْ‫الربِي ِع األَن‬َّ ‫بْ ُن‬
َ ‫ فَ َق‬،‫صلَّى هللاُ َعلَْي ِه َو َسلَّ َم‬ َِّ ‫ول‬ ِ ِ
‫ول‬َ ‫ يَا َر ُس‬:‫ال‬ َ ‫اَّلل‬ َ ‫ أَن َُّه أَتَى َر ُس‬:‫صا ِر‬ َ ْ‫ِم َّْن َش ِه َد بَ ْدارا م َن األَن‬
‫الو ِادي الَّ ِذي بَْي ِِن‬ َ ‫ال‬ َ ‫ت األ َْمطَ ُار َس‬ ِ َ‫ فَِإ َذا َكان‬،‫ وأَنَا أُصلِيي لَِقوِمي‬،‫ إِِّن أَنْ َكرت بص ِري‬،‫اَّلل‬
ْ َ َ َ َ ُ ْ ‫َّ ي‬
ِ
‫َّك تَأِِْت‬ َِّ ‫ول‬ ِ ِ ‫ ََل أَست ِطع أَ ْن ِآِت مس ِج َدهم فَأ‬،‫وب ي ن هم‬
َ ‫ أَن‬،‫اَّلل‬ َ ‫ت يَا َر ُس‬ ُ ‫ فَ َود ْد‬،‫ُصلي َي ََلُ ْم‬َ ُْ ْ َ َ ْ َ ْ ْ ْ ُ َ َْ َ
ُ ‫ فَ غَ َدا َر ُس‬:‫ال ِعتْبَا ُن‬ ِ ِ ‫فَت‬
‫ول‬ َ َ‫اَّللُ» ق‬َّ َ‫ « َسأَفْ َع ُل إِ ْن َشاء‬:‫ال‬ َ ‫ فَ َق‬،‫صلًّى‬ َ ‫صليي ِِف بَيِِْت فَأ َََّّت ُذهُ ُم‬ َُ
‫صلَّى هللاُ َعلَْي ِه‬ ِ ِ َِّ
َ ‫َّب‬ ُّ ِ‫استَأْذَ َن الن‬
ْ َ‫ ف‬،‫َّه ُار‬ َ ‫ْي ْارتَ َف َع الن‬َ ‫صلَّى هللاُ َعلَْيه َو َسلَّ َم َوأَبُو بَ ْك ٍر ح‬ َ ‫اَّلل‬
‫ُصلِي َي ِم ْن‬َ ‫ب أَ ْن أ‬ ُّ ‫ «أَيْ َن ُُِت‬:‫ال ِِل‬ َ َ‫ ُُثَّ ق‬،‫ت‬ َ ‫س َح ََّّت َد َخ َل البَ ْي‬
ِ
ْ ‫ فَلَ ْم ََْيل‬،ُ‫ت لَه‬
ِ
ُ ْ‫َو َسلَّ َم فَأَذن‬
ِ ِ ٍِِ َ ِ‫بَْيت‬
،‫ص َف ْفنَا‬َ َ‫صلَّى هللاُ َعلَْيه َو َسلَّ َم فَ َكبَّ َر ف‬ َ ُّ‫ فَ َق َام النَِّب‬،‫ت إِ ََل نَاحيَة م َن البَ ْيت‬ َ ‫ك؟» فَأ‬
ُ ‫َش ْر‬
‫ال‬ٌ ‫ت ِر َج‬ ِ ‫ فَثَاب ِِف الب ي‬،‫ وحبسنَاه علَى خ ِزي ٍر صنَ عنَاه‬،‫] سلَّم‬73:‫ْي ُُثَّ [ص‬ ِ ْ َ‫صلَّى رْك َعت‬
َْ َ ُ ْ َ َ َ ُ ْ ََ َ َ َ َ َ َ‫ف‬
ِ ٍ
‫ال‬َ ‫ُّخ ُش ِن؟ فَ َق‬ ْ ‫ك بْ ُن الد‬ ُ ‫ أَيْ َن َمال‬:‫ال قَائِ ٌل ِمنْ ُه ْم‬ َ ‫ فَ َق‬،‫اجتَ َم ُعوا‬ْ َ‫م ْن أ َْه ِل الدَّا ِر ذَ ُوو َع َدد ف‬
ِ
،‫ " لَ تَ ُق ْل‬:‫صلَّى هللاُ َعلَْي ِه َو َسلَّ َم‬ َ ‫َّب‬ ُّ ِ‫ال الن‬َ َ‫ ق‬،ُ‫اَّللَ َوَر ُسولَه‬
َّ ‫ب‬ ُّ ‫ لَ َُِي‬،‫ك ُمنَافِ ٌق‬ ِ
َ ‫ ذَل‬:‫ض ُه ْم‬ ُ ‫بَ ْع‬
َِّ ‫يد بِ َذلِك وجه‬ َّ ‫ لَ إِلَ َه إَِّل‬:‫ال‬
:‫ قُلْنَا‬:‫ال‬ َ َ‫ ق‬،‫اَّللُ َوَر ُسولُهُ أ َْعلَ ُم‬َّ :‫ال‬ َ َ‫اَّلل؟ " ق‬ َ ْ َ َ ُ ‫ يُِر‬،ُ‫اَّلل‬ َ َ‫أَلَ تََراهُ ق‬
ِِ ِ
َ‫ لَ إِلَه‬:‫ال‬ َ َ‫اَّللَ َحَّرَم َعلَى النَّا ِر َم ْن ق‬َّ ‫ " فَِإ َّن‬:‫ال‬ َ ‫ فَ َق‬،‫ْي‬َ ‫يحتَهُ إِ ََل املُنَافق‬
َ ‫فَِإنَّا نََرى َو ْج َههُ َونَص‬
‫ْي بْ َن ُُمَ َّم ٍد‬ َْ ‫ص‬َ ُ‫ت احل‬ ُ ْ‫ ُُثَّ َسأَل‬:‫اب‬ ٍ ‫ال ابْن ِشه‬
َ ُ َ َ‫اَّلل " ق‬
َِّ ‫ ي بتغِي بِ َذلِك وجه‬،‫اَّلل‬
َْ َ َ ََْ َُّ ‫إَِّل‬
14
ُ‫ص َّدقَه‬
ٍ ِ ِ ِِ
َ َ‫ ف‬،‫ َع ْن َحديث َُْم ُمود‬،‫ َوَكا َن م ْن َسَراِت ْم‬،‫اَل‬
ِ ٍِ ‫َح َد بَِِن َس‬ َ ‫ أ‬،‫ي‬ َّ ‫صا ِر‬َ ْ‫األَن‬
Terjemahan: Telah menceritakan kepada kami Yahya bin Bukhair,
telah menceritakan kepada kami al-Laith dari ‘Uqail dari Ibn Syihab
telah berkata: telah mengkhabarkan kepada aku Mahmud bin Rabi’
al-Ansori, sesungguhnya ‘Itban bin Malik adalah dari sahabat Nabi
s.a.w. yang turut serta di medan Badr daripada kalangan Ansor
datang kepada Rasulullah s.a.w. dan berkata: “Wahai Rasulullah, aku
tidak dapat melihat dan aku solat mengimami kaumku, apabila hujan
turun maka mengalirlah air di lembah yang ada di antara aku dan
mereka, sehingga aku tidak mampu untuk datang ke masjid mereka,
maka aku berharap wahai Rasulullah engkau datang dan solat di
rumahku, lalu aku menjadikannya sebagai tempat solat.” Beliau

14
Hadith riwayat al-Bukhari, Kitab al-Ath’imah, Bab al-Khazirah, no. Hadith 5401 . Lihat
Abu ‘Abd Allah Muhammad bin Isma’il al-Bukhari, “Sahih al-Bukhari,” dalam Mawsu’at al-
Hadith al-Sharif: al-Kutub al-Sittah, ed. Salih bin ‘Abd al-‘Aziz Al al-Shaykh, 466.
167
Qur’anic Research: Interaction of Knowledge, Science, and Civilization

bersabda, “aku akan melakukannya insyaAllah”. Itban berkata, “pagi


harinya Rasulullah s.a.w. datang kepadaku bersama Abu Bakar
ketika matahari sudah meninggi. Nabi s.a.w. minta izin masuk dan
aku mengizinkannya. Baginda tidak duduk sehingga masuk ke dalam
rumah kemudian berkata kepadaku, “dimana engkau suka aku solat
dirumahmu?” Aku mengisyaratkan ke satu sisi rumah. Nabi s.a.w.
berdiri lalu bertakbir dan kami membuat saf. Beliau solat dua rakaat
kemudian salam. Kami menahannya untuk makan khazir yang telah
kami buat. Maka berkumpullah di rumah beberapa lelaki penduduk
rumah dalam jumlah tertentu. Mereka semuanya berkumpul.
Seseorang di antara mereka berkata, “di mana Malik bin al-
Duhsyun?” Sebahagian mereka menjawab, “itu orang munafiq, dia
tidak suka Allah dan RasulNya. Nabi s.a.w. bersabda, angan katakan,
tidakkah engkau melihat dia mengucapkan laa ilaaha illallaah
dengan mengharapkan redha Allah?” orang itu berkata, “Allah dan
RasulNya lebih mengetahui”. Orang itu kembali berkata, “kami
mengatakannya kerana kami melihat wajahnya dan nasihatnya
kepada orang-orang munafik. Baginda bersabda, “sesungguhnya
Allah mengharamkan atas neraka mereka yang mengucapkan laa
ilaaha illallaah dengan mengharapkan redha Allah. Ibn Syihab
berkata, “kemudian aku bertanya kepada al-Husain bin Muhammad
al-Ansori – salah seorang bani Salim dan termasuk para pemuka
mereka – tentang hadith Mahmud maka dia membenarkannya.

Hadith kedua belas:

‫ت‬ ِ َ َ‫ ق‬،‫ عن أَِِب حا ِزٍم‬،‫الر ُْح ِن‬ ِ ٍِ


ُ ‫ ََس ْع‬:‫ال‬ َ ْ َ َ َّ ‫وب بْ ُن َعْبد‬ ُ ‫ َحدَّثَنَا يَ ْع ُق‬،‫َحدَّثَنَا قُتَ ْيبَةُ بْ ُن َسعيد‬
،‫صلَّى هللاُ َعلَْي ِه َو َسلَّ َم ِِف ُع ْرِس ِه‬ َِّ ‫ول‬ ُّ ‫اع ِد‬ َّ ‫ُسْي ٍد‬
ِ ‫الس‬
َ ‫اَّلل‬ َ ‫ي فَ َد َعا َر ُس‬ َ ‫ أَتَى أَبُو أ‬:‫ول‬ ُ ‫ يَ ُق‬،‫َس ْه اًل‬
َِّ ‫ول‬ ِ ِ
ُ‫صلَّى هللا‬ َ ‫اَّلل‬ َ ‫ت َر ُس‬ ُ ‫ «أَتَ ْد ُرو َن َما َس َقْي‬:‫ال‬َ َ‫ ق‬،‫وس‬ ُ ‫العُر‬ َ ‫ َوه َي‬،‫ت ْامَرأَتُهُ َخاد َم ُه ْم‬ْ َ‫فَ َكان‬
ٍ ‫علَي ِه وسلَّم؟ أَنْ َقعت لَه َتََر‬
»‫ات ِم َن اللَّْي ِل ِِف تَ ْور‬
15 ٍ
َ ُ ُ ْ َ ََ َْ
Terjemahan: Telah menceritakan kepada kami Qutaybah bin Sa’id,
telah menceritakan kepada kaminYa’kub bin ‘Abd al-Rahman dari
Abi Hazim telah berkata: “aku mendengar Sahl berkata: telah datang
Abu Usaid al-Sa’idi dan menjemput Rasulullah s.a.w. ke walimah
nikahnya. Adalah setika itu isterinya sedang melayani mereka dan
dia adalah pengantin perempuan. Lalu berkata: “apakah kamu tahu
apa yang aku beri minum kepada Rasulullah s.a.w.? Aku merendam
beberapa kurma kering pada waktu malam di dalam tour untuk
baginda”.

Hadith ketiga belas:

15
Hadith riwayat al-Bukhari, Kitab al-Asyribah, Bab al-Intibaz fi al-Au’iyah wa al-thur, no.
Hadith 5591 . Lihat Abu ‘Abd Allah Muhammad bin Isma’il al-Bukhari, “Sahih al-Bukhari,”
dalam Mawsu’at al-Hadith al-Sharif: al-Kutub al-Sittah, ed. Salih bin ‘Abd al-‘Aziz Al al-
Shaykh, 480.
168 Centre of Quranic Research (CQR)
Qur’anic Research: Interaction of Knowledge, Science, and Civilization

ِ ‫احل ِم‬
،‫يد بْ ُن َج ْع َف ٍر‬ ِ ْ ‫ حدَّثَنَا أَبو ب ْك ٍر ي ع ِِن‬،‫وحدَّثَنَا ُُم َّم ُد بن الْمث ََّن‬
َْ ‫ َحدَّثَنَا َعْب ُد‬،‫احلَنَف َّي‬ َْ َ ُ َ َُ ُ ْ َ ََ
ِ ِ َّ
‫ «لََق ْد أَنَْزَل هللاُ ْاْليََة الِت َحَّرَم هللاُ ف َيها‬:‫ول‬ ٍ ِ
ُ ‫ يَ ُق‬،‫س بْ َن َمالك‬ ِ ِ ِ
َ َ‫ أَنَّهُ ََس َع أَن‬،‫َح َّدثَِن أَِب‬
»‫ب إَِّل ِم ْن َتَْر‬ ِ ِ
ٌ ‫ َوَما بِالْ َمدينَة َشَر‬،‫ا ْْلَ ْمَر‬
16 ٍ
ُ ‫اب يُ ْشَر‬
Terjemahan: Telah menceritakan kepada kami Muhammad bin al-
Muthanna, telah menceritakan kepada kami Abu Bakat yakni al-
Hanafi, telah menceritakan kepada kami ‘Abd al-Hamid bin Ja’far,
telah menceritakan kepada aku ayahku, sesungguhnya mendengar
Anas bin Malik berkata: “sesungguhnya Allah menurunkan ayat yang
mengharamkan padanya khamr, dan akhirnya di Madinah tidak ada
minuman yang diminum selain berasal dari kurma kering.

Hadith keempat belas:

‫ َع ْن أَِِب َسلَ َم َة بْ ِن َعْب ِد‬،‫اب‬ ٍ ‫ َع ِن ابْ ِن ِشه‬،‫ك‬


َ ٌ ِ‫َخبَ َرنَا َمال‬
ْ ‫ أ‬،‫ف‬َ ‫وس‬
َِّ ‫حدَّثَنَا عب ُد‬
ُ ُ‫اَّلل بْ ُن ي‬ َْ َ
‫ « ُك ُّل‬:‫ال‬ ِ
َ ‫ فَ َق‬،‫صلَّى هللاُ َعلَْيه َو َسلَّ َم َع ِن البِْت ِع‬ ِ ِ ِ َّ ‫ أ‬،‫الر ُْحَ ِن‬
َ ‫اَّلل‬
َّ ‫ول‬ ُ ‫ ُسئ َل َر ُس‬:‫ت‬ ْ َ‫ قَال‬،‫َن َعائ َش َة‬ َّ
»‫َس َكَر فَ ُه َو َحَر ٌام‬ ٍ ‫َشر‬
ْ ‫اب أ‬
17
َ
Terjemahan: Telah menceritakan kepada kami ‘Abd Allah bin Yusuf,
telah mengkhabarkan kepada kami Malik dari Ibn Syihab dari Abi
Salamah bin ‘Abd al-Rahman, sesungguhnya Aisyah telah berkata:
“aku bertanya Rasulullah s.a.w. tentang al-bitu’. Baginda berkata:
“setiap minuman yang memabukkan adalah haram”.

Hadith kelima belas:

ٍ َّ‫ت ابْ َن َعب‬


‫ َع ِن‬،‫اس‬ ُ ْ‫ َسأَل‬:‫ال‬ َ َ‫ ق‬،‫ َع ْن أَِِب اجلَُويِْريَِة‬،‫َخبَ َرنَا ُس ْفيَا ُن‬ ِ
ْ ‫ أ‬،‫َحدَّثَنَا ُُمَ َّم ُد بْ ُن َكث ٍري‬
ِ َ ‫البَا َذ ِق فَ َق‬
:‫ال‬ ْ ‫ «فَ َما أ‬:‫صلَّى هللاُ َعلَْيه َو َسلَّ َم البَا َذ َق‬
َ َ‫َس َكَر فَ ُه َو َحَر ٌام» ق‬ َ ‫ َسبَ َق ُُمَ َّم ٌد‬:‫ال‬
ِ ‫ «لَْيس بَ ْع َد احلًَلَِل الطَّيِي‬:‫ال‬
ُ ِ‫ب إَِّل احلََر ُام اْلَب‬ ِ
ُ ‫اب احلًَلَ ُل الطَّيي‬
18
»‫يث‬ َ َ َ‫ ق‬،‫ب‬ ُ ‫الشََّر‬
Terjemahan: Telah menceritakan kepada kami Muhammad bin
Kathir, telah mengkhabarkan kepada kami Sufyan dari Abi al-

16
Hadith riwayat Muslim, Kitab al-Ashribah, Bab Tahrim al-Khamr, wa bayan annaha takuna
min ‘asir al-Inab wa min al-Tamr wa al-Busr wa al-Zabib wa ghairuha mima yaskur, no.
Hadith 5139. Lihat Abu al-Husayn Muslim bin al-Hajjaj bin Muslim, “Sahih Muslim,” dalam
Mawsu’at al-Hadith al-Sharif: al-Kutub al-Sittah, ed. Salih bin ‘Abd al-‘Aziz Al al-Shaykh,
1032.
17
Hadith riwayat al-Bukhari, Kitab al-Asyribah, Bab al-Khamr min al-‘Asal wa huwa al-
Bit’u, no. Hadith 5585 . Lihat Abu ‘Abd Allah Muhammad bin Isma’il al-Bukhari, “Sahih al-
Bukhari,” dalam Mawsu’at al-Hadith al-Sharif: al-Kutub al-Sittah, ed. Salih bin ‘Abd al-
‘Aziz Al al-Shaykh, 479.
18
Hadith riwayat al-Bukhari, Kitab al-Asyribah, Bab al-Bazaq, wa min naha ‘an kulli maskar
min al-asyribah , no. Hadith 5598 . Lihat Abu ‘Abd Allah Muhammad bin Isma’il al-Bukhari,
“Sahih al-Bukhari,” dalam Mawsu’at al-Hadith al-Sharif: al-Kutub al-Sittah, ed. Salih bin
‘Abd al-‘Aziz Al al-Shaykh, 480.
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Juwairiyyah telah berkata: Aku bertanya Ibn ‘Abbas tentang al-


Bazaq. Maka dia berkata: Muhammad s.a.w. telah mendahului dalam
perkara bazaq, apa yang memabukkan maka ia adalah haram. Dia
berkata: “minuman adalah halal dan baik.” Dia berkata: “tidak ada
setelah yang halal dan baik kecuali haram dan buruk”.

Hadith keenam belas:

‫ َع ْن أَِِب‬،َ‫ َع ْن ُع َم َارةَ بْ ِن َغ ِزيَّة‬،‫ي‬ َّ ‫ َحدَّثَنَا َعْب ُد الْ َع ِزي ِز يَ ْع ِِن الدََّر َاوْرِد‬،‫يد‬
ٍ ِ‫حدَّثَنَا قُت يبةُ بن سع‬
َ ُ ْ َْ َ َ
َّ ِ ِ ِ ٍ ِ ِ
ُ‫صلى هللا‬ َّ ِ‫ فَ َسأ ََل الن‬،‫ َو َجْي َشا ُن م َن الْيَ َم ِن‬،‫َن َر ُج اًل قَد َم م ْن َجْي َشا َن‬
َ ‫َّب‬ َّ ‫ أ‬،‫ َع ْن َجابر‬،‫الزبَ ْري‬
ُّ
ُ‫صلَّى هللا‬ َ ‫ فَ َق‬،‫ الْ ِم ْزُر‬:ُ‫ال لَه‬
ُّ ِ‫ال الن‬
َ ‫َّب‬ ُ ‫ يُ َق‬،‫الذَرِة‬ ُّ ‫اب يَ ْشربُونَهُ بِأ َْر ِض ِه ْم ِم َن‬
َ
ٍ ‫َعلَْي ِه وسلَّم َعن َشر‬
َ ْ َ ََ
ِ
‫ « ُك ُّل‬:‫صلَّى هللاُ َعلَْيه َو َسلَّ َم‬ ِ َ َ‫ «أ ََو ُم ْسكٌر ُه َو؟» ق‬:‫َعلَْي ِه َو َسلَّ َم‬
ِ
َ ‫ول هللا‬ ُ ‫ال َر ُس‬ َ َ‫ ق‬،‫ نَ َع ْم‬:‫ال‬
‫ب الْ ُم ْس ِكَر أَ ْن يَ ْس ِقيَهُ ِم ْن ِطينَِة‬ ِ ِ
ُ ‫ إِ َّن َعلَى هللا َعَّز َو َج َّل َع ْه ادا ل َم ْن يَ ْشَر‬،‫ُم ْسك ٍر َحَر ٌام‬
ِ
ْ ُ‫ َوَما ِطينَة‬،‫هللا‬
َ َ‫اْلَبَ ِال؟ ق‬ ِ ‫ول‬َ ‫ يَا َر ُس‬:‫ا ْْلَبَ ِال» قَالُوا‬
َ ‫ « َعَر ُق أ َْه ِل النَّا ِر» أ َْو « ُع‬:‫ال‬
‫ص َارةُ أ َْه ِل‬
19 ِ
»‫النَّار‬
Terjemahan: Telah menceritakan kepada kami Qutaibah bin Sa’id,
telah menceritakan kepada kami’Abd al-‘Aziz – iaitu al-Darawardi-
dari ‘Umarah bin Ghaziyyah, dari Abi al-Zubair dari Jabir,
sesungguhny seorang lelaki telah datang dari JaiShan, dan Jaishan
adalah dari Yaman , maka bertanyalah dia kepada Nabi s.a.w. tentang
minuman yang dibuat daripada jagung yang mereka minum dinegeri
mereka yang dinamakan al-mizru? Maka Nabi s.a.w. bersabda:
“Adakah minuman itu memabukkan?” Dia menjawab: Ya.
Rasulullah s.a.w. bersabda: “Setiap uang memabukkan adalah haram.
Sesungguhnya Allah Azza wajalla telah berjanji bagi orang yang
minum minuman yang memabukkan agar ia menumpahkan dari
Thinatul Khabal”. Mereka bertanya: Wahai Rasulullah, apakah itu
Thinatul Khabal?” Baginda menjawab, “peluh penduduk neraka atau
jus penduduk neraka”.

Hadith-hadith di atas merupakan hadith-hadith yang mewakili lapan belas


jenis makanan olahan yang di bincangkan dalam hadith. Merujuk kepada hadith
pertama, makanan olahannya ialah roti. Roti bukanlah bahan asal tetapi ia merupakan
sejenis makanan yang melalui proses olahan. Roti merupakan bahan yang dibuat
menggunakan tepung gandum. Dalam sahihain terdapat tiga kalimah yang
menunjukkan roti iaitu al-naqi iaitu roti yang halus dan lembut ( Ibn Hajar al-
Asqalani, 1977), akrisoh dan khabzhun yang keduanya memberi maksud roti. Hadith
kedua menunjukkan makanan olahan yang diberi nama tharid. Tharid merupakan
nama kepada bahan yang diolah menjadi sejenis makanan iaitu ianya terdiri daripada
roti yang direndam dalam kuah berisi daging (Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani, 1977). Hadith

19
Hadith riwayat Muslim, Kitab al-Ashribah, Bab Bayan anna kulli muskir khamr wa anna
kulli khamr haram, no. Hadith 5217. Lihat Abu al-Husayn Muslim bin al-Hajjaj bin Muslim,
“Sahih Muslim,” dalam Mawsu’at al-Hadith al-Sharif: al-Kutub al-Sittah, ed. Salih bin ‘Abd
al-‘Aziz Al al-Shaykh, 1035.
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ketiga ialah sawiq iaitu tepung. Tepung bukanlah perkara sedia ada, tetapi
kejadiannya melalui proses olahan iaitu dengan menggunakan gandum (t.p, 2016).

Hadith keempat ialah hais iaitu makanan yang diperbuat daripada campuran
tepung, kurma dan samn ( Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani, 1977). Di dalam hadith yang sama
ada disebutkan dua jenis makanan yang melalui proses olahan iaitu iaitu keju dan
samn. Keju diperbuat hasil daripada pembekuan susu. Yakni langkah asasnya ialah
penambahan kultur bakteria ke dalam susu untuk menghasilkan asid laktik,
penggumpalan susu, mengeluarkan dadih daripada jisim yang telah tergumpal
(mengempiskan atau menekan), menjeruk dan proses pematangan (Dr. Faszly Rahim
et. al., 2016). Manakala samn ialah lemak. Hadith kelima ialah talbinah iaitu
makanan yang dibuat dari tepung atau sisa tepung dan kadang-kadang diletakkan
madu ( Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani, 1977). Hadith keenam cuka. Cuka adalah satu perasa
yang diperbuat daripada pelbagai bahan yang manis dan berkanji melalui proses
fermentasi alkohol dan fermentasi asetik. Lazimnya cuka asli dihasilkan daripada
buah-buahan yang tinggi karbohidrat seperti buah anggur, epal, delima dan nira
kelapa ( Dr. Faszly Rahim et. al., 2016). Pembuatan cuka juga daripada bahan yang
kaya dengan gula seperti anggur, epal, nira kelapa dan sebagainya (Herube, 2011).

Hadith Ketujuh ialah manisan iaitu menurut al-Laith segala sesuatu yang
manis dan dimakan. Manakala al-Khaththabi berkata, “nama halwa atau manisan
tidak digunakan kecuali untuk sesuatu yang masuk unsur pembuatan” (Ibn Hajar al-
Asqalani, 1977). Hadith kelapan ialah kismis. Kismis berasal daripada buah anggur
yang telah dikeringkan. Proses pengeringan itu menjadikan kismis melalui proses
olahan (Sumaiyah Mohd Tamizi, 2014). Hadith kesembilan khatifah iaitu makanan
yang diperbuat daripada tepung dan susu (‘Ali bin Khalaf bin ‘Abd al-Malik, 2000).
Hadith kesepuluh wathbah iaitu sejenis makanan dari bahan kurma, tepung dan
mentega ( Al-Imam Muhy al-Din al-Nawawi, 2015). Hadith kesebelas ialah khazirah
iaitu makanan yang dibuat daripada tepung dan menyerupai ‘ashidah, tetapi lebih
halus. Al-Qatabi dan diikuti al-Jauhari berkata, “Khazirah dibuat daripada daging
yang dipotong kecil-kecil, lalu dimasak dengan air dan apabila telah masak dicampur
dengan tepung.(Abi Yahya Zakariyya al-Ansori al-Misr al-Syafie, 537) Dan hadith
kedua belas nabiz iaitu rendaman kurma kedalam air dan diminum sebelum rasanya
menjadi keras.(Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani, 1977)

Hadith ketiga belas ialah khamr. Khamr atau arak merupakan makanan
olahan yang jelas disebutkan dalam al-Qur’an mahupun hadith akan larangan
meminumnya. Pemprosesan khamr berlaku dengan berbagai cara. Contohnya yang
terdapat pada hadith yang diriwayatkan dalam sahih Muslim bernombor 5150, khamr
diperbuat daripada campuran kismis dan kurma. Begitu juga campuran kurma basah
dan kurma kering. Dimana, pencampuran ini menatijahkan rasanya menjadi keras dan
memabukkan.( Al-Imam Muhy al-Din al-Nawawi, 2005) Hadith keempat belas al-
bitu' iaitu khamr yang diperbuat daripada madu.(Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani, 1977) Hadith
kelima belas al-bazaq ialah jus anggur yang dimasak setelah memabukkan atau
dimasak setelah rasanya keras.( Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani, 1977) Hadith keenam belas al-
mizr iaitu minuman yang diperbuat daripada jagung dan mampu membawa kepada
kemabukan sebagaimana yang disebutkan dalam hadith.

Manfaat Dan Mudharat Makanan Olahan dalam al-Qur’an dan al-Hadith.

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Pada asalnya setiap makanan itu adalah harus dan boleh dimakan. Sehinggalah
terdapat nas syarak yang datang mengharamkan atau memakruhkannya samada
melalui nas al-Qur’an mahupun hadith. Apabila sesuatu makanan itu jelas telah
diharamkan maka makanan itu dilarang untuk dimakan. Begitu juga jika sesuatu
makanan itu telah dihukumkan makruh, maka adalah lebih baik meninggalkannya.
Apabila diperhatikan dalam jadual di atas, menerusi al-Qur’an dan al-Hadith jumlah
jenis makanan olahan ialah lapan belas jenis dengan disekalikan yang berulang.
Manakala daripada lapan belas jenis ini dapat dibahagikan kepada dua bahagian.
Bahagian pertama adalah makanan olahan yang dibenarkan untuk dimakan. Bahagian
kedua pula adalah makanan olahan yang dilarang untuk dimakan.

Makanan olahan yang dibenarkan terdiri daripada roti, tharid, sawiq,


talbinah, hais, keju, samn, cuka, manisan, kismis, khatifah, wathbah, khazirah dan
nabiz. Manakala makanan olahan yang dilarang ialah khamr, al-bit’u, al-bazaq dan
al-mizr. Perbincangan mengenai manfaat dan mudharat makanan olahan yang
terdapat dalam al-Qur’an dan al-Hadith adalah suatu perbincangan yang sangat
diperlukan. Selain melihat kepada kitab tafsir dan fiqh al-hadith, perbincangan
manfaat serta mudharat makanan olahan akan dilihat dari sudut sains dan isu semasa.
Dan perbincangan mengenai makanan olahan dari sudut manfaat dan mudharat ini
tidaklah merangkumi semua. Pengkaji akan memilih beberapa sahaja. Perbincangan
pertama adalah berkaitan manfaat yang diperolehi daripada makanan olahan yang
dibenarkan. Dan perbincangan kedua adalah berkaitan mudharat yang akan didapati
daripada makanan olahan yang dilarang.

Jenis makanan olahan yang dibenarkan dan dapat memberi manfaat pertama
talbinah. Sebagaimana yang disebutkan dalam hadith, pengambilan talbinah adalah
untuk menyenangkan hati orang sakit dan menghilangkan sebahagian kesakitan.
Antara manfaat talbinah adalah ianya mampu membantu kepada orang yang berada
dalam keadaan tekanan. Ini sebagaimana satu kajian yang telah dijalankan untuk
melihat keberkesanan talbinah ini kepada orang yang berada dalam keadaan tekanan.
Dan hasilnya menunjukkan bahawa talbinah adalah makanan yang kaya dengan
karbohidrat, dan terdapat hubungan antara jumlah karbohidrat yang dimakan dengan
tekanan manusia serta pengeluaran mood positif. Ini kerana kesan karbohidrat pada
sintesis serotonin. Selain itu, pengeluaran mood positif dalam mengambilan talbinah
ini selain daripada karbohirat yang tinggi ia disebabkan kandungan gula dan rasa
manis makanan ini sehingga menjadikan peningkatan mood seseorang itu (Manal M
Badrasawi, 2013).

Jenis makanan olahan yang dibenarkan dan dapat memberi manfaat kedua
ialah keju. Keju yang dihasilkan daripada susu mengandungi pelbagai nutrient yang
bagus untuk kesihatan jika diambil mengikut sukatan yang betul. Komposisi nutrient
yang terdapat dalam keju ialah air, protein, lemak, kolesterol, vitamin A, D dan E,
tiamin, riboflavin, niasin, piridoksin, kobalamin, folat, pantotenik, biotin, natrium, ion
klorida, kalium, kalsium, magnesium, fosforus, ferum, kuprum, zink, sulfur dan asid
amino. Asid amino bermanfaat dalam sintesis protein untuk membina jaringan otot
serta metobalisma sel-sel tubuh dan tulang. Selain itu, manfaat yang diperolehi
daripada keju ialah ianya mampu melindungi manusia daripada karies gigi. Hal ini
demikian disebabkan paras kalsium dan fosforus yang tinggi akan mempengaruhi
pemendapan dan pengekstrakan mineral daripada gigi. Manakala kesan fizikal
daripada gigitan keju tersebut serta penyingkiran bakteria yang tidak menyenangkan
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daripada enamel gigi, pengaliran air liur yang meningkat juga akan cenderung untuk
meneutralkan asid yang terdapat pada permukaan gigi.(Dr. Faszly Rahim et. al.,
2016)

Jenis makanan olahan yang dibenarkan dan dapat memberi manfaat ketiga ialah cuka.
Sebagaimana yang disebutkan dalam hadith, bahawa baginda s.a.w. menjadikan cuka
sebagai lauk. menurut Ibn Sina, khal atau cuka dapat mencegah sebarang
pembengkakan di badan (bisul dan kanser), menyucikan darah, membaiki masalah
pencernaan di perut, masalah usus, kerongkong, kahak, batuk yang berpanjangan,
menjaga kulit daripada kepanasan matahari, mengatasi masalah lemak-lemak di
badan (kolestrol), menstabilkan asid dan garam di badan, membuang keracunan
badan (toksik), masalah rahim, menguatkan gigi, mata, telinga serta mengembalikan
tenaga lelaki dan perempuan.(Ibn Sina, ) Ibn Qayyim menambah cuka juga
bermanfaat untuk mengatasi masalah gastric di dalam perut, masalah hempedu,
mencegah ubat-ubatan yang berbahaya yang mampu membawa kepada kematian,
melancarkan susu ibu dan melancarkan perjalanan darah yang berketul di dalam perut
(Ibn Qayyim al-Jauziyyah, 2006).

Manakala makanan olahan yang dilarang dan dapat membawa mudharat


pertama ialah khamr. Proses pembuatan khamr ialah terdiri daripada jenis-jenis buah-
buahan seperti anggur, kurma kering, kurma mentah dan kismis. Selain khamr
makanan olahan yang dilarang dan membawa mudharat ialah al-Bit’u, al-bazaq dan
al-mizr. Keempat-empat makanan olahan ini dilarang adalah kerana proses
pembuatannya adalah sehingga menjadikan rasanya keras dan membawa kepada
kemabukan. Bahawasanya baginda s.a.w. menyebut bahawa setiap minuman yang
membawa kemabukan hukumnya adalah haram. Ini kerana kemabukan mampu
membawa ketidak warasan kepada akal fikiran seterusnya menatijahkan hilang
kemampuan berfikir secara sempurna yang mana boleh membawa kepada segala
bentuk kerosakkan dan kemudharatan.

Kesimpulan

Makanan merupakan perkara penting yang sangat diperlukan dalam sesebuah


kehidupan. Pembahagian makanan dalam al-Qur’an terbahagi kepada tiga jenis iaitu
nabati, haiwani dan olahan. Manakala pembahagian makanan dalam hadith terbahagi
kepada lima iaitu nabati, haiwani, bijiran, olahan dan tidak termasuk mana-mana
bahagian. Makanan olahan ialah sesuatu makanan yang apabila mengalami proses
pengubah suaian atau melalui proses pencampuran daripada bahan asal sehingga
menjadikannya membentuk satu bahan yang lain yang berbeza dari sudut fizikal, rasa
mahupun namanya. Makanan olahan yang terdapat dalam al-Qur’an dan hadith
berjumlah lapan belas. Daripada lapan belas tersebut dapat dibahagikan kepada dua
kategori iaitu yang dibenarkan dan yang dilarangan. Makanan olahan yang
dibenarkan terdiri daripada roti, tharid, sawiq, talbinah, hais, keju, samn, cuka,
manisan, kismis, khatifah, wathbah, khazirah dan nabiz. Manakala makanan olahan
yang dilarang ialah khamr, al-bit’u, al-bazaq dan al-mizr. Merujuk kepada al-Qur’an,
hadith, kajian sains dan isu semasa nyata menunjukkan bahawa makanan olahan yang
dibenarkan semestinya kaya dengan manfaat dan kelebihan. Manakala makanan
olahan yang dilarang semestinya kesannya buruk bahkan mampu membawa mudharat
yang besar mahupun kecil kepada tubuh badan.

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Rujukan

1. Abi Yahya Zakariyya al-Ansori al-Misr al-Syafie. 2005. Manhatu al-Bari Bi


Syarh Sahih al-Bukhari. Riyadh: Maktabah al-Rushdi.

2. Al-Imam Muhy al-Din al-Nawawi. 2005. Syarh Sahih Muslim bin al-Hujjaj.
Bayrut: Dar al-Ma’rifah.

3. ‘Ali bin Khalaf bin ‘Abd al-Malik 2000. Syarh Sahih al-Bukhari Li Ibn
Battal. Riyadh: Maktabah al-Rushdi.

4. Dr. Faszly Rahim et. al. 2016. Indahnya Pemakanan & Perubatan Islam.
Selangor: Tihani Cetak Sdn. Bhd.

5. Ibn Hajar al-Asqolani. 1977. Fath al-Bari bi Syarh Sahih al-Imam Abi ‘Abd
Allah Muhammad bin Ismail al-Bukhari. Kaherah: Dar al-Diyan li al-
Turath.

6. Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyah. 2006. Za’d al-Ma’ad fi Khair al-‘Ibad. Kaherah:


Maktabah al- Mawrid

7. Herube. 2011. Cuka. Diakses dari


https://herube.wordpress.com/2011/11/21/halal-haram- cuka/.

8. Kamus Dewan, ed. Ke-4 (Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka, 2007),
1095 entri “olah-olahan”

9. Manal M Badrasawi et. al. 2013. Effect of Talbinah Food Consumption On


Depressive Symptomts Among Elderly Individuals In Long Term Care
Facilities, Randomized Clinical Trial. Diakses dari
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3593710/.

10. Sumaiyah Mohd Tamizi. 2014. The Prophetic Tradition and Nutrition: Issues
of Mixing Raisins and Dates. Kuala Lumpur: Institute of Graduate
Studies.

11. ___________. 2013. Tepung. Diakses dari


https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tepung.

174 Centre of Quranic Research (CQR)


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MODEL TERAPI PSIKOSPIRITUAL BERDASARKAN AL-QUR’AN


TERHADAP KLIEN KEBERGANTUNGAN OPIAT YANG MENJALANI
TERAPI GANTIAN METADON (TGM)

Zulfa Izza Mohamed @ Hashim1


Rohayah Husain2
Nasir Mohamad 3
Khairi Che Mat4
Syed Hadzrullathfi Syed Omar 5
Mohd Shahril Othman6

Abstrak

Penagihan dadah adalah membimbangkan saban tahun di


Malaysia. Dadah adalah bahan atau sebatian kimia yang boleh
memudaratkan individu yang menggunakannya secara salah
atau berlebihan kerana ia mengubah cara minda dan tubuh
manusia berfungsi. Bahasa Arab mendefinisikan dadah sebagai
al-mukhaddarat, dari perkataan mukhaddara iaitu perkara-
perkara yang boleh menyebabkan kehilangan pertimbangan dan
akal seperti ganja dan morfin. Terdapat pelbagai usaha
pemulihan dadah seperti Terapi Gantian Metadon (TGM) yang
telah dilaksanakan di Malaysia dan rawatan yang menerapkan
unsur-unsur berdasarkan kaedah Islam. TGM ialah rawatan
gantian untuk penagihan opiat yang menggunakan ubat
metadon dalam bentuk sirap sebagai gantian dadah yang
berbahaya seperti dadah-dadah dari jenis opiat terutamanya
heroin dan morfin bagi penagih tegar yang ingin berhenti
menggunakan dadah-dadah terlarang secara sukarela.
Pemulihan kebergantungan terhadap opiat dilaporkan berjaya
dalam kalangan klien TGM. Namun, kadar pengekalan
pemulihan masih ditahap rendah. Antara penyebabnya adalah
aspek spiritualiti kurang diterapkan di dalam rawatan tersebut.
Model terapi psikospiritual bertujuan untuk memastikan

1 Fakulti Perubatan, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin (UniSZA), Terengganu. E-mel :


[email protected].
2 Fakulti Perubatan, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin (UniSZA), Terengganu.
3 Fakulti Perubatan, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin (UniSZA), Terengganu.
4
Fakulti Perubatan, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin (UniSZA), Terengganu.
5 Fakulti Kontemporari Islam dan Institut Penyelidikan Produk dan Ketamadunan Islam (INSPIRE),

Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin (UniSZA), Terengganu.


6 Fakulti Kontemporari Islam, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin (UniSZA), Terengganu.

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Qur’anic Research: Interaction of Knowledge, Science, and Civilization

rawatan penagihan opiat yang menyeluruh diberikan dan


penekanan pemulihan menumpukan aspek psikososial dan
spritual kepada klien TGM. Elemen yang akan
diterapkanditerapkan dalam kajian ini adalah konsep taubat,
sabar, syukur, khauf dan raja’. Psikoterapi Islam bermaksud
merawat penyakit mental, spiritual, moral, fizikal berdasarkan
metod-metod yang digariskan oleh Islam yang diperoleh
daripada al-Qur’an, al-Sunnah, orang soleh dan ilmu
pengetahuan Islam. Dapatan yang bakal diperolehi adalah
peningkatan kadar pengekalan di dalam program TGM
disebabkan rawatan biopsikososial yang komprehensif. Al-
Qur’an adalah penawar dan agen pemulihan daripada sifat keji
dan menggantikannya dengan sifat yang terpuji sekaligus
menghindarkan mereka dari najis dadah.

Kata kunci: Psikospiritual, Qur’an, Terapi Gantian Metadon (TGM),


Penagihan

Pengenalan

Dadah adalah bahan atau sebatian kimia yang boleh memudaratkan individu yang
menggunakannya secara salah atau berlebihan kerana ia mampu mengubah cara
minda dan tubuh manusia berfungsi (Abdul Razak, 1995b). Ia merupakan sejenis
bahan kimia psikoaktif yang mempunyai ciri-ciri atau/dan memberi kesan paling
ketara ke atas sistem saraf pusat (otak dan saraf tunjang). Ada juga yang
menggunakan istilah dadah ini sebagai drug untuk merujuk kepada ubat-ubatan yang
digunakan dalam proses pembelajaran yang merujuk kepada bahan kimia tertentu
(Lua & Nor Samira, 2012). Walaupun demikian, untuk memberi takrif
penyalahgunaan kepada drug, perkataan use, misuse atau abuse perlu digunakan
bersama-sama dengan perkataan drug. Contohnya drug abuse atau misuse of drug
yang membawa maksud penyalahgunaan dadah (Kamus Dewan, 2005).

Menurut Bahasa Arab, dadah adalah al-mukhaddarat yang berasal dari


perkataan mukhadda, iaitu objek yang boleh menyebabkan kehilangan pertimbangan
akal, memabukkan dan menghapuskan kewarasan seperti ganja dan morfin (Al-
Marbawi, 1998). Berdasarkan kajian para ulama dan pakar-pakar perubatan Islam,
penggunaan al-mukhaddarat seperti ganja atau hashish mempunyai kesan yang sama
dengan kesan alkohol dari segi memabukkan dan menghilangkan rasa kewarasan.
Hashish ditemui pada abad keenam dan abad ketujuh belas oleh seorang ketua sebuah
persatuan tasawuf yang dikenali pada tahun 658 H iaitu Haidar Shaikh. Beliau telah
memakan sejenis daun (ganja) untuk mendapatkan ketenangan, menjadikan badan
berasa cergas dan masalah yang dihadapi hilang akibat daripada kesan ilusi hashish
(Jami’ & Fathi’, 1999). Ini menunjukkan hashish menjadikan seseorang yang
mengambilnya akan berada dalam kondisi yang mengkhayalkan, hilang pertimbangan
akal dan bebas dari sebarang masalah.

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Islam jelas melarang dan mengharamkan penggunaan dadah. Pengharaman


dadah diqiaskan dengan pengharaman alkohol (Sabir & Fadzli, 2014). Firman Allah
SWT:

‫اب َو ۡٱۡل َ ۡزلَـ ُم ِر ۡج ٌ۬س ِم ۡن‬


ُ ‫ص‬َ ‫يَـٰٓأَيُّ َہا ٱلَّذِينَ َءا َمنُ ٰٓواْ إِنَّ َما ۡٱلخ َۡم ُر َو ۡٱل َم ۡيس ُِر َو ۡٱۡلَن‬
َ‫ٱجتَنِبُوهُ لَعَلَّ ُك ۡم ت ُ ۡف ِلحُون‬
ۡ َ‫طـ ِن ف‬ َ ‫ش ۡي‬
َّ ‫ع َم ِل ٱل‬ َ
Maksudnya:
“Wahai orang-orang yang beriman! Bahawa sesungguhnya arak dan
judi serta pemujaan berhala dan mengundi nasib dengan batang-
batang anak panah, semuanya adalah kotor daripada perbuatan
syaitan. Oleh itu, hendaklah kamu menjauhinya supaya kamu
berjaya.”

(Surah al-Ma’idah 5: 90)

Dalil ini dikukuhkan lagi dengan sabda Rasulullah SAW:


Maksudnya:

“Setiap minuman yang memabukkan adalah haram.”

(Bukhari and Muslim)

Sejumlah 155-250 juta atau 3.5-5.7 peratus jumlah keseluruhan penduduk dunia yang
berumur 15 tahun ke atas pernah menggunakan dadah terlarang (United Nation Office
on Drug and Crime [UNODC], 2010). Hampir 16.5 juta populasi dunia terdiri
daripada pengguna dadah jenis opiat dan lebih separuh daripadanya (9.3 juta) terdiri
daripada penduduk Asia (UNODC, 2008). Dadah yang banyak disalahgunakan secara
meluas di Malaysia ialah opioid, heroin, kodein, kanabis, morfin dan marijuana.
Antara punca yang mendorong kepada masalah tersebut adalah kewujudan kawasan
pengeluar bekalan dadah jenis opiat yang terbesar di Asia dan juga dunia iaitu
kawasan Segi Tiga Emas yang merangkumi kawasan seluas 750, 000 meter persegi
yang terdiri daripada kawasan negara Thailand, Laos dan Myanmar (Taib, 2005).
Majoriti penagih berasal dari Malaysia Barat dengan jumlah penagih opioid di
Malaysia Timur yang semakin berkurang (Nasir, M., Rusli, I., Ahmad Zubaidi, A. L.,
Mahadzirah, M. & Mohd Ekhwan, T. (2014).

Penagihan Opiat

Penagihan opiat dari perspektif perubatan ditakrifkan sebagai penggunaan bahan


opiat yang mengubah emosi dan tingkah laku yang menyebabkan kebergantungan
terhadap bahan-bahan tersebut walaupun ia mendatangkan mudarat kepada sistem
badan (Nasir, 2014). Opiat adalah jenis dadah yang diproses daripada pokok popi lalu
dijadikan kodein, candu, heroin dan morfin (Mohd Dzulkhairi, 2014). Opiat sintetik
pula merupakan bahan kimia yang dihasilkan menyerupai ciri-ciri opiat. Contoh opiat
sintetik yang sering disalahgunakan adalah pethidine. Antara kegunaan lain opiat
sintetik ialah dalam perawatan dadah iaitu metadon. Terdapat pelbagai faktor berisiko
tinggi yang menyebabkan seseorang itu mengalami ketagihan opiat. Antaranya
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Qur’anic Research: Interaction of Knowledge, Science, and Civilization

jantina, umur, bangsa, sejarah keluarga penagih, status pekerjaan, status perkahwinan
dan tahap pendidikan (Nasir, 2014).

Beberapa kajian terdahulu telah menunjukkan bahawa individu yang


bergantung kepada dadah terutamanya opiat lebih mudah terdedah kepada masalah
tekanan. Dalam hal ini, tekanan boleh terjadi dalam dua keadaan iaitu penggunaan
opiat menyebabkan individu lebih mudah menjadi gelisah dan tertekan. Juga apabila
individu itu tertekan, beliau akan mendapatkan dadah untuk mengurangkan tekanan
tersebut (Nasir, et. al., 2014).

Terapi Gantian Metadon

Terapi gantian metadon (TGM) ialah rawatan yang menggunakan ubat metadon
dalam bentuk sirap sebagai gantian kepada dadah jenis opiat terutamanya heroin dan
morfin bagi penagih tegar yang ingin berhenti menagih secara sukarela (Lua & Nor
Samira, 2012). Di Malaysia, Hospital Kuala Lumpur (HKL) merupakan perintis
kepada rawatan ini yang bermula pada penghujung tahun 2005. Sambutan yang
menggalakkan daripada golongan sasaran telah mendorong lebih banyak pusat-pusat
rawatan baru dibuka sama ada di hospital kerajaan, klinik kesihatan dan swasta, pusat
khidmat Agensi Antidadah Kebangsaan (AADK) dan penjara. Sehingga Jun 2010,
terdapat 35 hospital dan 91 klinik kesihatan yang terlibat dalam pendispensan
methadone. Jumlah bilangan pesakit yang berdaftar adalah 13471, dengan 9144
daripada mereka pesakit aktif (Nasir, 2014). Pemulihan kebergantungan terhadap
opiat dilaporkan berjaya dalam kalangan klien TGM. Namun, kadar pengekalan
pemulihan masih ditahap rendah. Antara penyebabnya adalah aspek spiritualiti
kurang diterapkan di dalam rawatan tersebut. Oleh itu, kajian ini akan
memperkenalkan satu model terapi psikospiritual dalam rawatan pemulihan
kebergantungan terhadap opiat.

Model Terapi Psikospiritual

Model terapi psikospiritual yang akan dibincangkan dalam tulisan ini merupakan
salah satu unit dalam modul yang dibina oleh kumpulan penyelidik dengan kerjasama
Kementerian Kesihatan Malaysia (KKM). Model ini membincangkan lima elemen
utama terapi iaitu terapi taubat, sabar, syukur, khauf dan raja’. Model ini bertujuan
untuk memastikan rawatan penagihan opiat yang menyeluruh diberikan dan
penekanan pemulihan menumpukan aspek psikososial dan spiritual kepada klien
TGM.
Al-Qur’an menjelaskan bahawa manusia dicipta dalam keadaan keluh kesah.
Akibat keluh kesah itulah banyak berlakunya perlakuan salah dan tidak bermoral
termasuklah penagihan dadah (Yuseri, Sapora & Marina, 2007). Lalu rawatan kepada
keluh kesah itu dijelaskan sendiri oleh Allah SWT sebagai kemudahan bagi manusia
untuk mengikutinya melalui firmanNya dalam surah al-Ma’arij ayat 19-35,
maksudnya:
“Sesungguhnya manusia dicipta bersifat keluh kesah lagi kikir.
Apabila ia ditimpa kesusahan ia berkeluh kesah. Dan apabila
mendapat kebaikan ia amat kikir, kecuali orang yang mengerjakan
solat, yang mereka itu tetap mengerjakan solatnya, dan orang-orang
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yang dalam hartanya tersedia bahagian tertentu, bagi orang (miskin)


yang meminta dan orang yang tidak mempunyai apa-apa (yang tidak
mahu meminta), dan orang-orang yang mempercayai hari pembalasan,
dan orang-orang yang takut terhadap azab Tuhannya, kerana
sesungguhnya azab Tuhan mereka tidak dapat orang berasa aman
(daripada kedatangannya), dan orang-orang yang memelihara
kemaluannya, kecuali terhadap isteri-isteri mereka atau hamba-hamba
yang mereka miliki, maka mereka dalam hal ini tiada tercela.
Barangsiapa mencari yang sebalik itu maka mereka itulah orang-
orang yang melampaui batas, dan orang-orang yang memelihara
amanahamanah dan janjinya, dan orang-orang yang memberikan
kesaksiannya, dan orang-orang yang memelihara solatnya, mereka itu
(kekal) di syurga lagi dimuliakan.”
(Surah al-Ma’arij 70: 19-35)

Said Hawwa menjelaskan bahawa sifat keluh kesah ini (yang utamanya
terlalu resah ketika musibah, dan tidak bersyukur ketika dapat nikmat) tidak dapat
diatasi oleh manusia melainkan apabila terhimpun padanya sifat-sifat berikut: solat,
infaq, membenarkan hari akhirat, rasa gerun dengan azab Allah, memelihara
kemaluan, dan memberikan kesaksian dengan penuh kebenaran dan keadilan (Said
Hawwa, 1999). Sesiapa yang memiliki padanya sifat-sifat ini, hatinya akan terlepas
daripada penyakit dan sihat rohaninya. Apabila seseorang benar-benar mencapai sifat-
sifat ini, maka secara automatik sifat keluh kesah akan hilang daripadanya.

Rawatan pemulihan dadah berdasarkan rawatan Islam telah wujud dan


dijalankan oleh pusat yang dikendalikan oleh kerajaan dan sektor swasta di Malaysia.
Dapatan yang diperoleh daripada sektor swasta atau NGO yang menggunakan kaedah
rawatan ini sangat menarik dan memberangsangkan (Mohmood Nazar, Ismail, Noor
Azniza & Muhamad Dzahir, 2005). Rawatan pemulihan ini menggunakan
pendekatan pendek, pusat jagaan harian dan penjagaan pusat berasaskan doa, zikir,
bilik mandi taubat dan bimbingan al-Qur’an dan fardhu ain. Rawatan pemulihan
adalah berasaskan al-Qur’an dan hadith dengan menggabungkan kaedah tasawuf
(Mohamed, Che Din & Ishak, 1998). Hujah ini disokong oleh firman Allah SWT:

َّ ُُ‫ان َما ُه َو ِشفَا ٰٓ ٌ۬ء َو َر ۡح َم ٌ۬ة ِل ۡل ُم ۡؤ ِمنِينَ َو ََ يَ ِزي‬


ََّ ِ‫ٱلَّـ ِل ِمينَ إ‬ ِ ‫َونُن َِز ُل ِمنَ ۡٱلقُ ۡر َء‬
‫س ٌ۬ارا‬َ ‫َخ‬
Maksudnya:
"Dan kami turunkan dari Al-Quran yang menjadi penawar dan
rahmat bagi orang yang beriman."
(Surah al-Isra’ 17: 82)

Pendekatan yang digunakan dalam kerohanian Islam dilihat patut untuk


mengembalikan manusia kepada fitrah ciptaannya. Penyakit rohani tidak boleh
dirawat atau diubati menggunakan dadah suntikan, bukan dengan kekerasan dan
kuasa, tetapi mestilah berpandukan kepada aspek kerohanian yang telah ditentukan
Pencipta iaitu Allah SWT. Menurut orang bijaksana, kejahatan tidak boleh
dihapuskan oleh pedang. Jenayah boleh dihapuskan hanya dengan bertaubat kepada
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Allah SWT sebagaimana yang telah dijelaskan oleh Allah SWT di dalam al-Qur’an.
Menurut Taharem, bentuk pemulihan rohani adalah cara terbaik untuk menangani
masalah penagihan dadah. Kaedah pemulihan dadah berasaskan Islam yang
menggunakan kaedah zikir dan doa memberi kesan positif dalam pemulihan yang
berterusan (Mohamed, et. al., 1998).

Oleh itu, dalam kajian ini, terapi psikospiritual dibangunkan dalam usaha
untuk memberi rawatan berterusan secara holistik terhadap masalah penagih dadah
yang mengikuti program TGM. Kajian ini akan memfokuskan terapi psikospiritual
yang menekankan aspek psiko-spiritual yang akan digunakan dalam rawatan penagih
dadah dalam usaha untuk meningkatkan tahap pengekalan dan mencegah penagih
daripada kembali kepada dadah.

Prinsip Terapi Psikospiritual

Terapi psikospiritual terdiri daripada lima aspek utama iaitu taubat, sabar, syukur,
khauf dan raja’(Al- Ghazali, 1989) . Lima aspek utama tersebut secara ringkasnya
adalah yang pertama, terapi taubat yang merupakan teras penyucian qalbu yang
menjadi kunci membina sifat ingin kembali kepada hakikat kebenaran dan
meninggalkan sifat yang negatif. Taubat atau dalam Bahasa Arabnya disebut ‫ت َ ْوبَة‬
(taubah) berasal dari perkataan ‫ب‬ ََ ‫( ت َ َو‬tawaba) yang dari segi bahasa bermaksud
kembali (Idris, 2013). Seseorang itu dikatakan ‫تاب‬ ََ (taaba – telah bertaubat) sekiranya
dia telah kembali dari melakukan dosa atau telah meninggalkan dosa itu. Terdapat
beberapa perintah bertaubat yang disebutkan dalam nas-nas Al-Qur’an dan juga al-
Sunnah. Antaranya firman Allah SWT:

َ‫ٱّلل َج ِميعا أَيُّهَ ۡٱل ُم ۡؤ ِمنُونَ لَعَلَّ ُك ۡم ت ُ ۡف ِلحُون‬


ِ َّ ‫َوتُوب ُٰٓواْ ِإلَى‬
Maksudnya:
“dan bertaubatlah kamu sekalian kepada Allah, wahai orang-orang
yang beriman, supaya kamu berjaya.”

(Surah al-Nur 24: 31)

َ‫ت َويَعۡ لَ ُم َما ت َۡفعَلُون‬


ِ ‫س ِيـَٔا‬ َ َ‫َو ُه َو ٱلَّذِى يَ ۡقبَ ُل ٱلت َّ ۡوبَة‬
َ ْ‫ع ۡن ِعبَا ِدِۦه َويَعۡ فُوا‬
َّ ‫ع ِن ٱل‬
Maksudnya:
“Dan Dialah (Allah) yang menerima taubat daripada hamba-Nya
(yang bertaubat) serta memaafkan kejahatan-kejahatan (yang telah
mereka lakukan). Dan Dia mengetahui apa yang kamu semua
kerjakan.”

(Surah al-Syura 42: 25)

َ َ ‫ٱّللَ ي ُِحبُّ ٱلت َّ َّوٲ ِبينَ َوي ُِحبُّ ۡٱل ُمت‬


َ‫ط ِه ِرين‬ َّ ‫ِإ َّن‬
Maksudnya:
“Sesungguhnya Allah SWT suka kepada orang-orang yang
bertaubat dan menjaga kebersihan."
(Surah al-Baqarah 2: 222)

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Dalam model ini, terapi taubat diterapkan dengan menunjukkan simulasi bagaimana
hati menjadi kotor akibat kesalahan. Simulasi pertama dengan meletakkan satu titik
dakwat hitam dimasukkan ke dalam segelas air sebagai analogi kesalahan yang
dilakukan dan kesannya terhadap hati seseorang. Manakala simulasi kedua dengan
melukis gambar berbentuk hati yang besar pada papan putih. Klien diminta melukis
imej salah laku yang tergambar dalam fikiran mereka di dalam lukisan hati tersebut
dan memadam imej yang dilukis dengan melempar pemadam papan putih dari jarak 2
meter. Ini menunjukkan peranan hati sanubari dalam kehidupan seharian. Dosa akan
menyebabkan hati sanubari menjadi hitam. Taubat dapat mensucikan dosa yang
dilakukan.

Terapi kedua adalah sabar iaitu membina kekuatan dalaman sebagai usaha
menghadapi cabaran dan dugaan dalam kehidupan klien. Umat Islam amat disarankan
untuk bersabar dengan segala bentuk ujian yang dihadapinya. Firman Allah:

َ‫صـبِ ِرين‬ َّ ‫صلَوةِ إِ َّن‬


َّ ‫ٱّللَ َم ََ ٱل‬ َّ ‫ص ۡب ِر َوٱل‬ ۡ ْ‫يَـٰٓأَيُّ َها ٱلَّذِينَ َءا َمنُوا‬
َّ ‫ٱست َ ِعينُواْ بِٱل‬
Maksudnya:
“Wahai sekalian orang-orang yang beriman! Mintalah pertolongan
(untuk menghadapi susah payah dalam menyempurnakan sesuatu
perintah Tuhan) dengan bersabar dan dengan (mengerjakan)
sembahyang; kerana sesungguhnya Allah menyertai (menolong)
orang-orang yang sabar”
(Surah al-Baqarah 2: 153)

َّ ‫َولَن َۡبلُ َونَّ ُك ۡم َحتَّى نَعۡ لَ َم ۡٱل ُم َجـ ِهُِي َن ِمنكُ ۡم َوٱل‬
َ َ‫صـ ِب ِرينَ َون َۡبلُ َواْ أ َ ۡخب‬
‫ار ُك ۡم‬
Maksudnya:
Dan demi sesungguhnya! Kami tetap menguji kamu (wahai orang-
orang yang mengaku beriman) sehingga ternyata pengetahuan Kami
tentang adanya orang-orang yang berjuang dari kalangan kamu dan
orang-orang yang sabar (dalam menjalankan perintah Kami); dan
(sehingga) Kami dapat mengesahkan (benar atau tidaknya) berita-
berita tentang keadaan kamu.
(Surah Muhammad 47: 31)

Al-Makki menjelaskan pengertian sabr (sabar) sebagai menahan diri daripada hawa
nafsu serta menekan diri agar tekun dalam beramal (Sharifah Basirah & Che Zarrina,
2015). Kesungguhan seseorang hamba dalam menahan diri daripada hawa nafsu dan
menghadapi ujian akan menumbuhkan ketaatan kepada Allah SWT, disamping
bersabar dalam membaiki akhlak buruk kepada akhlak mulia dalam pergaulan dan
kelakuan (Al-Makki, 1997).

Al-Makki turut menghuraikan makna sabar yang terdapat dalam al-Qur’an.


Secara umumnya sabar boleh dibahagikan kepada dua, iaitu sabar daripada
melakukan kemungkaran dan sabar dalam menegakkan keadilan. Dalam kajian ini,
rawatan kepada klien berbentuk sabar daripada melakukan kemungkaran. Simulasi
yang digunakan adalah dengan menggunakan sebatang pancing untuk mengambil
objek di dalam botol. Aktiviti ini dapat dirumuskan bahawa sifat sabar amat
181
Qur’anic Research: Interaction of Knowledge, Science, and Civilization

diperlukan dalam kehidupan sehari-hari. Apabila sifat sabar dapat diterapkan, maka
kehidupan yang sukar dapat dihadapi dengan tenang. Sifat sabar memerlukan latihan
dan ia akan terbina seiringan dengan kebiasaan diri menghadapi ujian dan cabaran
dalam kehidupan.

Ketiga, terapi syukur di mana memupuk sifat berterima kasih dengan apa
yang dimiliki dalam kehidupan. Menurut al-Makki, shukr (syukur) dari sudut bahasa
adalah dengan “memperlihatkan” atau “menzahirkan” nikmat kurniaan Allah SWT.
Hamba yang bersyukur menzahirkan syukurnya itu dengan menceritakan atau
menunjukkan akan nikmat Allah SWT dengan lisannya sehingga jelas kelihatan
nikmat tersebut (Al-Makki, 1997). Dalil saranan bersyukur sebagaimana firman Allah
SWT:

ٌ۬ ُ‫ش‬
ُ‫ِي‬ َ َ‫عذَا ِبى ل‬ َ ‫ڪ ۡرت ُ ۡم َۡل َ ِزيَُنَّكُ ۡم َولَ ِٕٮن‬
َ ‫َفَ ۡرت ُ ۡم ِإ َّن‬ َ ‫َو ِإ ۡذ ت َأَذَّنَ َربُّكُ ۡم لَ ِٕٮن‬
َ ‫ش‬
Maksudnya:
“Dan (ingatlah) ketika Tuhan kamu memberitahu: "Demi
sesungguhnya! Jika kamu bersyukur nescaya Aku akan tambahi
nikmatKu kepada kamu, dan demi sesungguhnya, jika kamu kufur
ingkar sesungguhnya azabKu amatlah keras.”
(Surah Ibrahim 14: 7)

Klien akan diberikan satu kertas amanah pada akhir sesi terapi sabar dan diminta
untuk menjaganya sehingga akhir sesi terapi syukur. Ibaratnya, Allah telah
menganugerahkan hidup dan nyawa yang perlu dijaga berlandaskan kepada syariat
dan hukum Allah SWT. Tetapi, ramai manusia yang telah menyalahkan prinsip
tersebut, malah telah melupakan tujuan asal hidup. Kerosakan dilakukan kepada diri
sendiri ibarat tidak bersyukur dengan peluang hidup yang telah diberikan oleh Allah
SWT. Seharusnya, peluang hidup yang diberikan Allah perlulah digunakan dengan
sebaik mungkin.

Seterusnya terapi khauf iaitu memupuk sifat sentiasa bimbang terhadap aspek
negatif yang mungkin melanda diri klien dan jika tidak menghindar diri daripada
terjerumus ke dalamnya. Simulasi yang digunakan dalam model ini adalah keranda
keinsafan. Klien diminta masuk dan baring di dalam keranda yang dilengkapi kain
kapan dan bau-bauan berkaitan (kapur barus, air mawar) dalam tempoh 10 minit
sambil diiringi dengan bacaan surah Yasin. Kesimpulan daripada aktiviti adalah dapat
menghubungkan perasaan takut dengan mengenali kekuasaan dan sifat Allah SWT.
Dengan berilmu dan betul-betul mengenali Allah SWT, akan terzahirnya perasaan
takut kepada Allah SWT.

Manakala terapi kelima iaitu terapi terakhir adalah terapi raja’ yang menanam
sifat sentiasa optimis yang sepenuhnya daripada Penciptanya dengan memandang
kepada pelbagai sifat kemuliaan Pencipta. Al-Makki mentakrifkan raja’ (harapan)
sebagai suatu istilah yang menunjukkan kuatnya keinginan seseorang terhadap
sesuatu apabila meminta permohonan daripada Allah SWT. Beliau juga menyatakan
bahawa Allah SWT telah menggunakan istilah َ‫( الطم‬tamak) kepada raja’ yang
menunjukkan satu kesungguhan dan keinginan yang kuat terhadap sesuatu perkara
(Al-Makki, 1997). Hal ini berdasarkan firman Allah SWT:

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Qur’anic Research: Interaction of Knowledge, Science, and Civilization

َ ‫اج َِ يَ ُۡعُونَ َربَّ ُہ ۡم خ َۡو ٌ۬فا َو‬


‫ط َم ٌ۬عا َو ِم َّما َرزَ ۡقنَـ ُه ۡم‬ ِ ‫ض‬َ ‫ع ِن ۡٱل َم‬
َ ‫تَت َ َجافَى ُجنُوبُ ُه ۡم‬
َ‫يُن ِفقُون‬
Maksudnya:
“...Mereka sentiasa berdoa kepada Tuhan mereka dengan perasaan
takut (akan kemurkaanNYa) serta dengan perasaan ingin memperoleh
lagi (keredhaanNya); dan mereka selalu pula mendermakan
sebahagian daripada apa yang Kami beri kepada mereka.”
(Surah al-Sajdah 32: 16)

Dalam model terapi psikospiritual ini, penyelidik akan mengikat benang, tali rafia,
tali halus, tali sederhana dan tali kasar pada palang sebagai simulasi. Klien diminta
memanjat benang dan bergantung padanya. Diikuti dengan memanjat tali rafia, tali
halus, tali sederhana dan tali kasar. Klien diminta memberi respon daripada aktiviti
tersebut. Penyelidik merumuskan bahawa klien perlu menggantungkan pengharapan
kepada Allah bahawasanya Allah akan membantu mereka untuk sembuh

Kelima-lima terapi ini digarap secara sistematik berdasarkan al-Qur’an dan


al-Sunnah dalam usaha ntuk memulihkan klien-klien dari kembali dari penagihan
dadah. Kaedah penerapan psikospiritual diatas adalah dalam pelbagai bentuk
termasuklah kaunseling, video klip, zikir, mandi taubat, amali wudhuk, amali solat
dan lain-lain.

Rumusan

Adalah diharapkan terapi psikospiritual yang akan diberikan kepada klien mampu
meningkatkan tahap pengekalan klien dalam TGM dan seterusnya mencegah penagih
daripada kembali kepada penagihan opiat/dadah. Satu kajian lapangan menggunakan
model ini akan dijalankan menggunakan modul yang dibina dengan kerjasama
Kementerian Kesihatan Malaysia. Al-Qur’an adalah sebaik-baik penawar dalam
segala jenis penyakit termasuklah penagihan dadah. Penagihan adalah suatu penyakit
dan perlu dirawat. Rawatan yang paling berkesan adalah rawatan dari akar umbinya
sendiri iaitu rawatan secara kerohanian dan dalaman seseorang.

Penghargaan

Geran NRGS KPM – UniSZA/NRGS/2013-RR057-1

Bibliografi

1. Abdul Razak, D. (1995b). Dadah: Senario sejagat yang membimbangkan.


Dewan Kosmik Februari 12-13.

2. Al-Makki, Abu Talib. (1997). Qut al-Qulub. Jilid 1. Beirut: Dar al-Kitab al-
‘Ilmiyyah.

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Qur’anic Research: Interaction of Knowledge, Science, and Civilization

3. Al-Marbawi, M. I. (1998). Kamus Idris al-Marbawi Arabi - Malayuwi. Kuala


Lumpur: Dar al-Nukman.

4. Idris, S. (2013). Taubat menurut al-Qur’an dan sunnah. Diakses pada 31 Mei,
2016, dari https://ustazidrissulaiman.wordpress.com/2013/07/19/taubat-
menurut-al-quran-dan-sunnah/.

5. Jami’, H. & Fathi’, I. D. M. (1999). Dadah dari perspektif Islam. Kuala


Terengganu: Penerbitan Yayasan Islam Terengganu.

6. Kamus Dewan. (2005). Ed. Ke-4. Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan
Pustaka.

7. Lua, P. L. & Nor Samira T. (2012). Terapi gantian metadon untuk penagihan
dadah. Kuala Terengganu: Penerbit Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin.

8. Mohamed, M. N., Che Din, S. & Ishak, I. (1998). Keberkesanan rawatan dan
pemulihan penagihan dadah. Modaliti Kerohanian dan Tradisional di
Malaysia. Sintok: Universiti Utara Malaysia.

9. Mohd Dzulkhairi, M. R. (2014). Kesan-kesan penagihan dadah terhadap


kesihatan. Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia.

10. Mohmood Nazar, M., Ismail, I., Noor Azniza, I. & Muhamad Dzahir, K.
(2005). Program pemulihan luar institusi untuk penagih dadah. Monograf
Sintok: Penerbit Universiti Utara Malaysia.

11. Nasir, M., Rusli, I., Ahmad Zubaidi, A. L., Mahadzirah, M. & Mohd
Ekhwan, T. (2014). Terapi penggantian metadon: Penderitaan
kebergantungan opiat yang boleh diubati. Kuala Terengganu: Penerbit
Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin.

12. Nasir, M. (2014). Methadone maintenance therapy. Kuala Terengganu:


Penerbit Unisza Sultan Zainal Abidin.

13. Sabir, A. G. & Fadzli, A. (2014). Pemulihan dadah menurut perspektif agama
di Malaysia (Drugs Abuse and Rehabilitation in Religion in Malaysia). Jurnal
Hadhari, Jabatan Kemajuan Islam Malaysia. Bangi: Penerbit UKM Press.

14. Said Hawwa. (1999). Tarbiyyatuna al-Ruhiyyah. Cetakan ke-6. Kaherah:


Darus Salam.

15. Sharifah Basirah, S. M. & Che Zarrina, S. (2015). Kaedah psikoterapi Islam
berasaskan konsep maqamat Abu Talib Al-Makki. Kuala Lumpur: Dewan
Bahasa dan Pustaka.

16. Taib, A. G. (2005). Joint war against drugs. Kuala Lumpur: Delmu (M) Sdn.
Bhd.

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Qur’anic Research: Interaction of Knowledge, Science, and Civilization

17. United Nation Office on Drug and Crime (UNODC). (2008). World drug
report. Vienna, Austria: United Nations Publications. Diakses pada 27
Januari, 2016, dari
http://www.unodc.org/documents/WDR_2010/World_Drug_Report_2010_lo
res.pdfRetrieved from: http://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/data-and-
analysis/WDR-2008.

18. United Nation Office on Drug and Crime (UNODC). (2010). World drug
report. Vienna, Austria: United Nations Publications. Diakses pada 27
Januari, 2016, dari
http://www.unodc.org/documents/WDR_2010/World_Drug_Report_2010_lo
res.pdf.

19. Yuseri, A., Sapora, S. & Marina, M. A. M. (2007). Peranan kerohanian dalam
menangani gejala dadah. Jurnal Antidadah Malaysia.

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PENGARUH TINGKAH LAKU PELAJAR AUTISME BERFUNGSI TINGGI


DALAM UJIAN BACAAN SURAH FATIHAH

Siti Patonah Mohamad1


M. Y. Zulkifli M. Yusoff2
Durriyyah Sharifah Hasan Adli 3

Abstrak

Proses mengendalikan sesi pembelajaran bersama pelajar autisme


berfungsi tinggi bukan sahaja mencabar kemampuan guru dalam
menyampaikan maklumat, bahkan menguji kebolehan guru
mengawal tingkah laku dan emosi pelajar. Mempunyai karakter
yang pelbagai, keupayaan pelajar dengan autisme menerima input
yang disampaikan sering dipengaruhi oleh tingkah laku mereka.
Artikel ini mengupas kaitan kelakuan pelajar autisme berfungsi
tinggi yang ditonjolkan sewaktu ujian tingkah laku melibatkan
pembacaan surah Fatihah yang diubah suai kepada beberapa
modul skrip. Lima pelajar autisme berfungsi tinggi terlibat dalam
kajian ini dan sebahagian penemuan dalam ujian bacaan surah
Fatihah yang diperoleh dibincangkan dalam artikel ini. Perisian
aplikasi NVivo digunakan untuk menganalisis bacaan. Analisa
bacaan surah Fatihah yang dibaca dengan betul berdasarkan
bilangan ayat menunjukkan kebanyakan pelajar tidak
mencatatkan skor yang baik. Keputusan kajian menunjukkan
beberapa masalah tingkah laku pelajar dengan autisme boleh
menjejaskan prestasi bacaan. Antara kelakuan individu autisme
yang sering ditonjolkan sewaktu ujian adalah melibatkan masalah
dalam komunikasi dan interaksi sosial.

Kata kunci: Autisme berfungsi tinggi, Bacaan, Kelakuan,


Prestasi

Pengenalan

Psikologi perkembangan seseorang individu terutama perubahan secara kualitatif


seperti emosi dan kognitf adalah berterusan sepanjang hayat. Namun begitu,
perbezaan individu menyebabkan perkembangan yang dialami adalah bervariasi

1
Akademi Pegajian Islam, Universiti Malaya.
2
Centre of Quranic Research, Universiti Malaya.
3
Institut Sains Biologi, Universiti Malaya. Emel: [email protected].
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Qur’anic Research: Interaction of Knowledge, Science, and Civilization

antara satu sama lain (Jas Laile Suzana, 2016). Bagi individu autisme yang
mempunyai gangguan perkembangan neuro (neurodevelopmental disorder),
perkembangan mereka boleh terganggu seawal usia 2 tahun (Charman, 2002).
Implikasi gangguan tersebut adalah mereka mengalami masalah dari segi interaksi
sosial, komunikasi dan corak tingkah laku yang terhad/ berulang (American
Psychiatric Association, 2013).

Masalah Psikologi dalam Pendidikan Individu Autisme

Matlamat utama dalam pendidikan adalah melahirkan individu yang berilmu dan
memperoleh pengetahuan yang bersesuaian pada peringkat umur individu. Namun
begitu, masalah akan timbul apabila individu tidak dapat mencapai tahap kematangan
mental/ kognitif serta keseimbangan emosi dan penguasaan bahasa.

Bagi individu autisme yang mempunyai karakter pelbagai/ heterogen,


perkembangan sosial, komunikasi dan emosi mereka didapati perlahan/ terganggu
berbanding dengan individu yang sebaya dengan mereka. Antaranya, individu
autisme menghadapi kesukaran dalam memahami tingkah laku sosial seperti tidak
boleh ‘membaca’ situasi dalam perbualan/ pergaulan, contoh: tidak dapat
membezakan reaksi marah seorang guru. Menurut teori Piaget, pada peringkat
praoperasi (umur dua hingga tujuh tahun), kanak-kanak seharusnya sudah mampu
berfikir secara logik dan berupaya menilai simbol-simbol yang digunakan seperti
dalam permainan olok-olok (Kamarulzaman, 2014). Bagi individu dengan autisme,
hal ini dianggap rumit kerana masalah yang dialami dalam Teori Minda (Theory of
Mind). Contohnya, apabila diuji dalam permainan lokasi Sally dan Anne (patung
permainan), individu dengan autisme didapati tidak dapat menentukan lokasi Anne
atau Sally diletakkan, walaupun setelah diterangkan kedudukan mereka (Happé,
1995). Namun begitu, tidak semua individu autisme didapati gagal dalam ujian ini
(Happé, 1994)

Dari perspektif konsep interaksi resiprokal (reciprocal interaction) dalam


proses pendidikan didapati wujudnya masalah komunikasi yang terganggu dalam
kalangan individu autisme dengan individu sekeliling. Peringkat ‘keterukan’ autisme
contohnya bergantung kepada tahap kemampuan berkomunikasi secara lisan atau
bukan lisan. Seperti kanak-kanak tipikal, peringkat perkembangan bahasa bagi
seorang individu autisme turut bermula seawal kelahiran, iaitu dengan memerhatikan
bunyi yang didengar dari persekitaran dan kemudiannya menterjemah maksud ayat.
Seorang kanak-kanak kebiasaannya mampu memahami metalinguistik apabila
mencecah umur enam tahun dan ke atas (Jas Laile Suzana, 2016), tetapi tidak untuk
kanak-kanak dengan autisme. Kanak-kanak dengan autisme mengalami kelewatan
dalam komunikasi secara lisan; justeru, masalah komunikasi ini membataskan proses
pembelajaran. Contoh masalah komunikasi yang lazim dipamerkan oleh individu
autism adalah menggunakan ayat rawak tanpa mengetahui maksud ayat tersebut,
tidak dapat membina ayat percakapan, ekolalia, dan tidak memberi respon kepada
soalan (Rapin & Dunn, 2003).

Justeru, proses mengendalikan sesi pembelajaran bersama pelajar autisme


bukan sahaja mencabar kemampuan guru dalam menyampaikan maklumat, bahkan
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Qur’anic Research: Interaction of Knowledge, Science, and Civilization

menguji kebolehan guru mengawal tingkah laku dan emosi pelajar. Mempunyai
karakter yang pelbagai, keupayaan pelajar dengan autisme untuk menerima input
yang disampaikan juga sering dipengaruhi oleh tingkah laku mereka.

Masalah tingkah laku dalam kalangan individu autisme melibatkan tantrum


(Willis, 2006), kecenderungan mencederakan diri, agresif (Hollander et al, 2011),
hiperaktif, merosakkan harta (property destruction), terlampau sensitif (Horner et al,
1992) dan suka menyendiri/ ritualistik (Nazeer & Ghaziuddin, 2012). Mereka juga
akan cuba mendominasi/ memanipulasi individu lain untuk mendapatkan apa yang
dihajati (McMahon-Coleman & Draisma, 2016).

Secara umumnya, didapati fungsi eksekutif (executive function) individu


autisme yang berperanan dalam mengawal tingkah laku kognisi adalah lemah
berbanding individu neurotipikal (Pellicano, 2012; Rosenthal et al, 2013).

Proses Membaca al-Quran bagi Individu Autisme

Aktiviti membaca memainkan peranan penting dalam proses pendidikan. Proses


membaca memerlukan kemahiran mengekod dan menterjemah bentuk tulisan kepada
pemahaman, selain menyebut yang dibaca secara lisan/ verbal atau di dalam hati.
Seseorang yang terbiasa dengan membaca teks Bahasa Melayu dalam abjad Roman
akan mendapati membaca teks al-Quran dalam bahasa Arab yang ditulis
menggunakan huruf hijaiyah/ jawi adalah agak berbeza. Perbezaan format bacaan
melibatkan contohnya, bagi teks Bahasa Arab (a) dibaca dari kanan ke kiri, (b) setiap
bentuk huruf hijaiyah ditulis berlainan bergantung kepada kedudukannya dalam ayat,
(c) tanda-tanda bacaan yang membawa maksud bunyi tertentu turut pula memberi
isyarat lain, seperti perlu berhenti atau dipanjangkan bacaan. Hal-hal ini
menyebabkan kesukaran bagi pembaca bukan penutur bahasa Arab, apatah lagi
kepada individu yang mempunyai masalah pembelajaran.

Namun begitu, kesedaran orang ramai terutamanya ibu bapa dan pihak-pihak
bertanggungjawab dalam memastikan individu dengan autisme tidak ketinggalan
dalam melalui kehidupan seperti manusia lain bermakna pendidikan al-Quran turut
diperkenalkan kepada mereka. Hal ini diperkuatkan lagi oleh gesaan mempelajari
kalam suci al-Quran untuk melengkapkan ibadah fardhu, seperti membaca surah al-
Fatihah dalam solat:

‫ال صالة ملن مل يقرأ بفاحتة الكتاب‬


Tiada solat bagi sesiapa yang tidak membaca surah Fatihah4

Adapun teknik-teknik dan usaha-usaha yang diketengahkan kepada mereka untuk


membaca al-Quran adalah pelbagai, bergantung kepada kemampuan mereka;
contohnya diperdengarkan bacaan al-Quran secara berulang (Mayrani & Hartati,

4
Abū ‘Abd Allāh Muḥammad ibn Ismā‘īl ibn Ibrāhīm ibn al-Mughīrah ibn Bardizbah al-Ju‘fī
al-Bukhārī, Sahih al-Bukhari, Jilid 1 (Qaherah: Al-Tawfikiya Bookshop, 2008), 181. Kitab
Azan, Bab Wajibnya membaca surah Fatihah bagi Imam dan makmun dalam solat, no. Hadis
756.
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Qur’anic Research: Interaction of Knowledge, Science, and Civilization

2013), diperkenalkan huruf-huruf hijaiyah secara berlagu atau menggunakan kaedah


isyarat seperti kaedah Fakih. Ini kerana, kaedah konvensional tidak/ jarang memenuhi
kesesuaian mereka yang mempunyai fokus yang terhad dan memerlukan inisiatif serta
intervensi/ inovasi baru dalam pembelajaran (Williams et al, 2002; Khowaja & Salim,
2012).

Melalui kaedah-kaedah yang telah digunakan untuk mempelajari al-Quran,


ternyata sebahagian individu tersebut mampu membaca dan menghafal al-Quran.
Akan tetapi, penilaian sejauh mana kemampuan mereka betul-betul membaca al-
Quran masih tidak dikaji, kerana, kelebihan mukjizat al-Quran adalah al-Quran tidak
akan berubah dan ini memudahkan individu membacanya walaupun dengan cara
menghafal. Firman Allah SWT yang bermaksud:

Dan demi sesungguhnya! Kami telah mudahkan Al-Quran untuk


menjadi peringatan dan pengajaran, maka adakah sesiapa yang
mahu mengambil peringatan dan pelajaran (daripadanya) (Quran
54:17)

Kepentingan penilaian terhadap kemampuan pelajar dalam membaca al-Quran


dengan betul adalah perlu. Hal ini kerana membaca al-Quran apabila dilakukan secara
sendirian, memerlukan kemahiran mengenal pasti kesilapan-kesilapan yang tidak
disengajakan. Pembaca yang tidak boleh membaca dengan baik, tidak mampu
mengenalpasti kesilapan yang telah mereka lakukan, terutama kesilapan-kesilapan
besar (lahn jali) seperti tertinggal/ tertukar/ terganti ayat/ baris dalam satu-satu surah.
Oleh itu, penting dilakukan penilaian yang berterusan agar kesilapan-kesilapan ini
tidak akan menodai kesucian dan makna kalam suci al-Quran serta tidak diulangi
terutama dalam hafalan.

Kajian lepas menunjukkan proses membaca/ dekoding bagi individu autisme


mempunyai tahap yang sama dengan rakan sebaya yang tipikal, namun, fokus mereka
membaca ayat pemahaman semakin menurun apabila membaca sesuatu yang bersifat
lebih abstrak dan mempunyai tema-tema yang tidak difahami mereka (Nation et al,
2006). Ini kerana individu autisme mempunyai corak memproses bahasa yang
berbeza dari individu yang neurotipikal kerana mereka lebih bergantung kepada
memori deklaratif, contohnya cenderung membaca kepada sesuatu huruf (Mielke,
2013).

Metodologi

Metode kajian kualitatif dan kuantitatif digunakan dalam kajian ini.

1.1 Sampel Kajian dan Instrumentasi


Observasi dan analisis video rakaman tingkah laku lima orang pelajar autisme
berfungsi tinggi yang direkrut dari Akademi Fakih Intelek (AFI), Petaling Jaya,
dilakukan semasa membaca surah Fatihah yang diubahsuai kepada beberapa modul

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Qur’anic Research: Interaction of Knowledge, Science, and Civilization

skrip; (a) Fatihah tidak tersusun (BACAAN5) dan (b) Fatihah tidak lengkap
(BACAAN6) (rujuk Rajah 1).

Pelajar-pelajar yang dipilih mempunyai kriteria yang hampir sama, walaupun


mempunyai karakter yang berbeza. Antara keseragaman kriteria pelajar yang terlibat
adalah; (a) pelajar lelaki, (b) telah mengikuti kelas pengajian al-Quran di AFI
sekurang-kurangnya 6 bulan, dan (c) mampu bercakap dan memahami arahan sama
ada dengan lancar atau hanya sedikit kurang lancar.

Analisis tingkah laku menggunakan perisisan NVivo dan tema-tema dibina


hasil daripada transkripsi video bacaan Fatihah yang dijalankan sebanyak 10 kali, 3
kali dalam seminggu; bergantung pada kehadiran pelajar. Analisa bacaan surah
Fatihah yang dibaca dengan betul berdasarkan bilangan ayat juga direkodkan. Modul
skrip yang digunakan dicetak pada kertas bersaiz A4, orientasi memanjang lanskap.

Rajah 1 (kiri) Fatihah tidak tersusun, (kanan) Fatihah tidak lengkap digunakan untuk
menguji kebolehan pelajar membaca sebenar (actual reading)

1.2 Kelulusan Etika Kemanusiaan


Sebelum menjalankan kajian lapangan, kelulusan etika kemanusian diperoleh
daripada Jawatankuasa Kluster Etika dan Kemanusiaan Universiti Malaya (nombor
rujukan: UM.TNC2/RCH/UMREC). Kelulusan etika ini bertujuan untuk menjaga
privasi dan kerelaan ibu bapa/ AFI untuk membenarkan anak jagaan/ pelajar turut
terlibat sepanjang aktiviti dijalankan.

1.3 Prosedur Kajian


Ujian bacaan ditadbir oleh penyelidik ke atas lima pelajar autisme berfungsi tinggi
secara berasingan di dalam sebuah bilik tertutup yang sama di AFI dengan penyelidik
memainkan peranan sebagai guru. Penyelidik meminta izin daripada pihak AFI untuk
mengambil pelajar-pelajar yang terlibat pada awal sesi pembelajaran mereka. Pada
perjumpaan pertama dengan setiap pelajar, penyelidik memperdengarkan bacaan
surah Fatihah kepada pelajar bagi memastikan pelajar telah mempunyai pengetahuan
dalam bacaan surah Fatihah.

Setiap sesi ujian dilakukan secara satu guru-satu pelajar. Penyelidik akan
memastikan pelajar dalam keadaan yang stabil pada permulaan setiap sesi
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Qur’anic Research: Interaction of Knowledge, Science, and Civilization

perjumpaan dengan membaca doa mula belajar, dan sesi interaksi seperti bertanyakan
keadaan dan apa yang telah dilakukan oleh pelajar sebelum itu.

Perakam video diletak di atas meja dan aktiviti pelajar direkod dari awal sesi
perjumpaan. Skrip bacaan hanya diletakkan di hadapan pelajar apabila pelajar
menunjukkan kesediaan untuk memulakan aktiviti bersama penyelidik. Penyelidik
mengarahkan pelajar supaya membaca skrip yang diberikan dengan kuat dan nyaring
(oral reading).

Keputusan Dan Perbincangan

1.4 Demografi Pelajar

Umur dan butiran setiap pelajar diperoleh daripada data pelajar yang disimpan oleh
pihak AFI (Rajah 2). Kesemua pelajar autisme berfungsi tinggi yang terlibat berada
di dalam satu kelas dan merupakan pelajar-pelajar di peringkat kelas tertinggi di AFI.
Penentuan kelas mereka ditentukan berdasarkan tahap kemahiran membaca al-Quran
dan kemampuan berkomunikasi.

Subjek R001 R002 R003 R004 R005

Umur 20 12 29 13 11

Jantina Lelaki Lelaki Lelaki Lelaki Lelaki

Ekolalia Tidak Tidak Ya Tidak Tidak

ADHD Ya Tidak Tidak Ya Tidak

Rajah 2 Butiran lima pelajar dengan autisme yang dipilih

Kebanyakan pelajar autisme yang terlibat mempunyai tahap tolerasi yang baik dengan
penyelidik dan tidak menunjukkan masalah sosial yang teruk seperti kecenderungan
mencederakan diri, tantrum atau merosakkan harta intelek yang berada di dalam bilik
bacaan. Hal ini mungkin diakibatkan faktor umur kebanyakan pelajar yang terlibat,
iaitu sudah berada pada peringkat awal remaja dan pada fasa 4, operasi formal yang
diperkenalkan oleh Piaget; kemampuan kanak-kanak memahami logik individu
dewasa dan mampu mencapai aras kefahaman abtsrak dan gagasan hipotetikal
(Kelcourse, 2015).

Namun, dua orang pelajar masih menunjukkan ciri-ciri hiperaktif seperti tiba-
tiba bangun untuk mencapai objek yang berada dalam bilik bacaan atau melompat
secara mengejut. Tindakan ini kadang-kadang mengakibatkan tempoh ujian
terganggu dan masa perlu diambil untuk menenteramkan kembali pelajar berkenaan.
Teknik mengawal suasana perlu dilaksanakan supaya keadaan pelajar tidak
bertambah buruk dan mengganggu sesi ujian (Flood, 2002).

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1.5 Teknik Kawalan dalam Pengajaran

Antara teknik yang digunakan oleh penyelidik adalah penggeraan (prompting)


(Burns, 2006; Special Need Resources, 2013). Prompting adalah tindakan bagi
memujuk/ menggalakkan individu untuk melakukan/ mengingatkan/ menyebut
sesuatu perkara (Johnny, 2009). Dua jenis prompting yang biasa digunakan bagi
menarik kembali tumpuan pelajar yang terjejas adalah:

(a) Penggera verbal (Verbal prompt) melibatkan arahan daripada penyelidik secara
verbal, seperti membacakan kalimah awal apabila pelajar kelihatan hilang fokus
atau kurang memahami arahan (Jadual 1).

Jadual 1: Contoh tindakan penggera verbal yang digunakan sewaktu ujian bacaan
Subjek Transkripsi
Kajian

R001 Penyelidik: OK, (sele)pastu.. sebelum tu baca fatihah.. Bismillah..


R003: (MEMULAKAN PEMBACAAN) Bismillahirrahmanirrahim…
ahduyahmialamin.. ahmanirrahim.. makati.. iyyakakatusiyyakastain..
ihdinassirotolmustaqim.. shiroshianamshi.. ghairimadhuilaihiwaTAHNIM…
amin

R005 Penyelidik: OK, baca fatihah kuat-kuat..


R005: Ala.. (PELAJAR TIDAK BERI TUMPUAN DAN BERMAIN-MAIN
DENGAN JARI)
Penyelidik: OK.. 1, 2, 3
R005: (MEMULAKAN PEMBACAAN) Bismillahirrahmanirrahim…
alhamdulillahirabbilalamin.. arrahmannirrahim .. him... malikiyawmiddin..
iyyakanabuduwaiyyakanastai.. ihdinassirotolmustaqim..
sirotollazinaanamtaalaihim.. ghairilmaghdubialaihim waaddhalain.

(b) Penggera tingkah-laku (Gestural prompt) melibatkan tindakan penyelidik


menunjuk atau mengetuk sesuatu bagi membimbing pelajar mengikuti arahan
(Jadual 2).

Jadual 2: Contoh tindakan penggera tingkah laku yang digunakan sewaktu ujian
bacaan
Subjek Transkripsi
Kajian
R001 R001: Bismillah (SAMBIL MATA MEMANDANG KE DINDING)
Penyelidik: Tengok kat sini
(penyelidik mengetuk jari di skrip bacaan dan mengarah jari kepada skrip)
R003: Bismillahirrahmanirrahim.. alhamdulillahirabbilalamin
(BACA DENGAN NADA PERLAHAN).
R004 Penyelidik: OK.. lagi. Aaa… ini last.. tunjuk tunjuk tunjuk.
(penyelidik mengetuk-ngetuk jari pada set bacaan)
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R004: (MEMULAKAN PEMBACAAN) Bismillahirrahmanirrahim..


alhamdulillahirabbilalamin.. arrahmanirrahim.. malikiyawmiddin..
iyyakanabuduwaiyyakanastain.. ihdinassirotolmustaqim..
sirotollazinamtaalaihim.. ghairilmaghdubialaihim.. waladdhalain.. amin…

1.6 Skor Bacaan Surah Fatihah yang Diubahsuai oleh Pelajar Autisme
Berfungsi Tinggi

Keputusan bacaan surah Fatihah yang diubah (1) dalam keadaan tidak tersusun dan
(2) tidak lengkap di tunjukkan dalam Rajah 3 dan Rajah 4.

Rajah 3 Graf bilangan bacaan ayat yang betul dari skrip Fatihah tidak tersusun
(BACAAN5)

Rajah 4 Graf bilangan bacaan ayat yang betul dari skrip Fatihah tidak lengkap
(BACAAN6)

Berdasarkan keputusan dari Rajah 3 dan Rajah 4, R002 menunjukkan keputusan


yang terbaik, iaitu dapat membaca kesemua ayat yang diubah dari surah Fatihah
dengan betul dalam tempoh yang dijalankan. Pelajar tersebut menunjukkan fokus dan
kemampuan membaca yang benar (actual reading). R002 juga merupakan antara
pelajar yang tidak mempunyai karakter yang bermasalah sama ada dari sosial dan
komunikasi.

R001 mempunyai skor bacaan betul di bawah 2 dan bersama R005


menunjukkan bacaan yang tidak fleksibel. Kedua-dua pelajar juga menunjukkan
kekerapan masalah emosi yang paling banyak sepanjang kajian dijalankan (rujuk
Jadual 3).

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Jadual 3 Analisis tema tingkah laku pelajar yang diekstrak daripada perisian NVivo
Agresif Berhalusinasi Ekolalia Manipulasi Kurang memahami
arahan
R001 9 8 1 6 1
R002 3 0 0 1 2
R003 0 0 1 0 0
R004 8 0 0 0 3
R005 3 1 0 4 1

Contoh tingkah laku negatif dipamerkan adalah:


a) Perbuatan berhalusinasi: Pelajar menunjukkan perbuatan melihat, mendengar, atau
merasai sesuatu yang tidak wujud samada akibat gangguan mental atau pengambilan
dadah (Uchiyama, 2012).

Jadual 4 Perbuatan berhalusinasi yang ditunjukkan oleh R001 dan R005


Subjek Transkripsi (pertuturan melibatkan “pihak lain”)
Kajian
R001 Iyyakanabudu… tak nak kawan… wa iyyakana
R005 Bismillahirrahman.. bismillahirabbilalamin…
(kemudian pelajar berhenti sekejap, kemudian membaca secara kuat dan
mengomel secara perlahan)

b) Perbuatan agresif: Pelajar menunjukkan tindakan mengancam diri sendiri atau


orang lain akibat masalah emosi yang terganggu (Mazurek et al, 2013).

Jadual 5: Perbuatan agresif yang ditunjukkan oleh R001 dan R005


Bagi R003 dan R004, bacaan ayat surah Fatihah yang betul juga adalah di bawah 2.
Subjek Transkripsi
Kajian
R001 sshhh diam (sambil menunjukkan jari telunjuk ke bibir).. aa (ketuk kepala
dia)
(pelajar melihat penyelidik) pukul kan
(sambil tunjuk tumbuk pada penyelidik) na’budu
R005 (pelajar menangis dan memukul pahanya) malikiyawmi…
ihdinassirotolmustaqim.. sirotollazinanaamtaalaihim..
ghairilmaghubialaihim.. waladdhalain… iyyakanabuduwaiyyakanastain..
Walaupun R003 adalah yang tertua dalam kalangan pelajar yang terlibat, namun
beliau mempunyai masalah dalam pertuturan (rujuk Rajah 2). R002 mempunyai
masalah meniru percakapan atau mengulangi perkataan yang dibaca, ekolalia. Justeru,
gangguan komunikasi ini sedikit sebanyak mengganggu beliau dalam ujian bacaan
(Roberts, 2014). Contoh perbuatan ekolalia yang ditunjukkan oleh R003 adalah
seperti Jadual 6.

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Jadual 6: Perbuatan ekolalia yang ditunjukkan oleh R003 sewaktu ujian


Subjek Transkripsi
Kajian
R003 Penyelidik: Ni baca perlahan-lahan… satu-satu
R003: Perlahan-lahan

Kesimpulan
Keputusan kajian menunjukkan beberapa masalah berkait emosi dan tingkah-laku
pelajar dengan autisme boleh menjejaskan prestasi bacaan. Antara kelakuan individu
autisme yang sering ditonjolkan sewaktu ujian direkodkan melibatkan masalah dalam
komunikasi dan interaksi sosial. Justeru, bagi ujian bacaan pelajar autism berfungsi
tinggi, faktor tingkah laku pelajar menjejaskan keputusan bacaan dan ini
menyukarkan pendidik dalam membuat penilaian terhadap mereka. Penilaian yang
tidak tepat boleh mengakibatkan tindak-tanduk susulan yang tidak tepat juga. Oleh itu
pendidik mesti mengambil pendekatan berhati-hati dalam membuat penilaian serta
mengulang sesi penilaian untuk mendapatkan cerapan yang tepat.

Penghargaan
Sekalung penghargaan kepada pelajar-pelajar autisme yang terlibat serta ibu bapa dan
pengurusan AFI. Ribuan terima kasih juga kepada pihak Universiti Malaya yang
memberikan sumbangan dana bagi kajian dijalankan: University of Malaya
Postgraduate Research Grant (PPP) (PG062-2012B), University of Malaya Research
Grant (RG272-14AFR) dan High Impact Research Grant (J-11001-73869)

Rujukan

1. “A Complete Guide for Using Prompts to Teach Individuals with Special


Needs,” laman sesawang Special Needs Resources, dicapai pada 29 Ogos 2013,
http://www.friendshipcircle.org/blog/2013/04/22/a-complete-guide-for-using-
prompts-to-teach-individuals-with-special-needs
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Niklasson, L., ... & Gillberg, C. (2006). The impact of ADHD and autism
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Communication Disorders, 45(1), 61-71.
5. Burns, E. Pause, “Prompt and praise–peer tutored reading for pupils with
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67.
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mediated reinforcement plus prompting as treatment for off-task behavior in
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story characters' thoughts and feelings by able autistic, mentally handicapped,
and normal children and adults. Journal of autism and Developmental
disorders, 24(2), 129-154.
9. Happé, F. G. (1995). The role of age and verbal ability in the theory of mind
task performance of subjects with autism. Child development, 66(3), 843-855.
10. Hollander E., Kolevzon A., & Coyle, J. T. (Eds). (2011). Textbook of autism
spectrum disorders. USA: Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data.
11. Horner, R. H., Diemer, S. M., & Brazeau, K. C. (1992). Educational support
for students with severe problem behaviors in Oregon: A descriptive analysis
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Severe Handicaps, 17, 154–169.
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Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka.
13. Johnny L. Matson (Ed). (2009). Applied behavior analysis for children with
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14. Kamarulzaman Kamaruddin. (2014). Psikologi perkembangan: panduan untuk
guru. Perak: Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris.
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body, mind and soul. . USA: Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication
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computer-based intervention (CBI) for reading comprehension of children with
autism. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 7(9), 1111-1121.
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surah ar-Rahman terhadap perilaku anak autis. Jurnal Keperawatan
Soedirman, 8(2).
18. Mazurek, M. O., Kanne, S. M., & Wodka, E. L. (2013). Physical aggression in
children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorders. Research in Autism
Spectrum Disorders, 7(3), 455-465.
19. Mc-Mahon Colaman, Kimberley & Draisma, Kim. (2016). Teaching university
students with autism spectrum disorder: a guide to developing academic
capacity and proficiency. London: Jessica Kingsley Publishers.
20. Mielke, J., Nielsen, K., & Magloughlin, L. V. (2013, June). Phonetic imitation
by individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorders: Investigating the role of
procedural and declarative memory. Dalam Proceedings of Meetings on
Acoustics (Vol. 19, No. 1, p. 060142). Acoustical Society of America.
21. Nation, K., Clarke, P., Wright, B., & Williams, C. (2006). Patterns of reading
ability in children with autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Autism and
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23. Pellicano, E. (2012). The development of executive function in autism.Autism


research and treatment, 2012.
24. Rapin, I., & Dunn, M. (2003). Update on the language disorders of individuals
on the autistic spectrum. Brain and development, 25(3), 166-172.
25. Roberts, J. M. (2014). Echolalia and language development in children with
autism. Communication in autism, 11, 55.
26. Rosenthal, M., Wallace, G. L., Lawson, R., Wills, M. C., Dixon, E., Yerys, B.
E., & Kenworthy, L. (2013). Impairments in real-world executive function
increase from childhood to adolescence in autism spectrum disorders.
Neuropsychology, 27(1), 13.
27. Uchiyama, T. (2012). [Case study of 10 subjects diagnosed with autism
spectrum disorders in adulthood and currently under long-term follow-
up].Seishin shinkeigaku zasshi= Psychiatria et neurologia Japonica, 115(6),
607-615.
28. Williams, C., Wright, B., Callaghan, G., & Coughlan, B. (2002). Do children
with autism learn to read more readily by computer assisted instruction or
traditional book methods? A pilot study. Autism, 6(1), 71-91.
29. Willis, Clarissa. (2006). Teaching young children with autism spectrum
disorder. USA: Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data.
30. Wing, Lorna, dan Judith Gould, “Severe Impairments of Social Interaction and
Associated Abnormalities in Children: Epidemiology and
Classification,” Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 9, No. 1
(1979), 11-29.

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Chapter 4:

RESEARCH METHODS USED IN THE


FIELD OF QUR’AN AND ITS
SCIENCES
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APPROACHES OF ABDULLAH YUSUF ALI AND MOULANA


MUHAMMED ALI IN TRANSLATING THE HOLY QURAN : A
COMPARATIVE STUDY

Mohammed Asharaf .v.v1

Abstract

Although the holy Quran is untranslatable text, over time the


necessity for such translations and explanations of the holy
verses increased and many intellectuals and scholars came
forward to interpret the Quranic verses in as much
comprehensive way. Abdullah Yusuf Ali and Moulana
Muhammed Ali are the two luminaries who shed the light to the
shimmery pastures of holy Quranic ideas. Obviously, this
paper is an attempt to analyses the characteristics features and
theoretical spheres of these two translations and their approach
towards translating the holy Quran in a comparative way.

Introduction

Muhammed Ali`2s English translation of the holy was the first English translation by
a Muslim to be available generally, and the first Muslim translation published in the
west in 1917.

It included a comprehensive commentary discussing meaning of Arabic


words reviewing earlier interpretations, citing authorized where ever he differed with
previous views, removing misconceptions about Islam and refuting objections raised
by western criticism. Later Muslims translators such as pickthall, Yusuf Ali and
Muhammed Asad benefitted greatly from his pioneering work. Pickthell`s work is not
very such more than a revision of the AHMMADDIYA version. While the Yusuf
Ali`s translation is more influenced in Saudi Arabia.

Among those Quran translations which found Saudi favor and therefore wide
distribution was the Abdullah Yusuf Ali 3(1872-1952) rendition that, from its first
appearance in 1934 until very recently, was the most popular English version among

1 Department of Quran (Thafseer), Darul Hidaya Da’wa College, Manur, Valiya


valappil(h),Kuttippuram(po), Malappuram(dt), Kerala, India. Email: [email protected], mobile
number: 9446767525.
2 The Holy Quran
3 The holy Quran text, translation and commentary

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the Muslims. While there not an Islamic scholar in any formed sense, Yusuf Ali is an
Indian servant.

Those we can see Muhammed Ali`s translation nota wide, he also discussing
the Arabic words into simple English for interest to all.as well as many jurisprudence
and Christiane came to Islam by his influence, actually the paper analysis a small
arena of the translators’ opinion in the translation of holy Quran into another
languages by Muhammed Pickthall, thaqi al-Dinal- Hilali, Muhsin khan, Ahammed
Ali.

Philological problems in translating Quran

The holy Quran employs many stylistic, linguistic and rhetorical features that result in
an effective and sublime style. This use of linguistic and rhetorical features
challenges the translators of holy Quran, especially we can see so many changes
between both translations such literary devices metaphor, assonance, epithet, irony,
repetition, polysemy, metonymy, simile, synonymy and homonymy.

Mainly translating Quran from Arabic to other languages is accompanied by


many linguistic problems, as no two languages are identical either in the meaning
given in to the corresponding symbols or in the ways in which such symbols are
arranged in phrases and sentences. Our researching view point is here that we can see
metaphorical and syntactic problems in the translation of Quran by Abdulla Yusuf Ali
and Muhammed Ali both translation are so many changes on that issue. Yusuf Ali
says by in translation of his that so much opinion by him self’s.

Moulana Muhammed Ali`s translation

In 1917, an Ahmadi scholar, Muhammad Ali4 (1875-1951), who later would become
the leader of the Lahori subgroup, published his translation. He constantly updated his
work and had published four revisions by his death in 1951. Contemporary reviewers
praised Muhammad 'Ali both for his excellent English and explanatory notes.
Importantly, the Muhammad 'Ali translation became the version adopted by the
Nation of Islam, both under the stewardship of Elijah Muhammad and current leader
Louis Farrakhan.

Muhammad 'Ali's biases show through, however. Consistent with his Lahori-
Ahmadi creed, Muhammad 'Ali sought to eschew any reference to miracles. He
sometimes departed from a faithful rendering of the original Arabic, as in the second
chapter in which the Qur'an replicates the Biblical story of Moses striking the rock for
water, and states "idrib bi asaka al-hajr," literally, "strike the rock with your staff."
Muhammad 'Ali, however, changed the text to "March on to the rock with your staff,"
an interpretation for which the Arabic construction does not allow.

Both Muhammad 'Ali's disbelief in the miraculous and his disdain for
Judaism and Christianity undercut his work in other ways. The Qur'an makes frequent

4 The biography of Muhammed Ali Jouhar ,preface


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mention of jinn (spirits), from which the English word "genie" is imitative.
Muhammad 'Ali, curiously, argues that the Qur'an equates jinn with Jews and
Christians. While the Qur'an supports the story of Jesus' virgin birth, Muhammad 'Ali
denies it, providing a footnote to deny that the Qur'an was referring to anything
miraculous.

Despite its blatant sectarian warp, Muhammad 'Ali's translation—now in its


seventh edition has formed the basis for many later works, even if the majority of
both Sunni and Shi'ite Muslims avoid directly acknowledging or using an Ahmadi
translation. Nevertheless, among the Lahori Ahmadis, many of whom live in the
United States, Muhammad 'Ali's work remains the definitive translation.

Moulana Muhammad Ali’s Translation marks a definite epoch in the


understanding of Islam. Among the Muslim intelligentsia it positively arrested the
creeping decay of faith as a result of the Western materialistic influences, and the
skeptical trends of Western philosophic thought.

In the realm of Western scholarship, the impact of this Translation is


noticeable in the changed outlook on Islam and the changed tone of literature about
Islam that has since appeared. The very first indications of such whole some change
are met with in the writings of a man of no less scholarly stature than H.G.Wells. In
1920, when his work The Outline of History, appeared, it carried the whole of Section
16 of Chapter 3 as rendered in this Translation, describing it as an example of the
Quran’s “majestic expressions from the recent orthodox translation by the
Muhammad Ali”.

Moulana Muhammad Ali’s translation the boon of the world of scholarship in


the West as well as the East when it appeared in print in 1917. It was a pioneer
venture breaking all together new ground, and the pattern set was followed by all
following translations of the Quran by Muslims. It meets every criticism that has been
leveled against the Quran. The Outline is a whole mine of research, which throws
light on all the salient features of a truly Divine religion. There is no attempt at
pedantry or literary flourishes. Nor is there any pandering to preconceived popular
notions or a bid for cheap popularity. It is a loyal service to the Word of God aiming
at carefully honest, faithful alteration.”

It was published seven editions in England. The First Edition was in 19165.

He didn’t believe that Allah raised Jesus Christ up unto Himself but he
believed he (Jesus Christ) died. He did so although he claimed that his translation
didn’t contradict scholars’ views or the unanimously agreed opinions by the
mufassiroon"

Concerning the Islamic Belief. He supported incorrect opinions about angels,


jinn, Paradise and Hell. In addition, he denied completely the occurrence of miracles.

5 The translation of Quran by Muhammed Ali


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The Holy Quran translation: In view of Abdullah Yusuf Ali

Among those Qur'an translations which found Saudi favor and, therefore, wide
distribution was the Abdullah Yusuf 'Ali 6(1872-1952) interpretation that, from its
first appearance in 1934 until very recently, was the most popular English version
among Muslims. While not an Islamic scholar in any formal sense, Abdullah Yusuf
'Ali, an Indian civil servant, had studied classics at Cambridge University, graduated
as a lawyer from Lincoln's Inn in London, and was gifted with an expressive, bright
writing style. He sought to convey the music and richness of the Arabic with poetic
English versification. While his rendering of the text is not bad, there are serious
problems in his copious footnotes; in many cases, he reproduces the exegetical
material from medieval texts without making any effort at contextualization. Writing
at a time both of growing Arab animosity toward Zionism and in a environment that
condoned anti-Semitism, Abdullah Yusuf 'Ali constructed his work as a polemic
against Jews.

Several Muslim scholars have built upon the Yusuf 'Ali translation. In 1989,
Saudi Arabia's Ar-Rajhi banking company financed the U.S.-based Amana
Corporation's project to revise the translation to reflect an interpretation more in
conjunction with the line of Islamic thought followed in Saudi Arabia. Ar-Rahji
offered the resulting version for free to mosques, schools, and libraries throughout the
world. The footnoted commentary about Jews remained so egregious that, in April
2002, the Los Angeles school district banned its use at local schools. While the Yusuf
'Ali translation still remains in publication, it has lost influence because of its dated
language and the appearance of more recent works whose publication and distribution
the Saudi government has also sought to subsidize.

Many of the Islamic institutions published it because of its beautiful style and
many comments and footnotes. No doubt that the beautiful style or many comments
of a book don’t necessitate the authenticity or correctness of that book. Yusuf Ali
described the last two parts of the Quran as poetry. He also followed in his translation
the explanatory symbolic methodology and philosophical mental attitude, which
diverted him and the readers away from the real understanding of the Quran. As a
result of that, there is no doubt that this translation eliminates the Islamic belief.

He have more opinion on the translating Quran, something is said here that
researcher found five major concepts of his.

1. Arabic words in the text have acquired other meaning than those which were
understood by the apostle and his companions. 7

2. Even since the early commentators wrote the Arabic languages has further
developed and later commentators often abandon the interpretations of earlier
commenters without sufficient reason.

6 The holy Quran text, translation and commentary, preface,5-6


7 The holy Quran text, translation and commentary, commentaries on the Quran
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3. Classical Arabic has a vocabulary in which the meaning of each root-word is


so comprehensive that it is difficult to interpret it in a modern analytical
languages occurs in the text.

4. An opposite error sometimes arises because in certain matters the rich


vocabulary of the Quran distinguished has between things and ideas of a
certain kind by special word.

5. God`s purpose is eternal, and his plan is perfect but men`s intelligence is
limited at its very best.

Then we compare to the translation of Moulana Muhammed Ali`s Quran


translation we can see that he wrote the translation with mind of god his spiritual also
connected to the god and he want to proclaim the god is on one as well as his
translation take a big challenge to the Christiane judases but the Yusuf Ali is wrote
with simple concept it will can focus for all minds same.

Some translators of Quran and their content

In the view of Muhammad Marmaduke Pickthall

Pickthall8 was aware of the problems of the Christian missionaries' translations and
sought to remedy the defects since "some of the translations include commendation
offensive to Muslims, and almost all employ a style of language which Muslims at
once recognize as unworthy." He first endorsed the position of Muslim scholars that
the Qur'an was untranslatable but maintained that the general meaning of the text
could still be conveyed to English speakers. Aware that heavily annotated works
detracted from focus on the actual text, Pickthall provided few explanatory notes and
tried to let the text speak for itself.

As much as Pickthall strove to maintain the spirit of the Qur'an, he was,


nonetheless, heavily influenced by Muhammad 'Ali, whom he had met in London. He
adopted Muhammad 'Ali's bias against descriptions of miracles and argued, for
example, that the Qur'anic description of Muhammad's night voyage to the heavens
was just a vision, even though most Muslim theologians argue that it should be taken
literally. While Pickthall's work was popular in the first half of the twentieth century
and, therefore, historically important, its current demand is limited by its archaic
prose and lack of annotation. Perhaps the death knell for the Pickthall translation's use
has been the Saudi government's decision to distribute other translations free of
charge.

Conception of by Muhammad Taqi al-Din al-Hilali and Muhammad Muhsin


Khan.

The Hilali and Muhsin Khan translation reads more like a supremacist Muslim, anti-
Semitic, anti-Christian polemic than a rendition of the Islamic scripture. In the
first sura, for example, verses which are universally accepted as, "Guide us to the

8 Quran seminar proceedings on FATHU RAHMAN, 7-10


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straight path, the path of those whom You have favored, not of those who have
incurred Your wrath, nor of those who have gone astray" become, "Guide us to the
Straight Way, the way of those on whom You have bestowed Your Grace, not (the
way) of those who have earned Your anger (such as the Jews), nor of those who went
astray (such as the Christians)." What is particularly egregious about this
interpolation is that it is followed by an extremely long footnote to justify its hate
based on traditions from medieval texts.

Contemporary political disputes also pollute the translation, marring what


should be a reflection of timeless religion. Whereas the Qur'an reports Moses's
address to the Israelites as "O my people! Enter the Holy Land that God has assigned
unto you," this Saudi version twists the verse with modern politics, writing, "O my
people! Enter the holy land (Palestine)."

The appendix includes a polemical comparison of Jesus and Muhammad,


reporting that the former had no claim to divinity. From a Muslim perspective, what
Jesus did or did not do should be drawn from the Qur'anic text, not an appendix, and
certainly not by Muslim readings of the gospels. In fact, while the Qur'an does take
issue with the Christian claims of divinity for Jesus, it views him, along with his
mother Mary, as being truly blessed and peaceful, much in concordance with the
general Christian belief. Although this Saudi-sponsored effort, undertaken before 9-
11, is a serious liability for American Muslims in particular, it still remains present in
Sunni mosques, probably because of its free distribution by the Saudi government.

Other translations have bucked the Saudi orthodoxy. Ahmad 'Ali, noted
Pakistani poet and diplomat, has put aside the sometimes archaic prose of Yusuf 'Ali
and Marmaduke Pickthall in order to present the Qur'an in contemporary English.
While 'Ali writes that he seeks to present "a translation, not an interpretation,
theological or otherwise," he, like Muhammad 'Ali, seeks to downplay any report that
may seem far-fetched, and in so doing, denies certain Biblical, Midrashic, and
Talmudic antecedents. In dealing, for example, with the Qur'anic version of Moses's
anger at the Jews for worshipping the golden calf, he translates the 'aqtulu
anfusakum as "kill your pride" rather than the literal "kill yourselves" which is how it
also appears in Exodus 32:27. The Qur'anic retelling and reliance on the Biblical
narrative to demonstratIt’s the best translation of

The Quran, particularly from the aspect of correct translation of the terms
concerned about the Islamic Belief. In addition, it uses the contemporary English
language. To achieve this work, the two translators depended on tafaseer of at Tabari,
al- Qurtubi and Ibn Katheer in addition to Sahih al- Bukhaari (Hadeeth book). This
translation indeed replaced the famous translation of Yusuf Ali.e the seriousness of
idol worship is thus lost. It’s the best translation of the Quran, particularly from the
aspect of correct translation of the terms concerned about the Islamic Belief. In
addition, it uses the contemporary English language. To achieve this work, the two
translators depended on tafaseer 9 of at-Tabari, al- Qurtubi and Ibn Katheer in

9Tafseer: A book authored by a Muslim scholar to e7plain the Quran e.g. Tafseer at-Tabari, Tafseer Ibn
Katheer, Tafseer al-Qurtubi and others.
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addition to Sahih al- Bukhaari (Hadeeth book). This translation indeed replaced the
famous translation of Yusuf Ali..

Al-Qur'an, A Contemporary Translation: By Ahmed 'Ali.

'Ali also seeks to downplay Christian parallels within the Qur'an. He translates Jesus's
speech in 3:49 as, "I will fashion the state of destiny out of mire for you, and breathe
(a new spirit) into it, and (you) will rise by the will of God." The literal translation is,
"I will fashion from you, from clay, the likeness of a bird, and will breathe unto it;
and by God's will it will fly." 'Ali's footnote does not acknowledge that the Qur'anic
view parallels the Gospel of Thomas. These departures from the literal portrayal of
events from the Hebrew Bible and New Testament are important because they might
lead lay readers to miss the Qur'anic imperative to seek the history of the prophets
from the earlier scriptures. The influence of its flaws may be short-lived, though.
Despite its accessibility to non-Muslim and academic readers due to its recent
Princeton University Press publication, many Muslim scholars have criticized the
translation because of the liberties it takes with the text. Future editions are unlikely.

Conclusion

Even for native Arabic speakers, the Qur'an is a difficult document. Its archaic
language and verse structure are difficult hurdles to cross. Translation only
accentuates the complexity. The fact that translators and theologians have, over time,
lost much of the Judeo-Christian cultural references rife in the Qur'an is just one more
impediment.

Medieval Muslim scholars sought to abandon consideration of the Jewish and


Christian testaments as sources of understanding the Qur'an; they largely succeeded.
Most religious authorities in Islamic countries, particularly in Saudi Arabia and Iran,
oppose any attempt to reinterpret the Qur'an without relying on medieval scholarship.
For most Muslims unaware of the evolution of Islamic scholarship, the Qur'an is
immutable and uncreated, even though the Qur'an never makes such a proclamation,
and theologians reached such a conclusion only after much debate. Immutability
means that the seventh century values of some Qur'anic verses, rather than being
placed in their seventh century Arabian context, are portrayed as the eternal divine
mandate, giving rise, for example, to an argument that females must inherit half as
much as males. The failure of Muslim scholars to place the Qur'an into historical or
spatial context has led to generalizations that have harmed Islam, a trend accentuated
by the fact that most Quranic translators are now Muslims. Such a failure facilitates
the use of the Qur'an by governments that support chauvinism and incite hate and by
terrorists such as those who brought down the World Trade Centers.

In order to make it acceptable to a world torn by Islamist terrorism, Islam


faces more than just the hurdle of a proper English translation of its main document.
Until Muslims learn to question the reliability of the Muslim oral traditions, or
divorce themselves from medieval exegetical constructs, they will be living in a
world much apart from the Judeo-Christian entity that has known reformation and

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enlightenment. Perhaps this is the reason why, for most academics, the translation of
choice still seems to be that of Arthur Arberry.

Muhammed Ali and Yusuf Ali both translations are acceptable ion the world,
especially Muhammed Ali translation is a good reference for Judeo-Christian his
translation is much influenced among the people and the Yusuf Ali`s translation is on
a good structure as well as so many Judeo-Christian came by his Quran translation.

Bibliography

1. ALI, A. Y. (n.d.). THE HOLY QURAN TEXT,TRANSLATION AND


COMMEMTARY.

2. ALI, A. Y. (n.d.). THE HOLY QURAN TEXT,TRANSLATION AND


COMMENTARY. QATAR NATIONAL PRINTING PRESS.

3. al-nadwi, u. d. (n.d.).

4. BYLAVI, I. (n.d.). THAFSEER BILAWI.

5. Darul Hidaya Dawa college. (2015). QURAN SEMINAR PROCEEDINGS.


(pp. 5-62). MANUR: DHDC.

6. DARUL HIDAYA DAWA COLLEGE, M. (2015). QURAN SEMINAR


PROCEEDINGS. MANUR: DHDC MANUR.

7. FATHANI, A. A. (2006). TRANSLATION AND THE QURAN. GREAT


BRITAIN: OLIVER.

8. GOOGLE. (n.d.). Retrieved from WWW.QURAN TRANSLATORS.COM.

9. IMAM JALALUL MAHALLI, J. S. (n.d.). THAFSEERUL JALALINI.

10. KOOTTANADU, K. M. (1980). AL-FATHU RAHMAN FI THAFSEERUL


QURAN. CALICUTE: SUNNI CENTER.

11. KV.USTHAD, K. M. (n.d.). FATHU RAHMAN FI THAFSEERIL QURAN.

12. musliyar, c. z. (n.d.).

13. RAZI, I. F. (n.d.). THAFSEERUL KABEER.

14. RUTHVEN. (2006). ISLAM IN THE WORLD. NEW DELHI: DC BOOKS.

15. thafseer al jalalayini. (n.d.).

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JUDEO-CHRISTIAN TRADITION AS A SOURCE OF THE QUR’ÓN: A


CRITICAL EVALUATION OF MARGOLIOUTH’S ASSERTION

Akilu Aliyu Muhammad


Associate Professor Dr. Adibah Abdul Rahim 1

Abstract

The assertion that Prophet MuÍammad (p.b.u.h) sourced the


Qur’Én from Judeo-Christian tradition is one of the oldest claims
promoted by the medieval Christian missionaries. Although there
are no concrete, conclusive and irrefutable proofs on such a claim,
almost all Christian scholars even the most learned ones subscribed
to it and held it to be true. The claim also gets back up in
Margoliouth’s treatises on the sources of the Qur’Én. Its
reproduction in the work of such an able contemporary Christian
scholar may confirm the assertion that the claim still has relevance
in the contemporary Christians’ works on Islam. Thus, this
research attempts to critically analyse and evaluate Margoliouth’s
deliberation on this issue. In an effort to carry out this task, the
research attempts to answer some questions such as: did the
Prophet (p.b.u.h) really copy or pick up from Biblical traditions?
What ware the possible avenues through which he might have
picked up such traditions? Based on these questions, the
researchers, while applying historical, analytical, evaluative and
comparative approaches attempt to critically analyse and
investigate Margoliouth’s claim that the Prophet (p.b.u.h) copied
from Biblical traditions and the possible chances through which he
might have come into contact with those traditions.

Keywords: Judeo-Christian tradition, Margoliouth, Prophet


MuÍammad (p.b.u.h), the Qur’Én.

Introduction

In dealing with Margoliouth’s discourse on the sources of the Qur’Én, the researchers
have discovered that he mentioned his sources on some claims, while on others he
kept mute. However, the views which he declined to tell his sources have been given

1Department of UsËl al-DÊn and Comparative Religion, International Islamic University Malaysia.
email : [email protected]

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assumed references which are usually used by orientalists on the same assertions.
Those assumed sources, as we may call them, and the cited ones have been traced
back to their original places in order to discover their accuracy or otherwise. In
addition to that, the grades (weakness or authenticity) of traditions which were used
by Margoliouth have also been investigated. In order to make Margoliouth’s point
clear, assumptions which might have been the reason for his reliance on some
particular narrations have also been suggested. To finally assess or evaluate those
views, the researchers, to some extent, have passed judgement based on accuracy or
inaccuracy of Margoliouth’s evidence and assertions.

Avenues Through Which The Prophet (P.B.U.H) Might Have Come Into
Contact With Judeo-Christian Traditions

Critical review of Margoliouth’s works reveals that he uncompromisingly believes


that the Prophet (p.b.u.h) sourced the largest portion of the Qur’Én from Judeo-
Christian traditions. To support this claim, he brought many possible avenues through
which the Prophet (p.b.u.h.) might have come into contact with those traditions,
namely by having access to Waraqah’s translated copy of the Gospel, listening to
Quss ibn SÉÑidah al-ÑIyÉdÊ at ÑUkÉÐ market, his interaction with Arabian
Christians and Jews and during his various travels to the Christian lands. Thus, in this
research, those opprtunities pointed out by Margoliouth will be analysed and
evaluated.

Waraqah’s Translated Copy Of The Bible

Analysis

Although Margoliouth claimed that “there is no evidence that any parts of the
Christian Bible had been translated into the dialect of Quraysh or those Arabic
dialects of which we have monuments in pre-Islamic inscriptions”, 2 he appeared to
contradict this claim. In his book Mohammed and the Rise of Islam, he openly argued
that the Prophet (p.b.u.h) used the translated version of the Bible in his composition
of the Qur’Én.3 He further contended that Waraqah ibn Nawfal, one of the Meccan
inquirers who also had much to do with the beginnings of Islam, was credited with
the translation of the Bible into Arabic language. It was through that translated
version of the Bible that MuÍammad came into contact with the Bible and
subsequently used it in his composition of the Qur’Én.4

Evaluation

2 Margoliouth, Mohammed (London: Blackie & Son Limited, 1939), 19.


3 Some people may argue that, Margoliouth retired from that claim since his book Mohammed and the
Rise of Islam is earlier and older than his book Mohammed. Therefore, he probably changed his
perception. But, however, the issue here is that, nowhere he clearly pointed out any shift or development
of his perception towards this issue. Hence, the reason for selecting this theme in this research is to call
the attention of those who are quoting Margoliouth as regard to this issue, and to argue that the claim is
wrong and even Margoliouth contradicted himself or declined to confess his earlier misconception.
4 Margoliouth, Muhammad and the Rise of Islam (New Delhi: Cosmo Publications, 2001),

42.
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Margoliouth’s Evidence
Although Margoliouth declined to provide any evidence to support this assertion, it
may be assumed that he was referring to some traditions recorded in ØaÍÊÍ al-
BukhÉrÊ, in which ÑÓishah, while giving an account on Prophet’s first experience
with revelation, said, “…Then (KhadÊjah) took him to Waraqah ibn Nawfal. He
(Waraqah) was a man who converted to Christianity (and therefore) used to read
Gospel in Arabic…”5 In another narration she said, “…He (Waraqah) was a man who
converted to Christianity during the pre-Islamic period. He was able to write the
Arabic writing, and therefore he used to write from Gospel in Arabic what Allah
wished him to write…”6

Assertion

It may be inferred that Margoliouth held the phrase ‘wakÉna yaktub al-kitÉb al-
ÑarabÊ wa yaktub min al-injÊl bi al-Ñarabiyyah mÉ shÉ AllÉh an yaktub’ to mean
that Waraqah translated the Gospel or portion of it. If waraqah was credited with such
a work according to the Islamic sources, then MuÍammad probably got access to that
work and benefited from it in his composition of the Qur’Én. Hence, his Qur’Én
could not be a divine composition.

Refutation

Margoliouth’s assertion that the Prophet (p.b.u.h) probably used the translated version
of the Bible which was translated by Waraqah ibn Naufal is unfounded. As may be
inferred, there is no mention of translation in both the traditions above. The phrases
‘yaqra’ al-injÊl bi al-Ñarabiyyah’ meaning (he used to read the Gospel in Arabic)
and ‘yaktub min al-injÊl bi al-Ñarabiyyah mÉ shÉ AllÉh an yaktub’ meaning (he
used to write from the Gospel in Arabic what Allah wished him to write) do not
convey the notion that he translated the Gospel, nor any part of it into Arabic. All
what they convey is that he used to read and write the Gospel or part of it in Arabic.
In other words, what the above traditions refer to is just transcription or conversion of
Gospel’s characters from Hebrew to those of Arabic, or simply transliteration, not
translation.

Moreover, a tradition recorded by al-BukhÉrÊ in his ØaÍÊÍ may nullify


Margoliouth’s assertion. ÑÓishah was reported to have said, “…He (Waraqah) was a
man who converted to Christianity during the pre-Islamic period. He was able to
write the Hebrew writing, and therefore he used to write from Gospel in Hebrew what
Allah wished him to write…”. 7 If the phrases ‘yaktub’ or ‘yaqra’’ are taken to mean
translation, what will then be the use of translating the Gospel from Arabic to Hebrew
in the Arabian society?

Moreover, it is found in the same tradition that Waraqah assured Prophet


MuÍammad (p.b.u.h) of becoming a true Prophet from God, and prophesied that he

5 MuÍammad ibn IsmÉÑÊl Al-JÉmiÑ al-Musnad al-ØaÍÊÍ al-MukhtaÎar Min UmuËr RasËl AllÉh ØallÉ
AllÉh ÑAlayh Wa sallam Wa Sunanih Wa AyyÉmih. (n. p: DÉr Ùawq al-NajÉh, 1422 A.H), ÍadÊth no.
3392.
6 Ibid., ÍadÊth no. 4953, 6982, Muslim, ØaÍÊÍ…, ÍadÊth no. 202.
7 Al-BukhÉrÊ, ØaÍÊÍ…, ÍadÊth no. 3.

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would be driven out by his people; promising him that if he lived long he would
render him a strong support. Thus, if the Prophet (p.b.u.h) was alleged to have
benefited from Waraqah’s translation of the Bible, how could it be possible for him to
make Waraqah convinced and contented with his vision to the extent that he
compared it with that of Moses? Was Waraqah so ignorant of the Bible to the extent
that he could not recognize MuÍammad’s lies and art of picking up information from
his own translated version of the Bible? If the Prophet (p.b.u.h) had picked up some
biblical information from Waraqah’s translated version of the Bible, why when he
claimed to be a Prophet from God Waraqah did not publicize him as a great liar?
Nonetheless, another great difficulty which Margoliouth left unsolved is his inability
to point out the exact portions and specific amount of biblical information taken by
Prophet MuÍammad (p.b.u.h) from Waraqah. However, the most unfortunate thing
about this theory is that, Waraqah had died shortly after this event in which case only
a few verses of sËrah al-ÑAlaq were revealed. He did not live long to teach the
Prophet (p.b.u.h) anything while the revelation continued to be revealed for a period
of twenty three years.

However, even if it is assumed, for the sake of argument, that Waraqh


translated the Bible into Arabic, Margoliouth’s argument could not survive on the
ground that the Prophet (p.b.u.h) was illiterate. 8 If he was indeed illiterate, how then
would he be able to benefit from the translated Bible? On this basis, this assertion
must be viewed as inaccurate which might be the reason why Thomas Patrick
concluded that, “We have no evidence that MuÍammad had access to the Christian
scriptures”.9 Moreover, it was asserted that there is no vibrant reason for asserting
that the Arabic version of either Old or New Testaments was in existence prior to the
time of Prophet (p.b.u.h). The first Arabic version of the Old Testament was that of R.
Sadias Gaon which came into emergence in the year 900 C.E., some hundreds of
years after the death of the Prophet (p.b.u.h), and the first Arabic version of the New
Testament was that which was published by Erpenius in the year 1616 C.E., almost a
thousand years after the death of the Prophet (p.b.u.h). 10 The discourse in the
Encyclopedia of Religion and Ethics concludes that, “there is no evidence of any parts
of the Bible having been translated into Arabic before Islam”. 11

Paul Wegner also illustrated that, “The Scriptures do not seem to have been
extant in an Arabic version before the time of Muhammad, who knew the gospel
story only in oral form and mainly from Syriac sources”. 12 Moreover, Hans Kung
argued that the Qur’Én also has at least one historical fact behind it. Muslim scholars
argue that MuÍammad was illiterate, he could not read the Bible nor had it been read
to him, and at his time there was no Arabic translation of the Bible. 13

8 The common opinion that the Prophet (p.b.u.h) was illiterate who never knew how to read and write
was confirmed by even some non-Muslim scholars. Margoliouth himself subscribed to this view. See
Margoliouth, Mohammed and the Rise…, 59.
9 Thomas Patrick Hughes, Dictionary of Islam (New Delhi: Adam Publishers & Distributors, Second

Edition, 2003), 515.


10 Ibid.
11 The Encyclopedia of Religion and Ethics, Hastings James edit. (New York: Charles Scribner’s sons,

1911), Vol. X, p. 540.


12 Wegner Paul D., The Journey from Texts to Translations (Grand Rapids: Baker Books, 1999), 250
13 Hans Kung, “Christianity and World Religions: The Dialogue with Islam as One Model” The Muslim

World, vol. LXXVII, no. 2, (1987): 33.


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Ultimately, since there is no historical evidence that the Bible, in whatsoever


sense, was translated into Arabic, Margoliouth’s assertion that Waraqah was credited
with having translated it into Arabic is just an assertion which has no basis. And since
the Arabic version of the Bible was not in existence before the rise of Islam, Prophet
MuÍammad (p.b.u.h) could not have benefited from non-existing material. Hence,
Margoliouth’s claims were based on mere conjecture.

Listening To Quss Ibn Sóñidah At The Ñukóú Market

Analysis

Margoliouth further argued that the Prophet (p.b.u.h) might have come into contact
with the Biblical traditions through listening to the address delivered by Quss ibn
SÉ’idah. He argued that Quss, whose name is likely to be traced to the Syrian
mispronounced Kasha “priest”, was held to be the Bishop of NajrÉn. Quss delivered
an address at the ÑUkÉÐ Market in the presence of the Prophet. The address, he
asserted, resembled the early verses of the Qur’Én, and this clearly shows that it
contributed something to the Qur’Én.14

Evaluation

Margoliouth’s Evidence
Margoliouth based his assertion on a tradition which mentions that the Prophet
(p.b.u.h) asked about Quss, and when he was told that he (Quss) had already died, he
then said, “I cannot forget him at the ÑUkÉÐ market, in the Sacred Month, on a red
camel preaching to people…” 15

Assertion

Margoliouth might have assumed that since the Prophet (p.b.u.h) listened to a
Christian preacher, Quss ibn SÉÑidah al-IyÉdÊ, at the ÑUkÉÐ Market, he might
have benefited from him since his Qur’Én contains some teachings which are parallel
to the address delivered by Quss at the ÑUkÉÐ Market. On this basis, the Qur’Én is
not a truly divine revealed book.

Refutation

Even though the above tradition seems to be historically famous, but critical analysis
reveals the fact that it is not only weak but fabricated. Therefore, relying on it to
conclude that the Prophet (p.b.u.h) listened to Quss and picked up some information
from him is unsatisfying. Al-AlbanÊ in his Silsilah critically traced the various ways
of this tradition and concluded that it is a fabricated tradition. 16 In his Al-MauÌËÑÉt,
Ibn al-JawzÊ also mentioned the tradition and concluded that “This tradition, from all
its ways, is a fabricated (tradition) and AbË al-FatÍ al-AzdÊ (also) said that “It is a

14 Margoliouth, Mohammed and the Rise…, 43.


15 Al-BazzÉr, Musnad, 5347. Al-ÙabarÉnÊ, Al-MuÑjam al-KabÊr, 12561.
16 A-AlbÉnÊ, Silsilah…, vol. 12, pp. 833-35.

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fabricated tradition and has no origin (from the Prophet (p.b.u.h))”. 17 This same
conclusion was made by Ibn ×ajar who said “All the ways of this tradition are
weak”.18 Al-ShawkÉnÊ also mentioned it among the fabricated traditions. 19

From the above discussion it may be clear that, the traditions giving an
account on Quss’ legend are fabricated traditions, and therefore can never stand as
evidence. Moreover, some scholars argued that, despite the famous assertion that the
Prophet (p.b.u.h) saw Quss and even listened to him during the annual fair at ÑUkÉz,
the fact is that, Quss died over a century before the birth of the Prophet (p.b.u.h),20
and therefore, there is not any possibility that he (the Prophet (p.b.u.h)) met him. Can
it therefore be concluded that the legend of Quss was just a fiction and the Prophet
(p.b.u.h) never met him?

Interaction With Arabian Christians And Jews

Analysis

Another possible chance through which, as Margoliouth claimed, the Prophet


(p.b.u.h) came to grasp some information from Biblical traditions, was his social
intercourse with Arabian Jews and Christians. Margoliouth argued that, it was
through such associations he derived some sort of Biblical “phraseology”. Although
the Prophet, he said, was denied the arts of reading and writing and even learning by
heart, “ his power of picking up information did not altogether fail” 21 and was able to
collect most of his information from conversation. 22 In order to support this argument,
he brought some examples of phrases which, as he argued, evidently indicate that the
Qur’Én was composed from Biblical traditions. He argued that phrases like “tasting
death”, “to bring from darkness to light”, “to pervert the straightway of God”, “the
trumpet shall be blown”, “to roll up the heavens as a scroll is rolled up”, “they have
weights in their ears”, “the first and second death”, “that which eye hath not seen nor
ear heard nor hath entered into the heart of man”, “a camel entering a needle’s eye”
and “as far as East is from the West” were not originally revealed to the Prophet
(p.b.u.h) from God and that a biblical scholar can easily tell their sources.
MuÍammad, as he argued, heard them from pious Christians through his interaction
with them and automatically adopted them. Margoliouth claimed that this shows the
Prophet’s commitment to the habit of picking up information and consequently using
them.23

Moreover, Margoliouth continued to explain how the Prophet (p.b.u.h) used


such a medium to grasp information from pious Christians, and brought the story of
Jabr and YasÉr who, as he argued, were both Jews. In the story, Margoliouth pointed

17 ÑAbd al-RaÍmÉn ibn ÑAlÊ Ibn al-JawzÊ, Al-MauÌËÑÉt (n. p., 1966), vol. 1, pp. 213-214.
18 AÍmad ibn ÑAlÊ ibn ×ajar, Al-IÎÉbah fÊ TamyÊz al-ØaÍÉbah, (BeyrËt: DÉr al-JÊl, 1st edition, 1312
A.H), vol. 5, p. 552.
19 MuÍammad ibn ÑAlÊ al-ShawkÉnÊ, Al-FawÉid al-MajmËÑah fÊ al-AÍÉdÊth al-MawÌËÑah (BeyrËt:

Al-Maktab al-IslÉmÊ, 2nd edition, 1407), 499-501.


20 Goudah as-SaÍÍÉr, quoted from Mohammad Khalifa, The Sublime Qur’Én and Orientalism, (Karachi:

International Islamic Publishers (Pvt.) Ltd., second edition 1989), 14.


21 Margoliouth, Mohammed and the Rise…, 59.
22 Ibid., 58-59.
23 Ibid., 60-61.

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out that Jabr and YasÉr used to sit together in their trade to read out their sacred book
and meanwhile the Prophet would pass by and listen to them. 24 Another person who
Margoliouth suspected to have contributed to the composition of the Qur’Én was
Øuhayb. He argued that Øuhayb was a Greek and an early follower from Mosul.
From this person, some of the Christian matter in the Qur’Én might have been
learned.25 He pointed out that many people suspected by Meccans to have taught the
Prophet (p.b.u.h) were found in the traditions. He added that even the Qur’Én
disproves such charge, but the reply “is unconvincing” 26 and “the impression which
the Koran (Qur’Én) leaves is that of information picked up casually rather than
acquired by any sort of methodical study”.27

Evaluation

Margoliouth’s Evidence
Margoliouth relied on some historical accounts which give the inference that the
Prophet (p.b.u.h) came into contact with some Christians who had the knowledge of
the Bible, namely Jabr, YasÉr and Suhayb. He referred to a tradition narrated by
ÑUbayd AllÉh ibn Muslim who said, “We had two servants from NajrÉn. One of
them was called YasÉr, and the other Jabr. They used to read their books in their
language, and the Prophet (p.b.u.h) would pass by them and hear their recitation.
(Hence) the polytheists asserted that he was just learning from them”. 28

Assertion

According to Margoliouth, since the Prophet (p.b.u.h) came into contact with these
pious Christians and even used to listen to what they were reading from their books, it
is possible that he picked up some Biblical information from them and inserted them
in his Qur’Én. Therefore, on this ground, his source of the Qur’Én is not revelation,
but rather the Biblical traditions.

Refutation

Margoliouth’s suggestion that the Prophet (p.b.u.h) picked up information through


interactions with the Arabian Jews and Christians could also be viewed as just a mere
assertion. The story of Jabr and YasÉr which he brought to support this claim does
not embody such a notion. Certainly, there is no doubt that what they were reading
was either TawrÉh, the Old Testament, 29 or both the Old and New Testaments30
according to the available materials, but in their language, not in Arabic, because they
were not Arabs. 31 Although a narration in al-IÎÉbah referred them to NajrÉn,32

24 Ibid., 106.
25 Ibid., 106.
26
Ibid., 107.
27 Ibid., 107.
28 Ibn ×ajar al-ÑAsqalÉnÊ, Al-IÎÉbah…, vol. 4, p. 418.
29 MuÍammad ibn JarÊr al-ÙabarÊ, JÉmiÑ al-BayÉn Ñan Ta’wÊl Óy al-Qur’Én. (n. p., Mu’assasah al-

RisÉlah, 2000)..vol. 17, p. 300.


30 Al-QurÏubÊ, MuÍammad ibn AÍmad, Al-JÉmiÑ li AÍkÉm al-Qur’Én (DÉr al-Kutub al-MiÎriyyah,

1964),
vol. 10, p. 178.
31 ÑIyÉÌ ibn MËsÉ, Al-ShifÉ bi TaÑrÊf HuqËq al-MusÏafÉ. Granada: Madinah Press, 1991), 359.
32 Ibn ×ajar al-ÑAsqalÉnÊ, Al-IÎÉbah…, vol. 4, p. 418.

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another narration revealed that they were originally from Rome. 33 The phrase ‘kÉnÉ
yaqra‘Éni kutuban34 lahumÉ bi lisÉnihimÉ’ which means “they used to read their
books in their tongue (language35)” which is found in the story, may also confirm this
assertion.36 Therefore, if what they were reading was not in Arabic and the Prophet
(p.b.u.h) could only speak and understand Arabic, how would it be possible for him to
benefit from what they were reading? Hence, unless Margoliouth clarified where and
when the Prophet (p.b.u.h) learned their language, this claim will remain
inconclusive.

Moreover, the Muslim datum shows that Jabr denied this charge. He would
say, “I swear by Allah, he instead teaches and guides me” 37 whenever his master beat
and accused him of teaching the Prophet (p.b.u.h). It is, however, surprising that
Margoliouth favoured the opinion of Jabr’s master despite that the accuser was
proven wrong by the accused. Another reality found in the Muslim datum may also
repudiate Margoliouth’s assertion. A tradition informs that when Jabr, a former Jew,
heard the Prophet (p.b.u.h) reciting the Chapter of YËsuf, before the Hijrah, he
recognized the person whom was mentioned (in the Chapter) and therefore became a
Muslim.38 If the Prophet (p.b.u.h), therefore, benefited from what they used to read,
Jabr would have never become convinced of Prophet’s truthfulness and his sincerity
in the revelation he claimed.

Furthermore, the third person brought by Margoliouth to substantiate the


theory of Judeo-Christian origin of the Qur’Én was Suhayb. This assertion also seems
to be inaccurate. Suhayb was said to be originally Arabian. He got the nickname ‘al-
RËmÊ’ because he was kidnapped during his childhood and, therefore, lived in Rome
and became a lisper (someone who has speech defect). He was later on brought to
Mecca and sold to ÑAbd AllÉh ibn JudÑÉn who eventually freed him. 39 He
subsequently became one of the earliest Prophet’s followers who accepted Islam in
the House of Arqam. 40 His early convertion to Islam is confirmed even by
Margoliouth.41 However, the fact that he had a defective tongue and lack of
command in Arabic language, may lead to the conclusion that his alleged contribution
to the Qur’Én is extremely inaccurate. Moreover, his conversion to Islam and
believing the Prophet (p.b.u.h) in whatever he claimed to be a revelation from Allah,
may also make us unconvinced with and sceptical about Margoliouth’s assertion.

Ultimately, after examining Margoliouth’s claim that the Prophet (p.b.u.h)


picked up information from his interactions with the Arabian Christians and Jews, it

33 IsmÉÑÊl ibn KathÊr, TafsÊr al-Qur’Én al-ÑAÐÊm, TaÍqÊq: SÉmÊ ibn MuÍammad SalÉmah (n.p.
DÉr Ùaybah li al-Nashr wa al-TawzÊÑ, 2nd edition, 1999), vol. 4, p. 604.
34 In another narration, the word ‘kitÉban’ instead of ‘kutuban’ was used. See MuÍammad ibn AÍmad al-

QurÏubÊ, Al-JÉmiÑ li AÍkÉm al-Qur’Én, TaÍqÊq: AÍmad al-BardËnÊ and IbrÉhÊm AÏfÊsh, (Al-
QÉhirah: DÉr al-Kutub al-MiÎriyyah, 1964), vol. 10, p. 178.
35 Wahbah ibn MuÎÏafÉ al-ZuÍaylÊ, Al-TafsÊr al-MunÊr fÊ al-ÑAqÊdah wa al-SharÊÑah wa al-Manhaj

(Dimashq: DÉr al-Fikr al-MuÑÉÎir, 1418 A.H), vol.14, p. 231.


36 Ibn ×ajar al-ÑAsqalÉnÊ, Al-IÎÉbah…, vol. 4, p. 418.
37 Al-QurÏubÊ, vol. 10, p. 177.
38 MuÍammad ibn ÑUmar al-WÉqidÊ, Al-MaghÉzÊ (BeyrËt: ÑÓlam al-Kutub, n.d), vol. 2, p. 865.
39 Ibn ×ajar, Al-IÎÉbah…, vol. 3, p. 449.
40 Ibid.
41 Margoliouth, Mohammed and the Rise..., 106.

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makes the claims seen as illogical and inconsistent with the avilable Islamic data, and
therefore, the reader’s mind would never be contented with it.

During His Various Travels

Analysis

Another possible avenue, as pointed out by Margoliouth, through which the Prophet
(p.b.u.h) picked up some of the Biblical information, was during his various travels.
Margoliouth argued that it can be gathered from the Qur’Én that the Judeo-Christian
scriptures and their systems were entirely unknown to the Prophet’s fellow-citizens.
If, however, the Qur’Én is not accepted as a divine communication to the Prophet,
then it can be supposed that his exposure to the Christian systems and scriptures was
during his various travels. 42 Margoliouth argued that the Prophet (p.b.u.h) used to
follow the Meccan caravans to their different destinations and the Qur’Én itself
describes him to be familiar with traveling by land and sea. He further claimed that it
was during his journeys that he came into contact with Jewish dealers of clothes, and
when he interacted with them, he derived many Biblical information “and his sacred
book afterwards contained a number of phrases which even his intimate associates at
Mecca did not understand”. 43 However, during all those journeys, the Prophet
(p.b.u.h) “would appear to have picked up information”. 44

Evaluation

Margoliouth’s Evidence
When Margoliouth’s claim is critically observed, it may be clear that he only relied
on the journeys carried out by the Prophet (p.b.u.h) to substantiate it. According to
him, even the Islamic sources made it clear that the Prophet (p.b.u.h) was familiar
with journeys. It was also found that he traveled to the Christian lands where he met
some Christians.

Assertion

If it is true, according to the Islamic sources, that the Prophet (p.b.u.h) traveled to the
Christian lands like Syria, and he met Christians there, it is possible that he picked up
information from them. Based on this fact therefore, his travels were just like a clue
through which he came into contact with the Christian traditions, picked them up and
inserted them in his Qur’Én. If this is critically taken into consideration, it may be
clear that the source of his Qur’Én was not revelation.

Refutation

Unlike Margoliouth and many other Christian missionaries, there was not a single
unbeliever during the lifetime of the Prophet (p.b.u.h) that raised an allegation that he

42 Ibid., 18.
43 Ibid., 59.
44 Ibid., 58.

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was taught by any Christian or any Monk during his journeys.45 Hence, it may be
fancied that the assumption that he sourced the Judeo-Christian traditions during his
various travels and inserted them in his Qur’Én was first introduced by the Christian
missionaries to discredit the Qur’Én.

However, the first impression or feeling that someone may have when coming
across such an assertion is that the Prophet (p.b.u.h) made several trips to the
Christian lands, and as a result, became acquainted with Judeo-Christian traditions.
The recurrence of this assertion gives us the inference that the orientalists and the
Christian missionaries have not yet made an in-depth or rather a sincere research on
the Prophet’s travels and the phenomena associated with them. It also implies that this
assertion, as groundless as it is, continues to be an inherited Judeo-Christian polemic.

Furthermore, the Islamic data inform us that the Prophet (p.b.u.h) made only
three trips before his mission. The first trip was when he was at the age of six. In that
trip, he was said to have accompanied his mother to Medina in order to visit his
paternal uncles, BanË al-NajjÉr.46 As young as he was at that time, it would be rather
irrational to suggest that he met the Christians or Jews of Medina and therefore
became acquainted with Judeo-Christian traditions.

The Prophet’s second trip was to Syria at the age of nine 47 or twelve.48 He was
said to have accompanied his uncle AbË ÙÉlib in the company of some other
Quraysh caravan. When they arrived at BaÎrÊ, a place in Syria, they met a Monk
called BaÍÊrÉ who predicted that MuÍammad would be the Prophet of Allah. 49 The
tradition also recorded that BaÍÊrah advised AbË Ùalib to quickly take the Prophet
(p.b.u.h) back home 50 for fear that if the Jews noticed him, they would plot against
him. Hence, as soon as AbË Ùalib ended his business in Syria, he quickly took the
Prophet (p.b.u.h) back to Mecca. 51 How many days they spent in Syria? The tradition
did not mention, but it may be inferred that they did not spend many days and the
Prophet (p.b.u.h) was always on the watch of his uncle.

However, there is nowhere, in the whole story, in which the Prophet (p.b.u.h)
was said to have held a private discussion with either BaÍÊrÉ, the monk, or any other
Christian or Jew on this trip. If BaÍÊrÉ is alleged to have taught the Prophet (p.b.u.h)
some Biblical information, such a teaching must have taken place in front of his uncle
AbË Ùalib as well as the rest of the business men who were with them on that trip. If
BaÍÊrÉ had taught the Prophet (p.b.u.h) in front of them, they would have told the
Quraysh that MuÍammad (p.b.u.h) was taught this and that by BaÍÊrÉ. But certainly,
there was nothing like this recorded in the Prophet’s history. Moreover, as it may be

45 Muhittin Akgul, The Qur’Én in 99 Questions, translated by Abdullah Erdemli (New Jersy: Thugra
Books, 2009), 20-21.
46 Al-×asan ibn ÑUmar ibn ×abÊb, Al-MuqtafÉ min SÊrah al-MuÎÏafÉ, TaÍqÊq: MuÎÏafÉ MuÍammad

×usayn al-DhahabÊ (Al-QÉhirah: DÉr al-×adÊth, first edition, 1996), 6.


47 MuÍammad ibn JarÊr al-ÙabarÊ, TÉrÊkh al-Umam wa al-MulËk, (BeyrËt: DÉr al-Kutub al-

ÑIlmiyyah, first edition, 1406), vol. 1, p. 519.


48 IsmÉÑÊl ibn KathÊr, Al-BidÉyah…,vol. 2, p. 348.
49 ÑAbd al-Malik ibn HishÉm al-MuÑÉfirÊ, Al-SÊrah al-Nabawiyyah, TaÍqÊq: ÑAbd al-RaËf SaÑd

(BeyrËt: DÉr al-JÊl, 1411), vol.1, p. 320.


50 Ibid., 322.
51 Ibn KathÊr, Al-BidÉyah…, vol. 2, p. 346.

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inferred from the tradition, the period of their stay in Syria was very short. Was it
then enough for the Prophet (p.b.u.h) to learn what he brought within a period of
twenty three years? Moreover, the Prophet (p.b.u.h), as we were informed, was either
nine or twelve years old. That was thirty one or twenty eight years before his mission
ever began. How would it then be possible for such a little and inexperienced boy to
learn what he later on incorporated into the sublime Qur’Én and claimed it to be from
God?

Furthermore, Margoliouth and the rest of the orientalists may think that the
discussion which took place between BaÍÊrÉ and some three other people of the book
who bore the names ZirÊr, TamÉm and DarÉs 52 gave the Prophet (p.b.u.h) an
opportunity to grasp some Biblical information. The tradition recorded that, these
three people came to harm the Prophet (p.b.u.h) when they recognized what BaÍÊrÉ
recognized in him. But BaÍÊrÉ stopped them and kept on reminding them about Allah
and what they found in their book about the Prophet (p.b.u.h). So, when they
recognized that what BaÍÊrÉ told them was true, they left the Prophet (p.b.u.h). 53 As
it may be viewed, their discussion, even if it is considered to be open, was carried out
in front of the entire merchants who went together with the Prophet (p.b.u.h). The fact
that none of them afterward charged him of getting so-and-so information from those
personalities revealed that he never took any Biblical information from them. On the
other hand, was this tradition not in favour of the Prophethood of Mu.Íammad
(p.b.u.h)? If this travel was held by the Christians to be true, why would BaÍÊrÉ’s
prediction not also be considered true?

The Prophet’s third trip was also to Syria at the age of twenty five. The
Muslim data inform us that his second trip to Syria was for KhadÊjah’s trade.
KhadÊjah was a wealthy and successful trader in Mecca who used to send people to
trade for her. When she was informed of the Prophet’s truthfulness, virtues and
trustworthiness, she requested him to go to Syria and trade for her; promising to give
him a huge capital which she never gave any person before. The Prophet (p.b.u.h)
accepted her request and made a trip with her slave, Maysarah. When they arrived in
Syria, the Prophet (p.b.u.h) sat under the shed of a tree near a Monk’s shrine. 54 “Who
is that person sitting under that tree?”, the monk asked Maysarah when he saw him. 55
“This is one of the Qurashites, the people of ×aram” Maysarah replied. “None ever
sat under this tree except a Prophet”, the Monk prefigured. The Prophet (p.b.u.h) then
sold the goods he brought and bought what he wanted to buy, and returned to Medina.
When Maysarah gave KhadÊjah the account of what happened, she sent for the
Prophet (p.b.u.h) informing him of her desire to marry him. The Prophet (p.b.u.h)
agreed and the marriage took place. 56

52 Ibn HishÉm, vol. 1, p. 322.


53 Ibid.
54 This monk is not BaÍÊrÉ the monk who met the Prophet (p.b.u.h) on his trip with AbË ÙÉlib. He is a

different monk, and his name is NasÏËrÉ. See ÑUyËn al-Athar fÊ FunËn al-MaghÉzÊ wa al-ShamÉil wa
al-Siyar, MuÍammad ibn Abd AllÉh ibn Sayyid al-NÉs, (BeyrËt: Mu‘assasah ÑIzz al-DÊn li al-
ÙibÉÑah wa al-Nashr, 1986), vol. 1, p. 87.
55 The monk knew Maysarah before, and probably because he used to go to Syria on KhadÊjah’s trade.

Ibid., 70.
56 Ibn HishÉm, vol. 2, pp. 5-8.

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As it may be gathered from the above story, the Prophet (p.b.u.h) never talked
to NasÏËrÉ the monk. The conversation took place only between the monk and
Maysarah. Moreover, no record was found on any religious discourse between the
Prophet (p.b.u.h) and NastËra the monk or any other Christian in Syria. There is no
such a record at all! Had there been any, it would have, surely, been narrated. This is
because even the misunderstanding which arose between the Prophet (p.b.u.h) and
another trader over some merchandise in that trip was recorded. The historians
highlighted that when the man (with whom the Prophet (p.b.u.h) had a
misunderstanding) asked the Prophet (p.b.u.h) to swear by al-LÉt and al-ÑUzzÉ, he
replied “I never ever swore by them!”. Then the man said, “the claim is yours”, and
he then held a private discussion with Maysarah and revealed to him that “I swear by
the one in whose hand my soul is, this is a Prophet…”. 57

Certainly, there is no indication that the Prophet (p.b.u.h) used that


opportunity to grasp Biblical information, especially because he was busy with his
trade. It would be an extreme fantasy and illusory to suggest or think that Prophet
MuÍammad (p.b.u.h), through such a brief and ephemeral contact with the Jewish and
Christian traders, came to learn all what the Qur’Én mentions about both religions.
Furthermore, some difficulties with that allegation such as: who were those
mysterious Jewish and Christian dealers from whom the Prophet (p.b.u.h) learned
what he composed in the Qur’Én? What did he exactly take from them? And who
amongst the merchants in the Quraysh caravan raised such an allegation? Should have
been solved by Margoliouth; and his decline to do so would, implicitly and explicitly,
make his reader fancy that he was just a sheer conjecturer.

Moreover, there is no record which informs that he carried out another


business trip to Syria after his marriage to KhadÊjah, neither for her nor for himself.
Hence, it may be inferred that the Prophet’s travels to Christian lands were very
limited, not more than two times. His contacts with the Jews and Christians there
were very rare in which his conversations with them were only on business-related
matters, and there is no record informing that he conversed with BaÍÊrÉ or NasÏËrÉ
the Monks during both the trips. Based on these clear facts, our minds would never be
contented with the assertion that he grasped some Biblical information during those
travels.

Conclusion

Upon the foregoing discussion, it may be argued that the theory of Judeo-Christian
origin of the Qur’Én cannot, in any case, be rational and accurate. This is because all
the possible avenues of Prophet MuÍammad’s coming into contact with Judeo-
Christian traditions, as have been examined, cannot withstand examination. They
have, indeed, been proven wrong from all angles. That might be the reason why
Richard Bell, despite that he deeply instilled in his mind the idea of borrowing, 58 was
forced by the agents of truth to confess that

57 MuÍammad ibn Abd AllÉh ibn Sayyid al-NÉs, ÑUyËn al-Athar fÊ FunËn al- MaghÉzÊ wa al-
ShamÉil wa al-Siyar (BeyrËt: Mu‘assasah ÑIzz al-DÊn li al- ÙibÉÑah wa al-Nashr, 1986), vol. 2, p. 71.
58 Richard Bell, The Origin of Islam in Its Christian Environments (London: Frank Cass & Co. Ltd), 66-

69.
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It is however, an error to attribute to Muhammad (MuÍammad) a too


direct acquaintance with Christianity or Judaism or with the Bible at
the outset of his career. We do find all sorts of reminiscences of
Biblical phrases even in the earliest portions of the Qur’Én, but of any
intimate knowledge of either of these two religions or of the Bible
itself, there is no convincing evidence. Passages and phrases which
have been adduced as implying knowledge of Christianity do not
stand examination.59

Can it then be concluded that Margoliouth’s long discussion on the theory of


Judeo-Christian origin of the Qur’Én has just ended up in futility since all his proofs
were inaccurate and never withstood examination?

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THE APPOINTED TIME: MĪQĀT

Abdulla Galadari

Introduction

In the Lesser Pilgrimage (‘Umrah) and Greater Pilgrimage (Ḥajj), pilgrims enter a
state of iḥrām. While in this state, pilgrims wear two white unstitched garments
resembling a funeral shroud,1 as stated by al-Ghazālī (d. 1111) in his Iḥyā’ and
alluded by al-Nawawī (d. 1278).2 Throughout the rituals of Ḥajj, the pilgrim
symbolizes death and resurrection, which is a description attributed to Imām Ja‘far al-
Ṣādiq (d. 765),3 or it symbolizes the concept of rebirth.4 There is a close relationship
between pilgrimage and the resurrection of the dead. This paper shows how one of
these symbols, the mīqāt, provides us with an insight into the rituals of resurrection.

When undertaking either the Lesser Pilgrimage (‘Umrah) or the Greater


Pilgrimage (Ḥajj), pilgrims stop at a place known as the mīqāt, where they enter in a
state of sanctification, iḥrām. At that time, the pilgrims need to be in a state of ritual
purification, ṭahārah;5 at this point, they enter the state of iḥrām and wear a funeral
shroud representing their death.

1 Shaykh ‘Alwān (d. 1514) (1999) Al-Fawātiḥ al-Ilāhiyyah wal-Mafātiḥ al-Ghaybiyyah al-Muwaḍḍiḥah
lil-Kalim al-Qur’āniyyah wal-Ḥikam al-Furqāniyyah, Cairo, Egypt: Dār Rikābi lil-Nashr, 67 on Q.
2:188-189, 205-206 on Q. 5:94-96.
2 Al-Ghazālī (d. 1111) Iḥyā’ ‘Ulūm al-Dīn, Beirut, Lebanon: Dār al- Ma‘rifah, 1: 268. Al-Nawawī (d.

1278) (1972). Al-Minhāj Sharḥ Saḥīḥ Muslim bin al-Ḥajjāj. Beirut, Lebanon: Dār Iḥyā’ al-Turāth al-
‘Arabi. Also see Burhān al-Dīn (d. 1479) (1997) Al-Mubdi‘ fī Sharḥ al-Muqni‘, Beirut, Lebanon: Dār al-
Kutub al-‘Ilmiyyah, 2: 245. Also see Ṣiddīq Ḥassan Khān al-Qinnawji (d. 1890) (2002) Abjad al-‘Ulūm,
Beirut, Lebanon, Dār Ibn Ḥazm, 270. Also see Ḥassan Ṭurad, Falsafah al-Ḥajj fil-Islām, Beirut,
Lebanon: Dār al-Zahrā’ lil-Ṭibā‘ah wal-Nashr wal-Tawzī‘, 224-225. Also see ‘Abdullah ibn Muḥammad
al-Buṣayri (2003) Al-Ḥajj wal-‘Umrah wal-Ziyārah, Riyadh, KSA: Maktabat al-Malik Fahad al-
Waṭaniyah, 26.
3 Ja‘far al-Ṣādiq (d. 765) (1980) Miṣbāḥ al-Sharī‘ah, Beirut, Lebanon: Mu’assassat al-A‘lami lil-

Maṭbū‘āt, 50.
4 Kazemian, M. (2008) “The Pilgrimage of the Ka‘bah and Its Symbolism: A Jungian Approach towards

a Main Islamic Ritual,” C.G. Jung-Forum, 2: 54–60.


5 Sabiq, AS. (1985) Fiqh us-Sunnah: Hajj and Umrah, Indianapolis: American Trust Publications, 27.

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Time is given an importance in Islam; it is used as a reference for prayers,


fasting, and festivals. 6 Even the obligatory almsgiving (zakāt) is dependent on time,
as it is the value that had incurred a full lunar year. In the event of divorce or death of
a husband, the waiting-period (‘iddah) that a woman would abstain from entering into
a new marriage is also time dependent, whether on the menstrual periods (i.e. Qur’an
2:228), fixed period of time for non-menstruating women (i.e. Qur’an 65:4) or
widows,7 or childbirth if the woman is pregnant (i.e. Qur’an 65:4). However, time is
also used as a symbol that has deeper spiritual meanings. This paper portrays the
symbolic usage of time (waqt) within the Qur’an and Islamic rituals. It shows how in
Islam, there is a strong relationship between time (waqt) with death and resurrection.
There has been some research done on the concept of time (zaman) in Islam from
philosophical perspectives.8 The term zaman is a hypothetical time that might be
translated as age and related to aeon (dahr). According to ‘Abdul-Jabbār al-Khawlānī
(d. 981), Moses asks God what is the first thing created, and the answer is aeon
(dahr).9 Though there are various terms for time in Islam, this paper looks
specifically into the term waqt for time and its deep spiritual symbolic meanings
within the Qur’an to understand the symbology of mīqāt of Ḥajj. Arguably, time
(waqt) is a more objective form as an independent instant in time compared to age
(zaman) or aeon (dahr).

According to a tradition attributed to God (ḥadīth qudsi), God states, “I am


the aeon (al-dahr).”10 Böwering says that within Islam, there seems to be two levels
of time, that of God, aeon (dahr), and that of human beings, time (waqt).11 He states
that God’s time is everlastingness (dahr), and the humans’ is shrunk into a dot of an
instant, a moment (waqt),12 as Ibn ‘Arabī (d. 1240) defines it in his Futūḥāt.13 This
notion that waqt is a moment in time exists in traditional Sufi mysticism, as it is
defined in al-Risālah al-Qushayriyyah.14 To some Sufi mystics, the concept of time
(waqt) is the time they are absorbed in God, basing it on the tradition (ḥadīth)
attributed to the Prophet, “I have with God a time (waqt).”15 Ibn ‘Arabī calls the Quṭb

6
Ibn ‘Arabī discusses the issue of time under the heading of mīqāt al-zamān under Islamic thought in his
Futūḥāt, and especially the times of Ḥajj. See Ibn ‘Arabī (d. 1240) Al-Futūḥāt al-Makkiyyah (ed. A.
Shams-ul-Dīn), Beirut, Lebanon: Dār al-Kutub al-‘Ilmiyyah, 2: 436-437.
7
See Badr al-Dīn al-‘Ayni (d. 1453) ‘Umdah al-Qārī Sharḥ Ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī, Beirut, Lebanon: Dār
Iḥyā’ al-Turāth al-‘Arabi, 20: 303.
8 See Ahmed, A. (1974) Change, Time and Causality, with Special Reference to Muslim Thought,

Lahore, Pakistan: Pakistan Philosophical Congress. Also see Böwering, G. (1992) “Ideas of Time in
Persian Sufism,” Iran, 30: 77-89.
9 Al-Khawlānī (d. 981) (1950) Tārīkh Dāryā (ed. S. al-Afghānī), Damascus, Syria: Maṭba‘at al-Birqi,

112.
10 Ṣaḥīḥ Muslim, 4: 1762 (#2246).
11 Böwering, G. (1997) “The Concept of Time in Islam,” Proceedings of the American Philosophical

Society, 141(1): 55-66.


12 Ibid., 61.
13 Ibn ‘Arabī refers to people as ibn al-waqt, the children of the moment, or zamān al-ḥāl, the instant of

the present time. See Ibn ‘Arabī, Al-Futūḥāt, 2: 261. Ibn ‘Arabī refers to waqt as the instant of time (ḥāl)
the person is in (mā anta bihi). See Ibn ‘Arabī, Al-Futūḥāt, 3: 199.
14 The notions of waqt in Ibn ‘Arabī’s Futūḥāt as the person is ibn al-waqt is considered by Böwering an

adaptatation from al-Risālah al-Qushayriyyah. See al-Qushayrī (d. 1074) Al-Risālah al-Qushayriyyah
(eds. A. Maḥmūd and M. al-Sharīf), Cairo, Egypt: Dār al-Ma‘ārif, 1: 151.
15 Al-Naysābūrī (d. 1446) (1996) Gharā’ib al-Qur’ān wa-Raghā’ib al-Furqān (ed. Z. ‘Umayrāt), Beirut,

Lebanon: Dār al-Kutub al-‘Ilmiyyah, 2: 87. Also in al-Majlisī, Biḥār al-Anwār, Beirut, Lebanon:
Mu’assasat al-Wafā’, 18: 360, 79: 243. This prophetic tradition (ḥadīth) is also narrated by al-Qushayrī
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“ṣāḥib al-waqt,” and it is possible a reference that during the time of the Prophet, he
was himself “ṣāḥib al-waqt” taking the place of the Quṭb of that age (zamān).16 On
the mystics, Böwering says, “Breaking through eternity, the mystics relive their waqt
[sic.], their primeval moment with God, here and now, in the instant of ecstasy, even
as they anticipate their ultimate destiny.” 17 Weintritt describes that in Islam, the term
for a fixed moment in time or period is waqt and a particular point in time is mīqāt,
which has the same root.18

To understand the terms for time (waqt) in the Qur’an, their usage in the
Qur’an and in Islamic rituals must be weighed. Pilgrims must pass through the mīqāt
as the first point of entry into the pilgrimage. In Islamic jurisprudence (fiqh), the
pilgrimage truly starts when the pilgrim enters the mīqāt.19 Similarly, the five daily
prayers only start when they enter their time (mīqāt), as well. Since fasting and the
break of fast are dependent on the times of prayers, dawn and sunset, then they too
are dependent on the concept of the prayers entering their time (mīqāt). Therefore, it
is without any doubt that Islam gives a great significance to the concept of time, waqt
and mīqāt, in most of its major rituals and in four of its five pillars.

Definition from the Qur’an

Mīqāt in Arabic comes from the root word waqt, which means time. In the Qur’an,
one of the names for the Day of Resurrection is yawm al-waqt al-ma‘lūm, which
means the Day of the Time Known or the Time Appointed. 20

In the Qur’an, a dialogue occurs between God and Satan (Iblīs). When God
commands the angels to bow down before the human into whom God breathes from
His Spirit, all the angels but Satan do so; Satan, due to his ego, proudly refuses to
obey the commandment of God. The dialogue is represented in Sūrah al-Ḥijr. In
general, this sūrah in the Qur’an speaks of death and resurrection (e.g. Qur’an 15:23),
and talks about the Day of Resurrection (e.g. Qur’an 15:25).

The following is the dialogue between God and Satan in the Qur’an:

28. Behold! your Lord said to the angels: "I am about to create human, from
sounding clay from mud moulded into shape;
29. "When I have fashioned him (In due proportion) and breathed into him of
My spirit, fall down in obeisance unto him.
30. So the angels prostrated themselves, all of them together:

with a slightly different form in al-Qushayrī (d. 1074) Laṭā’if al-Ishārāt (ed. I. Al-Bassyūnī), Cairo,
Egypt: al-Hay’ah al-Miṣriyyah al-‘Āmmah lil-Kitāb, 1: 158 on Q. 2:187.
16 Ibn ‘Arabī, al-Futūḥāt, 5: 201.
17 Böwering, G. (1997), 61.
18 Weintritt, O. (2007) “Interpretations of Time in Islam,” Time and History: The Variety of Cultures (ed.

Jörn Rüsen), New York: Berghahn Books, 85-91.


19
Sabiq AS. (1985), 27
20 See Galloway, D. (1922) “The Resurrection and Judgement in the Koran,” The Muslim World, 12(4):

348-372. Also see Ahmad, W. D. (1996) “An Islamic View of Death and Dying,” Journal of the Islamic
Medical Association of North America, 28(4): 175-177.
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31. Except Iblīs (Satan): he refused to be among those who prostrated


themselves.
32. (God) said: "O Iblīs! What is your reason for not being among those who
prostrated themselves?"
33. (Iblīs) said: "I am not one to prostrate myself to man, whom You did
create from sounding clay, from mud moulded into shape."
34. (God) said: "Then get out from here; for you are rejected, accursed.
35. "And the Curse shall be on you till the Day of Judgement."
36. (Iblīs) said: "O my Lord! Give me then respite till the Day they (dead) are
raised."
37. (God) said: "Respite is granted to you—
38. "Till the Day of the Time Appointed (yawm al-waqt al-ma‘lūm)."
39. (Iblīs) said: "O my Lord! Because You have put me in the wrong, I will
make (wrong) fair-seeming to them on the earth, And I will put them all in
the wrong,—
40. "Except Your servants among them, sincere and purified (by Your
grace)."
41. (God) said: "This (Way of My sincere servants) is indeed a Way that
leads straight to Me.
42. "For over My servants no authority shall you have, except such as put
themselves in the wrong and follow you."
43. And verily, Hell is the promised abode for them all!
44. To it are seven Gates: For each of those Gates is a (special) class (of
sinners) assigned. [Qur’an 15:28-44]

In these verses, Satan asks that God gives him relief until the Day of
Resurrection to attempt to tempt humans. God grants this request and informs Satan
that he has been granted to the Day of the Time Appointed. 21 This dialogue, using the
same name for the Day of the Time Appointed, is repeated in Qur’an 38:71-85.

The word mīqāt is used in various parts of the Qur’an to represent the Day of
Resurrection (e.g. Qur’an 44:40, 56:50, 78:17). Also, the word mawāqīt, from the
same root, is also placed in relationship to the Ḥajj in the following verse:

They ask you concerning the New Moons (ahilla). Say: They are but signs to
mark fixed periods of time (mawāqīt) in (the affairs of) men, and for
Pilgrimage. It is no virtue if you enter houses from the back (ẓuhūriha): It is
virtue if you fear Allah. Enter houses through the proper doors: And fear
Allah that you may prosper. [Qur’an 2:189]

There are two observations that this verse explicates, “ahilla” and entering
houses. For the new moons, the word used is “ahilla,” which is from the root “hll.”
The word has many meanings in the Arabic language. It means crescent, 22 as well as

21 The day of the time appointed (yawm al-waqt al-ma‘lūm) in Qur’an 15:38 is a description of
Judgement Day (yawm al-dīn) in Qur’an 15:35 and Day of Resurrection (yawm yub‘athūn) in Qur’an
15:36.
22 Lisān al-‘Arab, 11: 702-703 on “hll.”

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the beginning of rain. 23 The word also means to praise in Arabic, as in tahlīl,24 and
according to Lisān al-‘Arab, it is especially the raising of the voice of the pilgrim in
talbiyah during Ḥajj or ‘Umrah.25 This is based on prophetic traditions (aḥādīth) that
uses the terms “ahalla” and “ihlāl” for those starting tahlīl for Ḥajj or ‘Umrah,26 and
also specifically the use of “ahilla” to describe those entering the mīqāt for Ḥajj or
‘Umrah.27

Sharing the same root, “uhilla,” in the meaning of praising God, is mentioned
in the context of killing an animal for food in Qur’an 5:3, 6:145, and 16:115. The
ahilla in reference to Ḥajj in Qur’an 2:138 may also be related to the sacrificial
animal done during the Ḥajj rituals, which is done in the name of God (uhilla li-Llāh).
The term is also used in Biblical texts as Hallelujah, from the Hebrew meaning to
praise God. According to Lisān al-‘Arab, the reason that a crescent is called a hilāl is
because people raise their voice giving news of the new lunar month. 28 The term “hll”
also means a crooked camel taking its name from the shape of a crescent.29 The
second thing that this verse speaks about is in regard to entering houses. As the
pilgrim plans to visit the House of God represented by the Sacred Mosque (al-Masjid
al-Ḥarām), he is asked to enter it rightfully through its doors, which is the mīqāt,
symbolized in this verse by the term mawāqīt. As the pilgrim enters the mīqāt, he also
starts praising God (tahlīl) symbolized in this verse by the term “ahilla.”

Notably, the word used for not entering houses from their back is “ẓuhūrihā,”
which also means the manifest, as opposed to the hidden (inner), bāṭin. We also find
that the Qur’an in another verse speaks of manifest and hidden doors.

One Day will the Hypocrites – men and women – say to the Believers: "Wait
for us! Let us borrow (a Light) from your Light!" It will be said: "Turn you
back to your rear! then seek a Light (where you can)!" So a wall will be put
up between them, with a gate therein. Within it (bāṭinuhu) will be Mercy
throughout, and without it (ẓāhiruhu), all alongside (qibalihi), will be (Wrath
and) Punishment! [Qur’an 57:13]

Qur’an 2:189 states that the true virtue is in the fear of God (taqwa), which
has the transposition of the same letters as time (waqt). The word taqwa is repeated
throughout the Qur’an, as in the subject of qiblah, where a Muslim turns for prayer
and the subject of sacrifice (i.e. Qur’an 2:177, 22:32, 22:37). Qur’an 57:13 establishes
a relationship between the manifest (ẓāhir) and a permutation of the term “qbl.”

23 Lisān al-‘Arab, 11: 701 on “hll.” It also corresponds to the prophetic tradition (ḥadīth) narrated in
Lisān al-‘Arab, “Fa-allaf Allah al-saḥāb wa-hallatnā. (God made the clouds and it poured on us).” On
the use of the term “hll” in this prophetic tradition, also see al-Suyūṭī (d. 1505) (1996) Al-Daybāj ‘ala
Ṣaḥīḥ Muslim ibn al-Ḥajjāj (ed. Al-Atharī), Khobar, KSA: Dār Ibn ‘Affān lil-Nashr wal-Tawzī‘, 2: 474-
475.
24 Lisān al-‘Arab, 11: 705 on “hll”
25 Lisān al-‘Arab, 11: 701-702 on “hll.” Talbiyah is the prayer that a pilgrim typically says during Ḥajj or

‘Umra.
26 Ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī, 2: 141 (#1561), 2: 142 (#1562), 2: 142 (#1563), 2: 142 (#1564), 2: 143 (#1568), 2:

143 (#1569), 2: 144 (#1572).


27 Ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī, 2: 134 (#1525), 2: 134 (#1526), 2: 134 (#1528), 2: 134 (#1529).
28 Lisān al-‘Arab, 11: 703 on “hll”
29 Lisān al-‘Arab, 11: 703-704 on “hll”

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Furthermore in Islam, the revelation of a messenger from God to people is


called “bi‘thah,” which comes from the same root as resurrection. It seems as if the
Qur’an suggests God brings forth a messenger from within themselves, who are
spiritually dead, and resurrects among them a messenger. In Sūrah al-Mursalāt, which
speaks of the Day of Resurrection, the Qur’an uses the same root of mīqāt in the form
of uqqitat.

And when the apostles are (all) appointed a time (uqqitat) [Qur’an 77:11]

According to classical exegetes, such as al-Ṭabarī, the appointed time


mentioned in Qur’an 77:11 is the Day of Resurrection, and related to Qur’an 5:109,
which is the day that God gathers the messengers. 30 Also al-Ṭabarī defines the
postponement (ujjilat) in Qur’an 77:12 as a reference to the mīqāt of the Day of
Resurrection, which he reports is related to the mawāqīt in Qur’an 2:189 and to yawm
al-waqt al-ma‘lūm in Qur’an 15:38 and 38:81.31

The Qur’an continues to state that the appointed time is delayed until the Day
of Sorting Out, (yawm al-faṣl) (i.e. Qur’an 77:13-15, 77:38), which is the same name
used in other verses related to mīqāt (Qur’an 44:40, 78:17), resembling one of the
names for the Day of Resurrection. 32 Thence, the relationship between mīqāt and the
Day of Resurrection is well-established from within the Qur’an. Perhaps, in Ḥajj and
‘Umrah, it symbolizes that it is through this door that pilgrims enter the House of God
in a state of sacredness, resembling dead souls waiting for their resurrection.33

Mīqāt of the Sorcerers with Moses

As the mīqāt appears to be the gateway of resurrection, the same word is used in the
story of Moses and the sorcerers.

So the sorcerers were gotten together for the appointed time of a day well-
known (li-mīqāt yawm ma‘lūm) [Qur’an 26:38]

The above verse is likened to the verse about the Day of Resurrection.

All will certainly be gathered together to the meeting appointed time for a
day well-known (mīqāt yawm ma‘lūm). [Qur’an 56:50]

If the Qur’an is consistent with its symbology of waqt, what we may understand from
these verses is that the sorcerers have entered the mīqāt, symbolizing their dead state
and are entering through the gateway to their resurrection. The dialogue between
Moses, Pharaoh, the sorcerers, and the gathered people is as follows:

30 Al-Ṭabarī, Jāmi‘, 24: 129-130 on Q. 77:11.


31 Al-Ṭabarī, Jāmi‘, 24: 129-130 on Q. 77:12.
32 Al-Ṭabarī, Jāmi‘, 24: 131 on Q. 77:13-15.
33 Shariati, A. (n.d.) Hajj: The Pilgrimage (translated by Ali A. Behzadnia, and Najla Denny), Costa

Mesa, CA: Evecina Cultural & Education Foundation, 9.


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32. So (Moses) threw his rod, and behold, it was a serpent, plain (for all to
see)!
33. And he drew out his hand, and behold, it was white to all beholders!
34. (Pharaoh) said to the chiefs around him: "This is indeed A sorcerer well-
versed:
35. "His plan is to get you out of your land by his sorcery; then what is it you
counsel?"
36. They said: "Keep him and his brother in suspense (for a while), and
dispatch (ib‘ath) to the Cities heralds to collect (ḥashirīn)—
37. "And bring up to you all (our) sorcerers well-versed."
38. So the sorcerers were gotten together for the appointed time of a day
well-known (li-mīqāt yawm ma‘lūm),
39. And the people were told: "Are you (now) assembled?—
40. "That we may follow the sorcerers (in religion) if they win?"
41. So when the sorcerers arrived, they said to Pharaoh: "Of course—shall we
have a (suitable) reward if we win?"
42. He said: "Yes, (and more), for you shall in that case be (raised to posts)
nearest (to my person)."
43. Moses said to them: "Throw that which you are about to throw!"
44. So they threw their ropes and their rods, and said: "By the might of
Pharaoh, it is we who will certainly win!"
45. Then Moses threw his rod, when, behold, it straightway swallows up all
the falsehoods which they fake!
46. Then did the sorcerers fall down, prostrate in adoration,
47. Saying: "We believe in the Lord of the Worlds,
48. "The Lord of Moses and Aaron."
49. Said (Pharaoh): "Believe you in Him before I give you permission?
Surely he is your leader, who has taught you sorcery! But soon shall you
know!
50. "Be sure I will cut off your hands and your feet on opposite sides, and I
will cause you all to die on the cross!"
51. They said: "No matter! For us, we shall but return to our Lord!
52. "Only, our desire is that our Lord will forgive us our faults that we may
become foremost among the Believers!" [Qur’an 26:32-52]

These verses indicate that Pharaoh and his chiefs disbelieve in Moses and the
message he brings; they claim that Moses is using sorcery. Hence, they bring in the
best of illusionists, the sorcerers. The sorcerers enter the mīqāt. Immediately after
they enter the mīqāt, it is asked if the other people would enter, meaning that the other
people had not yet entered the mīqāt. As the sorcerers enter the mīqāt resembling
their death and ignorance, they boast that they will win, just as Satan boasted. During
the challenge, the sorcerers understand that their reality is but an illusion, whereas the
reality preached by Moses and Aaron is the true reality. Since the sorcerers entered
the mīqāt, they arrived at the moment in time of their resurrection, yawm al-waqt al-
ma‘lūm.

Since the sorcerers have entered the mīqāt, which symbolizes their dead state,
it also symbolizes that they are about to be resurrected into understanding true reality,
which the other people were not able to perceive, since they have not yet entered the
mīqāt. The veils of illusion are shed from the hearts of the sorcerers as they become
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resurrected in true reality. Immediately, they lose their ego, as it has been killed and,
unlike Satan, they humbly prostrate themselves and believe in God, which Moses and
Aaron have been proclaiming.

When Pharaoh was asked to send heralds to call the sorcerers from the cities,
the word used is ib‘ath, which means resurrect. The word used to gather them is
ḥashirīn, which is sometimes used as a reference to the Day of Resurrection (yawm
al-ḥashr);34 the Qur’an also uses it when describing the rituals of Ḥajj (i.e. Qur’an
2:203). In Qur’an 26:32-52, Pharaoh becomes a motif for God, who has the power to
resurrect and send heralds, like God sending messengers using the term “ib‘ath.”
Pharaoh also is shown to have the power to gather people together like God, using the
term “ḥāshirīn.” Also, Pharaoh is shown to gather people on the time of the appointed
day (mīqāt yawm ma‘lūm) like God promising Satan that he shall be given a period to
the day of the appointed time (yawm al-waqt al-ma‘lūm). The Qur’an shows that
Pharaoh does what God does to differentiate between the illusion and the truth.
Pharaoh and his chiefs think that he has the power to resurrect and gather the people.
The Qur’an, on the other hand, illustrates that such power is God’s alone.

Mīqāt of Moses and the Seventy

When the Torah was written, the Qur’an describes the appointment between God and
Moses also as the mīqāt.

142. We appointed for Moses thirty nights, and completed (the period) with
ten (more): thus was completed the term (of communion) (mīqāt) with his
Lord, forty nights. And Moses had charged his brother Aaron (before he went
up): "Act for me amongst my people: Do right, and follow not the way of
those who do mischief."
143. When Moses came to the place appointed by Us (mīqātuna), and his
Lord addressed him, He said: "O my Lord! show (Yourself) to me, that I may
look upon you." Allah said: "By no means can you see Me (direct); But look
upon the mount; if it abides in its place, then shall you see Me." When his
Lord revealed His glory on the Mount, He made it as dust. And Moses fell
down in a swoon. When he recovered his senses he said: "Glory be to You! to
You I turn in repentance, and I am the first to believe.
144. ((Allah)) said: "O Moses! I have chosen you above (other) men, by the
mission I (have given you) and the words I (have spoken to you): take then
the (revelation) which I give you, and be of those who give thanks."
145. And We ordained laws for him in the tablets in all matters, both
commanding and explaining (tafṣīl) all things, (and said): "Take and hold
these with firmness, and enjoin you people to hold fast by the best in the
precepts: soon shall I show you the homes of the wicked,- (How they lie
desolate). [Qur’an 7:142-145]

34There is a prophetic tradition (ḥadīth) that mentions a prayer to be said when a new crescent (hilāl) is
seen (please note the resemblance with the term “ahilla” on the mawāqīt of Ḥajj) calling the Day of
Resurrection as “yawm al-ḥashr.” See Ibn Abi ‘Āṣim (d. 900) (1980) Al-Sunnah li-Ibn Abi ‘Āṣim (ed.
Muḥammad Nāṣir al-Dīn al-Albānī), Beirut, Lebanon: al-Maktab al-Islāmī, 1: 160 (#387).
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The mīqāt of Moses described in the above verses also brings to light its
possible relationship with the Day of Resurrection. The name sometimes used for the
Day of Resurrection is the Day of Sorting Out (yawm al-faṣl) (i.e. Qur’an 44:40,
77:13-15, 77:38, 78:17), which is usually jointly in use with the word mīqāt (i.e.
Qur’an 44:40, 77:11-14, 78:17). The same root word, tafṣīl, is used in the mīqāt of
Moses, which means explaining, to split, to divide, or the joint between two things,
implying the explanations of truth and falsehood.35 The Torah is represented as
explaining and sorting out truth from falsehood in another verse (i.e. Qur’an 6:154).
The Qur’an also describes itself as such (i.e. Qur’an 10:37, 12:111). The Qur’an also
characterizes God as providing for all things the explanation of all explanations
(faṣṣalnāhu tafṣīlā) (i.e. Qur’an 17:12), which is specifically talking about the
concept of time.

As shown earlier according to the Qur’an, God’s messengers are resurrected


among the people, who are spiritually dead, and hence using the term bi‘thah. The
books revealed to each one is the written word of this resurrection to explain things
that were not known. Hence, the Qur’an might be describing the writing down in the
tablets of Moses as explaining to the people or resurrecting their souls into
understanding. Deuteronomy uses the Hebrew term “aqim” when it describes God
resurrecting a prophet among the people (i.e. Deuteronomy 18:18) or when stating
that no prophet had risen in Israel, as Moses, who knew God face to face (i.e.
Deuteronomy 34:10).36 The term “qwm” means to rise or resurrection in Hebrew,
Aramaic,37 and Arabic,38 and is likened to the word bi‘thah. It is the most commonly
used word by Muslims for the Day of Resurrection, and named as such by the Qur’an
(e.g. Qur’an 2:212).

Qur’an 9:36 states that there are twelve months in a year, in which four are
sacred. The Qur’an does not define what those four months are. According to
prophetic tradition (ḥadīth), the sacred months in Islam are Rajab, Dhul-Qi‘dah,
Dhul-Ḥijjah, and Muḥarram.39 The former is the only month standing alone, while the
other three are connected sequentially. The connected months are considered sacred
as they are the months that pilgrims typically take the journey to Ḥajj and back.
Although, according to jurisprudence of the rituals of Ḥajj, a pilgrim may enter the
mīqāt as early as the month of Shawwāl, which is the month preceding Dhul-Qi‘dah,
it is not a sacred month. The jurisprudence that allows a pilgrim to enter the state of
iḥrām as early as Shawwāl is not based on any Qur’anic or prophetic tradition. It is
based on a tradition attributed to the opinions of the Prophet’s companions stating
that the months of Ḥajj are Shawwāl, Dhul-Qi‘dah, and ten days of Dhul-Ḥijjah.40

Pilgrims may enter the mīqāt and enter the state of iḥrām, but it is only in al-
shahr al-ḥarām (sacred month) of Dhul-Qi‘dah that the pilgrim and the time are both
within iḥrām, all the way until the Day of ‘Arafah, which is thirty nights of Dhul-
Qi‘dah and an additional nine of Dhul-Ḥijjah. The tenth night is the night of the Feast

35 Lisān al-‘Arab, 11: 521-524 on “fṣl”


36 The Torah consists of five books, Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, and Deuteronomy.
37
Enhanced Brown-Driver-Briggs, 877-879 on “qwm”
38 Lisān al-‘Arab, 12: 496 on “qwm”
39 Ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī, 6: 66 (#4662), 7: 100 (#5550). Ṣaḥīḥ Muslim, 3: 1305 (#1679).
40 Ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī, 2: 141.

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of Sacrifice, in which pilgrims on the day of the feast leave the state of iḥrām that
they had entered at the mīqāt.

Hence, it is possible for a pilgrim to have been in a state of iḥrām in the


months of ḥarām (sacred month) for the thirty nights of Dhul-Qi‘dah and ten nights
of Dhul-Ḥijjah before leaving that state on the Feast of Sacrifice, a full forty nights of
being in iḥrām during the months of ḥarām. Perhaps the forty nights is similar to
Moses’ mīqāt when God spoke to him and resurrected him into understanding the
explanations of all things which had been written in the Tablets. As related by al-
Ṭabarī, Moses’ forty nights is perhaps thirty nights of Dhul-Qi‘dah and ten of Dhul-
Dhul-Ḥijjah.41 According to Qur’an 7:143, Moses fell unconscious (or dead?), and
then God resurrected him again. The sacredness of the month of Rajab sheds light on
the old Islamic debate on the performance of ‘Umrah during Rajab, and whether or
not the Prophet had performed it in that month. 42 In pre-Islamic Arabia, the connected
sacred months are due to the Arabs travelling for pilgrimage, and Rajab was
specialized for those travelling for ‘Umrah, which might be a cause of debate for why
some Muslims have specialized the ‘Umrah in Rajab. 43

According to the Qur’an, when Moses returns to his people, he finds that they
have been led astray. He then takes seventy of his people to meet the Lord, which is
also described as a mīqāt.

And Moses chose seventy of his people for Our place of meeting (mīqātuna):
when they were seized with violent quaking (rajfah), he prayed: "O my Lord!
if it had been Your will You could have destroyed, long before, both them
and me: would You destroy us for the deeds of the foolish ones among us?
this is no more than Your trial: by it You cause whom You will to stray, and
You lead whom You will into the right path. You are our Protector: so

41 Al-Ṭabarī, Jāmi‘, 13: 86 on Q. 7:142.


42
Ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī, 3: 2 (#1775), 3: 2 (#1776), 5: 142 (#4253). Al-Tirmidhī (d. 892) (1975) Sunan al-
Tirmidhī (ed. M. F. ‘Abdulbāqī), Cairo, Egypt: Maktabat wa-Maṭba‘at Muṣṭafa al-Bābī al-Ḥalabī, 3: 265
(#936). Al-Maqdisī (d. 1245) Al-Muntaqa min Masmū‘āt Maruw [manuscript], 124. ‘Abdullah ibn
‘Umar claimed that the Prophet performed ‘Umra during Rajab, while ‘Āi’sha denied that. According to
some Muslim scholars, including Ibn Bāz, it is highly likely that ‘Āi’sha did not know of the Prophet’s
‘Umra during Rajab. See al-Qaḥṭānī, S. (2010) Manāsik al-Ḥajj wal-‘Umra fil-Islām fī Ḍaw’ al-Kitāb
wal-Sunnah, al-Qasab, KSA: Markaz al-Da‘wah wal-Irshād, 596. Ibn Baṭṭūṭa even narrates that the
people of Makkah used to prepare for ‘Umra in Rajab. See Ibn Baṭṭūṭa (d. 1377) (1997) Tuḥfah al-
Nuẓẓār fī Gharā’ib al-Amṣār wa-‘Ajā’ib al-Asfār, Rabat, Morocco: Akādīmiyyah al-Mamlakah al-
Maghribiyyah, 1: 400-402. It is also said that pre-Islamic Arabs used to perform ‘Umra during Rajab. On
this note, see al-Rāzī (d. 1209) (2000) Mafātīḥ al-Ghayb, Beirut, Lebanon: Dār Iḥyā’ al-Turāth al-‘Arabī,
32: 97 on Q. 106:1-2. In Shī‘ī school of thought, the ‘Umra during Rajab is considered the best of all
‘Umra. On this note see al-Majlisi, Biḥār al-Anwār, 96: 331-332, 110: 355.
43 Pre-Islamic Arabs have specialized Rajab for ‘Umra, and the tribe of Muḍar considered Rajab a sacred

month due to its timing for ‘Umra. Hence, Rajab is sometimes called the Rajab of Muḍar. See Ibn Rajab
al-Ḥanbalī (d. 1393) (2004) Laṭā’if al-Ma‘ārif fīmā li-Mawāsim al-‘Ām min al-Waẓā’if, Beirut, Lebanon:
Dār Ibn Ḥazm lil-Ṭibā ‘ah wal-Nashr, 259. Also see Muḥammad al-Ṭāhir ibn ‘Āshūr (d. 1973) Al-Taḥrīr
wal-Tanwīr, Tunis, Tunisia: Al-Dār al-Tūnisiyyah lil-Nashr, 2: 211 on Q. 2:194, 2: 231 on Q. 2:197.
Also see Jawād ‘Alī (d. 1987) (2001) Al-Mufaṣṣil fī Tarīkh al-‘Arab qabl al-Islām, Beirut, Lebanon: Dār
al-Sāqī, 11: 392. Also see al-‘Uathymīn (2001) (1993) Majmū‘ Fatāwī wa-Rasā’il Faḍīlat al-Shaykh
Muḥammad ibn Ṣāliḥ al-‘Uthaymīn (ed. Fahad al-Sulaymān), Riyadh, KSA: Dār al-Waṭan, 22: 273, 22:
276. On the naming of Rajab as Rajab Muḍar in prophetic traditions (aḥādīth) see Ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī, 4:
107 (#3197).
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forgive us and give us Your mercy; for You are the best of those who forgive.
[Qur’an 7:155]

Here, the seventy people whom Moses has taken to the mīqāt are taken up by
an earthquake (rajfah). The same word is used in a couple of verses in the Qur’an for
the earth quaking on the Day of Resurrection (i.e. Qur’an 73:14, 79:6). However, this
quaking may not be very different from that which was experienced by Moses earlier
during his mīqāt, which reduced the mountain to dust and caused Moses to fall down
in a swoon, or death of his soul and its resurrection into true reality, after he asked
God to reveal His face (i.e. Qur’an 7:143). These quakes are also described in other
parts of the Qur’an, as follows:

14. One Day the earth and the mountains will be in violent commotion. And
the mountains will be as a heap of sand poured out and flowing down.
15. We have sent to you, (O men!) an apostle, to be a witness concerning
you, even as We sent an apostle to Pharaoh. [Qur’an 73:14-15]

Nay! When the earth is pounded to powder, [Qur’an 89:21]

One Day everything that can be in commotion will be in violent commotion,


[Qur’an 79:6]

The word used for the crushing of the mountain with Moses and during the
Day of Resurrection is the same root word of “dkk,” meaning to crush.44 What had
happened to the seventy at the mīqāt is not to be thought of as God doing evil in
killing. However, the Qur’an may be symbolizing that if people are to understand true
reality, their souls need to be sacrificed and then resurrected into true reality. The
same happened to Moses and the same happened to the seventy when each entered
their mīqāt.

Perhaps the Qur’an symbolizes that as people’s bodies are made of earth and
their soul is in a grave within it, the body quakes, resurrecting the dead soul entombed
from within it into understanding true reality. This is apparently what happened to
Moses and the seventy, when they went to the mīqāt (i.e. Numbers 11:10-30).

Mīqāt of Prayer

If readers are told that there is a strong relationship between prayer and resurrection,
most would ask how there could be such a relationship, as it is not outright obvious.
In what some may find interesting, prayer had also been described by the root word
for mīqāt in the Qur’an.

When you pass (congregational) prayers, celebrate Allah's praises, standing,


sitting down, or lying down on your sides; but when you are free from
danger, set up regular prayers: For such prayers are enjoined on believers at
stated times (kitāban mawqūta / timed book). [Qur’an 4:103]

44 Lisān al-‘Arab, 10: 425-426 on “dkk”


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First, to shed light on mīqāt and prayers, it should be pointed out how prayer
is in itself resurrected. Throughout the body of the Qur’an, the instruction for prayer
is usually conjoined with a word rooted in qiyām (e.g. Qur’an 17:78). This shares the
same root word used for the Day of Resurrection (yawm al-qiyāmah). Iqām al-ṣalāh,
which is the rise to prayer, is the second pillar of Islam. 45 Actually, the translation for
iqām al-ṣalāh, as the rise to prayer, is a misnomer. It is not an instruction for people
to rise to prayer, but an instruction for people to raise or resurrect the prayer. 46

Noteworthy, there are five different locations for the mīqāt of Ḥajj or
‘Umrah,47 which are the same number of the daily obligatory prayers that are
described as a timed book (kitāban mawqūta). This is something that Ibn ‘Arabī
makes a note of in his Futūḥāt.48 As prayer is to praise God, it is as thus proclaimed
about the ahilla (praises) discussed earlier, being mawāqīt or timings for the people
and Ḥajj (i.e. Qur’an 2:189).

According to the Qur’an, when God requests Abraham to proclaim the Ḥajj,
the word used for this proclamation is adhdhin; its root word means to make known,
to cry out, to give permission, or to give ear. 49

And proclaim (adhdhin) the Pilgrimage among people: they will come to you
on foot and (mounted) on every kind of camel, lean on account of journeys
through deep and distant mountain highways; [Qur’an 22:27]

The call to prayer is also called adhān. The adhān or call to prayer announces
that the prayer time (waqt) has arrived. This is the mīqāt of prayer, symbolizing that
the prayer is dead and its hour of resurrection is near. The actual prayer is performed
after the call for iqāmah, when the prayer is resurrected. Like in Ḥajj or ‘Umrah, the
pilgrim enters a state of iḥrām at the mīqāt symbolizing his death, and, during later
rituals, is resurrected, when the pilgrim leaves the state of iḥrām. Accordingly, prayer
enters its mīqāt and is resurrected. There seems to be a relationship between prayer
and resurrection.

Conclusion

The concept of time is important in Islam. The use of the term “waqt” or “mīqāt” in
the Qur’an and Islamic rituals seem to be pointing to its relationship with death and
resurrection. The waqt symbolizes that something is dead and that the time of their
resurrection is near. Whether it is the pilgrim, Moses and the seventy, or prayer. We
see that the Qur’an remains consistent in associating the term waqt with death and
resurrection.

45 Ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī, 1: 11 (#8).


46 As a comparison for people rising to prayer instead of raising the prayer, see Qur’an 4:142.
47 There is a debate on the mīqāt of the people of Iraq on whether it was done by the Prophet or ‘Umar.

Al-Tirmidhi and Abu Dāwūd state that it is the Prophet, while al-Bukhārī states that it is ‘Umar. See
Ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī, 2: 134 (#1524), 2: 134 (#1525), 2: 134 (#1526), 2: 134 (#1528), 2: 134 (#1529), 2: 135
(#1530), 2: 135 (#1534). Sunan al-Tirmidhi, 2: 185 (#831), 2: 185 (#832). Abu Dāwūd (d. 889) Sunan
Abī Dāwūd (ed. M. M. ‘Abdulḥamīd), Sidon, Lebanon: Al-Maktabah al-‘Aṣriyyah, 2: 143 (#1739), 2:
143 (#1740), 2: 144 (#1742).
48 Ibn ‘Arabī, Al-Futūḥāt, 2: 432-433.
49 Lisān al-‘Arab, 13: 9-14 on “adhn”

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As such, the term mīqāt for Ḥajj or ‘Umrah may be seen as the place in time,
when a pilgrim announces his death wearing a funeral shroud, the iḥrām. It also
means that the pilgrim’s resurrection is coming near. The taḥlīl from the iḥrām may
be seen as symbolizing the dead pilgrim coming out of his funeral shroud, and as such
symbolizing his resurrection. What is interesting to note that the final ritual before a
pilgrim takes off his funeral shroud, the iḥrām, he needs to shave or cut his hair short.
The term for hair in Arabic is “sha‘r.” The Qur’an uses the root of the term “sh‘r” in
connection to death and resurrection:

“And say not of those who are slain in the way of Allah, "They are
dead." Nay, they are living, though you perceive (it) (tash‘urūn)
not.” [Qur’an 2:154]

“(They are things) dead, lifeless: nor do they perceive (yash‘urūn)


when they will be raised up.”[Qur’an 16:21]

The above Qur’anic passages use words rooted in “sh‘r” (hair) to differentiate
that the dead will be raised, but that people do not perceive it. It is interesting that as
pilgrims, who are symbolizing themselves as dead, are about to be resurrected
through the symbol of taḥlīl, when they need to shave or cut their hair (sha‘r) short,
because they were dead and do not perceive (yash‘urūn) when they will be
resurrected.50 This brings us to the conclusion that the Qur’an and Islamic rituals
builds a strong association of the term waqt or mīqāt as the portal from death to
resurrection.

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37. Muslim (d. 875), Ṣaḥīḥ Muslim, (ed. M. F. Abdul-Bāqī), Beirut, Lebanon:
Dār Iḥyā’ al-Turāth al-‘Arabi.

38. Ṣiddīq Ḥassan Khān al-Qinnawji (d. 1890) (2002) Abjad al-‘Ulūm, Beirut,
Lebanon, Dār Ibn Ḥazm.

39. Sabiq, AS. (1985) Fiqh us-Sunnah: Hajj and Umrah, Indianapolis: American
Trust Publications.
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40. Shariati, A. (n.d.) Hajj: The Pilgrimage (translated by Ali A. Behzadnia, and
Najla Denny), Costa Mesa, CA: Evecina Cultural & Education Foundation.

41. Shaykh ‘Alwān (d. 1514) (1999) Al-Fawātiḥ al-Ilāhiyyah wal-Mafātiḥ al-
Ghaybiyyah al-Muwaḍḍiḥah lil-Kalim al-Qur’āniyyah wal-Ḥikam al-
Furqāniyyah, Cairo, Egypt: Dār Rikābi lil-Nashr.

42. Weintritt, O. (2007) “Interpretations of Time in Islam,” Time and History:


The Variety of Cultures (ed. Jörn Rüsen), New York: Berghahn Books.

238 Centre of Quranic Research (CQR)


Qur’anic Research: Interaction of Knowledge, Science, and Civilization

QUR’ANIC GUIDANCE ON THE WAYS AND MEANS TO RESTORE THE


VIGOROUS STUDY OF NATURAL SCIENCE IN CONTEMPORARY
MUSLIM SOCIETIES

Shuaibu Umar Gokaru1


Dr. Aizan Bt Ali @ Matzin2
Dr. Faisal @ Ahmad Faisal bin Abdulhamid 3

Abstract

Qur’an is the book of Allah sent down to the Prophet Muhammad (S.A.W)
in a clear Arabic language. It serves as a final message to the universe and a
code of conduct, be it spiritual, social, and moral aspects. It is the primordial
source of scientific knowledge and guidance to the past, present and future
generations of human beings. Therefore, it is said that Islamic science
decline as a result of various forces and hesitate attempts of the
contemporary Muslims to continue on the paths of the previous Muslim
scientists. Regrettably, today scientific knowledge was transferred from the
Muslims to the Western people even though the knowledge was therein the
Qur’an. Hence, Muslims have to use their intellects to figure out the
mystery and miracles that contain in the Glorious Qur’an. It is believed that
Qur’an contains the knowledge of natural sciences, medicine, history,
sociology, politics, economics, religion and other fields of social sciences.
Almighty Allah revealed the Qur’an for human beings to know how to
worship him and to enjoy their temporary staying for the benefit of afterlife.
In the Qur’an, in numerous places, Allah instructs mankind to reflect, to
think, to ponder on the meaning of the Qur’an. This paper targets to provide
the ways and means to restore the study of natural sciences in
contemporary Muslims societies in the light of the Qur’anic guidance. It is
to awakening the Muslim society to incline to know the teachings of the
Glorious Qur’an. This paper is based on qualitative approach. The method
of documentary is used in data collection. On the other hand, it employs the
usage of content analysis and inductive in data analysis. The findings reveal

1 PhD. Candidate, Department of Islamic History and Civilization, Academy of Islamic Studies,
University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Lecturer, Department of Islamic Studies, Faculty
of Arts and Education, Bauchi State University Gadau, Nigeria. Gmail Address:
[email protected].
2
Senior Lecturer, Department of Islamic History and Civilization, Academy of Islamic Studies,
University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Gmail Address: [email protected]
3 Senior Lecturer, Department of Islamic History and Civilization, Academy of Islamic Studies,

University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Gmail Address: [email protected].


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Qur’anic Research: Interaction of Knowledge, Science, and Civilization

that natural sciences in the light of the Qur’anic verses can be found in
nature, history and the universe in general.

Keywords: Muslim societies, Natural science, and Qur’anic guidance.

Introduction

Muslims and even some of the non-Muslims intellectuals believed that Qur’an is the
reservoir of sciences. Therefore, figuring Qur’anic sciences is the major task that
nevertheless most of the contemporary scholars have neglected. Accordingly,
Muslims were everyday reciting the Qur’an in their compulsory daily prayers, but
pondering on what it contains is another major problem. Hence, it is significant to
note that understanding the meaning of Qur’anic verses is of great importance, and in
fact reward is multiplying to whoever recites it. The hearts of believers have only
being securing calm in the remembrance of Allah. To understand this statement,
Almighty Allah says “Those who believed (in the Oneness of Allah-Islamic
Monotheism), and whose hearts find rest in the remembrance of Allah: Verily, in the
remembrance of Allah do hearts find rest.” 4 Moreover, it might be added that Qur’an
is a great medicine to physical and spiritual diseases. However, whosoever takes
Qur’an as his guidance in his would never lose in this life and the next to come. It is
evidently discovered that Qur’an encourages man to use his intellect to study the
universe in order to realize the greatness and oneness of the Almighty Allah. Muslim
scientists believed that Qur’an is not a book of science but a book of signs Ayat which
more than six thousand (6000) verses containing facts, science and symbols. More
than one thousand (1000) of theses verses talking about what we call today, the
modern science. 5 Islamic religion is the ultimate religion that provides man with all
the guidance in his endeavours. Thus, it is significant to note that, if there is any
religion that invites man to the study and understanding of the heavens, it is Islam. An
understanding of the discipline of Astronomy is essential for the appreciation of the
religion of Islam. No other religion uses or relies on the heavens and the motion of
the moon and sun for timekeeping and calendars as Islam does. Allah created this
tremendous Universe that we live in and we are invited to reflect upon it, to
understand it so that we may be able to practise our religion with conviction based on
reason to the best of our abilities. By God’s laws, the laws of Physics, we are glued to
the planet earth yet Almighty God granted us eyes, intellect and knowledge that we
may see far in excess of our ordinary reach- surely in these things are signs of the
omnipotence of our Creator.6

The Concept of Natural Science

Understanding what does natural science mean is of highest importance in this paper.
Thus, natural sciences are the sciences that are collectively involved in the study of

4 Qur’an, Surah, Al-Ra’d, 13: 28.


5 Muhammad Zubair Albazi & Muhammad Uzair 2008. The Holy Qur’an & Astronomy in Islamic
Science and the Contemporary World “Islamic Science in Contemporary Education” Malaysia: ISTAC,
IIUM, P.79.
6 Shirin, Haque-Chopil. 4 June, 2015. “The Role of Astronomy in Islam, Physic Department: University

of the West Indies. Retrieved from: http://moonsighting.com/articles/roleofislam.html”.


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the physical world and its phenomena, including biology, physics, chemistry, and
geology, but excluding social sciences, abstract or theoretical sciences, such as
mathematics, and applied sciences 7’’. Similarly, natural sciences are the study of
‘’Embryology, Astronomy: Heavens, Orbits, Sun, Moon, and alteration of day and
night as well as Geology, Botany, and zoology.’’ 8 Furthermore, Islamic science
means the natural or exact sciences that originated by the Islamic civilization. Arabic
was the main scientific language used, but not necessarily the native language of the
scientists, who might have been Persian, Turkish or of other origins. Although the
term Islamic science and Arabic science are modern historical terms within the
context of Islamic civilization, this science is Islamic in the sense that it suited the
new and growing needs of the Islamic civilization; was available entirely in Arabic,
which had replaced Syriac; and familiar to an increasing number of Muslim
translators, students and scientists. 9’’

Qur’anic Verses on Natural Sciences

Considering the foregoing, it is clearly depicted that natural science encompassed


different branches of sciences. Nonetheless, what would be the real fact of its subject
is the physical world and what has been surrounded it. Therefore, it should be noted
that the Glorious Qur’an emphasizes in numerous places that the universe can be and
in fact should be the subject of study, for the universe was created in truth. 10 To
substantiate this statement, Almighty Allah says: “He had created the heavens and the
earth with truth (bil’-haqq).”11 In a similar verse, Allah says: “We created not the
heavens and the earth and all that is between them except in truth 12’’.
Commenting on the first verse, al-Maududi says:

That is to say, "The whole system of the Earth and the heavens is a
witness to the truth of the doctrine of Tauhid and to the negation of
shirks. You may look at anything in the universe and consider the
system from any point of view you like, one will find proof of this fact
that it is being run by one God and not by many gods. Then how is it
that you believe in shirk when there is no proof whatsoever of this in
the universe13?

However, in another place, Allah says:

7 See http://www.collinsdictionary. Com/dictionary/English/natural sciences, accessed on May 7,2013.


8 Bashir Soualhi,’’concept of knowledge from the Western and Islamic perspectives’’ in Islam
knowledge and civilization, by Munawar and etals (UIA: IIUM Press), 27.
9 Muhammad Abdallah, ‘’Ibn Khaldun on the fate of Islamic science after the eleventh century’’, in

International conference: Ibn Khaldun’s Legacy and its significance, by Osman Bakar & Baharuddin
(ISTAC: IIUM), 271.
10 Hossein Nasr & Iqbal, Islam, Science, Muslims, and Technology (Kuala Lumpur: Islamic Book Trust,

2010), 44.
11
Qur’an, ch. 16: 3.
12 Qur’an, ch. 15: 85
13 Al-Mawdudi, Tafhim al-Qur’an (English Translation) http://www.englishqur’an.com accessed on

May 10, 2013.


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“And on earth there are signs [of God's existence, visible] to all who
are endowed with inner certainty” 14, “Just as [there are signs thereof]
within your own selves: can you not, then, see”?15 And in heaven is
[the source of] your sustenance [on earth] 16 and [of] all that you are
promised [for your life after death]. 17

Given this understanding, it is important to note that recognising the signs of


Allah in nature is only benefitting those who believed in His Oneness. Thus,
Almighty Allah commanded His servants to study the physical nature of the heaven
and earth. Thereupon, he says: “Say: "Behold all that is in the heavens and the earth,"
but neither Ayat (proofs, evidences, verses, lessons, signs, revelations, etc.) nor
warners benefit those who believe not.” 18 Similarly, Allah says: “Do they not look
into the realm of the heavens and the earth and everything that Allah has created and
[think] that perhaps their appointed time has come near? So in what statement
hereafter will they believe”?19

Moreover, in the structure of the heavens, there are natural signs of Allah,
but not to be recognized except those who have deeply ponder on its provision and
believe that whoever sets this is the ultimate Creator of all beings. To understand
this, Allah says:
Allah is He Who raised the heavens without any pillars that you
can see. Then, He raised above (Istawa) the `Arsh ﴿Throne﴾. He has
subjected the sun and the moon, each running (its course) for a
term appointed. He manages and regulates all affairs; He explains
the Ayat (signs and symbols) in detail that you may believe with
certainty in the meeting with your Lord. 20
Commenting on this verse, Ibn Khathir stated that “Allah mentions His
perfect ability and infinite authority, since it is He Who has raised the heavens
without pillars by His permission and order. He, by His leave, order and power,
has elevated the heavens high above the earth, distant and far away from reach.
The heaven nearest to the present world encompasses the earth from all
directions, and is also high above it from every direction. The distance between
the first heaven and the earth is five hundred years from every direction, and its
thickness is also five hundred years. The second heaven surrounds the first heaven
from every direction, encompassing everything that the latter carries, with a
thickness also of five hundred years and a distance between them of five hundred

14 Qur’anic Translation by Muhammad Asad (Gibriltar: Dar al-anDalus, 1980), Surah al-Zariyat, 51: 20-
22
15 Ibid.
16 According to Asad, both physical (rain) and spiritual (truth and guidance)
17 Ibid.
18 Qur’anic Translation by Muhsin Khan & Hilali, Qur’an, Surah Yunus10: 101
19 English Sahih International, Qur’an. Surah al-Araf, 7: 185.
20 Tafsir Ibn Khathir Abridged by a group of Scholars under the Supervision of Shaykh Safiur-Rahman

MubarakFuri (Riyadth, Saudi Arabia: Darussalam, 2000), Qur’an, Surah Al-Ra’d, 13: 2.
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years. The same is also true about the third, the fourth, the fifth, the sixth and the
seventh heavens”. 21

From the foregoing, the discussion has clearly illustrated the proof of the
existence of signs of Allah in the universe, and man when he observes the physical
world he will find that there is no one who provided all what are physically available
on earth, except Allah who is the Creator and Provider of everything in this world.
Although, man has been endowed with the faculty of reasoning only to implement the
reality of he studies in the Qur’an, he cannot go against the meaning of Qur’an with
thinking that it is based on his discoveries. Once his findings on natural phenomena
contradict the intent of Qur’an it will not be accepted. Therefore, it is of great
importance to borne in mind that reasoning will never contradicted the Qur’an, but
rather implements what the Qur’an prescribed. In this regard, man has limit and it is
forbidden for him to go beyond it. No matter how a scientist is, he should try to set
his findings within the scope of Islamic principles. It is only in this case that man can
fully testify the Oneness and the Greatness of Allah the Most High. He may also
believe that his knowledge is nothing but just a little Allah gave him in order to test
his faith.

The Importance of the knowledge of Nature

Evidently, nature contains a number of things that Allah provided to human beings,
but must of the things need to be carefully study in order to know the wisdom behind
their existence. For example, Shaykh Abdullahi bin Foduye advised Muslim Ummah
to have the knowledge of nature. Therein, he emphasized that Allah created first the
nature of heat from the movement of existence. He then created the nature of cold
from the stillness of existence; then he mixed them. By His power out of heat was
born dryness and solidification and from cold humidity. They became four singular
natures (essence) in one singular spiritual body. Heat made humidity to evaporate and
from them Allah created the essence and nature of life and the celestial bodies.22

Moreover, Abdullah has further observed that from cold descended


solidification and from them He (Allah) created the essence of death and the
terrestrial bodies. He poured the celestial bodies over the terrestrial and heat mixed
cold, humidity with solidification and the four elements were born by the power of
Allah in their orders. From the mixing of heat and humidity the element of air, from
the mixing of cold with humidity the element of water and from the mixing of cold
with solidification the element of sand which is the earth. He (Allah) then created
from it the astral world, which is the first component, then the plants, followed by
irrational animals and then by the rational animal-Man-who is the last component and
is the object of this study of knowledge. 23 This comprehensive explanation of
Abdullah illustrates the evolution of the universe in general. He clearly depicted the
various elements that have been composed to produce new object. Therefore, the

21 Ibid.
22 Sheikh Abdullahi bin Foduye, Masalih al-Insan al-Muta’alliqah bi al-Adyan wa al-Abdan (Benefits
for Mankind as Related to the Religious and the Physical Spheres of Life), in the Selected Writings of
Sheikh Abdullahi bin Foduye, Vol 2. Translated and edited by Yasir Islam Nabingo & A. B. Yahaya
(Gada-Biyu, Gusau, Nigeria: Iqra’ Publishing House, 2013), P. 173.
23 Ibid.

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knowledge of nature is of highest importance to human beings, since all the existence
on earth were subservient to mankind. In reality, the observation is to show that the
signs of Allah in nature are uncountable. Although, with the guidance of Allah, man
may be able to discover a new thing at any moment, this is when he utilizes his
intellect in the way and manner that contradicts not the teachings of Islam. Man has to
know that Allah is the Creator of whoever called him a scientist. Thus, Almighty
Allah is the one who gave him the knowledge and wisdom to figure out what may
figure out. Hence, without Allah’s guidance, no matter how he is, he cannot discover
anything. Finally, Allah is the Great of the Greatest and His knowledge encompassed
everything in this world. The Qur’an stated this categorically, for example Allah says:

… He knows what happens to them (His creatures) in this world, and


what will happen to them in the hereafter. And the will never compass
anything of His Knowledge except that which He wills. 24

The Ways and Means to Vigorously Study the Nature in the Light of Qur’an

Based on the available evidences in the Glorious Qur’an, the contemporary Muslims
may find the natural science in the following ways:

1- In history, by using our intellects and senses. Thus, the signs of Allah can be found
in history when man observes and experiences the history of the past generations and
the nature of their lives in a political, social, moral, and economic setting. For
example, Almighty Allah encouraged mankind to travel and experiment the physical
world and its different phenomena in order to understand his different signs which
testify His Mighty and His Oneness. In this regard, Allah says:

Have they not travelled through the land, and have they hearts
wherewith to understand and ears wherewith to hear? Verily, it is not
the eyes that grow blind, but it is the hearts which are in the breasts
that grow blind.25

In view of the above verse, Mehdi Golshani highlighted that the first parts of
these verse refer to observation and experimentation and the second part to the use of
the faculty of reasoning. Thus, experimental work is an indispensable means for the
understanding of nature, but, contrary to what some schools of thought claim, not all
of our information about nature comes directly from sensations. If we confine
ourselves to sensations and do not use our intellect, we are no better than animals. 26
He therefore supported his argument with the following Qur’anic verse:

And surely, We have created many of the Jinns and mankind for Hell.
They have hearts wherewith they understand not, they have eyes
wherewith they see not, and they have ears wherewith they hear not

24Qur’an, Surah, al-Baqarah, 2: 255.


25Qur’an, Surah al-Hajj, 22: 46.
26 Mehdi Golshani, “Philosophy of Science from the Qur’anic Perspective.” Retrieved from:

https://www.al-islam.org/al-tawhid/vol-2-n-1/philosophy-science-quranic-perspective-dr-mahdi-
golshani/philosophy-science. Accessed on 12 June, 2016.
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(the truth). They are like cattle, nay even more astray; those! They are
the heedless ones. 27

This verse is consciously suggested that once man has not use his intellect to
understand the truth of the physical nature of this world and ponder about its Creator
he may become like animals who were not endowed with the faculty of reasoning.
Therefore, reasoning is of great importance in Islam, but must be with the premise of
Islamic principles as stated above. In another place, Almighty Allah stimulated
mankind to travel over land in order to reflect on how Allah begins the creation of the
universe. The verse reads:

Say: "Travel in the land and see how (Allah) originated creation, and
then Allah will bring forth (resurrect) the creation of the Hereafter (i.e.
resurrection after death). Verily, Allah is Able to do all things." 28

To understand and appreciate the role of history in discovering the physical


nature of the universe, Allah says:
Indeed in their stories, there is a lesson for men of understanding. It
(the Quran) is not a forged statement but a confirmation of the Allah's
existing Books [the Taurat (Torah), the Injeel (Gospel) and other
Scriptures of Allah] and a detailed explanation of everything and a
guide and a Mercy for the people who believe.29

This verse indicates that civilization comes from history. This is because with
the help of the available information about past generations and the way they have
manufactured various instruments for the benefit of their live, the contemporary
society can build on and improve more to produce better than what they did. This
Qur’anic verse has testified that that Qur’an is still alive because is narrating us the
story of the past in order to emulate and apply the good lessons to the contemporary
situation.

Similarly, in numerous verses in the Qur’Én man is directed to the


phenomena of nature and asked and even ordered to study them. ‘’There is fact a very
rich Qur’anic vocabulary relating to the study of the phenomena of nature. Such verbs
as yarÉ, yafqahËn, yatadhakarËn, ya’qilËn, and ya’lamËn are used in different
verses with different meanings, alluding to the level and depth of understanding the
phenomena of nature30’’. There is implicit in the Qur’an a hierarchy in studying and
understanding nature. However, Ziauddin observed that the first Qur’anic word
revealed to Muhammad (S.A.W) is “Read’’, it refers among other forms of readings,
to reading the signs of God or the Systematic study of nature. It is a basic tenet of
Muslim belief that the Material world is full of signs of God; and these signs can only
be deciphered through rational and objective inquiry. Almost one third of the Qur’an
is devoted to the praise of scientific knowledge, objective inquiry and serious study of
the material world31.’’

27 Qur’an, Surah al-Araf, 7: 179.


28 Qur’an, Surah al-Ankabut, 29: 20.
29
Qur’an, Surah Yusuf, 12: 111.
30 Maurice Bucauille, The Qur’an The Bible and Science ( Kuala Lumpur: Dar al-Wahi Publication),

181.
31 Ziauddin, Islam and Science < http://www.plainislam.com> accessed on May 10, 2013

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Therefore, by studying all the above sciences of Allah will definitely restore
the vigorous pursuit of natural sciences in contemporary Muslim societies. But the
most important thing is, the Muslim should bear in their mind that studying all kinds
of natural phenomena is IbÉdah. In order to understand this point clearly, Sardar
considers science as ‘a form of worship which has a spiritual and social function. He
further reiterated that “We therefore need to develop mechanisms by which Islamic
science, as is dictated by the notion of ‘ilm, is moved to the centre of Muslim cultural,
social and economic life. In other words, Islamic science, as a pursuit of objective
knowledge and as ‘ibadah [worship], occupies the same place in Muslim everyday
concerns as prayer, fasting, and other forms of worship’. He adds, a bit more
realistically, ‘However, given the current status of Muslim societies, this is a tall
order.”32

Finally, from the above explanation of Sarda we come to the conclusion that
studying Islamic sciences is an act of Ibadah which if Muslim societies stand
sincerely in order to pursue the natural sciences, God will definitely guide them and
enlarge their wisdom to find out his signs on natural phenomena. It is also an
interesting to note that Sarda’s explanation served as an encouragement to Muslim
societies to study Islamic sciences. Therefore, it is only through this ways that the
study of natural sciences in contemporary Muslim societies will be restoring
vigorously.

2- Another important ways for discovering natural science is through deeply


observation of the universe which might evidently testify the major sings of the
Creator of the universe. Reference in this assertion is Allah’s saying: “Verily! In
the creation of the heavens and the earth, and in the alternation of night
and day, there are indeed signs for men of understanding.” 33 Thus, only men
of understanding can realize the greatness of Allah and the creation of the
universe as a subservient to them in order to find the means of their livelihood
on earth. This verse indicated the importance of the knowledge of Islamic
astronomy. By reflecting the creation of the earth and heaven and alteration of
night and day, mankind would realize when and how to do their religious
obligations.
In a similar explanation on studying the natural science, it is believed
that the moon and the sun are of vital importance in the daily life of every
Muslims. By the moon, Muslims determine the beginning and the end of the
months in their lunar calendar. By the sun the Muslims calculate the times for
prayers and fasting. It is also by means of Astronomy the Muslims can
determine the precise direction of Qiblah, to face the Ka’bah in Makkah, during
prayers 34.
However, for the importance of determining the timekeeping, the exact
times of the five daily prayers are based on the position of the sun in the sky: the

32 Nidhal Guessoum, Islam’s Quantum Question: Reconciling Muslim Tradition and Modern Science
(London: I. B. Tauris co. ltd, 2011), 125.
33 Al-Qur’an. Al-‘Imran 3: 190.
34 6 June, 2015 “Muslims contribution to the World of Science. Retrieved from:
http://scienceislam.com/muslims_science.php”.
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times of the daylight prayers are determined by the length of shadows, while the
times of prayers when the sun is not above the local horizon are established on the
basis of twilight phenomena. The morning prayer begins at dawn and ends before
sunrise; the noon prayer starts at noon, after the sun crosses the local meridian and
the shadow of a vertical object reaches its minimum; the next prayer starts in the
afternoon, when the length of the shadow of any object is equal to the sum of its
midday minimum shadow and the length of the object casting the shadow; the next
prayer starts after the afternoon prayer and ends before sunset; and the final prayer
starts when the afterglow disappears and should end before midnight. Although it is
not difficult to estimate these prayer times empirically, to determine them
accurately one needs to acquire a good knowledge of the local coordinate system
and the day-to-day changes in the apparent position of the sun in the sky 35.
In determining the direction of the Qibla, it is of great importance to recall
the history. Hence, during the first thirteen years of the rise of Islam, Muslims faced
Jerusalem while praying. However, seventeen months after the Hijra—the migration
of the Prophet Muhammad from Mecca to Medina—the orientation of prayers (Qibla)
changed so as to be towards the Kaaba in Mecca. Since Mecca is located south of
Medina, finding the Qibla in Medina was not difficult. However, once the Islamic
territories expanded, finding the right Qibla became a challenging problem in
spherical geometry. The problem was to find the direction of the great circle passing
through two points on the globe. Over the centuries, Muslim astronomers and
mathematicians developed methods to solve this problem based on spherical
trigonometry, and produced tables and even sophisticated instruments to find the
orientation of Mecca from different locations 36.

The foregoing findings of scientist show there is possibility of discovering


many galaxies by continuing conducting research on astronomy. It is perhaps that
when Muslims strive hard in the light of Qur’anic verses and views of the Muslim
scientists as well as the Mufassirun, many things may be understood regarding the
knowledge of Islamic Astronomy. Since Allah gives man the ability to think, so is
only left to him to exercise his own faculty of reasoning to understand the
universe.

3- Through physical observation of oneself: Natural science can be found when one
looks at his own structure. He would realize that Allah has given him certain features
that he did not give to others. That is why Almighty Allah created human beings on
different shapes and in different categories. Some are taller than others, likewise,
some are blacks and others are white or mixed. In some cases some have red skins
among other things. This shows nothing but the signs of Almighty in his creator. This
is according to the physical nature man, but according to the internal features, since
before his presence in this world, many things happen which might have further
testified the Greatness of Allah. The science of anatomy here is indeed evidence to
the Magnificence of Allah Who has no assistant or supporter in creating or doing
whatever he wishes. To understand this statement Allah says:

35
6 June, 2015. “http://www2.astronomicalheritage.net/index.php/show-theme?idtheme=15”.Note, the
contents of this page are based upon text in the ICOMOS–IAU Thematic Study. Original text © Clive
Ruggles, Michel Cotte and the contributing authors.
36 Ibid.

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Then We made the Nutfah into a clot (a piece of thick coagulated


blood), then We made the clot into a little lump of flesh, then We
made out of that little lump of flesh bones, then We clothed the bones
with flesh, and then We brought it forth as another creation. So
blessed be Allah, the Best of creators. 37

For understanding the above verse, Ibn Khathir declared that the verse is
evidently displayed the sign of Allah in the progressive creation of Man from clay
then from Nutfah and thereafter. He therefore asserted that Allah tells us how He
initially created man from an extract of Tin. This was Adam, peace be upon him,
whom Allah created from sounding clay of altered black smooth mud. Ibn Jarir
said, "Adam was called Tin because he was created from it.'' Qatadah said, "Adam
was created from Tin.'' This is the more apparent meaning and is closer to the
context, for Adam, upon him be peace, was created from a sticky Tin, which is a
sounding clay of altered black smooth mud, and that is created from dust. 38

Conclusion

The aforementioned discussion had played a significant role in providing the detailed
explanations on the ways and means to restore the vigorous study of natural sciences
in contemporary Muslim societies. Also, it is well understood that interest in natural
phenomena is one of the leading factors in achieving this goal, because lack of
interest is among the major factors that lead to the decline of the study of natural
sciences in the Muslim countries. Therefore, contemporary Muslim scholars have to
apply all the ways and means in their studies in order to discharge their religious
responsibilities in the society. This can only be achieved through constant reading and
reflecting the meaning of the Qur’anic verses. It is believed that nothing has been left
out in the matters of Qur’an. The task of finding solutions to the challenges of
contemporary Muslim world depends on the seriousness of Muslim Ummah to
vigorously study the physical nature of the universe.

It is also suggested that contemporary Muslim societies should understand


that ‘aql (reasoning) is an instrument that Allah gave man to acquire knowledge. In
doing so, Muslims do not relax to observe and experience the physical world in order
to discover the natural sciences. More importantly, Muslims need to do much more
than what the previous generation of Muslim scientists did in studying the natural
sciences.

Finally, “Muslims need to realize that there is no quick fixes science, and
scientific spirit, cannot be brought or transferred. It must emerge from within a
society and scientific activity must be made meaningful to the needs and requirements
of a people. There is no substitute for rolling one’s sleeves and going to the
laboratory. Only by touching and transforming the lives of ordinary Muslims can
science develop as a thriving enterprise 39’’.

37 Qur’an, Surah, al-Muminin, 23: 14.


38 Ibn Khathir.,
39 Ziauddin, Islam and Science < http://www.plainislam.com> accessed on May 10, 2013.

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References

1. A., A. (2009). ’’ Decline and Fall of Islamic Scientific Tradtion (1500-


1900)’’ in Islamic Science and the Contemporary World: Islamic Science in
the Contemporary Education, ed. By Baharuddin Ahmad . Malaysia: (ISTAC,
IIUM Press, 2009), 21.

2. Abdalla., M. (2009). ‘’Ibn Khaldun on the fate of Islamic Science after the
eleventh century’’. International conference on Ibn Khaldun’s Legacy and its
Significance.

3. Al-Maududi. (nd). Tafhim al-Qur’an (English Transl.).


http://www.eglishquran.com.

4. B., M. (2013). The Bible, The Qur’an and Science , Kuala Lumpur:. Kuala
Lumpur, Malaysia: Dar al-Wahi Publication.

5. G., N. (2010). Islam’s Quantum Question: Reconciling Muslim Tradition and


Modern Science. London: I. B. Tauris co. ltd.

6. H., A. Y.-H. (1986). Islamic Technology: An Illustrated History. London:


Cambridge University Press.

7. H., M. G. (1993). Rethinking World History: Essays on Europe, Islam, and


World History. New York: Cambridge University Press.

8. Iqbal, H. N. (2010). Islam, Science, Muslims, and Technology. Kuala


Lumpur, Malaysia: Islamic Trust Book.

9. Kennedy, E. S. (1951). "An Islamic Computer for Planetary Latitudes", .


(Journal of the American Oriental Society, Vol. 71, No. 1) 71 (1): 13–21,
doi:10.2307/595221, JSTOR 595221, 13-21.

10. Kennedy, E. S. (1952). "A Fifteenth-Century Planetary Computer: al-Kashi's


"Tabaq al-Maneteq" II: Longitudes, Distances, and Equations of the
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11. Kennedy, E. S. (1956). "A Survey of Islamic Astronomical Tables".


Transactions of the American Philosophical Society (Transactions of the
American Philosophical Society, Vol. 46, No. 2) 46 (2): 123,
doi:10.2307/1005726, JSTOR 1005726, 123.

12. Khathir, I. (2000). Tafsir Ibn Khathir Abridged by a group of Scholars under
the Supervision of Shaykh Safiur-Rahman MubarakFuri . (Riyadth, Saudi
Arabia:: Darussalam.

13. Kownslar, A. a. (1981). People and Our World. . New York: : Holt, Rinehart
& Winston.

14. L, D. C. (1992). The Beginning of Western Science: The Europeon Scientific


Tradition in Philosophical, religious, and institutional context, 600 B.C. to
A.D. 1450. Chicago: The University Press.
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15. L., B. (1993). Islam and the West , New York. New York: Oxford University
Press.

16. Mehdi Golshani. (2016). “Philosophy of Science from the Qur’anic


Perspective.” . Retrieved from: https://www.al-islam.org/al-tawhid/vol-2-n-
1/philosophy-science-quranic-perspective-dr-mahdi-golshani/philosophy-
science. Accessed on 12 June, 2016.

17. Perry, M. (1974). Man’s Unfinished Journey. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co.

18. Qur’an., T. (1997). Arabic Text with Corresponding English Meanings.


Riyadh, Saudi Arabia: Abulqasim Publishing House.

19. Redd, T. 6. (2015). “What is Astronomy? Definition & History,” .


http://www.space.com/16014-astronomy.html”.

20. Rey, H. (1975). The Stars. London:: Chatto & Windus.

21. Ridpath, I. (1979). Stars and Planets. London:: Hamlyn Ltd.

22. Ronan, C. A. (1981). The Practical Astronomer. London:: Pan Books Ltd.

23. S., B. (2010). ’’concept of knowledge from the Western and Islamic
perspectives’’ in Islam knowledge and civilization, by Munawar and etals .
Malaysia: ,UIA: IIUM Press.

24. Salah, B. (1984). The Arabian Heritage. . Dhahran: : Said Salah Ltd.

25. Sayili., A. (1980). ‘’the Cause of the Decline of Scientific Work in Islam,’’ in
the Observatory in Islam and in place in The General History of the
Observatory. Ankara: Turk Kurumu Basime.

26. Segal., A. (1996). ‘’why does the Muslim world lag in science’’,. The Middle
East Forum,Vol.iii, No.2 (1996), 61-70.

27. Sheikh Abdullahi bin Foduye. (2013). Masalih al-Insan al-Muta’alliqah bi al-
Adyan wa al-Abdan (Benefits for Mankind as Related to the Religious and
the Physical Spheres of Life), in the Selected Writings of Sheikh Abdullahi
bin Foduye, Vol 2. Translated and edited by Yasir Islam Nabingo & A. In
Selected Writings of Abdullahi bin Foduye, Vol. 2 (p. 173). Gida-Biyu,
Gusau, Nigeria: Iqra' Publishing House.

28. Shklovesky, J. S. (1960). Cosmic Radio Waves.:. Cambridge, Mass: Harvard


University Press.

29. Smith, F. G. (1960). Radio Astronomy. London:: Penguin.

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Co.

31. Ziauddin. (2013). Islam and Science. http://www.plainislam.com> accessed


on May 10, 2013.

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THE PHILOLOGICAL PROBLEMS IN TRANSLATING THE HOLY


QURAN INTO SOUTH INDIAN LANGUAGES

Mohammed Saleem1

Abstract

The holy Quran employs many stylistic, linguistic and rhetorical


features that result in an effective and sublime style. This use of
linguistic and rhetorical features challenges the translators of the
holy Quran, especially when translating such literary devices
metaphor, assonance, epithet, irony, repetition, polysemy,
metonymy, simile, synonymy and homonymy. This paper
identifies the philological problems in translating the holy Quran.
For Muslims, the Quran is the word of Allah. It contains
devotions and orders that are full of both accurate figurative
styles. These figures of speech create a difficulty in translating
the Quran into other languages. This article tries to elaborate
some philogical problems and supports the arguments with
examples of verses from the Quran. There are many opinions
very deeply in this paper.

Introduction

The Holy Quran employs many stylistic, linguistic and rhetorical features that result
in an effective and sublime style. This use of linguistic and rhetorical features
challenges the translators of the Holy Quran, especially when translating such literary
devices metaphor, assonance, epithet, irony, repetition, polysemy, metonymy, simile,
Synonymy and homonymy. The following is a review of some stylistic and linguistic
difficulties in translating the Holy Quran into another language. Translating the Holy
Quran from Arabic into other languages is accompanied by many linguistic problems,
as no two languages are identical either in the meaning given to the corresponding
symbols or in the ways in which such symbols are arranged in phrases and sentences.
Lexical, syntactic and semantic problems arise when translating the meaning of the
Holy Quran into another language. The translation of holy Quran to other languages
especially to south Indian languages, these language are too poor in meaning and
words.so with the translation it need to more explanations. Every pronouncement
Their total import is that any translation, like any commentary in Arabic or in any
other language, is no more than an approximation of the meaning of the Qur'an, but

1Darul Hidaya Da’wa College, Manur, Malappuram (Affiliated to Darul Huda Islamic University,
Chemmad,Malappuram, Kerala).
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not the Qur'an itself translation of the Qur'an proclaims its own inadequacy. For it
must necessarily include those verses which are clear in their emphasis that the Word
of God was revealed to Muhammad in the Arabic tongue. "Verily, we have made it an
Arabic Qur'an, haply ye will comprehend it." Every translation in any language,
classical or modern, foreign or Islamic, includes a score or so verses in different
chapters which enshrine the same or similar. The verses of Quran is three types
1) Only the god knows
2) Only exchanged to prophet (PBUH)
3) Its knows to one who brilliant in language, literature and the science of
Quran

On this concepts the translation of the Quran to another languages this


terminologies and the verses only belonged to the god impossible to translate. In
second type verses, the translation needs to explain with prophetic tradition hadith.

Major problems in translating Quran to other languages

There are many problems in Quran translating. Our examination of the subject starts
from this point. Translating the Holy Quran from Arabic into other languages is
accompanied by many linguistic problems, as no two languages are identical either in
the meaning given to the corresponding symbols or in the ways in which such
symbols are arranged in phrases and sentences. Lexical, Syntactic and semantic
problems arise when translating the meaning of the Holy Quran into another
language. The first problem is:

Correct meaning for Arabic in south Indian languages

Translation of the Quran has always been a challenging and difficult issue in Islamic
theology. Since Muslims respect the Quran as miraculous and unique. They argue that
the Quran could not translate from Arabic to another language. Because there haven’t
words in other languages accurate to qurantic concept for example ‫ الرحمان‬:the correct
meaning of al rahman is (merciful to all creatures on universe). But, in English we
can see meaning of al Rahman merciful some Quranic sentences are difficult to
understand even in the original Arabic. In Arabic a single word can have a variety of
meanings and some Islamic words that have important definitions in Arabic. If we
translate the word Rahman in to Malayalam but the exact meaning is Allah is entirely
merciful to all of his creatures in this universe . And the word Raheem it means
especially merciful to the believers only in the Day of Judgment. In some of our
translations mainly in mobile apps the explanation never given.so the reader may be
misunderstand the meanings of that word.also in other languages like tamil and
kannda the same translation occurring so this solute only with the explaination of the
translator depending on the classical quranic exegecis.

The following are some example of these Islamic terms: taqwa (piety ( ‫الـتقوي‬
kufre (disbelief ) ‫ كفر‬shirk (associating other god ) ‫ شرك‬and tawbha (repentance ) ‫توبة‬
the other languages can understanding the meaning of word but, can’t understand
concept of quranic term. My research is when translating Quran into another
languages especially to south Indian languages there for, give a translation of these
words in Malayalam or other language with a brief explanatory note for each one at

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its first occurrence in the text. The reader will find a list such words at end of the
preface as well as list containing and translation of Arabic latter.

.
Metaphor )‫)التشبيه‬

Mainly the second problem is metaphor. “That is a word or phrase used to describe
something else, in a way that is different from its normal use, in order to show that
the two things have the same qualities and to make the description more powerful” .
When translating this metaphor to another language accurate of quranic concept can’t
include in English translate. Even the translator was an expert. Consider this
example( ‫مثل احلياة الدنيا كماء انزلناه من السماء فاختلط به نبات االرض فاصبح هشيما نذروه الرياح‬:set forth to them
the similitude of the life of this word: it is like the rain which we send down from the
skies: the earth’s vegetation absorbs it , but soon it becomes dry stubble, which the
winds do scatter: it is (only Allah who prevails over all things) and ‫مثلهم كمثل الذي استوقد نارا‬
( ‫صم بكم عمي فهم ال يرجعون‬
ّ ”‫ فلما اضات ما حوله ذهب هللا بنورهم يف ظلمات ال يبصرون‬their similitude is that of
a man who kindled a fire; when it lighted all around him, Allah took away their light
and left them in utter darkness., so, they could not see; deaf, dump, and blind, they
will not return (to the path). In first example all might god Allah explain life of a
human it’s like a rain which poured down from skies and absorbed with the
vegetation of earth so, the life of a human is moral. It can see in Arabic translations
very clearly. In second example the god indicate a society which they have many
proofs to believe in faith but, they closed their eyes against laws of god for self-
interests. So, the metaphor is a big problem in translating Quran. . My research is
when translating Quran into another language the footnote is compulsory and
involved the description of the metaphor under the footnote. Then, people can
understand and conceive quranic verses accurately.it will be a good contribution for
ignored people to recognize the path of truth because metaphor plays a key role in
quranic verses.

Metonymy )‫)التورية‬

Metonymy is as “the act of referring to something by the name of something else that
is closely connected it.” But in quranic metonymy referring a word that has closely
meaning and away meaning. Here consider the away meaning. There are number of
metonymy in quranic verses. Metonymy in holy Quran is not a useless substitution
because it usually serves a purpose. Consider this example of metonymy from the
holy Quran ) ‫ (الرمحان على العرش استوى‬the most gracious is firmly established on the throne.
The language meaning of )‫ (العرش‬throne. But, mufassirune meaning that as a creature
which include skies and earths completely. Here the meaning of this quranic verse is
a big creature which h including all things is his under control. There are number of
meaning for( ‫ استوى‬equal, straight, sit as smooth, influence) near the scolaers in
quranic verses most acceptable meaning is influence ‫اليم‬ ّ ‫اليم فيلقه يف‬
ّ ‫ ان اق فيه يف التابوت فاقد فيه يف‬.
( ‫مًن ولتصنع على عيًن‬
ً ‫حمبة‬
ً ‫وعدو له والقيت عليك‬
ّ ‫عدو يل‬
ّ ‫باساحل بأخذه‬
ّ throw the child into the chestthe
chest into the river: the river will cast him upon bank, and he will be taken by one
who is an enemy to him : but I ended thee with love from me: and( this) in order that
thou must be reared undermine eye.) The meaning of eye in this verse is mosa will

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protected by Allah. But, if we see in Quran translations eye our mind will go the god
is like human beings. He has eyes, hands and all things which connected with human
beings. It may lead readers to Marxism. So the footnotes are compulsory for
description of metonymy and include the description of the verse under the footnote,
then reader can understand, recognize and conceive accurate meaning of quranic
verses correctly. Al arsh and kurs is the term used in the quran only belongs to
almighty god so the real meaning of this translations in malyalam couldn’t found.so
these words need the explainations.
Syntactic problems)‫)النحوي‬

The many differences between Arabic and English cause various syntactic
problems when translating the Holy Quran to English. Tense is an obvious syntactic
problem that Translators usually encounter in translating the Holy Quran. Tense
means the ‘grammatical realization of location in time’ and how location in time can
be expressed in language.

In translating the Holy Quran, tense and verb form should be guided by the
overall context and by stylistic considerations. in the Quran, there is a shift from the
past tense to the imperfect tense to achieve an Effect, which can pose some problems
ِ ‫احلن‬
in translation. For example )‫اجَرَوَُُنوونَِبالله ِهالُونُونَا‬ ِ َ‫ (إِ ْذجاءوآُْْمِْن َفوِق ُكموِمْنأَس َفَل ِمْن ُكموإِ ْذزا َغتِاألَبصاروب لَغ‬,
ََْ ُ‫ت( اْل ُقلُوب‬ َ َُ َ ْ َ َ ْ ْ َْ ْ ُ َ
Behold! They came on you from above you and from below you, and behold, the eyes
became dim and the hearts gaped up to the throats, and ye imagined various (vain)
thoughts about Allah! The verbs‘ )‫ ( جاؤوآم‬comes against you‘ )‫ ( زاغت‬, ’grewwild’ and (
‘ )‫وبلغت‬reached’ are in the past tense, but the verb
‘‫)وَُنون‬think’ shifts to the present tense. This shift is for the purpose of conjuring an
important action in the mind as if it were happening in the present. Tenses, in Arabic
or in The Holy Quran cannot be conveyed literally. In some cases, they need to shift
to convey the intended meaning to the target audience.

Views of Islamic scholars in translating Quran

There are many views for scholars in Quran translation. But any one has not
prohibited translating Quran to another language. If it gave the position of Quran then
it will be prohibited. Neuromas problems arise when the holy Quran translated to
another language. Arabic is highly literature language.it is unable to translate the
Arabic with its exact meaning to any other languages. In this time the scholars need to
give some more explanations to the Quranic translations. Otherwise Quran conveys
its own terminologies and some special terms.so the clear translation is rare and not
available in other languages. In this manner we indeed to give more foot notes up on
this terminologies

Quotes of Islamic scholars in Quran translation: there is a fathva of


mulanashaliyath ‫) جواز قرأةالقراَن بالفارسية اذا‬ ‫ا قرأ اَية قصريا أل ًن الصالة عنده جيوز بأدىن الّية‬
‫انً اباحنيفة انًما‬the meaning is: Abuhanifaallowed to recite translation in wore
ship. Content from his quote translation is allowable. The second quote of
ibnhajaraskalani in his grate work ‘fathulbari ‫’ فالحاجة اىل نزوله جبميع االلسنة الن َرمجة َنو‬

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))‫عن ذالك‬in all languages Quran increate is non-compulsory because the


translations will be suitable for it. The third quote: al fajrulswadiq ‫انه الميتنع َرمجة للقران‬
))‫ بالفارسية وغريها وامنا املمتنع الرتمجة على ان املرتجم هوالقران اجمليد‬meaning is no problem in
translating Quran to Persia and another language. But, when it gives the position there
is the problem. The large number of fuqha’h prohibited Quran translation on this
problem. For example quote of ibnfaris ‫® (اليقدر احد من املرتمجني على ان ينقل القراَن إىل‬
).‫شيء من االلسنة‬and the another quote of ibnhajarhaithmi ® in his most famous work
fathawalhadithiyya )‫ (فال يقدر احد ان يأيت بالفظ يقوم مقامه‬totally, the content of this
sentences are translation of Quran is forbidden. How it will be possible, some
scholars said translation is permissible. Some scholars said translation is forbidden.
The answer is there are number of meaning for -1 ‫َرمجة‬ the process of changing
something that is written or spoken into on another language.2- a text or work that has
been changed from one language into another. 3- The process of changing something
into a defriend form. In first team of scholars allowance to translate Quran according
to third meaning because Quran can translate in a different form. The second team
prohibited Quran translation according to the second meaning. So the Quran can’t
translate pure meaning in non-Arab languages.

In other case in translating the Quran thre will be numerous quotes of Israelis.
There are three types of israeeliat. Israeelaiath are three types :
1) The authenticated one as per our knowledge. It’s true.
2) The false as per our knowledge it not considerable .
3) It not to possible to confirm true or false.

To me all of these problems were found in free translation, in present time the
android application of the quranic translation especially in south indian language
never give the explanations of the terms used by quran.sometimes it conveys more
false.it may be lead the reader to more ignorance and it still as confused one in his
mind.

Ways of enhancing the Qur’anic translations

Most Qur'an translations are source-language oriented. They are marked by resolute
obedience to source composition and the use of archaic language. The Qur'anic
discourse enjoys very specific and unique features that are semantically oriented and
Qur'an-bound and cannot be reproduced in an same fashion in terms of structure,
supernatural effect on the reader.

Unlike in structures and oratorical effects, Qur'anic lexemes can be


effectively translated into south Indian language provided that fluent dictionaries that
accurately document and explicate various meanings of Arabic words, both common
and rare, and clarify the range of contexts in which they occur, are available. The
absence of such comprehensive fluent dictionaries remains a drawback to Qur'an
translators. To date there is no user-friendly Arabic thesaurus available to translators
in which the vocabulary of the language is divided into semantic areas and each are
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Qur’anic Research: Interaction of Knowledge, Science, and Civilization

given a detailed sub-classification. Given that contexts determine meanings of words,


some sort of contextual dictionary is necessary to aid translators by providing
accurate information about usage, byproducts, and etymology.

Any translator may be hampered by the basic lack of reference books that are
readable and do not just provide the most frequently sought meaning, but also the
more archaic, rare, or idiomatic one.

An ideal, still non-existent, dictionary must make a division between the


classical definition of a word and the more modern one. Modern translators
frequently trust on Modern Arabic dictionaries. These dictionaries are often at
alteration with the language of the original, as was evident in the Al-mawrid
dictionary. The basic need is for a fluent dictionary of classical usage of words, which
in the final analysis is also a dictionary of the Qur'an. No doubt that the use of literal
material from the Qur'an for citation purposes has been standard practice in Arabic
lexicographers for a very long time. Even today, the Qur'an continues to provide a
rich source of vocabulary which can be, and is, demoralized for the compilation of
monolingual dictionaries. Such dictionaries definitely resolve the problem of multiple
word meanings for unique polysemous words or for elucidating idiomatic expressions
such as the metaphoric idiom: let not your hand be tied to your neck ( like a miser)
nor stretch it forth to its utmost reach (like a spendthrift) so that you become blame-
worthy and deprived (poor) These idiomatic metaphors can only be explained by the
addition of the above parenthetical material, which is often supplied by explanatory
notes. For the enhancement of the field of the Qur'an translation one would have to
suggest that all such idiomatic expressions be documented and codified in dictionary
format rather than scattered within various commentaries and translations. These
documented idiomatic expressions have to be translated into south Indian languages
because their availability in one monolingual dictionary does not avail translators
since we do not accept that translators are accustomed with these idiomatic
expressions

The Solutions to solve the translating problems

In my concept the translation of the holy Quran should be conducted by a committee


that experts in the language, culture, history and science of the Quran. There is a brief
sketch of translation in my research Four committee for this translation. The first
committee will give the task of examine the existing translation. The committee will
discover that there is no translation free from defects so; there are two options open
for consideration. The first was to select the best translation available and then adopt
it as a base for further work as well as a source of reference, with the objection raised
against it the second was to prepare a fresh and independent translation, snorting
scratch.

The second committee will begin revising and correcting this translation with
aid of other translations available, by comparing and then adopting best expression as
well as by introducing fresh expressions where necessary. The committee will be
fully aware of all the criticisms that had been directed against this translation and
which had been carefully brought to the notice of the presidency by a number of
academic bodies and other involved parties. In the second stage, the entire work of

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this committee will refer to number of individuals and organizations who then
agented any deficiencies in the work of the committee.

The third committee will sit up to collate all their suggestions. It then
compare all such views regarding specific issues, selected the appropriate ones and
arrived at a text as authentic and deflect as is humanly possible.

Finally, the fourth committee is for looking into the finding of the second and
third committees and to implement the recommendation made by them. Furthermore,
this committee had no finalize the text by adopting the most accurate expression
where needed, besides checking the notes vigilantly. So, as to clear any
misconception regarding the articles of faith varying juristic opinions and thoughts
not in conformity with the sound Islamic point of view.

As team and individual work In kerala the qurnic interpretation of marhoom


kv Muhammad Musliyar is well obeyed and purified from all defects.its authentic and
most referred on among the keratitis.this quranic exegesic explains the verses its own
rights and kv Usthad explains some of the terminologies of quran.the quaranic
interpretation done by Dr bahaudhen Muhammad nadwi kepts this defects and this
translation considers as excellent one in south indian quranic exegecis.

Conclusion

Clearly, the linguistic and rhetorical features of the Holy Quran continue to challenge
translators who struggle to convey the intended meaning of the Quranic verses. The
translator must depend on a number of dictionaries in both Arabic and English to
determine the specific meaning of the words. The translator must also consult the
various commentaries of the Quran to obtain the appropriate interpretation of the
Quranic verses. This study recommends that the translation of the Holy Quran should
be conducted by a committee that includes experts in the language, culture, history
and science of the Quran.quran includes the highly literature and linguistic power.so
the translations word by the word without any foot notes and explaination the
translation is impossible. So the mobile apps should be given more interpretations and
explanations to Quranic verses. In a case quran is divinely inspired and revealed
from god to prophet (PBUH). So the exact meaning never be translated and the real
meaning understood.

Bibliography

1. Leaman, O (2006). The Qur'an, 662.

2. Longacre, R.E. (1983) The Grammar of Discourse. London: Plenum Press.

3. Pickthall, M. (1969) The meanings of the Glorious Qur'an; An Explanatory


Translation: London: George Allen and Unwin

4. Raof, A (2001) Qur'an Translation (Culture & Civilization in the Middle East

5. Skakir. M (1962) On the translation of the Koran into foreign languages.


Muslim world 16,161-165.
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KAEDAH PENGAJARAN BAHASA ARAB AL-QURAN YANG MUDAH:


PENGALAMAN DI INDONESIA

Muhammad Damanik1

Abstrak
Bagi umat Islam, bahasa Arab memiliki kedudukan khas kerana
bahasa ini digunakan dalam solat, berdoa dan membaca Al-Quran.
Secara fakta, pada umumnya umat Islam bukan Arab memiliki
kekangan dalam memahami tatabahasa bahasa Arab, sehingga isi
kandungan Al-Quran hanya difahami menurut terjemaahan sahaja.
Sedangkan tatabahasa Arab Al-Quran tersebut memiliki makna
yang jauh lebih mendalam dan kompleks. Penyelidikan ini
bertujuan untuk menemukan kaedah pengajaran huruf dan
tatabahasa Arab Al-Quran yang lebih mudah dan sistematik untuk
bangsa bukan Arab, dalam skop bentuk kata, fungsi kata dan
susunan kata dalam ayat-ayat Al-Quran. Kaedah penyelidikan ini
dilakukan dengan mengembangkan kaedah iqra' yang sudah
terbukti efektif digunakan oleh pengajar-pengajar bahasa Arab
untuk mengenalkan huruf hijahiyah dan konsonan kata pada
kanak-kanak di usia awal. Turutan kaedah yang digunakan adalah
setelah huruf Al-Quran diperkenalkan dengan kaedah iqra,
dilanjutkan dengan pengenalan pola-pola kalimat sederhana dan
sangat mendasar yang sering digunakan dalam ayat Al-Quran.
Sejak tahun 2010, kaedah pengajaran ini telah diaplikasikan
kepada anak didik dalam usia dewasa (40-80 tahun) dan secara
pengamatan terdapat perkembangan pemahaman bahasa Al quran
yang ketara dari segi bentuk-bentuk kata, jabatan kata dalam
kalimat, sehingga memandu untuk memberikan arti kata yang
sesungguhnya.
Keyword : Bahasa Arab, Islam, Al-Quran, tatabahasa, kaedah
pengajaran, iqra'

1
Institut Agama Islam Negeri (IAIN) Imam Bonjol Padang, West Sumatera, Indonesia
Corresponding author: Tel: +62 812 63476012/+60 1118901755
E-mail address: [email protected]/[email protected]
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Pendahuluan

Begitu penting bagi setiap muslim mengetahui seluk-beluk bahasa Arab Al-Quran2,
terutama setelah ia baligh-berakal. Karena disaat baligh-berakal, seorang muslim
telah mukallaf yaitu wajib menjalankan syari’at yang telah diwajibkan Allah SWT
untuk kebaikan hidupnya di dunia secara kehidupan pribadi, maupun untuk rumah-
tangga, bermasyarakat, berbangsa dan bernegara (Tihami). Semua hal tersebut
bertujuan ke arah kebaikan di dunia sifatnya yang sementara dan di akhirat sifatnya
untuk selama-lamanya. Misrawi (2010) menyatakan tidak banyak orang atau
kelompok yang bisa mengakses Al-Quran dengan baik, terutama mereka yang hidup
di negara-negara non-Arab. Padahal Al-Quran menyebutkan dirinya sebagai kitab
suci yang bisa diakses oleh orang-orang yang berilmu dan pesannya merupakan
rahmat bagi seluruh penghuni dunia (rahmatan li al-'alamin)3. Keakraban Al-Quran
bukan berarti menunjukkan ketidakmungkinan orang-orang non-Arab untuk
memahami dan memperkaya makna Al-Quran (Misrawi, 2010). Namun, apakah Al-
Quran yang menyatakan dirinya diturunkan dalam bahasa Arab bisa diterjemahkan ke
dalam berbagai bahasa non-Arab merupakan satu masalah yang menimbulkan
kontroversi akut dan berkepanjangan di dalam sejarah Islam (Amal, 2013).

Pada prinsipnya, pengajaran untuk kenal baca dan tulis huruf Arab Al-Quran
telah tersedia dan telah berlangsung cukup lama (Romdhoni, 2013). Proses belajar
mengajar ini dalam bentuk-bentuk pengajaran dan pendidikan di masjid-masjid,
langgar atau mushalla dan bahkan pengajaran bahasa Al-Quran (mengaji)
diselenggarakan di rumah-rumah perseorangan oleh ibubapa anak didik, atau oleh
guru khas mengajar Al-Quran yang dipanggil oleh ibubapa anak didik (Zuhdi, 1993).
Hal tersebut dapat membuktikan bahwa pengajaran pembacaan huruf Arab Al-Quran
telah merata pelaksanannya di tengah-tengah masyarakat muslim di mana mereka
berada terutama di Indonesia. Adapun bentuk sokongan pemerintah Indonesia dalam
menggalakkan penguasaan bahasa Al-Quran ditunjukkan dalam Keputusan bersama
Menteri Dalam Negeri dan Menteri Agama Nomor 128 Tahun 1982 dan Nomor 44A
Tahun 1982 tentang Usaha Peningkatan Kemampuan Baca tulis Al-Quran bagi umat
Isalam dalam rangkan peningkatan penghayatan dan pengamalan Al-Quran dalam
kehidupan sehari-hari (Standarisasi Demi Kualitas Santri). Selanjutnya, Pemerintah
Kota Padang, Sumatera Barat juga menetapkan Peraturan Daerah (Perda) No.06
Tahun 2003 tentang wajib pandai baca tulis Al-Quran bagi peserta didik Sekolah
Dasar dan Madrasah Ibtidaiyah (Padang, 2015). Ditambah lagi, setiap dua tahun
pemerintah mengadakan kompetisi atau lomba-baca Al-Quran (Musabaqah Tilawatil
Qur’an di berbagai tingkat) (Gayo). Semua hal di atas bertujuan agar masyarakat
muslim mampu dan tertarik dalam membaca Al-Quran.

Salah satu kaedah pengajaran pembacaan Al-Quran adalah kaedah Iqra'.


Kaedah Iqra' ini menekankan langsung pada latihan membaca Al-Quran yang dapat

2
Q.S.12:2 ‫انا انا انزلنه قرانا عربيا لعلكم تعقلون‬
“ Sesungghnya Kami menurunkannya berupa Al-Qur’an dengan berahasa Arab, agar kamu
mengetahuinya”. Lihat surah Ibrahim ayat 4:“ ... ‫ “ وما رسلنا من رسول اال بلسان قومه لينب هلم‬,
Tidak mengutus Kami seorang rasulpun, melainkan dengan bahasa kaumnya,...
3
Q.S.Al Anbiya: 107
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digunakan untuk segala umur baik kanak-kanak maupun orang tua. Bentuk latihan
yang diberikan oleh kaedah iqra yaitu pengenalan huruf, latihan membaca huruf
bersambung, makhraj dan lain-lain yang terkait dengan cara baca Al-Quran (Humam,
1990).

Rangkaian usaha dan bantuan serta dukungan dari berbagai instansi


pemerintahan, BUMN, swasta serta lembaga-lembaga pendidikan lainnya untuk
mengembangkan pandai baca Arab Al-Qur’an, sangat disadari masih berada di
tingkatan dasar. Hal ini dibuktikan dengan tingkatan pengajaran yang masih berada di
seputar usaha membaca saja termasuk kajian ilmu tajwid dan cara-cara baca. Bahkan,
kaedah pengajaran tersebut kadang kala cukup memakan waktu lama dan usaha.
Sedangkan usaha untuk pengajaran dan pengenalan secara tata bahasa atau
pengenalan baca secara kaedah bahasa Arab Al-Quran tidak kunjung diajarkan.
Kecenderungan pengajaran dengan pola-pola tersebut secara turun-temurun
disaksikan pada setiap negeri-negeri muslim kecuali bagi anak yang telah masuk
sekolah agama. Hal ini mengakibatkan minimnya pengetahuan tata bahasa Arab Al-
Quran bagi generasi muslim, dimana sangat banyak populasi muslim yang hanya
sekedar baca saja, baik ketika membaca Al-Quran dan begitu juga waktu
melaksanakan shalat mengetahui bacaan yang berdasarkan kaedah bahasa Arab.
Selanjutnya, dampak terburuk dari kondisi ini adalah pada pemahaman terhadap apa
yang dibaca atau apa yang diungkapkan oleh ayat yang dibaca dan mungkin hanya
sebatas mengira-ngira artinya saja4(Suprayogo, 2015). Begitulah nasib kaum
muslimin tentang ungkapan bahasa Arab, sementara bahasa Arab tidak dapat
ditinggalkan, terutama ketika melaksanaakan shalat. Seandainya seorang muslim
tidak mempelajari terjemahannya, tentu meraka membaca hanya dengan bacaan saja,
tanpa memahami asal-usul kata, fungsi kata, terjemahan menurut bentuk kata dan
ilmu-ilmu yang berhubungan dengan ketatabahasaan khas bahasa Arab.

Dalam rangka menjawab kekhawatiran pada minimnya pengetahuan tata


bahasa Arab Al-Quran bagi generasi muslim, maka dilakukan penyelidikan untuk
menemukan suatu kaedah pengajaran bahasa Arab Al-Quran yang mudah dan cepat.
Kaedah ini ditemukan dengan menggabungkan kaedah iqra' dan pengenalan tata
bahasa Arab. Untuk uji kelayakan penggunaan, kaedah ini dipraktikkan diberbagai
lapisan usia yang berbeda-beda di berbagai Masjid dan kelas di kota Padang,
Sumatera barat, Indonesia. Selanjutnya, dengan penggunaan kaedah ini diharapkan
anak didik mampu membaca dan menulis tulisan Arab tanpa harkat atau baris seperti
membaca Kitab Kuning, mengenal dan mengerti susunan bahasa Arab secara bacaan
pendek atau “ Short Reading” atau “ ‫ “ المطالعة القصيرة‬, mampu memperhatikan
bentuk-bentuk kata, jabatan kata dan memahami artinya sesuai dengan bentuk kata
dan jabatan kata dalam ayat Al-Quran.

4
Di antara terjemahan yang menyimpang dari tata bahasa Arab antara lain seperti terjemahan
Al-Qur’an surah al-Baqarah ayat 60: ... ‫ فقلنا اضرب بعصاك الحجر‬...terjemahan dalam bahasa
Indonesia dan bahasa Inggeris:” ...pukullah batu itu dengan tongkatmu”, “ Strike the rock with
your staff “. Dalam kedua terjemah tersebut, menekankan ‘ ‫‘ ‘الحجر‬batu’, maka akhirnya
batulah yang menjadi aikon, sedangkan teks Arabnya mendahulukan ‘ ‫‘ بعصاك‬, berarti ‘
tongkatlah yang menjadi inti. Bukankah tongkat nabi Musa as. yang menjadi inti pada ayat
ini?
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Kaedah Penyelidikan

Alat Bantu Ajar


Dalam rangka membantu pemahaman anak didik dalam proses belajar
mengajar, maka diperlukan alat bantu ajar baik dalam tingkatan pemula maupun
lanjutan seperti yang dicantumkan dalam Tabel 2.1

Tabel 2.1 Alat bantu ajar diberbagai tingkatan


Pengguna
No Item Keterangan
Guru Anak Didik
1 Papan tulis/Flipchart √ Tingkat
Pemula/Lanjutan
2 Kapur tulis/spidol √ Tingkat
Pemula/Lanjutan
3 Buku dan alat tulis √ Tingkat
Pemula/Lanjutan
4 Buku iqra' √ Tingkat Pemula
5 Infocus √ Tingkat Lanjutan
6 Laptop √ √ Tingkat Lanjutan

Pengenalan huruf dan baca hijaiyah dengan iqra'

Dalam penyelidikan ini, untuk tingkat pemula pengajaran huruf dan baca dilakukan
dengan kaedah iqra'. Kaedah iqra' jilid 1 sampai dengan 6, dimana sifat
pengajarannya adalah privat.
Pengenalan Bentuk Kata
Dalam penyelidikan ini bentuk kata dalam bahasa Arab didefinisikan ada 3 (tiga)
jenis yaitu kata benda, kata kerja dan huruf yang mempunyai arti.

Pengenalan Bentuk Fungsi/Jabatan Kata

Dalam penyelidikan ini, fungsi kata tetap merujuk pada tata bahasa Arab yaitu fungsi
kata penunjuk (Ismul isyarah) dimana untuk laki-laki yang disebut dengan Muzakkar
dan fungsi kata penunjuk untuk perempuan disebut Muannas.

Pengenalan Susunan Kata Dalam Ayat

Dalam penyelidikan ini, kaedah pengajaran bahasa Arab dimulakan dari pengenalan
bentuk kalimat yang sederhana yang terdiri dari Subjek dan Predikat atau – ‫خبر(مبتدئ‬
(Mubtada) yang terdiri dari Pokok kalimat Kata Penunjuk dan Kata ganti, sedangkan
objek terdiri dari kata benda (Ghilayiini, 1992). Dasar kalimat sederhana ini akan
dikembangkan menjadi beberapa pola kalimat dan atau susunan kata dalam ayat
dengan memperhatikan kaedah-kaedah baku dalam tata bahasa Arab.

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Kaedah pengajaran
Dalam penyelidikan ini, kaedah pengajaran juga diselidik berdasarkan interaksi
proses belajar mengajar antara Guru dan anak didik. Kaedah yang digunakan adalah
pedoman pengajaran Guru (Proaktif Guru) dan kaedah respon yang dilakukan oleh
anak didik (Proaktif Anak didik).

Proaktif Guru

Kaedah pengajaran yang dilaksanakan adalah tetap disampaikan oleh seorang guru di
depan kelas dengan memperlihatkan tulisan Arab yang paling sederhana seperti kata
penunjuk untuk dekat dan untuk jauh. Guru dapat menuliskan kata-kata tersebut
secara langsung di papan tulis dengan spidol warna ataupun melalui infocus atau
menuliskannya pada flipchart. Kata dalam bahasa Arab tersebut diajarkan dengan
cara dituliskan pada papan tulis atau flipchart dan dilatih mengucapkannya secara
bersama-sama kepada anak didik, kemudian dilatih mengucapkannya secara peribadi
dengan berulang-ulang pada anak didik dengan Al-Ta'biir Al-Lugawiy atau dengan
reading drill (kaedah yang digunakan dalam tata bahasa Inggris) (Baraanaq, T.t.h).

Guru juga berfungsi sebagai pembimbing anak didik dalam pembeda fungsi
kata untuk laki-laki maupun perempuan yang terdapat dalam bahasa Arab.
Selanjutnya, guru juga berfungsi untuk memperkenalkan harkat atau baris yang tetap
dan tidak berubah-ubah (harkat abadi), khusus baris bagi kata penunjuk. Jika si anak
didik telah mengerti tentang kata penunjuk tersebut dari berbagai hal (tulis, baca,
bentuk, kegunaan dan artinya), kemudian Guru menambah pelajaran dengan
memperkenalkan kata-kata benda yang berhubungan dengan bahasa Al-Quran dan
sambil memberitahu pula bahwa kata benda (isim) ada dalam bentuk laki-laki dan ada
pula bentuk perempuan ( Muzakkar dan Muannas).

Proaktif Anak Didik


Keberhasilan kaedah pengajaran bahasa Arab Al- juga disokong oleh proaktif anak
didik, dimana murid dilatih pula untuk menuliskan kata-kata bahasa Arab dengan
tangannya sendiri. Menulis tulisan arab Al-Quran dengan tangan sendiri jauh lebih
baik pengaruhnya terhadap jiwa anak didik jika dibandingkan dengan menulis
menggunakan alat elektronik.

Hasil Dan Pembahasan


Pengenalan huruf dan baca hijaiyah dengan iqra'
Berdasarkan runtutan dalam pengajaran iqra' yang terdiri dari 6 jilid, jilid 1 adalah
pengenalan huruf hijaiyah sedangkan jilid 2 sampai dengan 6 adalah latihan membaca
huruf bersambung beserta dengan makhraj. Dengan penggunaan kaedah pengajaran
bahasa Arab Al-Quran yang mudah, contoh huruf bersambung yang diberikan adalah
contoh kata yang memiliki makna sesuai dengan tatanan bahasa Arab yang memiliki
makna. Sehingga jika dibandingkan hanya menggunakan metoda iqra' sahaja,
penggunaan kaedah pengajaran bahasa Arab Al-Quran yang mudah lebih
menjimatkan masa untuk penguasaan bahasa Al-Quran.

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Pengenalan Bentuk Kata


Latihan membaca huruf bersambung setelah pengenalan huruf hijaiyah adalah berupa
pengenalan bentuk kata. Berikut adalah salah satu pengenalan bentuk kata yang lazim
digunakan dalam tata bahasa Arab yaitu : ‫ تلك‬،‫ ذلك‬،‫ هذه‬،‫ هذا‬. Bentuk kata ini adalah kata
penunjuk (Ghilayiini, 1992; Yunus, 1978). Dalam proses belajar mengajar, Guru
menuliskan dan membacakan kata penunjuk ini, dilatih mengucapkannya secara
bersama-sama kepada anak didik, kemudian dilatih mengucapkannya secara pribadi
dengan berulang-ulang pada anak didik dengan berbagai cara (Mahmud Yunus &
Yunus, 1972). Salah satu cara yang dianjurkan adalah penulisan kata penunjuk untuk
jauh dan dekat ini pada guntingan kartun sebanyak-banyaknya oleh anak didik.

Pengenalan Fungsi Kata


Setelah anak didik menguasai bentuk kata penunjuk jauh dan dekat, maka Guru juga
memperkenalkan fungsi kata. Dimana dalam tata bahasa Arab terdapat fungsi kata
penunjuk laki-laki dan untuk menunjuk laki-laki dan ada pula kata penunjuk
perempuan dan untuk menunjuk perempuan (al-Majiid, 1961; Muhammad bik Diyaab
& Thamuum).

Jika anak didik telah mengerti tentang kata penunjuk tersebut dari berbagai
hal (tulis, baca, bentuk, kegunaan dan artinya), kemudian Guru menambah pelajaran
dengan memperkenalkan kata-kata benda yang berhubungan dengan bahasa Al-Quran
dan sambil memberitahu pula bahwa kata benda (isim) ada dalam bentuk laki-laki dan
ada pula bentuk perempuan (Muzakkar dan Muannas) seperti pada Gambar 3.1.

،‫ فاطمة‬،‫ زينب‬،‫ هند‬،‫ عثمان‬،‫ سورة‬،‫ رسول‬،‫ مدرسة‬،‫ صالة‬،‫ مسجد‬،‫ مؤمن‬،‫ مسلم‬،‫كتاب‬
‫ مشس‬،‫ نار‬،‫ ارض‬،‫ سبورة‬،‫رسالة‬

Gambar 3.1 Contoh kata benda dengan bentuk Muzakkar dan Muannas

Guru melatih anak didik menyebutkan kata-kata di atas, kemudian


diterangkan apa tanda-tanda kata benda yang Muannas dan dan muzakkar. Setelah
mereka paham, barulah Guru menjelaskan kata benda yang ditentukan untuk
muannas atau kata-kata benda muannas dalam pengecualian. Penjelasan kata-kata
muannas pengecualian ini, jangan diajarkan kepada anak didik langsung, kecuali
mereka telah mengerti dan paham secara umum mana kata muzakkar dan muannas.
Jika perlu tuliskan beberapa kata benda yang telah ditentukan untuk muannas seperti
Gambar 3.2.
‫ نار‬،‫ مشس‬،‫ارض‬
Gambar 3.2 Contoh kata benda muannas pengecualian

Pengenalan Susunan Kata Dalam Ayat


Selanjutnya, proses belajar mengajar dilanjutkan dengan materi cara membuat
kalimat atau jumlah memakai kata-kata dapat dengan mudah dipelajari oleh anak
didik jika anak didik tersebut telah mengerti tulis baca huruf melalui kaedah iqra',
mengerti tentang bentuk kata penunjuk (ismul isyarah) dan kata benda (isim) yaitu

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bentuk kata muzakkar, muannas, baris atau harkat dan arti kata (Abdullah al-
wahiibniy, 1970; Al-Thariiqat al-Hadiitsah lita’allum al-lughat al-‘Arbiyah, The New
Method to Learn the Arabic Language, Easy to Read Easy to Write Easy to
Converse).

Dalam penyelidikan ini telah dapat disusun 21 (dua puluh satu) pola kalimat
yaitu 11 (sebelas) susunan subjek + predikat dan 10 (sepuluh) susunan bentuk
lainnya. Tabel 3.1 menyajikan 11 (sebelas) susunan subjek + predikat.

Tabel 3.1 11 (sebelas) Pola kalimat susunan subjek + predikat


No Pokok Kalimat Sebutan
1 Kata penunjuk Kata benda
2 Kata ganti (Dhamiir) Kata benda
3 Kata Benda/Nama orang Kata benda
4 Bentuk 1-3 Kata benda terkait dengan
kata ganti
5 Bentuk 1-3 Kata benda
majemuk/diterangkan dan
menerangkan.
6 Bentuk 1-3 Huruf jar + kata kerja
7 Bentuk 1-3 Kata kerja yang telah
berlaku.
8 Bentuk 1-3 Kata kerja yang sedang
berlaku.
9 Bentuk 1-3 diawali dengan kata tertentu Kata benda
‫ كان‬dan saudaranya
10 Bentuk 1-3 diawali dengan kata tertentu Kata benda
‫ ان‬dan saudaranya
11 Kata benda dua/banyak Kata benda dua/banyak

Tabel 3.2 10 (sepuluh) Susunan bentuk lainnya


No Bentuk Susunan Kalimat
1 Kata kerja pelaksana /Fa'il
2 Kata kerja, pelaku, objek
3 Asal usul kata-kata
4 Pokok kalimat dan sebutan yang punya kata sifat
5 Kalimat yang menggunakan kata penghubung
6 Kalimat aktif dan pasif
7 Induk kalimat dan anak kalimat
8 Menggunakan kata pengecualian
9 Kata keterangan keadaan dalam kalimat
10 Kata kerja yang mendapatkan

Pola kalimat bentuk pertama


Kalimat positif
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Berikut disampaikan beberapa contoh susunan pola kalimat bentuk pertama seperti
Gambar 3.3.

‫ هذا قلم‬،‫ هذا امحد‬،‫ هذا بيت‬،‫ هذا حديث‬،‫ هذا مسجد‬، ‫هذا كتاب‬
‫ هذه كعبة‬،‫ هذه زينب‬،‫ هذه عائشة‬،‫ هذه رسالة‬،‫هذه مدرسة‬
‫ ذلك قلم‬،‫ ذلك امحد‬،‫ ذلك بيت‬،‫ ذلك حديث‬،‫ ذلك مسجد‬،‫ذلك كتاب‬
‫ تلك كعبة‬،‫ تلك زينب‬،‫ تلك عائشة‬،‫ تلك رسالة‬،‫تلك مدرسة‬
‫ تلك مشس‬،‫ تلك نار‬،‫هذه ارض‬

Gambar 3.3 Contoh susunan pola kalimat bentuk pertama

Perlu diketahui, dalam kaedah bahasa Arab terdapat ketentuan bahwa bagi
penggunaan pola pertama diperlukan adanya keserasian atau kesamaan antara pokok
kalimat (isim isyarah) dengan sebutannya. Adapun syarat dan ketentuan bentuk
kerasian dan kesamaan kalimat tersebut adalah;
1. Pokok kalimat yang terdiri dari kata penunjuk, barisnya tetap seperti yang
tertulis ( 4 kata penunjuk jauh dan dekat yg. telah disebutkan di atas).
2. Sebutan atau khabar harkat atau baris kata benda huruf yang terakhir, harus
berbaris dua depan. Oleh karena itu, Guru sangat dituntut kesungguhan
memberikan contoh-contoh kalimat.
3. Pokok kalimat “ Kata Penunjuk” jika “Muzakkar”, maka sebutan atau khabar
juga wajib Muzakkar. Jika pokok kalimat “Muannas”, maka sebutannya juga
wajib Muannas.

Setelah anak didik banyak berlatih, menuliskan dan mengucapkan tentang


pola pertama seperti yang telah dikemukakan di atas, (Pokok kalimat kata penunjuk +
sebutannya kata benda), selanjutnya buatlah sejenis bacaan (muthala’ah), buatlah
latihan yang beragam, apakah dalam bentuk insya’, imlak, susunan kalimat benar
atau salah dan lain-lain yang sehubungan dengan usaha atau latihan-latihan
kebahasaan yang populer di dunia bahasa, termasuk untuk mencerdaskan tentang
latihan-latihan bahasa Arab, walaupun meniru latihan-latihan bahasa asing lainnya
(Al-Thariiqat al-Hadiitsah lita’allum al-lughat al-‘Arbiyah, The New Method to
Learn the Arabic Language, Easy to Read Easy to Write Easy to Converse). Guru
mengemukakan banyak kata-kata benda dalam bahasa Arab, sehingga si anak didik
mengerti mana Muzakkar dan mana yang Muannas dan mana pula kata-kata yang
diperuntukkan untuk muannas saja tanpa ada tanda Muannasnya.

Kalimat pertanyaan

Setelah mengerti anak didik bentuk kata penunjuk beserta harkat abadinya, bentuk
kata benda Muzakkar dan Muannas serta harkat huruf akhir dan telah mengerti pula
untuk menyusun dalam kalimat yaitu Pokok kalimat dan sebutan, maka lanjutkan
kepada kalimat bertanya. Guru lebih dahulu menjelaskan beberapa kata pertanyaan.
seperti pada Gambar 3.4.

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‫ما ‪ ،‬من ‪ ،‬هل‪ ،‬ا‬


‫ما هذا ؟ ‪ ،‬ما ذلك ؟‪ ،‬ما هذه ؟ ‪ ،‬ما تلك ؟ ‪ ،‬من هذا ؟ من ذلك؟ ‪،‬من تلك؟ ‪ ،‬من هذه ؟‬
‫‪Gambar 3.4 Kata pertanyaan‬‬
‫‪Dengan demikian dapat dibuat‬‬ ‫‪kalimat-kalimat‬‬ ‫‪“Percakapan‬‬ ‫‪atau‬‬
‫‪Muhadtsah” seperti pada Gambar 3.5.‬‬

‫احملادثة‬
‫امحد ‪ :‬السالم عليكم‬
‫عثمان ‪ :‬وعليكم السالم‬
‫امحد ‪ :‬ما هذا ؟‬
‫عثمان ‪ :‬هذا كتاب‬
‫امحد ‪ :‬ما هذه ؟‬
‫عثمان ‪ :‬هذه رسالة‬
‫امحد ‪ :‬ما ذلك ؟‬
‫عثمان ‪ :‬ذلك بيت‬
‫امحد ‪ :‬ما تلك ؟‬
‫عثمان ‪ :‬تلك مدرسة‬
‫امحد ‪ :‬شكرا‬
‫عثمان ‪ :‬عفوا‪ ،‬احلمد هللا‬
‫‪Gambar 3.5 Contoh percakapan 1‬‬
‫‪ seperti pada‬ا‪ ،‬هل‪ ،‬من ‪Percakapan selanjutnya dapat menggunakan kata penanya :‬‬
‫‪Gambar 3.6.‬‬

‫فاطمة ‪ :‬السالم عليكم‬


‫هند ‪ :‬وعليكم السالم‬
‫فاطمة ‪ :‬هل هذا كتاب ؟‬
‫هند ‪ :‬نعم‪ ،‬هذا كتاب‬
‫فاطمة ‪ :‬ا ذلك بيت ؟‬
‫هند ‪ :‬نعم‪ ،‬ذلك بيت‬
‫فاطمة ‪ :‬من تلك ؟‬
‫هند ‪ :‬تلك ام‬
‫فاطمة ‪ :‬هل هذا كتاب ؟‬
‫هند ‪ :‬ال‪ ،‬هذا لوح‬
‫فاطمة ‪ :‬شكرا‬
‫هند ‪ :‬عفوا‬
‫‪Gambar 3.6 Contoh percakapan 2‬‬

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Dalam menggunakan kata pertanyaan, perlu dijelaskan oleh Guru tentang


baris atau harkat kata pertanyaan, baris pokok kalimat dan sebutannya (Rahiim,
1979). Oleh karena itu, Guru wajib melaksanakan “Ta’biir al-Lughawiy“ secara
pribadi dan bersama-sama, mengungkapkan bahasa, banyak melatih anak didik
dengan cara dipraktekkan langsung di depan kelas atau di depan forum (Mahmud
Yunus & Yunus, 1972).

Dengan paparan pola pertama “ Kaedah Pengajaran Bahasa Arab Al-Qur’an


Yang Mudah “ ini, anak didik sudah punya modal pengenalan tata bahasa Arab
sebagai berikut :
1. Kata penunjuk dalam bahasa Arab jauh dan dekat, ada diuntukkan bagi
Muzakkar dan ada diuntukkan bagi Muannas.
2. Mengenai barisnya tetap sebagaimana tertulis, tidak ada perobahan
meskipun berfungsi sebagai pokok kalimat, baris kata penunjuk yang
telah dipelajari sebanyak 4 buah di atas tetap
3. Kata benda ada juga dalam bentuk Muannas dan ada pula dalam bentuk
Muzakkar, ada yang dapat ditandai bentuk kata Muannasnya dan ada
yang memang sudah diperuntukkan untuk Muannas.
4. Cara menyusun kalimat Subjek + Predikat atau Mubtada + Khabar,
harus selaras dan sama; maksudnya jika pokok kalimat dalam bentuk
Muzakkar, maka sebutannya juga Muzakkar, jika pokok kalimat tunggal
Muannas, maka sebutannya juga tunggal Muannas.
5. Telah diketahui oleh anak didik pula bahwa sebutan berbaris dua depan
akhir kata bendanya, sehingga dibaca berbunyi “ un “.

Pola Kalimat Bentuk Kedua


Pola kalimat bentuk kedua ini, Pokok Kalimatnya terdiri dari “ Kata Ganti Orang dan
nama orang atau Dhamiir “. Sedangkan sebutannya masih dalam bentuk kata benda
(Bandung, 1988; Duruus al-Lughat al-‘Arabiyyah, 1976). Guru mengemukakan kata
ganti orang dan orang dalam bentuk tunggal seperti pada Gambar 3.7.

‫عثمان‬،‫ امحد‬،‫ عائشة‬،‫ انا‬,‫ انت‬،‫ انت‬، ‫ هي‬،‫هو‬


Gambar 3.7 Contoh kata ganti orang dan orang dalam bentuk tunggal

Contoh 11 pola kalimat “Subjek + Predikat”


‫ هذا كتاب‬.1
‫ انا مسلم‬.2
‫ عثمان مدرس‬/ ‫ املسجد نظيف‬.3
‫ هو مدرسي‬.4
‫ كتاب احلديث كثري‬.5
‫ الكتاب على املكتب‬.6
‫ املدرس سجد‬.7
‫ املسلم يسجد يف املسجد‬.8
‫ كان هللا غفورا‬.9
‫ ان هللا غفور‬.10
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‫ املسلمون صاحلون‬،‫ املسلمان صاحلان‬.11

10 Pola kalimat lainnya


‫ ختم هللا علي مسعه‬.1
‫ نقرا القران يف البيت‬.2
‫ االشكال يف الكلمات‬.3
‫ هذا كتاب جديد‬.4
‫ قرات القران و احلديث‬.5
‫ كتب عليكم الصيام‬.6
‫ هللا الذي خلقنا من الرتاب‬.7
‫ اسجدوا الدم فسجدوا اال ابليس‬.8
‫ ذهبت اىل املدسة ماشيا‬.9

Kesimpulan Dan Saran


Kaedah pengajaran bahasa Arab yang mudah telah menjawab kekhawatiran pada
minimnya pengetahuan tata bahasa Arab Al-Quran bagi generasi muslim. Kaedah ini
telah terbukti efektif untuk berbagai lapisan usia yang berbeda-beda diberbagai
Masjid dan kelas di kota Padang.

Kaedah ini akan lebih optimal lagi dengan jika fungsi guru sebagai faktor dari
luar dioptimalkan seperti halnya pengajaran Rasul, orang-tua, guru, penyuluh dan
pemimpin dan lain sebagainya, hanya bertugas untuk mencerdaskan anak didik saja
dengan berbagai cara tanpa merasa bosan. Semua petugas pengajar wajib menyadari
bahwa hanya sebatas usaha, semuanya itu hanya sebatas mendorong dan memotivasi
anak didik. Petugas pencerdas atau Guru jangan apatis terhadap pengajaran bahasa
Arab, seorang guru wajib agresif. Dengan demikian dapat dipahami bahwa pada
prinsipnya diri anak didiklah yang sangat menentukan untuk kecerdasannya,
sedangkan para guru atau pemberi bantuan dari luar dan hanya memancing benda
yang telah diberikan Allah SWT bagi masing-masing manusia atau anak didik.

Beberapa hal yang sangat penting dan wajib prioritaskan untuk mewujudkan
bersama setelah seminar ini, antara lain; Al-Quran adalah pedoman manusia, (tanpa
mengikuti pedoman Al-Qur’an manusia akan sesat), sedangkan Al-Qur’an telah
diturunkan oleh Allah SWT. dalam bahasa Arab, (melalui terjemahan saja tentu tidak
akan mendapatkan roh Al-Quran). Oleh karena itu, perlu disediakan sebagai langkah
awal agar anak didik Islam mengerti bahasa Al-Quran; pertama mengajarkan baca
huruf dan kedua menyediakan tenaga ahli untuk mengajarkan tata bahasa Arab Al-
Qur’an dasar. Guru pandai baca dan pandai tata bahasa dapat meragkap atau masing-
masing terpisah. Selanjutnya, disediakan pula tenaga ahli lainnya tentang berbagai
disiplin ilmu yang berhubungan dengan bahasa dan ilmu-ilmu Al-Quran. Tenaga ahli
lainnya bersifat menyusul, yang sangat penting disediakan adalah dua hal tadi. Selain
menyiapkan tenaga pandai baca Al-Qur’an dan pandai tata bahasa, yang tidak kalah
pentingnya sejalan dengan dua jenis tadi adalah wajib didukung oleh masyarakat serta

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adanya kebijakan Pemerintah. Insya Allah akan muncul generasi yang paham tetang
bahasa Arab Al-Qur’an.

Untuk itulah pemakalah mengajak para “ ‘Aliim-‘Ulama” dan para


cendikiawan serta para tokoh Islam, agar memperbaharui pandangan pengajaran
terhadap anak didik cara membaca Arab Al-Qur’an,” Bukan sekedar hanya pandai
baca huruf dalam rangkaian ayat-ayat saja”, akan tetapi wajib pandai mengenal
bentuk-bentuk kata, fungsi kata, gaya bahasa dalam rangkaian kalimat dll. Sementara
modal dasar pandai ngaji atau baca hurup secara umum telah dimiliki oleh anak-anak.

Rujukan

1. Abdullah al-wahiibniy, e. a. (1970). Al-Muthaal’ah. Saudi Arabia.

2. al-Majiid, A. a.-A. A. (1961). al-Lughat al-‘Arabiyah, Ushuluha al-Nafsiyyah


wa thuruqu tadriisiha. Makkah: Daar al-Ma’arif.

3. Al-Thariiqat al-Hadiitsah lita’allum al-lughat al-‘Arbiyah, The New Method


to Learn the Arabic Language, Easy to Read Easy to Write Easy to Converse.
Lubnan: Daar Al-Kitab.

4. Amal, T. A. (2013). Rekontruksi Sejarah Al-Quran: Pustaka Alvabet.

5. Bandung, F. I. (1988). Al-Lughat al-‘Arabiyyah. Bandung: Penerbit Pustaka.

6. Baraanaq, M. A. (T.t.h). ‫ العالم العربي‬:‫محمد احمد برانق‬.

7. Duruus al-Lughat al-‘Arabiyyah. (1976). Jakarta: Al-Hidayah.

8. Gayo, I. Buku Pintar

9. Ghilayiini, A.-S. M. (1992). Jaami’u al-duruus al-lughatu al-‘Arabiyyah.


Bairut: al-Maktabat al-‘Ashriyyah.

10. Humam, A. a. (1990). Cara Cepat Belajar Membaca Al-Quran. Yogyakarta,


Indonesia.

11. Mahmud Yunus, & Yunus, D. (1972). Al-Mukhtarat lill Muthaala’ah wa al-
Mahfuuzhaat. Jakarta: Al-Hidayah.

12. Misrawi, Z. (2010). Al-Quran Kitab Toleransi: Pustaka Oasis.

13. Muhammad bik Diyaab, & Thamuum, M. Kitab Qawaa’id al-Lughat al-
‘Arabiyyah: wizarah al-ma’arif al-‘Umumiyah.

14. Padang, W. (2015). Intruksi Tentang Pelaksanaan Pesantren Ramadhan 1436


H/2015 M Bagi Murid/Siswa SD/MI, SMP/MTs dan SMA/SMK/MA di Kota
Padang. Padang.
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15. Rahiim, A. A.-S. (1979). Mufiid al-Mustafiik. Jakarta.

16. Romdhoni, A. (2013). Al-Quran dan Literasi: Literatur Nusantara


.
17. . Standarisasi Demi Kualitas Santri. Sarilamak: sumbar.kemenag.go.id.

18. Suprayogo, P. D. H. I. (2015). Bahasa Arab Dan Kajian Islam Di Perguruan


Tinggi. Retrieved 17 Juni, 2016, from http://www.uin-
malang.ac.id/r/150801/bahasa-arab-dan-kajian-islam-di-perguruan-
tinggi.html

19. Tihami, M. A. Taklif dan Mukallaf menurut al-Syeikh Muhammad Nawawi


Al Bantani. Retrieved 16 Juni 2016

20. Yunus, F. A. (1978). Tashmim manhaj lita’lim al-Lughat al-‘Arabiyah lil-


ajaanib. Mesir: Daar al-tsaqafah.

21. Zuhdi, H. M. (1993). Pengantar Ulumul Quran. Jakarta: Bina Ilmu.

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Qur’anic Research: Interaction of Knowledge, Science, and Civilization

KEDUDUKAN NAS (AL QURAN DAN HADIS) DALAM PENGUKURAN


MAQASID AL SHARI’AH: ANALISIS PANDANGAN BEBERAPA ULAMA
TERPILIH.

Tuan Sidek bin T. Muda1


Ridzwan bin Ahmad2

Abstrak

Maqasid al shari’ah adalah satu cabang keilmuan yang semakin


diperkatakan mutakhir ini. Ia adalah suatu yang penting dalam
penetapan hukum semasa terutamanya dalam menyesuaikan
perubahan-perubahan kehidupan dan persekitaran dengan hukum
yang bersesuaian bagi menjamin kesejahteraan manusia dunia dan
akhirat. Walau bagaimanapun, dalam suasana pertembungan
pelbagai aliran pemikiran di samping suasana moden dan
penguasaan dunia oleh tamadun barat, wujud kebimbangan salah
faham terhadap konsep maqasid al shari’ah sehingga ia dilihat
sebagai satu instrumen penetapan hukum yang tersendiri tanpa
ikatan kepada dalil-dalil syarak khususnya al Quran dan hadis
semata-mata atas alasan mendatangkan maslahah dan menolak
mafsadah. Sehubungan dengan itu, kajian ini dibuat untuk
menganalisis pendapat tokoh-tokoh ulama maqasid yang terpilih
pada pelbagai zaman untuk dinilai pandangan mereka terhadap
konsep maqasid al shari’ah dan hubungannya dengan dalil-dalil
syarak khususnya al Quran dan hadis. Kajian ini adalah
berdasarkan kepada metode kualitatif dengan kaedah pengumpulan
data adalah daripada bahan-bahan bertulis berkaitan pendapat-
pendapat ulama tersebut. Ulama-ulama yang dipilih ialah Imam al
Juwaini, Imam al Ghazali, Imam Izz al Din Abd al Salam, Imam al
Qarafi, Imam al Shatibi, Sheikh Ibn ‘Ashur dan Dr Ahmad al
Raysuni. Analisis dilakukan berdasarkan kepada metode induktif
dan komparatif. Hasil daripada analisis menunjukkan bahawa
ulama-ulama yang terpilih ini telah menegaskan kepentingan
maqasid al shari’ah yang diikat dengan nas untuk mengukur
maslahah yang hendak dicapai. Ianya bukan suatu yang hanya
boleh diserahkan kepada akal semata-mata kerana itu akan
menimbul perselisihan yang banyak di samping kelemahan akal

1
Pelajar PhD di Jabatan Fiqh dan Usul, Akademi Pengajian Islam, Universiti Malaya di bawah
penyeliaan Dr Rizwan Ahmad. E-mel: [email protected]
2 Ridzwan bin Ahmad, PhD, Pensyarah Kanan , Jabatan Fiqh dan Usul, Akademi Pengajian Islam,

Universiti Malaya. Emel: [email protected].


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untuk menilai secara menyeluruh maslahah atau mafsadah sesuatu


perkara.

Kata kunci: Maqasid al shari’ah, al Quran, maslahah, mafsadah,


Pengukuran.

Pendahuluan

Maqasid al shari’ah adalah satu bidang ilmu yang semakin mendapat tempat dalam
perbincangan keilmuan dan juga masyarakat. Bahkan kerajaan Malaysia telah
melancarkan satu model tadbir urus berteraskan maqasid al shari’ah yang diberi
nama Indeks Syariah Malaysia (Jabatan Kemajuan Islam Malaysia (JAKIM), 2015).
Mutakhir ini, terdapat pelbagai buku, kertas kerja, seminar dan rancangan televisyen
yang membincangkan tentang maqasid al shari’ah. Ia adalah satu perkembangan
yang baik memandangkan maqasid al shari’ah adalah antara asas dalam
mempengaruhi penetapan hukum syarak kerana matlamat hukum syarak adalah untuk
mendatangkan maslahah dan menjauhkan mafsadah (al Zuhaili, 1998).

Jika dibuat tinjauan kepada beberapa kitab usul fiqh, jelas bahawa memahami
maqasid al shari’ah adalah salah satu syarat yang ditekankan dalam ijtihad.
Antaranya menurut al Zuhaili (1998), maqasid al shari’ah adalah makna dan tujuan
daripada pensyariatan. Mengetahuinya adalah suatu yang daruri kepada para
mujtahid. Bagi bukan mujtahid pula, ia membantu mereka mengetahui hikmah atau
rahsia sesuatu hukum. Menurut ‘Abd al Karim Zaidan (2004), memahami maqasid al
shari’ah al ‘ammah adalah suatu yang daruri untuk memahami nas-nas syarak
dengan cara betul. Tidak memadai hanya mengetahui bentuk-bentuk pendalilan lafaz
ke atas makna sahaja . Abu Zuhrah (t.t.) juga telah menetapkan antara syarat mujtahid
untuk beristinbat ialah mengetahui maqasid hukum.

Namun, di sebalik kerancakan perbincangan berteraskan maqasid ini, wujud


juga kebimbangan salah faham terhadap ilmu ini sehingga tersasar membebaskan
ilmu ini menjadi satu cabang yang tersendiri tanpa terikat dengan ukuran dalil-dalil
khususnya al Quran dan hadis atas alasan untuk memenuhi tuntutan maqasid.
Menurut Adi Setia (2015), terdapat kebimbangan yang berlaku mutakhir ini tentang
penyalahgunaan maqasid dan maslahah bagi menyesuaikannya dengan kerangka
pemikiran barat dalam usaha menjadikan Islam selari dengan pembangunan dan
perubahan sehingga berlaku pengabaian terhadap prinsip-prinsip asas agama yang
bersifat tetap.

Kebimbangan yang beliau utarakan ini sebenarnya bukanlah suatu perkara


yang baru. Di zaman kemunculan imam mazhab yang empat pun (Hanafi, Maliki,
Syafi’i dan Hanbali – abad ke 2 dan ketiga Hijrah), isu penetapan hukum Islam
berpandukan akal bagi menyesuaikan dengan peredaran zaman telah pun ada.
Pertembungan ketika itu antara golongan yang lebih berpegang dengan nas yang
dikenali dengan ahli hadis dan golongan yang lebih terbuka menggunakan akal yang
dikenali dengan ahli ra’y. Aliran ahli hadis diikuti di Madinah dan aliran ahli ra’y
pula diikuti di Iraq. Bagi mengikat kedua-dua aliran ini agar tidak keterlaluan sama
ada keterlaluan dalam berpegang dengan nas sehingga menolak dan mengabaikan
aspek maksud daripada nas ataupun keterlaluan dalam mengaplikasikan maksud

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daripada nas sehingga mengabaikan nas itu sendiri, Imam Syafi’i telah
memperkenalkan kaedah-kaedah usul fiqh dalam bentuk penulisan yang
bertunjangkan kepada empat dalil iaitu al Quran, hadis, Ijmak dan qiyas (Abu Zuhrah,
1978).

Selepas itu muncul golongan yang dilihat berlebihan sama ada ke arah
berpegang dengan nas ataupun yang berpegang dengan ra’y atau lebih dikenali
selepas itu berpegang dengan maslahah dan maqasid sebagaimana yang disebut oleh
al Shatibi (2011) tentang tiga aliran yang berbeza dalam memahami maqasid al
shari’ah iaitu yang pertama golongan yang terlalu kuat berpegang dengan nas seperti
golongan zahiriyyah, yang kedua, golongan yang mendahulukan maksud yang
tersurat daripada makna zahir nas sehinggakan tiada ruang maksud diketahui daripada
zahir nas. Golongan ini adalah seperti golongan batiniyyah. Golongan yang ketiga
ialah yang mengambil kedua duanya iaitu makna zahir dan maksud yang difahami
daripada nas. Al Qardawi (2006), telah mengulangi apa yang disebut oleh al Shatibi
tentang tiga golongan ini dan beliau namakan mereka dengan golongan harfiyyun
iaitu mereka yang mengambil berat dengan nas-nas yang juziyy tanpa melihat kepada
maksud syarak di sebalik pensyariatan itu, golongan yang mengabaikan nas atas
nama maslahah dan maqasid dan golongan yang ketiga iaitu golongan wasatiyyah
yang menggabung jalin antara nas yang juziyy dengan maqasid yang kulliyy.

Pada zaman ini, perubahan teknologi yang begitu pantas di samping pengaruh
globalisasi dan pengaruh ketamadunan barat ke atas masyarakat lain termasuklah
Islam, turut mempengaruhi jalur pemikiran mereka dalam mendahulukan maslahah
daripada nas atas alasan maqasid al shari’ah. Apatah lagi dengan wujudnya gerakan
Islam liberal yang dilihat lebih terbuka dalam mempromosi idea liberalisasi hukum-
hukum Islam. Justeru, analisis terhadap pendapat tokoh-tokoh yang menjadi rujukan
dalam ilmu maqasid al shari’ah pada pelbagai zaman bermula dengan Imam al
Juwaini, sehingga Dr. Ahmad al Raysuni dibuat. Analisis dibuat untuk melihat
pandangan mereka terhadap kedudukan nas dalam menentukan maqasid al-shari’ah.
Analisa akan difokuskan kepada aspek kedudukan nas dalam pengukuran maqasid
dalam penetapan hukum.

Tidak dapat dinafikan terdapat banyak buku dan tulisan tentang maqasid al
shari’ah mutakhir ini. Walaubagaimanapun, belum ada tulisan tentang perbandingan
antara pelbagai tokoh maqasid secara khusus dalam membincangkan maqasid dan
kedudukan nas. Kebanyakan tulisan yang ada memfokuskan kepada konsep atau
aplikasi maqasid dalam pelbagai sektor. Terdapat satu disertasi sarjana yang
membincangkan secara khusus tentang perbandingan antara konsep maqasid menurut
Imam Izz al Din bin Abd al Salam dan al Shatibi (Hasbullah Mat daud, 2011).
Terdapat juga jurnal yang bertajuk Maqasid Al-Qur'an and Maqasid Al-Shari’ah: An
Analytical Presentation (Tazul Islam, 2013), tetapi perbincangan memfokuskan
kepada perbandingan antara maqasid al Quran dan maqasid al shari’ah. Jurnal yang
bertajuk Confusion Concerning the Use of Maqasid al Shari’ah in some Social Issues
in Malaysia (Muhammad Adib & Salasiah Hanin, 2015) juga membincangkan
tentang kepentingan disandarkan maqasid kepada al Quran dan hadis tetapi
perbincangan memfokuskan kepada penetapan garis panduan maslahah atau maqasid
al shari’ah khususnya berdasarkan apa yang telah dikemukakan oleh al marhum
Ramadan al Buti.

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Perkembangan Penggunaan istilah Maqasid al Shari’ah

Maqasid al shari’ah berasal daripada dua perkataan iaitu maqasid dan al shari’ah.
Maqasid adalah kata jamak kepada perkataan maqsad (Ahmad bin Faris, t.t.)
Menurut al Khadimi (2003), antara makna perkataan maqsad yang penting dari sudut
bahasa ialah menuju ke arah sesuatu, jalan yang lurus, mudah dan dekat dan
kesederhanaan dan pertengahan. Makna-makna ini mempunyai kesesuaian dengan
makna maqasid dari sudut istilah.

Dalam penggunaan istilah ini pula, ulama awal seperti al Juwaini, al Ghazali,
Izz al Din bin Abd al Salam bahkan al Shatibi mengambil pendekatan tidak
memberikan takrifan yang jelas dan spesifik kepada perkataan maqasid al shari’ah.
Mereka mengaplikasikan maqasid al shari’ah dalam istinbat mereka dan merujuk
kepada penggunaan maqasid dengan istilah yang berbeza-beza.

Orang pertama yang memperkenalkan maqasid al shari’ah dalam bentuk


karya ialah Imam Syafi’i sebagaimana beliau juga adalah pelopor kepada ilmu usul
fiqh (Ahmad Wifaq, 2014). Walaupun begitu, hendaklah difahami bahawa beliau
bukanlah orang pertama yang mengaplikasi maqasid al shari’ah. Ini kerana dari sudut
perkembangan, ilmu ini telah wujud di zaman Rasulullah s.a.w., di zaman sahabat
dan zaman tabi’in. Menurut al Khadimi( 2003), di zaman kemunculan imam-imam
mazhab, kaedah penetapan hukum ialah dengan merujuk kepada al Quran, hadis,
ijmak, kata-kata sahabat dan tabi’in serta penggunaan kaedah-kaedah dan prinsip-
prinsip syarak yang bersifat kulliy sama ada dengan cara qiyas ke atas nas ataupun
dengan cara aplikasi maqasid dan masalih syarak . Walaupun Imam Syafi’i dianggap
sebagai orang yang pertama memperkenalkan maqasid al shari’ah dalam bentuk
penulisan, beliau tidak menyebut secara langsung perkataan maqasid dalam karya
beliau. Sebaliknya beliau menggunakan istilah seperti kuliyyat al syar’ wa masalih al
ammah di dalam kitab al Risalah al qadimah (al Juwaini, 1999) . Menurut Ahmad
Wifaq (2014), istilah ini menunjukkan kepada makna maqasid al shari’ah yang
digunapakai hari ini .

Selepas itu, antara yang menonjol ialah al Juwaini (1997) yang mula
menjelaskan tentang konsep daruriyy, hajiyy dan jalb mukramah. Bahkan beliau juga
menggunakan perkataan maqasid al shari’ah. Seterusnya murid beliau Al Ghazali
(1996) telah memperkenalkan dengan lebih jelas konsep daruriyyat al khams dan
telah menggunakan perkataan maqsud al al shar’ ketika membincang definisi
maslahah. Kemudiannya muncul ulama-ulama selepas itu seperti Fakhr al Din al
Razi, Saif al Din al Amidi dan lain-lain. Mereka mengulang menambah dan
memperkemaskan teori-teori tersebut (al Raysuni 2011).

Imam Izz al Din bin ‘Abd al Salam pada abad ke tujuh hijrah telah
mengarang kitab Qawaid al Ahkam fi Masalih al Anam. Ia adalah kitab terawal yang
membicarakan tentang maqasid al shari’ah secara khusus dalam bentuk kaedah-
kaedah fiqh. Seterusnya diikuti oleh murid beliau al Qarafi (al Raisuni, 2011)
sebelum munculnya Imam al Shatibi.

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Ulama-ulama terdahulu termasuk Imam Shatibi sendiri tidak memberikan


definisi kepada maqasid secara langsung. Bahkan mereka menggunakan istilah-istilah
yang pelbagai yang menunjukkan kepada makna maqasid al shari’ah seperti
maslahah, manfaah, mafsadah, madarrah, dan lain-lain (al Khadimi 2003) .
Walaupun penggunaan istilah yang pelbagai, tetapi secara umumnya mereka
menggunakan perkataan maslahah untuk menunjukkan kepada maksud maqasid al
shari’ah seperti yang diperbincangkan hari ini. Sebagai contoh, al Ghazali (2008)
menyebut yang dimaksudkan dengan maslahah ialah yang menjaga maksud syarak,
dan maksud syarak ke atas makhluk ada lima iaitu menjaga agama, diri, akal, nasal
dan harta. Begitu juga Imam Izz al Din bin ‘Abd al Salam (2010) yang menyebut
syariah adalah nasaih (masalih) sama ada dengan menjauhkan dari kerosakan atau
mendatangkan kebaikan. Imam al Shatibi ketika membincangkan tujuan syarak iaitu
untuk mendatangkan masalih kepada hamba segera atau akan datang . Perkataan
maqasid lebih digunakan selepas itu apabila Imam al Shatibi menggunakannya di
dalam kitabnya al Muwafaqat fi Usul al Shari’ah. Perkataan maqasid digunakan dan
menjadi popular selepas itu khususnya di zaman kontemporari ini.

Kedudukan Nas Dalam Pengukuran Maqasid al Shari’ah / Maslahah Menurut


Ulama-Ulama Terpilih

Ulama yang dipilih untuk dianalisis pandangan mereka berkaitan maqasid al shari’ah
ialah Imam al Juwaini, Imam al Ghazali, Imam Izz al Din Abd al Salam, Imam al
Qarafi, Imam al Shatibi, Sheikh Ibn ‘Ashur dan Dr. al Raysuni. Mereka adalah tokoh-
tokoh besar dalam ilmu maqasid pada zaman mereka.

Al Imam al Haramain al Sharifain Abi al Ma’ali Abd al Malik bin ‘Abd


Allah bin Yusuf bin ‘Abd Allah bin Yusuf bin Muhammad bin Hayyuyah al Sanbasi
al Thai’di al Juwaini lahirkan dilahirkan pada tahun 419 Hijrah dan wafat pada tahun
478 Hijrah (al Juwaini, 1997). Abu Hamid Muhammad bin Muhammad bin
Muhammad al Ghazali al Tusi pula dilahirkan pada tahun 450 Hijrah dan wafat pada
tahun 505 Hijrah (al Ghazali, 2008). Beliau adalah murid kepada Imam al Juwaini,
Izz al Din bin Abd al Salam atau Izz al Din ‘Abd al ‘Aziz bin ‘Abd al Salam bin Abi
al Qasim al Sulami pula wafat pada tahun 660 Hijrah di Mesir dan terdapat khilaf
pada tarikh kelahiran beliau iaitu sama ada pada 577 Hijrah atau 587 Hijrah. (Izz al
Din bin ‘Abd. Al Salam, 2010). Seterusnya Imam Shahab al Din Ahmad bin Idris bin
‘Abd al Rahman al Qarafi lahir pada tahun 626 Hijrah dan meninggal pada tahun 684
Hijrah (al Qarafi, 2007). Imam Abu Ishak Ibrahim bin Musa bin Muhammad al al
Lakhmi al Gharnati dan masyhur dengan panggilan al Shatibi (Al Raysuni 2011) pula
dilahirkan antara tahun 720 hingga 730 Hijrah dan tahun meninggal pula ialah pada
tahun 790 Hijrah (Advanced Institute of Islamic Studies (IAIS), 2015).

Perkaitan antara tokoh-tokoh ini telah disusun oleh Ridzwan (2004), dengan
menyebut bahawa konsep maqasid al shari’ah yang dipelopori oleh Imam Syafi’i
masih kurang di fahami secara mendalam oleh pendukung beliau sehingga munculnya
Imam al Juwaini yang berusaha dan menyusun kembali konsep tersebut dengan lebih
rapi dan terarah. Setelah itu muncul al Ghazali melengkapkan lagi konsep maqasid.
Akhirnya Imam Izz al Din Abd Salam dapat menghidu kepentingan ilmu tersebut
sehingga menyusun dan mengarangnya secara terasing dari ilmu usul fiqh
sebagaimana termaktub dalam qawaid al ahkam fi masalih al anam. Manakala
golongan Malikiyyah yang pertama muncul ialah Imam al Qarafi murid kepada Izz al
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Din bin ‘Abd al Salam. Al Shatibi pula boleh dinobatkan sebagai pelengkap kedua
kewujudan ilmu tersebut selepas Izz al Din ‘Abd al Salam. Pengasasnya ialah Imam
Shafi’i dan pengembang utamanya ialah Imam al Juwaini. Seterusnya yang
meletakkan asas-asas utama ialah Imam al Ghazali. Izz al Din ‘Abd al Salam pula di
anggap pelengkap pertama ilmu tersebut dan al Shatibi sebagai pelengkap yang ke
dua (604-606).

Tokoh berikutnya ialah Sheikh Tahir Ibn ‘Ashur. Beliau dilahirkan pada
tahun 1296 Hijrah bersamaan dengan 1879 Masehi dan meninggal pada tahun 1393
Hijrah bersamaan dengan 1973 Masehi (Ibn ‘Ashur, 2011:13). Beliau di anggap
sebagai penghubung antara fiqh klasik dan keperluan kepada fiqh dalam dunia moden
(IAIS, t.t). Tokoh terakhir ialah tokoh maqasid semasa yang masih lagi aktif
menyumbang kepakarannya kepada dunia iaitu al Raysuni. Beliau ialah Ahmad bin
‘Abd al Salam bin Muhammad al Raysuni. Dilahirkan pada tahun 1954 Masehi.
Pengkhususan pengajaran beliau ialah dalam bidang usul fiqh dan maqasid al
shari’ah (al Raisuni 2015).

Imam al Juwaini

Imam al Juwaini tidak membincangkan definisi maqasid al shari’ah secara langsung,


bahkan perkataan maqasid al shari’ah ketika itu masih belum popular sebagaimana
yang telah dibincangkan dalam sub topik perkembangan penggunaan istilah maqasid
al shari’ah. Walaubagaimanapun beliau ada menyebut maqasid al shari’ah di
beberapa tempat di dalam kitab beliau al Burhan fi Usul al Fiqh. Sebagai contohnya,
beliau menyebut “nikah disyariatkan untuk menjaga kedua-dua suami dan isteri
daripada kekejian zina dan lain-lain adalah daripada maqasid” (1997, 2:75). Begitu
juga di tempat yang lain beliau menyebut “tujuan daripada penyaksian saksi adalah
untuk menjelaskan maksud perkara yang disaksikan. Bagi syarak ada perkara yang
ta’abudat dan ta’kidat pada penyusunan peringkat penyaksian berdasarkan kepada
tingkat-tingkat maqasid.” (1997, 2 :208)

Beliau menyebut perkataan tersebut selepas membincangkan ayat 179 3 dalam


surah al Baqarah yang berkait dengan qisas di mana beliau mengatakan bahawa Allah
mewajibkan qisas berdasarkan nas bertujuan sebagai pencegahan kepada penjenayah.
Kemudian beliau menyebut bahawa imam-imam dalam syariah menyebut antara
lainnya ialah maksud yang dipersetujui daripada qisas ialah memelihara darah dan
diri. Sesuatu yang sabit dengan nas dan ijmak tiada ruang untuk didatangkan dengan
yang sebaliknya. Setiap makna yang bertepatan dengan kaedah ini dan bertepatan
dengannya tanpa ikhtilaf maka ia berada martabat yang paling tinggi dalam jenis
qiyas al ma’ani (1997, 2:207).

Kenyataan Imam al Juwaini di atas menjelaskan kaedah beliau iaitu mengikut


kaedah Imam Syafi’ i iatu penentuan maqasid hendaklah berpandukan kepada nas
sama ada hukum yang difahami secara langsung daripada nas ataupun hukum yang
difahami secara tidak langsung daripada nas melalui aplikasi kaedah qiyas.
Walaupun Imam Syafi’i tidak menyebut secara langsung tentang pengukuran
maqasid tetapi difahami daripada manhajnya yang dikembangkan oleh al Juwaini
selepas itu bahawa nas iaitu al Quran dan al sunnah berada pada tingkat yang pertama

‫ُوِل األَلْب ي‬
‫اب لَ َعلَّ ُك ْم تَتَّ ُقو َن‬ ‫ي‬
َ ْ ‫اص َحيَاةٌ يَاْ أ ي‬
‫ص ي‬َ ‫َولَ ُك ْم يِف الْق‬
3

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dalam ukuran maqasid sebagaimana beliau menyebut dalam kitab al Risalah “


penerangan oleh shari’ dalam sesuatu perkara adalah dalam dua bentuk iaitu al bayan
dengan nas dan melalui pendalilan dan tanda-tanda yang memberi petunjuk kepada
akal (Muhammad Abu Zuhrah, 1978) . Dalam bentuk yang pertama ianya adalah
melalui al Quran dan al sunnah dan dalam bentuk yang kedua ialah melalui ijtihad.
Ijtihad menurut Imam Syafi’i adalah melalui kaedah qiyas.

Imam Juwaini turut membincangkan perkara-perkara yang boleh difahami


maksud daripada pensyariatan dan perkara yang tidak boleh difahami. Terdapat
ukuran dalam hukum hakam tersebut yang di sebut dengan daruriyyat, hajiyyat dan
jalb mukramah. Bahkan beliau dianggap orang yang pertama menyebutnya secara
tersusun dalam bentuk tulisan. Menurut beliau (1997), dalam qiyas, terdapat dua usul
al shari’ah yang boleh dibuat qiyas ke atasnya iaitu:

1- Perkara yang boleh difahami maknanya (al ma’qul al ma’na) yang


dinamakan al asl dan berada pada tahap daruri. Ia adalah seperti
penetapan syarak terhadap kewajipan qisas yang ‘illahnya adalah untuk
mengukuhkan pemeliharaan darah dan kehormatan serta menegah
daripada pencabulan terhadapnya. Apabila jelas ke atas seorang pengkaji
yang ingin membuat istinbat suatu perkara itu berada pada makna asl
qisas iaitu pemeliharaan darah, maka dihukum dengan hukuman yang
dapat mencapai al asl tersebut.

2- Perkara yang berkait dengan al hajah al ammah iaitu keperluan seperti


sahnya sewaan kerana hajat mereka yang tidak mampu untuk
memilikinya. Dalam bentuk umum, hajah ini tidak sampai ke tahap
darurah tetapi dalam bentuk individu kemungkinan sampai ke tahap
darurah itu ada. Menurut al Juwaini, walaupun sebahagian besar ahli
qiyas tidak membolehkan ianya dijadikan al asl tanpa sandaran kepada
mana-mana hukum juziyy, tetapi, dalam kes sewaan sebagi contoh,
keharusannya adalah terkeluar daripada qiyas juziyy kerana kaedah asal
qiyas juziyy ialah pertukaran barangan dengan barangan sedangkan dalam
kes sewaan tiada pertukaran barangan. Walaupun begitu keharusannya itu
adalah atas asas hajah.

3- Terdapat perkara yang tidak berbentuk darurah dan tidak juga berbentuk
hajah, tetapi ia mendatangkan kemuliaan kepada yang melakukannya.
Contohnya ialah seperti penyucian daripada hadas dan menghilangkan
kotoran. Ia adalah sesuatu yang dianggap baik. Beliau berpendapat
keadaan yang ketiga ini tidak menjadi al asl untuk diqiyaskan tidak
sebagaimana darurah dan hajah kerana kerana kedua-duanya iaitu
darurah dan hajah adalah nyata dan senang untuk dikenalpasti .
Walaubagaimanapun beliau tidak menolak boleh dilakukan qiyas al
shabah dalam hukum-hukum yang berkaitan dengan jalb al mukrimat ini.

Daripada perbincangan, jelas menunjukkan bahawa konsep maqasid al


shari’ah yang diguna pakai hari ini telah pun disebut oleh al Juwaini. Cumanya ketika
itu, perbincangan secara khusus tentang bidang ilmu tersebut tidak dipisahkan seperti
hari ini. Ianya dibincangkan sebagai sebahagian daripada perbincangan dalam usul
fiqh khususnya pada bab qiyas. Ini kerana, hukum mengadungi maqasid tertentu dan
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ia sabit dengan nas, maka nas itu telah menetapkan maqasid. Dalam perkara yang
tidak disebut secara langsung oleh nas pula, penentuan adalah berdasarkan qiyas.

Al Ghazali

Al Ghazali adalah murid kepada Imam al Juwaini. Beliau mengembangkan lagi


konsep maqasid gurunya. Bahkan al Ghazali (2008) telah mula membincangkan
daruriyyat al khams serta memberikan takrifan maslahah menurut pemakaian
maqasid al shari’ah pada hari ini. Menurut beliau “ maslahah bermaksud
mendatangkan manfaat dan menolak kemudaratan untuk mencapai dan menjaga
maksud syarak. Maksud syarak ada lima iaitu menjaga agama, diri, akal, nasal dan
harta. Setiap perkara yang mengandungi penjagaan kepada kelima-lima perkara ini
adalah maslahah dan setiap yang menghilangkan kelima-lima ini adalah mafsadah
dan menolaknya adalah maslahah” ( 274-275) .

Menurut beliau lagi (2008), “pembahagian maslahah dalam metode kami


ialah ia diukur mengikut kekuatannya yang terbahagi kepada peringkat-peringkat
tertentu iaitu darurat, hajat dan tahsinat atau tazyinat. Permasalahan hukum yang
berada pada peringkat dua (hajat) dan tiga (tahsinat) tidak boleh diputuskan hukum
dengan dirinya (kedudukan hajat atau tahsinat berdasarkan akal semata-mata) tanpa
disokong oleh hukum asal (hukum yang disebut oleh nas) kecuali jika ia berada pada
kedudukan darurat. Sekiranya tiada sokongan hukum dengan asal dan ianya
berpandukan akal semata-mata, ia dikira sebagai istihsan. Sebaliknya jika disokong
oleh asal, ia dinamakan qiyas .

Beliau menegaskan bahawa maslahah yang diguna pakai ialah maslahah


yang membawa kepada penjagaan maqasid al syar’. Maqasid al syar’ pula diketahui
melalui kitab, sunnah dan ijmak. Mana-mana maslahah yang tidak bertepatan dengan
tasarruf syarak adalah batal dan sesiapa menggunakannya dia telah membuat syariat
sebagaimana orang yang menggunakan istihsan. Beliau menyebut bahawa yang
menyebabkan khilaf ialah penamaan sebagai masalih al mursalah sedangkan
sekiranya ia dirujuk kepada maslahah untuk menjaga maksud syarak sudah tentu
tiada khilaf dalam penerimaannya sebagai hujah (277).

Jelas daripada kenyataan al Ghazali di atas bahawa maslahah yang


dimaksudkan itu adalah sebahagian daripada konsep maqasid al shari’ah yang
dibincangkan hari ini. Kenyataan beliau juga menunjukkan keterikatan pengukuran
maslahah atau maqasid kepada nas sama ada secara langsung atau secara qiyas dan
penolakan penggunaan akal semata-mata sebagaimana beliau menolak istihsan4 dan
masalih mursalah5.

Izz al Din bin ‘Abd al Salam

Beliau adalah antara ulama yang terawal dari sudut penulisan menulis qawaed
fiqhiyyah khususnya di dalam kitabnya al Qawaed al Kubra atau dikenali juga dengan

4 Istihsan yang dimaksudkan oleh al Ghazali ialah istihsan yang bermaksud penetapan hukum
berdasarkan kepada akal semata-mata tanpa ada persamaan dengan mana-mana hukum yang sabit
melalui nas sama ada dalam bentuk juziyy ataupun kulliy berbeza dengan pemakaian istihsan pada hari
ini yang antara maksudnya ialah mendahulukan qiyas yang khafiyy ke atas qiyas yang jaliyy berdasarkan
kepada dalil.
5 Beliau juga menolak maslahah mursalah tetapi tidak menolak penggunaan maslahah dalam ijtihad.

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Qawaed al Ahkam fi Islah al Anam. Pentahqiq kitab karangan beliau, Dr Nazih


Kamal Hammad dan Dr Uthman Jum’at Damiriyyah (2010) menyebut bahawa Izz al
Din bin ’Abd al Salam telah meneliti hukum-hukum fiqh dan meletakkannya dalam
bentuk mendatangkan maslahah dan menolak mafsadah serta membincangkan
tentang maqasid al shari’ah dalam bentuk yang merangkumi, mendalam dan
tersusun.

Izz al Din bin ‘Abd al Salam (2010) menyebut bahawa syariat semuanya
mengandungi masalih sama ada dalam bentuk menolak kemudaratan atau
mendatangkan kebaikan (1:14). Seterusnya beliau menyebut maslahah akhirat tidak
boleh diketahui melainkan dengan dalil naqli. Maslahah dan mafsadah dunia dan
akhirat mempunyai peringkat-peringkat yang berbeza, paling tinggi, paling rendah
dan juga pertengahan. Ia juga terbahagi kepada yang disepakati dan yang ada khilaf.
Setiap yang diperintahkan terdapat maslahah sama ada untuk dunia dan akhirat atau
salah satu daripada kedua-duanya. Begitulah juga setiap yang ditegah, terdapat
mafsadah padanya. Perbuatan yang mendatangkan maslahah yang lebih besar adalah
lebih afdal dan begitulah sebaliknya. Tiada kebahagiaan yang paling besar melainkan
mengenali Allah, beriman denganNya dan mentaatiNya. Tiada kemudaratan yang
paling besar melainkan kejahilan dengan agama, kekufuran, kefasikan dan maksiat.
Maqasid yang ditetapkan al Quran adalah dalam bentuk perintah bertujuan untuk
mendatangkan maslahah dan sebab-sebab yang membawa kepada maslahah.
Begitulah juga dengan tegahan yang bertujuan untuk menjauhkan mafsadah atau
jalan-jalan yang membawa ke arahnya (2010, 1:11).

Seterusnya beliau menegaskan bahawa tidak dapat diketahui maslahah dan


mafsadah akhirat dan sebab-sebabnya melainkan melalui syarak. Sekiranya kurang
jelas hendaklah dicari daripada dalil-dalil syarak iaitu kitab (al Quran), sunnah, ijmak
, qiyas yang muktabar dan pendalilan yang betul. Adapun maslahah dan mafsadah
dunia dan sebab-sebabnya diketahui melalui darurat, al tajarub (pengalaman), al
‘adat, dan sangkaan (zann) yang muktabar. Sekiranya seseorang hendak mengetahui
yang rajih dan marjuh dalam urusan dunia, hendaklah dia mengukur menggunakan
pertimbangan akal dengan anggapan syarak tidak mendatangkan hukum dalam
perkara tersebut. Kemudian dia membina hukum atas asas tersebut kecuali dalam
perkara yang perbuatannya adalah dalam bentuk ta’abud di mana urusan penentuan
maslahah dan mafsadah tidak diserahkan kepada manusia (2010, 1: 13-14).

Pandangan Izz al in bin Abd al Salam ini juga jelas bahawa al Quran dan
sunnah mempunyai pengaruh yang besar dalam penentuan maqasid. Hendaklah
diukur maqasid dalam perkara yang telah disebut oleh kedua-duanya itu berdasarkan
kepada kedua-duanya dan tidak didahulukan akal.

Al Qarafi

Pendekatan al Qarafi juga tidak banyak berbeza dengan ulama sebelumnya. Ketika
membincangkan kedudukan dalil akal dan syarak menurut ahli sunnah dan mu’tazilah
beliau menyebut, “ menurut kami, keadaan sesuatu perbuatan itu sama ada diberi
pahala atau diseksa tidak diketahui melainkan melalui syarak. Adapun balasan baik
atau buruk sama ada di dunia ataupun di akhirat atau keadaan hari kiamat ataupun
hukum-hukum syarak tidak diketahui menurut kami (ahli al sunnah) kecuali melalui
risalah rabbaniyyah (2007, 111)

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Daripada sudut maslahah, beliau menyebut bahawa al munasabah ialah


perkara yang terkandung di dalamnya mendatangkan maslahah atau menolak
mafsadah. Ia terbahagi kepada beberapa peringkat iaitu darurat, hajat dan tatimmat.
Darurat adalah sperti al kuliyyat al khams, Hajah seperti pernikahan yang berhajatkan
wali bagi yang masih kecil. Nikah bukan suatu yang daruri tetapi hajat kepada wali
dalam pernikahan seperti itu adalah untuk menjaga kufu’. Yang ketiga ialah tatimmat
untuk mejaga kemuliaan akhlak seperti haram memakan makanan yang kotor atau
seumpamanya (2007, 376).

Walaubagaimanapun, al Qarafi sedikit berbeza dengan tiga ulama yang telah


dibincangkan terlebih dahulu kerana beliau bermazhab Maliki dan daripada tulisan
beliau kelihatan beliau mempertahan mazhab yang diikuti khususnya dalam
menjadikan maslahah mursalah sebagai satu dalil yang diterima. Menurut beliau,
maslahah terbahagi kepada tiga iaitu yang diiktibar, yang mulghah dan yang tidak
diketahui hal keadaannya (mursalah). Apabila dikaji pada mazhab-mazhab yang lain,
didapati apabila mereka melakukan qiyas atau al jam’ atau al farq antara dua
masalah, mazhab-mazhab ini tidak meminta untuk didatangkan shahid sebagai
menyatakan ianya adalah maslahah yang muktabar bahkan memadai dengan adanya
munasabah dan inilah sebenarnya yang dimaksudkan dengan maslahah mursalah
menurut mazhab Maliki. Seterusnya beliau juga menyebut bahawa adalah suatu yang
maklum bahawa maslahah mursalah lebih khusus daripada munasabah dan maslahah
semata-mata kerana ada maslahah yang ditolak (mulghah) dan maslahah mursalah
ialah dalam perkara yang didiamkan tentangnya (2007, 378-379)

Daripada pendapat al Qarafi di atas, juga jelas bahawa beliau seperti juga
ulama-ulama yang terdahulu tetap meletakkan nas ditempat yang utama. Perbezaan
hanya pengistilahan pada perkataan maslahah mursalah dan maslahah mulaimah
yang dipakai oleh mazhab syafi’i dan juga Istihsan yang dipakai oleh mazhab Hanafi.

Al Shatibi

Al Shatibi adalah tokoh yang tidak asing lagi dalam perbincangan ilmu maqasid.
Karya beliau al Muwafaqat adalah antara buku rujukan utama dalam ilmu ini.
Menurut beliau, syariat diturunkan untuk kemaslahatan ‘ibad segera dan akan datang
serta menjaga maqasid makhluk. Maqasid itu pula terbahagi kepada tiga iaitu
daruriyyah, hajiyyah dan tahsiniyyah. Dalam penetapan maqasid, beliau menyebut
bahawa antara rujukannya ialah istiqra’ daripada nas (2011) .

Beliau juga menyebut bahawa maslahah yang diiktiraf oleh syarak atau
mafsadah yang ditolak dikira berdasarkan hidup dunia untuk akhirat dan bukan
berdasarkan kehendak diri dalam mendatangkan kemaslahatan atau menolak
kemudaratan. Ini berdasarkan kepada beberapa hujah antaranya (2011 2: 28-30) :

1- Syariah didatangkan untuk mengeluarkan para mukalaf daripada ajakan


nafsu mereka sehingga mereka menjadi hamba Allah berdasarkan kepada
firman Allah dalam surah al Mu’minun ayat 71 6.
2- Perkara yang bermanfaat ada terkandung di dalamnya mudarat dan
begitulah sebalik. Oleh itu, didatangkan syariat agar diikuti oleh para

‫ي ي‬ ‫ي ي‬ ‫ي‬ ‫اْل ُّق أَهواءهم لََفس َد ي‬


ُ ‫اهم بيذ ْك يره ْم فَ ُه ْم َعن ذ ْك يرهم ُّم ْع ير‬
‫ضو َن‬ ُ َ‫ض َوَمن في يه َّن بَ ْل أَتَ ْي ن‬
ُ ‫ات َو ْاأل َْر‬
ُ ‫الس َم َاو‬
َّ ‫ت‬ َ ْ ُ َ ْ َْ ‫َولَ يو اتَّبَ َع‬
6

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mukalaf untuk memastikan urusan dunia dan akhirat mereka berada


dalam keadaan yang betul.
3- Manfaat dan mudarat itu bukan suatu yang tetap. Ianya berbeza-beza
mengikut orang, keadaan dan juga waktu. Perbezaan itu menyebabkan
masalih yang disyariatkan didatangkan untuk menjamin kemudaratan
tidak berlaku disebabkan oleh hawa nafsu.
4- Tujuan pada suatu perkara juga berbeza di mana pada satu pihak adalah
untuk mendapat manfaat tetapi pada pihak yang lain mendapat mudarat
pula. Oleh itu, syariat tidak diletakkan di atas tujuan semata-mata tetapi
di atas maslahah.

Seterusnya lebih jelas lagi penekanan beliau tentang perlunya mengikut


panduan nas sebagaimana beliau menyebut “tujuan syarak meletakkan syariat adalah
untuk mengeluarkan mukalaf daripada seruan hawa nafsunya sehingga mereka
menjadi hamba Allah sama ada dalam keadaan boleh memilih (ikhtiyar) atau dalam
keadaan terpaksa (idtirar)” (2011, 2 :132).

Di tempat yang lain beliau menegaskan bahawa “ matlamat shari’ daripada


mukalaf adalah menjadikan matlamat seorang mukalaf dalam melakukan sesuatu
perbuatan bertepatan dengan matlamat shari’ di mana matlamat shari’ adalah untuk
mendatangkan kemaslahatan kepada hambanya. Oleh itu, itu dituntut supaya mukalaf
melakukan suatu perbuatan yang tidak bertentangan dengan matlamat shari’ (2011,
2:257).

Di hujung kitab al maqasid , al Shatibi (2011) seterusnya menjelaskan


bahawa maqasid boleh diketahui melalui perintah dan larangan dan melalui
pengenalpastian illah hukum (2:305-307).

Pandangan Imam al Shatibi adalah jelas iaitu dalam metode pengukuran


maqasid nas mesti didahulukan. Perintah dan larangan itu mengandungi maqasid
yang perlu digali pemahamannya oleh manusia untuk mendapatkan maksud yang
dikehendaki oleh syarak.

Imam Ibn ‘Ashur

Sebagaimana yang dijelaskan sebelum ini, Imam Ibn ‘Ashur adalah tokoh maqasid
kontemporari yang karyanya menjadi rujukan kepada pengkaji-pengkaji. Beliau telah
memberikan sentuhan baru kepada perbincangan maqasid dengan memberikan
definisi serta meluaskannya. Menurut beliau, “hukum-hukum syarak semuanya
mengandungi maqasid syarak iaitu hikmah-hikmah, maslahat-maslahat dan manfaat-
manfaat” (2011, 246). Beliau membahagikan maqasid kepada dua iaitu maqasid al
‘ammah dan maqasid al khassah . Maqasid al ‘ammah ialah “makna-makna dan
hikmah-hikmah yang ditetapkan oleh shari’ pada kesemua atau kebanyakan hukum
yang disyariatkan, di mana tidak dikhususkan pengenalpastian itu pada keadaan jenis
yang tertentu sahaja daripada hukum-hukum syarak” (2011, 251) . Maqasid al
khassah pula ialah “ kaedah-kaedah untuk menjaga maslahah pada tasarruf (urusan)
yang khusus supaya usaha mereka dalam mencapai maslahah yang khusus tidak pula
menafikan maslahah mereka yang umum” (2011, 415).

Menurut beliau, maqasid al ‘ammah diketahui atau diukur melalui istiqra’


daripada nas-nas syarak dan ia berperanan dalam menjaga peraturan (nizam) ummah
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serta memastikan kemaslahatan mereka terjaga, sama ada kemaslahatan pada akal,
perbuatan mahupun persekitaran (2011). Beliau tidak hanya memfokuskan
kemaslahatan individu bahkan meluaskan kepada ummah sebagaimana ketika beliau
memberikan definisi maslahah daruriyyah, hajiyyah dan tahsiniyyah. Maslahah
daruriyyah ialah “apa-apa yang umat secara kolektif ataupun secara individu
memerlukannya di mana sekiranya tiada maslahah tersebut, rosak sistem dan
membawa kehidupan umat kepada kebinasaan dan kehancuran. Termasuk dalam
maksud kehancuran ialah apabila kehidupan umat menjadi seperti kehidupan
binatang, tidak sebagaimana kehidupan yang dikehendaki oleh Shari’ yang terkawal
dengan sistem. Beliau menekankan maslahah umat lebih diutamakan daripada
menjaga maslahah individu” (2011, 300) .

Beliau juga memasukkan unsur-unsur kontemporari sebagai contohnya dalam


membincangkan penjagaan akal, beliau menyebut “ia bermaksud menjaga akal
manusia daripada dimasuki kerosakan kerana akal yang rosak membawa kepada
kerosakan yang besar sama ada kepada individu apatah lagi kerosakan itu meluas
meliputi masyarakat. Oleh itu, wajib menegah seseorang daripada mabuk dan
mencegah masyarakat daripada merebaknya mabuk di kalangan mereka. Begitu juga
dengan benda-benda lain yang boleh merosakkan akal seperti ganja, candu, morfin,
kokain dan lain-lain” (2011, 305) .

Walaupun beliau adalah antara tokoh yang ingin melihat ada suatu
pengasingan antara kaedah-kaedah usul yang qatie’ dengan yang zanni yang
kemudiannya dicadangkan yang qatie’ itu dengan nama maqasid al shari’ah dan
yang zanni dengan nama usul fiqh (2011, 234). Namun, beliau tetap menyatakan
kepentingan dalil-dalil khususnya al Quran dan al Sunnah dalam penetapan maqasid
dan hukum-hakam sebagaimana beliau menyebut bahawa tujuan mengetahui maqasid
adalah untuk mengenali kebanyakan daripada pelbagai bentuk maslahah yang
menjadi tujuan disyariatkan hukum. Pengetahuan itu membawa kepada keyakinan
tentang pelbagai maslahah dalam bentuk yang kulliyy. Oleh itu, apabila berlaku satu
kes baru yang tidak disebut secara langsung pada zaman pensyariatan serta tidak pula
mempunyai persamaan dengan hukum-hukum yang telah didatangkan, memahami
maqasid al shari’ah akan membantu untuk penetapan hukum-hukum kes-kes sebegitu
melalui gambaran kulliy yang telah diperolehi. Maka hukum diputuskan berdasarkan
kepada hukum-hukum yang bersamaan yang sabit berdasarkan kaedah kulliy tersebut
(2011 :308-309). Walaubagaimanapun, beliau secara tidak langsung menyebut
bahawa kes-kes yang bersamaan itu bukan diputuskan melalui maqasid al shari’ah
tetapi adalah di bawah perbincangan qiyas ataupun masalih al mursalah (bagi
mazhab yang menerimanya sebagai dalil yang tersendiri). Maqasid al shari’ah
berperanan membantu dalam proses tersebut (2011, 308-309). Ini menunjukkan
bahawa penetapan hukum dalam mencapai matlamat mendatangkan maslahah dan
menolak mafsadah itu adalah diukur melalui dalil-dalil dalam perbincangan usul fiqh
seperti qiyas dan masalih mursalah.

Kesimpulannya, Ibn ‘Ashur juga menekankan tentang peranan nas dalam


pensabitan maslahah dan ianya bukan hanya berpandukan akal dan nafsu. Di akhir
bab perbincangan tentang cara untuk mensabitkan maqasid al shari’ah, beliau
menukilkan pendapat al Shatibi bahawa maqasid al shari’ah diketahui melalui
beberapa cara iaitu melalui perintah dan larangan, melalui illah perintah dan larangan

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dan melalui hukum-hukum yang dinaskan, atau diisyaratkan oleh nas, atau yang
diistiqra’kan daripada hukum yang dinaskan (2011, 196).

Dr Ahmad al Raysuni

Secara ringkas, berpandukan kepada kitab beliau Muhadarat fi Maqasid al Shari’ah,


ketika membincangkan bagaimana diketahui masalih, beliau merujuk kepada kata-
kata Izz al Din bin ‘Abd al Salam iaitu maslahah akhirat tidak boleh diketahui
melainkan melalui syarak. Maslahah dunia juga diketahui melalui syarak di samping
pengalaman, pendapat dan adat. Sekiranya sesuatu itu sudah ditetapkan oleh syarak
dan telah diputuskan hukum serta telah ditetapkan sesuatu sifat itu sebagai maslahah
muktabar atau sebaliknya, maka perlu diikuti yang ditetapkan oleh syarak itu. Perkara
selain daripada itu adalah ruang untuk dibuat penilaian berdasarkan akal, pengalaman,
adat, pengetahuan dan pengajian (2015, 146-147).

Pada penghujung kitab, ketika membincangkan tajuk bagaimana diketahui


maqasid, beliau juga merujuk kepada al Shatibi dan Ibn ‘Ashur. Beliau menyebut
dengan tegas, tiada ukuran maqasid kecuali melalui dalil daripada syarak (2015, 280-
281.)

Kesimpulan dan Penutup

Berdasarkan kepada pandangan ke tujuh-tujuh tokoh maqasid pada pelbagai zaman,


jelas mereka berada di atas landasan yang sama iaitu kedudukan nas sama ada al
Quran mahupun al sunnah pada kedudukan yang utama dan menjadi sumber rujukan
utama dalam pengukuran maqasid. Tiada di kalangan mereka yang mengatakan nas
tidak dipakai kerana mendahulukan maqasid kerana nas itu sendiri berfungsi
menetapkan maqasid. Perbezaan-perbezaan yang ada di antara mereka ialah
perbezaan pendekatan berdasarkan kepada perkembangan dan perbezaan zaman serta
mazhab fiqh yang diikuti. Al Juwaini meletakkan perbincangan tentang maqasid
pada bab qiyas, muridnya al Ghazali mengembangkan sedikit dengan
membincangkan konsep maslahah. Imam Izz al Din bin Abd al Salam
mengembangkan lagi perbincangan dengan meletakkan perbincangan fiqh dalam
bentuk bentuk kaedah-kaedah fiqh yang berasaskan kepada mendatangkan maslahah
dan menolak mafsadah. Muridnya al Qarafi yang bermazhab Maliki membincangkan
maslahah seperti juga tokoh-tokoh yang terdahulu tetapi sedikit berbeza dari sudut
mempertahankan penggunaan masalih al mursalah sebagai salah satu bentuk
pengukuran maqasid.

Al Shatibi memperkembangkan lagi perbincangan maqasid sehingga


menjadikannya sebagai satu bab di dalam kitab usulnya al Muwafaqat tanpa
berkompromi dalam menetapkan kedudukan nas yang menjadi asas kepada
pengukuran maqasid. Imam Ibn ‘Ashur yang dianggap tokoh maqasid zaman
mutakhir terus mengembangkan ilmu ini dengan menghuraikannya bersesuaian
dengan tuntutan zamannya. Walaupun begitu, beliau juga menetapkan kedudukan
nas pada kedudukan sebagaimana tokoh-tokoh yang terdahulu. Begitulah juga al
Raysuni dimana pendapat-pendapatnya berhubung dengan kedudukan nas
disandarkan kepada mereka yang terlebih dahulu seperti Izz al Din bin ‘Abd al salam,
al Shatibi dan Ibn ‘Ashur di samping memperjelaskan tentang penetapan maqasid
oleh nas yang sentiasa sesuai pada pelbagai zaman serta menolak pandangan-
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pandangan liberal yang sewenang-wenangnya menjadikan pemakaian maqasid


sebagai alat untuk menolak perintah dan larangan yang sabit di dalam al Quran dan al
sunnah.

Bibliografi

1. Al Quran al Karim

2- “Baina al Maqasid al Kuliyyah wa al Nusus al Juziyyah” dalam Maqasid


al Shari’ah al Islamiyyah. al Qardawi, Yusuf, ed. Muhammad Salim al
‘Awwa (2006). London: Muassasah al Furqan li al Turath al Islami.

3- Al Burhan fi Usul al Fiqh. al Juwaini, ‘Abd al Malik ibn ‘Abd Allah


(1999). Mansurah: Dar al Wafa. Juz. 2.

4- Al Burhan fi Usul al Fiqh. al Juwaini, ‘Abd al Malik ibn ‘Abd Allah


(1997). Beirut: Dar al Kitub al ‘Ilmiyyah. Juz. 2.

5- Confusion Concerning the Use of Maqasid Al-Shari’ah in some Social


Issues in Malaysia. Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences.
Muhammad Adib Samsudin & Salasiah Hanin Hamjah (2015). Vol 6 No
6 S5D. Doi:10.5901/mjss.2015.v6n6s5p369

6- Freeing Maqāṣid & Maṣlaḥah from Surreptitious Utilitarianism, Adi


Setia. Dicapai pada13/4/2016
ttp://www.iais.org.my/e/attach/2015/maqasid2015/pdf/s1s1_paper.pdf

7- Imam al-Shatibi: The Master Architect of Maqasid. Advanced Institute of


Islamic Studies (IAIS). Dicapai pada 24/4/2016
http://www.iais.org.my/e/attach/Imam_al-Shatibi.pdf

8- Indeks Syariah Malaysia, Jabatan Kemajuan Islam Malaysia (JAKIM)


(2015). Putrajaya: JAKIM

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Presentation. Revelation and Science. Tazul Islam (2013). Vol. 03, No.01
(1434H/2013) 50 - 60 50 – 60. Dicapai pada 9/5/2016

10- http://journals.iium.edu.my/revival/index.php/revival/article/view/85/83

11- Maqasid al Shari’ah ‘Inda Imam al Shafi’i. Ahmad Wifaq Mukhtar


(2014) Mesir: Dar al Salam.

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Khadimi, Nuruddin Mukhtar (2003). Riyad: Kunuz Esbelia.

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Nuruddin Mukhtar al Khadimi (2003). Riyad: Kunuz Esbelia.
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14- Maqasid al Shari’ah al Islamiyyah. Ibn ‘Ashur, Muhammad Tahir (2011).


Jordan: Dar al Nafais.

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Dar al Jil. Juz 5.

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Kaherah:Dar al Kalimah.

17- Muhammad Tahir Ibn ‘Ashur, Advanced Institute of Islamic Studies


(IAIS). Dicapai pada 25/4/2016
http://www.iais.org.my/e/attach/Muhammad%20al-
Tahir%20ibn%20Ashur.pdf

18- Al Mustasfa fi Ilmi al Usul. Al Ghazali, Abu Hamid (2008), Beirut: Dar
al Kutub al Ilmiyyah.

19- Al Muwafaqat fi Usul al Shari’ah, al Shatibi, Ibrahim bin Musa (2011).


Kaherah: Dar al Ghad al Jadid.

20- Nazariyyah al Maqasid ‘Inda Imam al Shatibi. Al Raysuni, Ahmad


(2011). Maghribi: Maktabah al Hidayah.

21- Al Qawaid al Kubra. Abd Aziz bin Abd al Salam (2010). Damsyik: Dar
al Qalam.

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Semasa di Malaysia. Ridzwan Ahmad. (2004). Tesis kedoktoran.
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24- Syarah Tanqih al Fushul fi al Ikhtisar al Mahsul fi al Usul. Al Qarafi,


Ahmad bin Idris (2007). Beirut: Dar al Kutun al ‘Ilmiyyah.

25- Teori Maqasid al Syariah: Kajian Perbandingan Antara Pemikiran al


Shatibi dan Izz al Din ibn ‘Abd al Salam. Hasbullah Mat Daud (2011),
Disertasi Sarjana. Kuala Lumpur, Universiti Malaya.

26- Usul al Fiqh al Islami. al Zuhaili, Wahbah (1998). Beirut: Dar al Fikr.

27- Usul al Fiqh. Abu Zuhrah, Muhammad (t.t.). t.tp: Dar al Fikr al ‘Arabi.

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Muassassah al Risalah.

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Chapter 5:

ACADEMIC CONTRIBUTIONS OF
ACADEMIC CENTRES AND
INSTITUTIONS GEARED TO THE
SERVICE AND PRESERVATION OF
THE QUR’AN
Qur’anic Research: Interaction of Knowledge, Science, and Civilization

MUHAMMAD ‘AMÔM AL-IHSÓN: HIS LIFE, WORKS AND


CONTRIBUTION TO QUR’AN AND HADÔTH STUDIES IN BANGLADESH

Muhammad Hosain1
Abdollatif Ahmadi Ramchahi2
Faisal bin Ahmad shah3

Abstract

Muhammad ‘AmÊm al-IhsÉn is one of the most influential Islamic


scholars in the Indian Archipelago. Through his intellectual
expertise and abundant knowledge in multiple disciplines, he has
played a significant role to develop knowledge and thoughts in the
Qur’an and HadÊth studies in Bangladesh. He wrote more than
250 books and manuscripts on a wide variety of subjects related to
Islam in the Urdu and Arabic language. This study aims at
commemorating the life of Muhammad ‘AmÊm al-IhsÉn, and
highlighting his works and contributions to the development of
teaching and learning Qur’an and HadÊth studies not only in
Bangladesh but to the entire Islamic world. Moreover, there will be
a brief discussion about his two comprehensive books of Sciences
of the Qur’an (UlËm al-Quran) and HadÊth namely al-TanwÊr fÊ
UsËl al-TafsÊr and Fiqh al-Sunan wa al-AthÉr. This study is a
qualitative using documentary analysis. The results showed that
Muhammad ‘AmÊm al-IhsÉn has his personal characteristics that
are perspicuous, follow various disciplines of knowledge, active in
the fields of writing, which he controls and able to discover used of
methodologies in a comprehensive manner in order to practice
teaching and learning the Qur’nic and Prophetic studies, especially
through the books al-TanwÊr fÊ Usul al-TafsÊr and Fiqh al-Sunan
wa al-AthÉr. This study discovers the personality of Muhammad
‘AmÊm al-IhsÉn and his gold legacies can be recognized as a
niche in the whole archipelago dimension Islamic Studies.

1 Master Candidate (By Research), Department of Al-Qur’an and Al-HadÊth, Academy of Islamic
Studies, University of Malaya, emaill: [email protected]
2
Senior Lecturer, Department of Islamic Studies, Academy of Islamic Studies, University of Malaya,
email: [email protected]
3Senior lecturer, department of Al-Qur’an and Al-HadÊth, Academy of Islamic studies, University of

Malaya, email: [email protected]


289
Qur’anic Research: Interaction of Knowledge, Science, and Civilization

Keywords: Muhammad ‘AmÊm al-IhsÉn, Qur’an, Knowledge,


Archipelago, HadÊth, contribution, life

Introduction

Muhammad ‘AmÊm al-IhsÉn (1911–1974) was one of the famous Islamic Scholars
in his time in Indian archipelago. Through his intellectual expertise and abundant
knowledge in multiple disciplines, he has played an important role to develop Qur‘an
and HadÊth studies in Bangladesh. Beside a wide range of knowledge in Quranic and
prophetic science, he also contributed frequently to the knowledge base in Islamic
jurisprudence, Arabic literature, spirituality and Islamic astronomy. By authoring
more than 250 books and manuscripts on a different field of knowledge related to
Islam in the Urdu and Arabic language, he had become one of the forerunners in the
fields mentioned above. ‘AmÊm al-IhsÉn gained his academic learning in esteemed
Madrasah ‘Alia at Kolkata in 1926 from the students of two acclaimed scholars in
Indian sub-continent: Imām Rabbānī Shaykh Ahmad al-Farūqī al-Sirhindī (1564–
1624) and Shah WalÊ Ullah Muhaddis DehlawÊ (1551–1642). Thus he came under
the influence of the thought and knowledge of both these renowned scholars. In the
same manner, there were plenty more of his students who were attributed by the same
thoughts and ethos. His peers, contemporaries or successors in Bangladesh had been
benefited from his voluminous works in a wide array of branches of knowledge—
specifically his expertise in Qur’an and HadÊth and related sciences. His celebrated
book of Quranic studies “al-TanwiÊr fÊ UsËl al-TafsÊr” and book of HadÊth studies
Fiqh al-Sunan wal AthÉr are routinely being instructed as textbooks—part of the
official curriculum of various Islamic schools, colleges and universities in
Bangladesh. Not only that, even the renowned University, University of Al-Azhar
used to teach books authored by luminary. However, his works, contribution, talent
and expertise have not been highlighted in an appropriate manner to a worldwide
audience in a way it deserves. As a result of it, this study sets its goal to
commemorate and highlight the life and works of Muhammad AmÊm al-IhsÉn, one
of the Muslim scholars of 1950s to mid-1970s. His expertise in various fields of
knowledge, Qur’an and hadÊth in particular, is of significance and has precious
value. Therefore, this study will contribute to illustrate his contribution to the Qur’an
and HadÊth studies in Bangladesh as academia can get the sufficient knowledge
about this mentor. The study also will provide adequate information about his two
famous books of Qur’an and hadÊth which has mentioned above, which will help
shed light on this noble scholar’s life and achievements, as well as attracting a utmost
number of present and future scholars to study his works and benefit from.

Biography Of Muhammad ‘Amôm Al-Ihsón

His Name: The full, official name of Muhammad ‘AmÊm al-IhsÉn is MuftÊ Sayyid
Muhammad AmÊm al IhsÉn al-MujaddidÊ al-BarakatÊ al-HanafÊ. ‘AmÊm al-IhsÉn
is his laqb (epithet). (Bhuiyan, 1988: 25) His family tree traces from daughter of
Prophet Muhammad (pbuh) Fatimah (RA). (IhsÉn, 1944: 13) This is why his
ancestors use the honorific Sayyid before their names. BarakatÊ Thus Sayyid is an
indicator of his lineage. The al-BarakatÊ portion of his name stems from the fact that
he pledged allegiance of Bayyah to famous Indian saint Barakat Ali. His spiritual
chain springs from Nakshbandi and Mujaddadi (Barkati, 1988: 58) and hence those
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are added as descriptive to his name. Moreover, owing to following Imam Abu
Hanifa in matters of Islamic Jurisprudence, he annexes the Al-HanafÊ descriptive to
his name.

Family Background: Muhammad ‘AmÊm al-IhsÉn’s father’s name was Sayyid


Abdul Mannan, and his mother’s name was Sayyida SÉjida. Both his parents were
descendants of Prophet Muhammad (pbuh). The MuftÊ made note of his lineage in
various works authored by him. The family tree mentioned by him is as follows.
(IhsÉn, 1944: 14) ‘AmÊm al-Ihsan’s forefathers had emigrated from Arabia to Indian
subcontinent.

His Birth: Muhammad ‘AmÊm al-Ihsan was born on 22nd of Muharram of 1329 Hijri
calendar year. The day was Monday and the hour was dawn. This translates to 24 th of
January 1911 AD. He was born in his maternal grandfather’s house in the village of
Pachna. (Bhuiyan, 1988: 5)

Early Life: Muhammad ‘AmÊm al-Ihsan spent some parts of his childhood at his
maternal grandfather’s house along with his mother. Upon entering fifth year he
travelled to Kolkata with his paternal grandfather and thereupon was looked after by
his father’s household. (Bhuiyan, 1988: 9) Since his childhood he demonstrated
exceptional behavioral characteristics and temperament.

Education: ‘AmÊm al-Ihsan received his first elementary knowledges from his
literate father and paternal uncle. His uncle Sayyid Abdud Daiyyan oversaw and
trained his nephew avidly. As a result of caring and guardianship of family
Muhammad ‘AmÊm al-Ihsan gained the necessary skills to recite all 30 chapters of
the Holy Qur’an in a matter of mere 3 months. (Barakati, 1988: 64) At this time he
was only 5 years old. During this period he also received elementary knowledge on
two languages: Urdu and Farsi. His talent was extraordinary. His zeal for learning
was so keen from a young age that even when he used to find littered papers on the
street, he would pick them up and later try to read its contents carefully.

Young Muhammad ‘AmÊm al-Ihsan’s father took his son to the court of his
own spiritual mentor Sayyid Barakat Ali Shah (d. 1926 A.D)4 Mr. Shah marveled at
the caliber of his devotee’s son. He could foresee a great future ahead of this child.
Thus he expressed interest to undertake educational progress of this child under his
own care and tutelage. Under sponsorship of Sayyid BarakÉt ‘Ali Shah, young

4 Sayyid Barakat Ali Shah (RA) was a saint of high caliber. His father’s name was Mawlana Ayyid Abu
Muhammad Barakat Ali Shah. He is a direct descendent of prominent religious personality of Indian
Punjab’s Bijowara region. He was born in 1853 AD. It is reported that after birth the first word he
uttered was ‘Allah.’ This is why he is called newborn Waliullah. He was of a reserved disposition since
childhood. He finished his elementary religious training in boyhood. He attained knowledge in Arabic
from his paternal grandfather Mawlana Cherag Ali Shah. He traveled hundreds of miles on foot to gain
advanced knowledge in Islamic sciences. To this effect, he travelled o the frontier provinces and visited
Musazai Sharif. Thereupon, he received spiritual training from the scholar or scholars Muhammad
Usman Damani. Fulfilled by this knowledge he received pledge of caliphate from his own followers.
After the demise of his chief follower, he attained consummation of Mujaddia Tariqa at the hands of his
mentor’s son Khaja Mawlana Siraj Uddin. Later on, at the capital of the-then Bengal, Kolkata’s College
Square and Park Circus Lane (Pool No. 4), he established his own Khankah and there he dispensed
knowledge on Shari’ah, Tariqah, and Ma’rifah to his followers. (IhsÉn, MA. (1944) . Minnatul BÉry.
Kolkata: HÉji Sayeed.
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Muhammad ‘AmÊm al-Ihsan excelled in Arabic grammar, advanced Farsi literature


and elementary Tajweed in a matter of only two years.

Muhammad ‘AmÊm al-Ihsan’s formal and institutional education began


officially upon his enrollment at Kolkata Aliah Madrasah in 1926 A.D. Prior to this,
his major sources of knowledge included some of his time’s famous scholars and
Islamic figures as well as close relatives. These ventures were primarily elementary
basics in nature. When he attained the age of 14 he gained primary knowledge of
Arabic grammar, Fiqh (jurisprudence) and Mantiq (logic) from the-then Head
Moulavi of Kolkata Aliah Madrasah Mawlana Saajid Ali Jainpuri. He also learned
some Arabic texts from Abdul Majid al Muradabadi, and Logic and Principles based
texts from Abdur Rahman al-Kabuli. Furthermore, Allama Karamat Ali Shah taught
him basics of Fiqh and Mantiq(Logic) (Bhuiyan, 1988: 14-15).

In the year 1926 AD at the age of 15 Muhammad ‘AmÊm al-Ihsan got


admitted to Kolkata Aliah Madrasah in the first year course of ‘Alim programme
(lower standard) In that prestigious educational institution he studied various
disciplines endorsed by Dars-e-Nizami curriculum under the tutelage of various
Islamic experts and righteous instructors.

Muhammad ‘AmÊm al-Ihsan received various distinguished Ijaza (licenses)


from a number of local and foreign Islamic scholars, Sufi mystics, and Muhaddiths.
He gained a IjÉzah I for acting on “Hisnu Haseen” which is a collection of Masnun
supplications authored by famous scholar from Damascus Imam Muhammad Al-
Jazri. (IhsÉn, 1988: 6) Moreover, Shaykh Umar Hamdun and Saudi Arabia’s
prominent Muhaddith Muhammad Al-Yamani conferred him IjÉza for teaching
hadÉth Furthermore, he gained even more ijÉzas from numerous local and foreign
Islamic scholars on a host of disciplines.

His Death: On 1395H/1974AD on the day of 10 Shahhwal / 27 th October at


night his soul had left his body to meet with Allah.

Academic Contributions:

In Arabic and Urdu combined Muhammad ‘AmÊm al-IhsÉn essayed around 250
books and pamphlets. However, the number of published books is quite small.
According to some, only 13 of his books have been published (Haque, 2002: 97).
However, according to the most recent research so far 27 printed published books of
his have been evidenced.

Published Books

i. Fiqh al-sunan wa al-AthÉr


ii. Al-qawa‘idu al-fiqhiyah
iii. UsËl al-karkhi
iv. UsËl al-masail al-khilÉfiyah
v. Al-ta‘rifÉt al-fiqhiyah
vi. Al-khuthbÉt lil-jum‘at wa al-I‘da‘yin
vii. TÉrikh ilm al-hadÊth
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viii. MizÉn al-akhbÉr


ix. AdÉb al-muftÊ
x. Al-tasharruf li-adÉb al tasawuf
xi. Awjazu al-siyar
xii. Al-tandÊd fi al-tajwyÊd
xiii. TÉrikh al-Islam
xiv. TÉrikh al-Ilm al-fiqh
xv. Sirajum munir milad namah
xvi. Tariqah haj
xvii. Lubbu al-usul
xviii. Mashqu farɑid
xix. Minnatu al-bÉrÊ
xx. NizÉm al-awqÉt
xxi. Hadiyat al-musallin
xxii. Wasyat nama
xxiii. Al-tanwÊr fi UsËl al-tafsÊr
xxiv. IttihÉf al-ashrÉf
xxv. Hawashi al-sa‘dyi
xxvi. Muqaddama sunan abu dawood
xxvii. Shikwa wa jawab e shikwa

Unpublished books and Manuscripts:

i. Al KhutbÉt li al-Jum‘Ét
ii. Al-Érba‘iyn fi al-SolÉt
iii. Al-IstibshÉr bi mu’jizÉt al-nabÊ al-MukhtÉr
iv. Al-‘asharat al-Mahdiyah fy mÉ wurida fiha al-kalimÉt al-Taiyebah
v. AyÉtu nasr
vi. Jam‘ul
i. Al-istihlÉl bi-masÉÑil al-hilÉl
ii. ‘Ilmu hadÊh ki mabadiaat
iii. Fatawa barkÉtiyah
iv. Asma‘u al-Mudallisin
v. Al-tanbih lil faqih
vi. Al-qurratu fi al-kurrah
vii. Al-Iiz‘n wa al-Tabshir
viii. Umdat al-MajÉni
ix. KitÉb al-wadi‘yin

Physically lost but retrieved as title only via tertiary sources

i. AdÉb al-MasÉjid
ii. Al-hÉwyi fy zikri tahÉwÊ
iii. Al-masaltu fy qiyÉmi I’nda al-hai‘alatu
iv. Anfa‘u al-siar
v. HaqiqÉt al-Islam
vi. Dastur istikhraju al-AwqÉt
vii. Dahub gahdi
viii. Mu‘alymu al-miqÉt
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ix. Muqaddamatu al-Nahwu


x. Naf‘u ‘AmÊm
xi. RisÉlah tariqah
xii. Muzzamil al gafla ‘an simati al-qiblah
xiii. Al-ihsÉn al-sÉri bi-tawdihi tafsÊr al-BukharÊ
i. Al-ifsÉh a’n nurul a’idÉh
ii. Takhriju masail al-majallah
iii. Talkhisu marÉsil a’bi hÉtim
iv. Sharh adÉb al-muftÊ
v. Sharh al- Tuhfah al-BarakatÊyah

His Contribution In Quranic Studies:

Muhammad ‘AmÊm-al-IhsÉn authored several books in the field of TafsÊr and usËl-
al-TafsÊr. “Al-tanwÊr fÊ UsËl-al-TafsÊr”5 is one of his famous book of UsËl-al-
tafsÊr. It was written and published in 1948 AD. Written in eloquent and yet simple
to understand Arabic, this concise text is of paramount importance for the serious
pursuant of Islamic sciences (Haque, 2002:182)

In this celebrated book Muhammad ‘AmÊm al-IhsÉn discussed the issue of


‘UlËm al-Qur’an (Sciences of the Qur’an) by following previous Islamic Scholars. It
has a similarity to the famous book of Sciences of the Qur’an, ‘Al-ItqÉn fÊ ‘UlËm
al-Qur’an’ by ImÉm JalÉl-al-Din al-SuyËtÊ. The whole content of the book cannot
be discussed here for details; but some comprehensive discussion is given bellow.

The strands of Qur’anic revelation and Classification of its Verses:

AbË l-QasÊm al-Hasan b. Muhammad b. Habib al-NÊsÉbËrÊ says in his book al-
TanbÊh alÉ Fadl UlËm al-Quran:
Among the most noble of the Qur’anic sciences is that which enables us to
learn the occasions of revelation of the verses; the ordering of the verses that were
revealed in Mecca and those that were revealed in Medina; those that were revealed
in Mecca but whose ordinance relates to Medina; those that were revealed in Medina
but whose ordinance relates to Mecca;those that were revealed in Mecca and refer to
the people of Mecca; those that were revealed Medina and resemble those revealed in
Mecca; those that were revealed in Mecca and resemble those revealed in Medina;
those that were revealed in al-Juhfah, Jerusalem, TÉ’if, and al-Hudaybiyah; those
revealed at night time and those revealed during the day; those that were revealed
accompanied by angels and those that were not; the Medinan verses contained in the
Meccan sËrahs and the Meccan verses contained in the Medinan sËrahs; those
transferred from Mecca to Medina and those transformed from Medina to Mecca;
those transferred from Medina to Abyssinia; those that are summary and those that
are detailed; and those that are varyingly said to be eighter Meccan or Medinan. If
one is ignorant those twenty-five categories and is unable to distinguish them from

5 It is one of the noblest ventures of ‘AmÊmul Ihsan. It is a regular feature of the Madrasah Board
curriculum in Bangladesh, ever since its pioneering under the erst-Pre-Pakistan textbook and curriculum
board. It is taught in FÉdil (Degree) class till this day.
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each other, it is not permissible for him to speak concerning God’s book.(Al-
SuyËtÊ,2011:1)

The base of this exclusive category Muhammad ‘AmÊm al-Ihsan explained


and discussed the Meccan and Medinan verses along with examples of each category.

 The writing techniques of Mushaf ‘UthmÉnÊ and the history of its


collection and arrangement: In his Mustadrak, al-Hakim said that the
Quran was collected three times. The first time was in Prophet’s (pbuh)
presence. This is related in a sound Tradition reported in both sahÊhs.
Zayd Ibn ThÉbÊt said: “We were in the presence of Prophet (pbuh)
arranging the fragments upon which parts of the Qur’an were
written…(to the end of the hadÊth).” Al-BayhaqÊ said that what is
intended here is that separated fragments of the Qura’nic text from
various suras were being arranged under the direction of the Prophet
pbuh). Second, in the presence of AbË Bakr; and third collection was
during the reign of ‘UthmÉn. According to Al-Hakim, the third collection
refers to the arrangement of the sËrahs during the reign of ‘UthmÉn. Al-
BukhÉrÊ related, on the authority of Anas, that Hudhayfa Ibn al-Yaman
approached ‘UthmÉn and told him that while campaigning with the
Syrians for the conquest of Armenia and with the Iraqis for the conquest
of Azerbayjan, he had been non-plussed at the difference in the Qur’an
recitation of the two groups. He advised the ‘UthmÉn to enlighten the
Muslim Nation before theywould have to suffer all of the scriptural
disputations of the Jews and the Christans. ‘UthmÉn then requested that
his daughter Hafsa sends him the Suhuf (Leaves) which had been copied
into the masahif (codices); he added that he would later return them to
her. She did so. Moreover, besides discussion of history of the collection
and arrangement of Al-Qur’an he has discussed the writing techniques of
Mashaf al- ‘UthmÉnÊ as well. (Al-SuyËtÊ,2011:137).

 The language of Al Qur’an and IMÓLA (Colouring of the A Vowel


Toward E) The a Vowel, and sounds in between: Muhammad
‘AmÊmul IhsÉn comprehensively discussed about the language of Al-
Qur’an and the style of IMÓLA. For example, AbË Bakr Ibn Abi shayba
reported, on the authority of WakÊ‘, on the authority of A‘mash, on the
authority of IbrÉhÊm, who said that they used to consider an alif and a
yÉ’as equals in recitation that is, the alif and the yÉ’ are equivalent to
tafkhÊm (‘emphatic’, or velarized, recitation) and the imÉla

 Words pertaining to Shari‘ah injunctions and their analysis: One of


the unique thinks of his book Al-TanwÊr fÊ UsËl- al- tafsÊr is that he
has discussed about Islamic Jurisprudence with the verses which has
explicit or implicit relation with Sharʑah. After then he used to
categories that’s verses into several categories.

Al-TanwÊr boasts some exceptional qualities. Some of these are:


i. Through this book one can obtain the requisite capacity of distinguishing
Shari’ah rulings.
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ii. This book endows the reader the skill necessary to differentiate between
tafsÊr, ta’wil, and tafsÊr bi al-ray’ (tafsÊr according to self-originated
opinion). The author mentions that deriving meanings of the Qur’anic
verses from the sayings, quotations, and explanations of the prophet (pbuh),
his companions, their followers, and followers of the followers qualifies as
tafsÊr. (Haque,2002: 183)
iii. The book also delves into discussions on history of the compilation and
collection of Qur’anic texts. (IhsÉn, 1961: 10)
iv. The book also classifies the chapters of the Qur’an according to the places
of revelation (Mecca or Medina based), as well as different seasons and
occasions of its revelation.
v. In addition to describing the relevant context of revealing numerous verses
of the Qur’an, ‘AmÊm al-Ihsan also enriches the discussion by quoting the
opinions of past scholars regarding the issues at hand.
vi. In accordance with scholarly legacy, ‘AmÊm al-Ihsan identifies the earliest
and latest revealed verses.
vii. The book also contains a list of companions of the prophet and their
followers who had memorized the entire qur’an. (IhsÉn,1961: 14)
viii. The reader can gain a clear concept regarding words in the Qur’an which
serve as a basis for Islamic rulings and their significance.
ix. The book also deals with verses relevant to utilizing logic to derive Islamic
legal rulings and the principles to be applied to that effect. He also
categorized the relevant verses in accordance with their evidentiary weight.
x. ‘AmÊm al-IhsÉn successfully categorized the topics that the Qur’an
discusses explicitly, as well as the fundamentals of technical jargon used by
tafsÊr experts in formulating principles of qur’anic exegesis through ‘ilm al
ahkÉm in great details.
xi. The book also mentions branches of knowledge that grew out of the Qur’an.
xii. The prophets, messengers, angels, and companions of the last prophet
(saws) that are mentioned in the Qur’an, along with people who are
mentioned indirectly or through their title or nicknames are also tabulated
by ‘AmÊm al-Ihsan.
It is used as a textbook and reference in various universities across the
nation. Due to an increase in its acceptance, many latter day scholars have
ventured to translate it and write explanations on it. Many have written
extolling its virtues as well. Among them, Shamsul Ulama Mawlana Bilayet
Hossain praised profusely the book and its writer: “May young Al Ihsan’s
(Mufti) contribution be adored by all, he who does a good deed is valued as
such. Through At-Tanwir he (‘AmÊm al-Ihsan) has opened a door for those
who are interested in learning the principles of writing tafsÊr on Allah’s
majestic book (the Qur’an)” (Haque, 2002:186).

His Contribution In Hadith Studies: By Authoring many books of HadÊth ‘AmÊm


al-Ihsan greatly contributed in the field of hadÊth. “Fiqh al-sunan wa al-AthÉr6” is

6 This famous book of hadÊth was published four times by different publishers. It was first published
from Karachi, Pakistan in 1952 A.D. After that it was published again in 1990A.D. Subsequent 2nd and
3rd editions were published with some minor changes and edits. In 1990 A.D it was translated into
Bengali by Sharif Muhammad Yusuf and published by Islami Academy, Dhaka, Bangladesh. Finally,
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one of his celebrated book of hadÊth. A brief discussion of Fikh al-sunan wa al-AthÉr
has given bellow.

This is a very distinct compilation of very special prophetic narrations. After


collecting hadÊth pertaining to Islamic Shari‘ah rulings, ‘AmÊm al-Ihsan organized
the narrations according to the classification order of Fiqh books and authored the
aforesaid book. Starting from 20th Zulhajj in the year 1358H/1939AD, he finished this
compilation on the 27th of Ramadhan 1359H/1940AD year. During this time he
concurrently held the positions of Khatib and Mufti in Kolkata Nakhoda Masjid and
Darul Ifta. In terminology of hadÊth principles, the hadÊth collections which are
organized according to traditions of Fiqh books are called Sunan, whereas the
narrations themselves are called athÉr. Thus, it can be said that the naming of the
book has been apposite. Regarding his own work, the author had reportedly said,
“This Fiqh al-Sunan wa al-AthÉr book of mine is a compilation of narrations from the
last prophet (pbuh) of Allah. In this book I have congealed various hadÊth related to
basic principles of religious injunctions, subsidiary rulings of Shari’ah, the
encouragements of good deeds, discouragements of bad deeds, and remembrance of
Allah.” ‘AmÊm al-Ihsan had authored a highly refined and tasteful book of
compilations titled “Fiqhu al-sunan wa al-AthÉr.” (IhsÉn, 2014: 30)

In this publication he categorized the practices of Fiqh (jurisprudence)


experts in employing hadÊth evidences according to their principles. The ahÉdÊth
collected and discussed by ‘AmÊm al-Ihsan proved to be in favor of Mas’ala and
rulings of Hanafi Madhab. At the time, many Hanafi scholars were feeling the
absence of such a book regarding the deliverance of legal verdicts and education of
jurisprudence through which they can reference the hadith evidence substantiating
their legal stances. This work is considered to be of great assistance in dispelling
some of the scarcity of effective books that uphold the Hanafi legacy. Long before
this, Allama TahÉwi (d. 933 AD). Had authored “Sharhu M‘ani al-AthÉr” which
filled the literature void surrounding the practice of the jurisprudential experts in
reliance over hadÊth in support of their legal edicts. This was a monumental effort of
his, culminating in a compendium of hadÊth collections which uphold the legal
positions of not only Hanafi madhab but also other accepted schools of thought.
(IhsÉn, 2014: 31) This noble effort of reinforcing Allama TahÉwi’s endeavor.

Conclusion

Based on the research discussion above, it appears to us that during his lifetime
Muhammad‘AmÊm al-Ihsan was peerless. He was not only concurrently a
Muhaddith of high caliber and a superb exegete, but also he possessed great
knolwedge in various Islamic disciplines. We find evidence of this through many of
his writings, publications, research work, books, treatises, collaborations, etc. Both
his published and unpublished works bear testament that while he was alive he did
not have anyone on par with him in excellence of knowledge. Particular mention is

From 2012AD to 2014A.D it was reviewed and edited by Muhammad Seif Al-Islam Al-Bangladeshi,
one of Bangladeshi Al-Azhar students from Department of Al-Qur‘an and Al-HadÊth. After a hard work
of three years the book was given by editor to DÉr Al-Kotob Al-Ilmiyah-Beirut. Eventually in 2014A.D
it was published by DÉr Al-Kotob Al-Ilmiyah-Beirut.

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merited for his great work on TafsÊr, Al-tanwÊr fÊ UsËl al-TafsÊr and his most
prominent book on hadith, Fiqh al-Sunan wa al-AthÉr. These two precious books are
now a staple part of the Madrasha board curriculum all over Bangladesh as well as
University and other higher level institutions of advanced Islamic studies where
hadÊth and tafsÊr are taught. It is also used frequently as a reference book in syllabus
of many esteemed programs and institutions. Essentially, through this study, we have
shed light on the diverse array of fields in knowledge where Muhammad ‘AmÊm al-
Ihsan contributed immensely via chronicles of his life story, his literary prowess, and
illuminating discussionss on his works of hadith, fiqh and tafsÊr. The researcher
hopes that this study will help to fill the void of information on this celebrated
scholar’s contribution to Islamic sciences by virtue of being the first in-depth
exposition in English language both in terms of Muhammad ‘AmÊm al-Ihsan’s life
and academic career. Such lofty contributions are exemplified by his two seminal
works which helped propagate the tafsÊr related benefits in holy Quranic wisdom via
Al-tanwÊr fÊ usËl al-TafsÊr, as well as preserving the Sunnah and prophetic
traditions through Fiqh al-sunan wa al-AthÉr. The academic community was much in
need of a detailed work on this great scholar of the past century. This research is a
humble attempt to fill that knowledge gap.

References:

1. Bhuiyan, A.K (1988) Mufty Sayeed Muhammad amimul Ihsan: Ekty


Purnomoy Jibon. Dhaka: Tawhid Prokashani

2. Barakaty, S.S (1988) Mukhtasar TÉrikh e Sayeed AhmÉd Jajniri. Kolkata:


Maktabah Nashr wa Isha’t

3. Haque, M.A (2002) Mufti Sayeed Muhammad Amimul Ihsan: Jibon o


Obodan. Dhaka: Islamic Foundation Bangladesh

4. IhsÉn, M.A (2014) Fiqhu Al-sunana wa al- AthÉr, ed. By Muhammad Saif
Al-Islam. Beirut: DÉr Al-Kotob Al-‘lmiyah

5. IhsÉn, M.A (1944) Minnatu Al-BÉrÊ. Kolkata: Maktabah HÉji Sa‘Êd

6. IhsÉn, M.A (1961) Al-tanwÊr fi UsËl al-TafsÊr. Kolkata

7. Sattar, A. (1959) Tarikh Madrasha Alia. Dhaka: Research and Publication


Madrasha Alia Dhaka

8. SuyËtÊ, J. (2011) Al-ItqÉn fÊ ‘UlËm al- Qur‘an. UK: Garnet Publishing


Limited.

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STUDY EFFECTIVE FACTORS ON THE LEVEL OF INTEREST OF HIGH


SCHOOL STUDENTS IN MAZANDARAN, IRAN TO ATTEND QURAN
COMPETITION

Mojtaba Rezaierad 1

Abstract
The present study was performed to determine the effective factors
on the level of interest of High school students in Mazandaran, Iran
to attend in Quran competition. The method of research was a kind
of survey descriptive method. Obviously, the statistical population
was consisted of all 860 High school teachers in Mazandaran, Iran
in the academic year 2015-2016. Krejcie and Morgan table was
considered to select sample size which 269 teachers were chosen.
The sample was selected through stratified random sampling
method. Therefore, statistical population was divided into two
groups in terms of teacher's gender and proper with population size
and the gender, each group size( male:46,female:223) were
estimated. Actually, study tool was researcher made questionnaire
which it's face and content validity was approved by experts and
professionals and thesis advisors and supervisor. Also, by means of
internal consistency and by using Cronbach alpha, the reliability
was acquired 0.89 which showed high reliability. To describe
demographic characteristics of subjects and study variables,
descriptive statistics indexes such as frequency table, mean,
standard deviation were used. In inferential statistics method, the
one-sample t- test and Friedman test were used. Results showed
that 1) general competence of teachers,2) professional competence
of teachers, 3) parents role model, and 5) Quranic scheduling
(spacing) in school and class ,respectively effect on the level of
interest of High school students to attend in Quran competition.
Key words: Qur'an, Qur'an competition, High school students

1 Young Researchers and Elite Club, Sari Branch, Islamic Azad University, Sari
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Introduction

Holy Quran as the highest evidence of the truth of Islam and the originality of its
educational school and affect the most powerful spiritual on individuals and society
and the Holy book such as a cloud of mercy with its rainfall eliminates any rust from
the human’s heart and sheds light on God's guidance and divine education.
Requirements of human societies and seekers of the reality and truth of the holy
Quran, is undeniably obvious necessity because as words of god some of the
knowledge is not achievable of mankind except through the Quran:

";‫“ َويُ َعلِّ ُم ُك ْم ما َل تَ ُكونُواتَ ْعلَ ُمو َن‬


“Teacheth you that which ye knew not ... "(surah al-baqarah, ayat 151).
Lo! This Quran guideth unto that which is straightest, and giveth tidings unto
the believers who do good works that theirs will be a good reward"(surah al-Isra, ayat
9).
As the language of Imam Khomeini (RA): " If was not Quran, the doors of
knowledge were closed on us." The Holy Quran has a prominent position in this
regard.
Ruodvil, English writer says: "Europe should not forget that thanks to
Muhammad Quran, because the Qur'an that the dawn of knowledge in Europe."
(Mohammadi, 2013).
Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) says:

"...‫“ َمن استظهر القرآن و َحفظه و احل َحالله وحرم َحرامه اَدخله هللا بِّه اجلنه و‬
Someone who memorized the Quran and keep it and know halal and
haram, God put him in Paradise and accept his pleading for ten of
his family that all for hell. (Noori tabarsi, 1987)
Quran is guidebook, humanity, guidance, happiness and a rich debate on
scientific, ethical, behavioral, social, artistic, emotional, motor, and cognitive and
have basic applications and guidelines for spending a prosperous life and dealing with
abnormalities, Intellectual, moral deviation sat the level of individual and social life
and generally guide in all matters in all aspects of human life.
Quran is Muslim religious books and prophet of God’s miracle, so expect that
Quranic teachings is highlighted in Islamic society, but some analyzes and
assessments represent a reduced role of religion in life and also taking away of teens
and young people's from values and beliefs and rites of religion and spirituality
among the people are weakened. From judgment would appear that one of the
concerns of the religious elite and our state officials is that religiosity among the new
generation is weak. The issue of religion aversion and lack of religious rituals
adherence among children and adolescents can have adverse effects, However, due to
the fact that religious behavior and religious beliefs, such as praying, fasting, reading

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Quran, give Khmu’s and Zakat, integrity, honesty and truthfulness, hijab and so on
are rare. (Mirzaei & shahrokhi, 2006).
Kohlen and Arnold research showed that students between 12 and 15 years of
age have more religious beliefs and at age 18 the student’s beliefs reduced. Hence,
families and communities have an important role in establishing religious beliefs,
especially in childhood and elementary school children to the family and parents are
strongly influenced by the moral character and will follow them, therefore, crucial
role of parents and coaches is made clearer in childhood and adolescence (Bagheri,
2009).
Research in this area shows different factors in attracting and training
students in religious rituals and educational activities such as attending prayers,
recitation of the Qur'an and so on. Some of these variables include individual, family,
school (within a school), peers and friends, and social environment variables. The
school is a center of learning can help managing and treating the troubles of students
(Rezvani & Beynaq, 2012).
The results of some studies show, internalization of religious issues and
religious values can cause willingness of most students to perform obligatory duties
and if it can be internalized appropriate methods values, of course, the students
naturally feel and satisfaction with heart, it will learn consistent behavior with values.
Of course, growing religious is feeling extremely elegant and easy. If in this period
student's religious fervor be guided in a logical way, can be fortified their faith
foundation and bewilderment, and preserve them from confusion, bewilderment and
deviations and brought them into peace (zarabi, 2009).
Abroad research is related to religious and moral education and the need of
worship to live and in schools, suggests the importance of this issue. For example,
Hayes (1996), has a review of the future educational, ethical and religious and has
proposed effective solutions in this field. He is emphasized on effective service for
the implementation of these programs. In this regard, Partige (1995), has emphasized
on this fact that to perform collective worship in schools is necessary to a
participation of families and public and private organizations in the implementation
of this responsibility, and this issue should not be imposed. The results of some other
research suggest that people who are educated reading the Quran in state education
system, even after spending about 500 hours, are not able to read it properly
(McLeish, 1970).
Although the Holy Quran is God's greatest gift to man and precious heritage
of the Prophet peace among Muslims, Islamic Ummah has not attempted to employ
its great heritage a worthy as it should.
Muslim community after the death of the Prophet (PBUH) despite his
emphasis obligation to accept and act upon the Quran, as ‫ ثقل اكبر‬and learning the
Quran Sciences from Ahlul Bayt as‫ثقل اصغر‬, is deprived of this graceful habl-Allah.
As a result, Islamic society from its original position that the Qur'an gives them good
news, and said: “‫( "انتم االعلون ان كنتم مؤمنین‬Surah Al-Imran, verse 139) are left behind
and now must admit this bitter reality that Islamic society because away from reality
of the Quran and Ahl al-Bayt, has suffered irreparable damage.

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Research in the field of identifying the factors affecting the willingness of


high school students to attend in Qur'an competition, in this respect has importance
and necessity that political, social and cultural life of our country is based on Islamic
principles, jurisprudence and religious from the holy Quran, the Holy Prophet of
Islam (PBUH) and the infallible Imams (AS). In Islamic countries, large investments
have been made to promote religious and moral teachings. If these investments are
not in accordance with the wishes and requirements of different segments of society,
especially children and adolescents, It is possible that today students are the builders
of tomorrow, is distorted, certainly, in this case, the goals and aspirations of the
Muslim countries and the religious state will not be achieved.
If our future generations don't believe religious, what hope is there that
observed the religious behavior in society. On the other hand, in our country, a
significant part of educational programs for schools and Quranic kindergarten is
about teaching religious books that the proper training, especially in childhood and
adolescence, due to the sensitivity and ease of impressionable children and durable
effects on the depth of their learning, will be created suitable fields for the growth of
individual behavior fertile fields for growth of individual behavior, their community .
In particular, the behavior in the early age that is internalized in personas more
stability and durability and the destruction and removal of difficulty.Thus, the role of
educators in providing proper training to encourage students to understand the
concepts and principles of religious and Quranic verses is more important than
before.
Motivation and interest play a major role in the learning process and usually,
people consider issues that are of interest to them. Expressing individual differences
in reaction to certain stimuli related to their willingness and various dispositions.
Willingly, is prepared the person to receive a stimulus or certain stimuli. Several
factors are influences such as change, frequency, intensity, recently attracted
attention, but what concentrated the person attention for a certain time on a certain
issue is his desire and interest, interest in terms of educational is starting point
formation of activities. If students want to consideration to the peculiar position
should be interested in it (Yaghoubi, 2005, p. 33).
Given that a large part of the population are students who are growth and
development of Islamic education, trying to deepen the values of Islamic culture and
strengthening of religious beliefs among them and to increase their interest in the
Word of God and apply it in life, are the important goal of Islamic education. This
study seeks to emphasize on factors such as the general and professional competence
of teachers, parents role models, and school and classroom atmosphere as well as
enrich the content of Quran textbooks, consider their impact on the rate of interest of
high school students to attending Qur'an competition. According to the expressed
cases that present study investigates, what factors that affect the rate of interest of
high school students to attend Quranic competitions?

Research Method
The present study in term of an objective is applied, in term of nature is descriptive
and is survey method. The statistical population consisted of all 860 High school
teachers in the city of Sari – Mazandaran- Iran in the academic year 2015-2016, and

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their numbers have been reported 860 teachers by the Department of Education of
this city. To select the sample size has been referred to Morgan table. The sample was
selected 269 people through stratified random sampling method across gender. The
instrument was researcher made questionnaire. In order to analyze the data was used
one sample t- test and Friedman test.

Result
Question 1: The general competence of students has an effect on their willingness to
participate in Qur'an competition.
Table 1: Univariate t-test to assess the impact of public authority in the interest
of their students
Number sample Standard Theoretical Mean T. Calculation df Significance
of mean deviation mean difference level
samples

269 4/65 0/62 3 1/65 43/44 168 0/000

Based on the results of the analysis of data that is presented in Table 1, for statistical
purposes and at a confidence level of 99% (α =0/01), the data strongly has rejected
the null hypothesis (H0), and the hypothesis H1 are confirmed, which means it could
be argued that there is a significant difference between the sample mean and
theoretical mean. Because the sample mean (4/65) is bigger than the theoretical mean
(cut point: 3), so we can claim, with 99% of confidence that the general competence
of students has any effect on their willingness to participate in Qur'an competition.
Question 2: A the professional qualification for students has an effect on their
willingness to participate in Qur'an competition.

Table 2. Univariate T-Test to Evaluate the Impact of Professional Qualifications


Students on Their Willingness

Number sample Standard Theoretical Mean T. Calculation df Significance


of mean deviation mean difference level
samples
269 4/48 0/58 3 1/48 42/75 168 0/000

Based on the results of the analysis of data that is presented in Table 2, for statistical
purposes and at a confidence level of 99% (α =0/01), the data strongly has rejected
the null hypothesis (H0), and the hypothesis H1 are confirmed, which means it could
be argued that there is a significant difference between the mean sample and
theoretical mean. Because the sample mean(4/48) is bigger than the theoretical mean
(cut point: 3), so we can claim, with 99% of confidence that professional competence
of students has an impact on their willingness to participate in Qur'an competition.
Question 3: Does role model of parent's have an effect on the willingness of students
to attend Quranic competitions.

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Table 3: Univariate T-Test Model to Evaluate the Role of Parents on Student


Interest

Number sample Standard Theoretical Mean T. Calculation df Significance


of mean deviation mean difference level
samples
269 4/28 0/70 3 1/28 30/31 168 0/000
Based on the results of the analysis of data that is presented in Table 3, for statistical
purposes and at a confidence level of 99% (α =0/01), the data strongly has rejected
the null hypothesis (H0), and the hypothesis H1 are confirmed, which means it could
be argued that there is a significant difference between the mean sample and
theoretical mean. Because the sample mean (4/28) is bigger than the theoretical mean
(cut point: 3), so we can claim, with 99% of confidence that parent role modeling has
an impact on the willingness of students to attend Quranic competitions.

Question 4: does Quranic atmosphere in the school and classroom have an effect on
the willingness of students to attend Quranic competitions.
Table 4: Univariate T-Test to Assess the Impact of the Quranic Atmosphere in
the School and Classroom on the Willingness of Students
Number sample Standard Theoretical Mean T. Calculation df Significance
of mean deviation mean difference level
samples
269 4/28 0/71 3 1/28 29/29 168 0/000

Based on the results of the analysis of data that is presented in Table 4, for statistical
purposes and at a confidence level of 99% (α =0/01), the data strongly has rejected
the null hypothesis (H0), and the hypothesis H1 are confirmed, which means it could
be argued that there is a significant difference between the mean sample and
theoretical mean. Because the sample mean (4/28) is bigger than the theoretical mean
(cut point: 3), so we can claim, with 99% of confidence that Quranic atmosphere in
the school and classroom have an effect on the willingness of students to attend
Quranic competitions.
Question 5: does enrich the contents of the Quran textbook has an impact on the
interest rate of primary school students to attend Quran classes.

Table 5: univariate t- test to assess the impact of enriching the contents of the
Quran textbook on the willingness of students
Number sample Standard Theoretical Mean T. Calculation df Significance
of mean deviation mean difference level
samples
269 4/36 0/64 3 1/36 34/79 168 0/000

Based on the results of the analysis of data that is presented in Table 4, for statistical
purposes and at a confidence level of 99% (α =0/01), the data strongly has rejected
the null hypothesis (H0), and the hypothesis H1 are confirmed, which means it could
be argued that there is a significant difference between the mean sample and
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theoretical mean. Because the sample mean (4/36) is bigger than the theoretical mean
(cut point: 3), so we can claim, with 99% of confidence thatenriching the contents of
the Quran textbook has an impact on the interest rate of primary school students to
attend Quran classes.
The main question: what is the factor that affecting the interest of high school
students to attend Quranic competitions?

Table 6: Friedman test to determine the effectiveness of each of the factors


affecting the willingness of students
Factors number of Ranks mean Computational 2 χ df Sig.
samples
General competence of 269
3/88
Students
Professional competence 269
3/21
of students
Role modeling of parents 269 2/63 178/99 3 0/000
Quranic atmosphere in the 269
2/44
school and classroom
Enriching the contents of 269
2/83
the Quran textbook

According to the results of the study sample that are available in Table 4-15, we can
claim, with 99% of confidence that the impact of factors affecting the willingness of
students to attend Quranic competitions is not the same. So with 99% of confidence
can be ranked the factors affecting the willingness of students to attend Quranic
competitions as follows:
1) General competence of students (Average grade: 3.88).
2) The professional competence of students (Average grade: 3/21).
3) Enriching the content of Quran textbooks (Average grade: 2/83).
4) The role modeling of parents (Average grade: 2/63).
5)Quranic atmosphere in the school and classroom (Average grade: 2/44).

Discussion and Conclusion

In the investigation of the main question revealed that:


Factors affecting the willingness of students to attend Quranic competitions are as
follows:
1) General competence of students,
2) Professional competence of students,
3) Enriching the content of Quran textbooks,

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4) The role modeling of parents and


5) Quranic atmosphere in the school and classroom.
In this regard Rajabi and Zahid Babelan (2012), showed that in terms of schools in
order of priority, seven factors such as relationships of teachers and trainers, school
physical facilities and prayer room, family and individual faith, peers, economic and
social status of the family, media advertising, gender, and grade are important the
tendency of students to school Quranic classes.
Also, Mohammadi. (2013), showed that Individual factors, family, humanity
inter-school, physical inter-school, other factors of school, peers, and the media, have
effect in the recruitment and participation of students in the school Quran recitation.
So, considering that has not been done research on the subject of this research or at
least its results are not available to other researchers, however it should be noted that
although the necessary training is important for the reading and memorizing the
Quran, But not all thought, mind, and concerns of the audience just spent to reading
and give up and keep the fast the verses,because does not place to contemplation the
verses, and this is the greatest danger that may be afflicting teenagers and young
people and educators.
Therefore it is necessary each of the identified factors in this study that’s
mean basic and professional competence of students, enriching the content of Quran
textbooks, the role modeling of parents and creating Quranic atmosphere in the
school and classroom pay more attention to their important obligation to the correct
understanding of God verses and apply it in personal and social life of teenagers. For
this purpose is proposed curriculum planning of Quran accompanied by new teaching
methods to motivate students to participate in the Qur'an competition. Also, be
considered Qur'an competition in the development of textbooks and should be
considered educational benefits for students participating in the competition. The
parents should read the Quran in the home in order to be an idol for the children.

Reference
1. Bagheri, Kh. (2009). Glance over Islamic education. Tehran: Organization
for Research and Educational Planning Ministry of Education.

2. McLeish, J. (1970). Students Attitudes and College Environments,


Cambridge Institute of Education, In Teachers and Teaching.

3. Mohammadi,M.(2013)Factors Participation of school students in the


recitation of the Qur'an, Unpublished master's thesis Islamic Azad University
Tehran Branch.

4. Noori tabarsi,H.(1978)Mustadrakat Alvsayl, Beirut, Al al-Bayt Foundation


for Heritage Revival

5. Mirzaei, S. D; shahrokhi, A.(2006). Customs and religious education of


children and adolescents pests. Qom: Ahmadiyya publications.

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Qur’anic Research: Interaction of Knowledge, Science, and Civilization

6. Rezvani, S; Beynaq, M.T. (2012). Reflections on the appropriateness of


formal education with religious education. Qom: Islamic Education Center.

7. Van Geel, T. (1990). Religious Issues" in Education the international


Encyclopedia of Education, by: T. Husen & T. Postel Wite, peryoman
press, p. 5012.

8. Yaghoobi, M.(2013) Ways to encourage the students to recite the Qoran,


National Conference on the Quran and Education, Islamic Azad University
Mazandaran.

9. Zarabi, A.. (2009). Proceedings of education, religious education, moral and


emotional. Tehran: Imam Khomeini Education and Research Institute

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THE METAPHYSICAL, ETHICAL AND JURIDICAL FOUNDATIONS OF


HUMAN RIGHTS IN ISLAM : AN OVERVIEW WITH SPECIAL
REFERENCE TO THE RIGHTS OF NON-MUSLIMS IN MUSLIM
SOCIETIES*

Muddathir ‘Abd al-Rahim

One of the most striking features of Muslim societies and states down the
ages – one which until recent times continued to be distinctive of Islamic civilization
and, as such, aroused the wonder and admiration of such early modern Western
thinkers as John Locke – is that they were almost always multi-religious and multi-
ethnic. For, as the distinguished German Orientalist Adam Mez noted many years
ago, within the borders of Muslim societies unlike Christian Europe there lived a
large number of peoples of faiths other than Islam and that all these peoples in Mez’s
words, lived “side by side in an atmosphere absolutely unknown to medieval
Europe.”1 Particularly intriguing for many was the question as to how a state or
civilization which was based on a particular faith (in this case, Islam) – instead of
doing its utmost in order to coerce others into conforming to the dominant faith, as
had often been done, and continues to be done, elsewhere – evidently went out of its
way to guarantee those others extensive rights which made it possible for them not
only to live, work and own property but also to freely exercise their faith under the
protection of the ruling state and its laws.

In order to effectively approach this question it is suggested in this paper that


we need to look first of all, at the roots of diversity in Islam’s worldview and
theological perspective and, secondly, at the specific teachings of the Shari’a about
the rights of non-Muslims in Muslim societies.

To take the first point first, we need to consider in particular the sharply
contrasting positions in Islamic theology and worldview of the oneness and
uniqueness of God (Allah) on the one hand, and the diversity of His creations –

* This paper is based on material briefly considered in different parts of the author’s book, The Human
Rights Tradition in Islam, which constitutes volume 3 of the five volume series Human Rights and the
World’s Major Religions, edited by Prof. William H. Brackney, published by PRAEGER, London and
Westpoint, Connecticut, USA, 2005. An earlier version of the paper was used as a keynote address in the
in the International Conference on Minorities which was jointly convened by the Muslim World League,
ISTAC and IIUM in Kuala Lumpure, May 2009.
1 Adam Mez, The Renaissance of Islam, London, Luzac & Co, 1937, 32.

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Qur’anic Research: Interaction of Knowledge, Science, and Civilization

animate and inanimate, human and non-human – on the other.

With regard to the oneness and uniqueness of Allah the Qur'an states
categorically and unequivocally (and humans, individually and collectively, are called
upon to testify) as follows: "Say: He is Allah the One and Only; Allah the Eternal,
Absolute; He begets not, nor is He begotten; and there is none like unto Him". 2 And
again: "[He is] the Creator of the heavens and the earth…there is nothing whatever
like unto Him, and He is the One that hears and sees [all things]". 3 It is thus
repeatedly and categorically stated that He is One, Unique, Eternal, Absolute, Creator
of heavens and the earth and of all that is in existence, All hearing, All seeing.

To those who claim that they do believe in Him, but persist in believing also
that there are other gods or deities besides Him, the Qur'an addresses a variety of
uncontestable logical arguments as well as some serious warnings and admonitions:
"If there was, in the heavens and the earth other gods besides Allah, there would have
been confusion in both".4 "Allah forgives not that partners should be set up with Him,
but He forgives anything else to whom He pleases. To set up partners with Allah is to
devise a sin most heinous indeed". 5

By contrast with the categorical and uncompromising assertion, again and


again, of the Creator's Oneness, Omnipotence and Uniqueness, His creatures – be
they animate or inanimate, humans or animals – are seen and described in the Qur’an
as being always numerous, diverse and varied.

“Seeist thou not that Allah sends down rain from the sky? With it we then
bring out produce of various colours. And in the mountains there are tracts
white and red of various shades of colour and black intense in hue. And so
among men and crawling creatures and cattle are they various colours. Truly
those fear Allah among His servants who have knowledge.” 6

“And among His signs is the creation of the heavens and the earth, and the
variations in your languages and your colours: verily in that are signs for
those who know.”7

But the diversity and variations which Allah has vested in his terrestrial
creatures as signs of Himself along with the creation of the heavens and the earth are
not limited to mountains, animals, plants and the variation in the colours and
languages of men. Even more significantly and directly in relation to the subject
under consideration is the fact that Allah tells us in several passages in the Qur'an that
the said diversity and variation applies also to matters of faith and belief: "It is He
who has created you; and of you are some that are unbelievers, and some that are
believers; and Allah sees well all that ye do". 8 And again, and perhaps even more

2 Qur'an: 112(Al-Ikhlas).
3 Qur’an 42.2 (Al-Shura)
4 Qur'an: 21.22 (Al-Anbiya').
5 Qur'an: 4.48 (An-Nisa').
6 Qur'an: 35.27-28 (Fatir).
7 Qur'an: 30.22 (Ar-Rum).
8 Qur'an: 64.2 (Al-Taghabun).

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clearly: "To each among you have We prescribed a law and an Open Way. If Allah
had so willed He would have made you a single people, but (His Plan is) to test you
in what He hath given you; so strive as in a race in all virtues: the goal of you all is
Allah. It is He that will show you the truth of the matters in which you dispute". 9

Whereas oneness, uniqueness and inimitability are distinctive attributes of


the Creator, (Allah), variety, multiplicity and plurality are attendant characteristics of
all created beings – animate and inanimate, human and non-human.

In so far as human beings are concerned, the variety and plurality that has
been vested in them by their Creator is not limited to such matters as language,
pigmentation and ethnicity only. It is also and more importantly manifested – by the
will of the Creator Himself – in matters of faith and belief: up to, and including,
disbelief.

It is in this profoundly and divinely ordained pluralistic worldview that non-


Muslims in Muslim societies and states were granted and guaranteed such rights and
privileges that they were, in most cases, able not only to exist and survive, but also to
prosper and participate in the economic, social, cultural and even political and
diplomatic life of the Islamic states and societies in which they lived. And it is to
these rights and rules that we now turn.

Of cardinal importance for the treatment of non-Muslims among the basic


values and principles enshrined in the Qur'an is the ruling evidently unparalleled in
the scripture of any other religion that: "There Shall Be No Compulsion In Matters of
Faith".10 This categorical statement forbids Muslims, be they individuals, groups or
states, from trying to impose their faith on any person by force. Compulsion therefore
is not only a sin; it is also a crime punishable by Shari'a law, the punishment under
the Ottoman Empire, being death- an injunction derived from the Qur'anic precept
that "tumult and oppression are worse than slaughter".11

Other Qur'anic directives buttress and elaborate on the principle of


inadmissibility of compulsion in matters of faith indicating that the call to Islam must
be directed to the intelligence, conscience and sensibilities of men and women; that
respect for the dignity and integrity of all human beings – of whatever faith or origin
they may be – is essential; and that compassion and courtesy should be observed in
all circumstances.

This brings us to another basic principle relating to the treatment of


minorities and non-Muslims in Islam. It is stated in Chapter 60 of the Qur'an: "God
forbids you not with regard to those who fight you not for [your] faith nor drive you
out of your homes from dealing kindly and justly with them: for God loveth those
who are just.”12 In other words, Muslims are not only to refrain from oppressing
others or forcing them to embrace a faith which they may not freely wish to accept
(an essentially negative ruling- though a very important one indeed). Muslims are

9
Qur'an: 5.48 (Al-Ma'idah).
10 Qur'an: 2.256 (Al-Baqarah).
11 Qur'an: 2.190 (Al-Baqarah).
12 Qur'an: 60.8-9 (Al-Mumtahanah).

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expected and called upon to be positively kind and just to all those non-Muslims who
do not persecute them or commit acts of aggression against them, all those who are
peaceful and law abiding citizens.

The founder and head of the first Islamic state, Prophet Muhammad,
confirmed and elaborated on the Qur'anically prescribed manner of just and kindly
dealing with non-Muslims not only verbally and in words, but also through his
actions and practice: and this in both his personal life and in his management of
public affairs. Thus, he unhesitatingly engaged in business transactions jointly with
non-Muslims. Indeed, he parted this world leaving his armor pawned to a Jew. More
intimately, he took two wives of non-Muslim (Jewish and Christian) backgrounds.

Politically, furthermore, he endeavored, not without success, to establish


what came to be the first characteristically multi-ethnic and multi-religious Islamic
state. Thus not only were the Ansar and the Muhajirun welded, in the Charter of
Madina, into "an umma distinct from all other peoples", but the Jewish clans who had
then allied themselves with the Prophet were described in the Charter of Madina as
"an umma (i.e. community) along with the Believers" – while each, of course,
continued to practice its own faith.

Relations with non-Muslims beyond the realm too, the Qur'an directs, should
be peaceful and amicable unless aggression is committed against Muslims. “…Fight
in God's cause against those who wage war against you, but do not commit
aggression.”13

Even when fighting in self-defence furthermore, Muslims are instructed to


observe certain rules and rights of enemy subjects and not to engage in indiscriminate
destruction of life and property. "Whenever the apostle of God sent forth an army or a
detachment" it has been reported, "he charged its commander personally to fear God,
the Most High, and he enjoined the Muslims who were with him to do good [i.e., to
conduct themselves properly]… ..Do not cheat or commit treachery nor should you
mutilate anyone or kill children…"14 Following the Prophet's example, Abu Bakr later
instructed fighters who were about to proceed against the Byzantines in Syria: "…Do
not commit treachery, nor depart from the right path. You must not mutilate, neither
kill a child or aged man or woman. Do not destroy a palm-tree, nor burn it with fire,
and do not cut any fruitful tree. You must not slay any of the flock or the herds or the
camels, save for your subsistence. You are likely to pass by people who have devoted
their lives to monastic services; leave them to that which they have devoted their
lives…"15

Another important directive is enshrined in the Qur'an. It goes as follows:


"And if anyone [even] of the Mushrikun [i.e., polytheists, pagans etc] seeks your
protection then grant him protection…and then escort him to a place where he will

13 Qur'an: 2.190 (Al-Baqarah).


14 Majid Khadduri's translation of a hadith cited by al-Shaybani at the beginning of his classic Kitab al-
Siyar published, with the title: The Islamic Law of Nations (Baltimore, John Hopkins University Press)
75-76.
15 Ibn 'Abd Rabbih: al-'Iqd al-Farid, vol 4 (Beirut, Dar al-Kitab al-'Arabi, 1983), 247.

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feel secure."16 Al-Fakhr al-Razi, in his classic commentary on the Qur'an, says that
the essential meaning of the said passage is that any one from among the enemy
forces who seeks protection should, together with his property, be fully and
effectively protected by Muslims and must thereafter be conducted to a place where
he would feel safe and secure. 17

Likewise, prisoners of war are not to be killed, tortured or humiliated. On the


contrary, they should be well treated and safely kept until a final settlement of
conflict is reached. In that regard, the Qur'an having commanded Muslims, faced by
injustice and aggression to stand up and fight as best as they can, then says: "But if
they [the enemies who fight you] incline towards peace, you also [should forthwith]
incline towards peace… should they intend to deceive you, then verily Allah is All-
Sufficient for you…"18 Thus Muslims are commanded, once their enemies indicate a
desire to make peace, to unhesitatingly also go for peace – even if they thereby
happened to run the risk of being tricked by their enemies.

In the light of what has already been said regarding the attitudes of the Qur'an
and the Prophet towards other faiths and peoples, in conditions of both war and peace,
it should not be surprising that the predominantly Christian peoples of Egypt and
Syria, who were followers of Eastern churches and, as such, had been subjected to
discrimination and persecution by their Orthodox Byzantine rulers, welcomed the
conquering Muslim Arabs as liberators from their oppressive co-religionists. The
people of Iraq, who had been similarly oppressed by dominant Zoroastrians, reacted
to the Muslim Arab conquest in a way not unlike that of the Syrians and the
Egyptians. Even as far away as the Iberian Peninsula, the theologically sanctioned
policies of repression and forced conversion which were followed by the Roman
Catholics of Spain induced the Jews to welcome and aid the Muslim conquerors as
liberators.19

Two more points are worth noting at this juncture. First amongst these is that
the term 'tolerance' which is often used with reference to the normally
accommodating attitude of Muslims towards others does not accurately reflect the
nature of the Muslim attitude in question. This was not only because 'tolerance' often
implies a grudging or reluctant willingness to 'put-up' or coexist with others – which
is quite different from the attitude with which we are now concerned, but also
because it misses the reality that the Muslim commitment to respect and protect the
rights of non-Muslims who are willing to live in peace with them is, in essence, an act
of worship and religious devotion. Failing to uphold the said rights is a sin as well as
a crime punishable in law. Upholding and protecting them, on the other hand, is an
act of piety and religious devotion through which Muslims, individually and
collectively, hope to merit divine approval and heavenly reward. This is the

16 Qur'an: 9.6 (At-Tawbah).


17 Al-Razi's Tafseer on the said passage in Surah at-Tawbah, Qur'an 9.6.cited, in Muddathir 'Abd al-
Rahim: Al-Islam wa Qadaya al-Luju' wa'l Laj'in, published in Al-Islam wa Qadaya al-'Asr al-Ijtima'iyya
(Amman, Royal Academy for Islamic Civilization Studies, 1997) 292-308. See also, Muddathir ‘Abd al-
Rahim: “Asylum: A Moral and Legal Right in Islam” published in Refugee Survey Quarterly, Oxford,
UK, August 2008.
18 Qur'an: 8.61 (Al-Anfal).
19 Adam Mez, Jews and the Muslim conquerors of Spain, in Norman A. Stillman, The Jews of Arab

Lands, A History and Source Book, Philadelphia Jewish Publication Society, 1979, 54.
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psychological bedrock upon which the whole system is so firmly anchored – a


crucially important point that has eluded many commentators including some who
have expressed great admiration for its actual working and practical results.

Under Islamic law, non-Muslim residents, were traditionally described as


Dhimmis or Ahl al-Dhimma, literally 'people of the pact or agreement' in reference,
that is, to the perpetual pact or agreement in accordance with which Muslims,
individually and collectively, have undertaken since the days of the Prophet to respect
and protect the rights of non-Muslims to life, property, religious belief and practice,
movement, marriage and the right to bring up their children according to their
respective faiths.

In addition, Dhimmis enjoyed a substantial degree of autonomy or self-


government which enabled members of each religious community [better known
under the Ottomans as Millets] to manage their own affairs and to settle their personal
and other disputes in accordance with the rules and traditions of their respective
faiths. If they were dissatisfied with their own communal justice they had the right to
seek justice and settlement of disputes in Islamic courts – but that was an option
which, it was always clearly understood, they could take or leave as they saw fit.
Commenting on the latitudinous extent of the degree of self-government that the Jews
and Christians in particular enjoyed under the banner of Islam, the late Princeton
University professor S.D Goitein began and concluded the second volume of his
magisterial study of the Jewish communities of the Arab world as portrayed in the
Cairo Geniza by highlighting the fact that the said Christian and Jewish communities
living under Islam during the High Middle Ages actually

"formed a state not only within a state but beyond the state, because they
owed loyalty to the heads and to the central bodies of their respective
denominations, even though these were found in a foreign, or even hostile
country … while [they] shared with their Muslim compatriots their language,
economy and most of their social notions and habits, their communal life was
left mainly to their own initiative."20

It was in the light of such considerations that, some two centuries earlier, the
renowned English philosopher and political theorist John Locke, one of the chief
architects of modern Western liberal thought, urged his compatriots and coreligionists
to admire and emulate the way Muslims tolerated Christians and Jews and made it
possible for their various denominations to worship freely as they saw fit. 21 Pointing
out the absurdity of the fact that Calvinists and Armenians, for example, could thus
freely practice their faiths in Constantinople but not in Christian Europe, Locke then
warned in his classic Letter Concerning Toleration (1689) that “the Turks [would]
meanwhile silently stand by and laugh to see with what inhuman cruelty Christians
thus rage against Christians.”22

20 S.D. Goitein, A Mediterranean Society, Berkeley, Los Angeles University of Los Angeles and
London, 1971, vol 2, 1,403 407
21 Nabil Matar, “John Locke and the ‘Turbaned Nations’”, Journal of Islamic Studies 2:1 (1991), 72.
22 John Locke, A Letter Concerning Toleration, introd. Patrick Remanell (New York: Bob Merill, 1955)

25, cited in Ibid. See also The Works of John Locke – A New Edition, Corrected vol. VI (Aalen,
Germany: Scientia Verlorg, 1963), 18.
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More recently, and from a wider comparative perspective, the Special


Rapporteur of the UN’s Commission on Prevention of Discrimination and Protection
of Minorities, succinctly stated that, while in Western societies the protection of
minorities within the framework of municipal law “was achieved gradually and fairly
slowly from the eighteenth century onwards… in The Muslim countries the various
Christian churches and Jewish communities already enjoyed very considerable
tolerance under the Caliphs. Later, the Muslim States adopted the ‘millet’ system
which granted to non-Muslim religious communities complete independence in the
management of their affairs.”23

To be sure the said system did not always run smoothly and sectarian
conflicts did occur sometimes.24 But these were essentially aberrations in a situation
where minorities25- whose protection, in accordance with Islam’s worldview clearly
and coherently reflected in the ethical and juridical injunctions of the Shari’a, was a
fundamental spiritual and ethical obligation of individual Muslims as well as Muslim
societies and states – were able, not only to survive through even the hardest times
until the present day, but also to participate and prosper, sometimes in remarkably
prominent fashion, in the economic, social, cultural and even political life of the
larger, Muslim, community.

23 Frencesco Capotori, Special Rapporteur of the Sub-Commission on Prevention of Discrimination and


Protection of Minorities: Study On The Rights of Persons Belonging to Ethnic, Religious And Linguistic
Minorities, UN, Doc E/CN.4/Sub 2 384/Rev 1, New York, 1979.
24
Cf. Muddathir ‘Abd al-Rahim: The Human Rights Tradition in Islam (op. cit), Chapter 3: The
Interplay of Theory and Practice – Questions of Gender and Minorities.
25 It will be remembered that, historically speaking, minorities in Muslim societies comprised

Zoroastrians or Parsis, Hindus, Janes and others as well as Christians and Jews of various denominations.
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AMAR MAKRUF NAHI MUNGKAR MENURUT AL-QURAN DAN KAEDAH


PELAKSANAANNYA OLEH FRONT PEMBELA ISLAM
DI BANDA ACEH

M. Riza Muarrif1
Prof Madya. Dr. Mustaffa Abdullah 2

Abstrak

Artikel ini bertujuan mengupas konsep amar makruf nahi


mungkar dengan meneliti ayat-ayat yang berkaitan dengannya
dalam al-Quran. Satu kajian terhadap kaedah pelaksanaan amar
makruf nahi mungkar yang dilakukan oleh Front Pembela Islam
di Banda Aceh untuk menentukan ketepatan pelaksanaan
tersebut dan konsepnya yang dianjurkan dalam al-Quran.
Metode yang diguna pakai dalam kajian ini ialah analisis
deskriptif kualitatif serta pengambilan kesimpulan dengan cara
induktif dan deduktif. Dapatan awal menunjukkan bahawa frasa
“amar makruf” dengan “nahi mungkar” yang terdapat dalam al-
Quran selalu bergandingan dan tidak terpisah. Hasil kajian juga
menunjukkan bahawa kaedah yang diguna pakai oleh Front
Pembela Islam dari aspek amar makruf nahi mungkar selari
dengan asas yang diajarkan Islam melalui pendedahan ulama
terhadap ayat-ayat al-Quran. Pada tahap pelaksanaan dalam
realiti masyarakat, Front Pembela Islam didapati melakukan
modifikasi amar makruf nahi mungkar selaras dengan prosedur
hukum negara. Hasil kajian juga didapati bahawa, tiada
keseimbangan kaedah-kaedah terhadap amar makruf dan nahi
mungkar oleh Front Pembela Islam di Banda Aceh yang lebih
memfokuskan pada kegiatan nahi mungkar berbanding amar
makruf.

Kata kunci: Amar Makruf, Nahi Mungkar, al-Quran, Front


Pembela Islam, Banda Aceh.

1 Pelajar Pascasiswazah (Sarjana), Jabatan Al-Quran dan Al-Hadith, Akademi Pengajian Islam,
Universiti Malaya.
2 Pensyarah Jabatan Al-Quran Dan Al-Hadith, Akademi Pengajian Islam Universiti Malaya.

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Pengenalan

Islam adalah agama yang praktikal bukan semata-mata teori. Oleh sebab itu di dalam
Al-Quran Allah SWT memerintahkan hambanya supaya beramal kerana Allah SWT
dan Rasul SAW serta orang-orang beriman menilai kerja kita bukan menilai
percakapan atau teori. Hal ini adalah selalu diamalkan oleh Rasulullah SAW
sebagaimana tugas beliau adalah untuk menyeru kepada yang baik dan melarang
daripada perbuatan yang tidak baik dan dibenci oleh Allah SWT.

Kehidupan umat Islam di dunia ini terdapat banyak golongan atau


kelompok-kelompok yang cuba untuk meneruskan risalah dakwah kepada kebaikan
ini, ada yang berupa seruan melalui ceramah-ceramah keislaman dan ada juga yang
bergerak dari segi pelaksanaan langsung di lapangan, dengan membawa mesej
penerapan amar makruf nahi mungkar tersebut lebih mengena kepada objek dan
tujuan yang diinginkan.

Di antara golongan dalam penegakan syariat tersebut yang sekarang ini


masih ada di Aceh adalah Front Pembela Islam (FPI). Awal penubuhannya setelah
terjadinya Tsunami di Aceh pada tahun 2004 yang lalu. Secara zahir golongan ini
mempunyai misi iaitu menegakkan syariat aturan Islam dan menolak kemungkaran,
namun visi dan cara serta kedudukan yang menjadikan tanggapan berbeza menurut
aturan dan pandangan masyarakat daerah itu sendiri. Oleh kerana itu, dalam kajian ini
pengkaji ingin mendedahkan tentang perbincangan amar makruf nahi mungkar yang
terdapat dalam al-Quran dan kaedah pelaksanaan amar makruf nahi mungkar yang
dilaksanakan oleh FPI di Banda Aceh.

Pembahasan

Maksud Amar Makruf dan Nahi Mungkar

Istilah “amar” berasal daripada kata arab “‫”األمر‬. Ianya adalah kata dasar kata bahasa
arab “amara” yang bermaksud menyuruh atau meminta melakukan sesuatu. Namun,
jika kata ini berbentuk al-amir, ia bermaksud pemerintah atau pemegang kekuasaan. 3
Pada sudut yang lain, istilah ini juga diertikan sebagai mengajak dan menggalakkan
seseorang supaya menuju kepada kebaikan. 4 Adapun ianya juga berasal daripada kata
“amarahu, amran, amiran dan ammaran” yang bermaksud menuntut seseorang
melakukan sesuatu.5 Namun, apa yang dimaksudkan dengan amar makruf disini ialah
mengajak seseorang supaya melakukan sesuatu yang bertepatan dengan kehendak
syarak sekaligus mengharapkan keredaan Allah SWT.

Adapun istilah “makruf” dalam kajian ini adalah membawa maksud


kemasyhuran, kebaikan, rezeki dan ihsan6. Dalam rujukan lainnya juga didapati kata
al-ma’ruf juga bermakna perbuatan yang baik dan ia berlawanan maksud dengan

3 Ibn Manzur, Lisan al-Arab, jz. 1. (Al-Qahirah: Dar al-Hadith, 2003), 212.
4 ‘Abd al-Mu’iz ‘Abd al-Satar, al-Amr bi al-Makruf wa al-Nahy an al-Munkar. (Beirut: al-Maktab al-
Islami, 1980), 10.
5 Luwis Ma’luf al-Yassu’i, “Al-Munjid”, cet. 22, 13.
6 Ibid., 470.

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kemungkaran. 7 Ini bermakna, ia merupakan kata nama yang mencakupi segala hal
yang dinilai baik oleh syarak dan juga akal serta naluri manusia.8

Adapun maksud makruf dari aspek istilah terdapat beberapa maksud, sesuai
dengan firman Allah SWT, di antaranya Ali ‘Imran 3:114. Daripada ayat ini,
penafsiran terhadap kata “al-ma’ruf” iaitu segala bentuk kepatuhan dan ikutan kepada
Rasulullah SAW. 9 Sebagaimana yang telah dimaklumkan bahawasanya Rasulullah
SAW adalah sebagai kekasih sekaligus juga penyampai amanah ajaran Islam kepada
seluruh umat, serta menjadi contoh yang sempurna bagi umatnya.

Makruf juga dapat dimaknakan dengan perbuatan yang baik dan bermanfaat
bagi kehidupan diri sendiri, orang lain serta masyarakat manakala perbuatan mungkar
tidak bermanfaat atau bermakna yang dapat merugikan masyarakat. Tugas amar
makruf nahi mungkar adalah untuk menentukan sikap hidup umat Islam, iaitu harus
menggalakkan agar berbuat baik, mencegah kejahatan, mempunyai identiti beriman,
berpendirian dan berkepribadian.10

Banyak amal kebaikan yang dikategorikan termasuk perbuatan yang


dianjurkan oleh Allah SWT, sama ada ianya temasuk dalam perbuatan amal soleh
secara hablu min Allah mahupun hablu min al-nas. Di antara perbuatan kebaikan
yang berkaitan langsung dengan Allah SWT seperti taat kepada Nya, ikhlas,
beribadah, dan melakukan perbuatan hanya kerana Allah SWT. Adapun yang
berkaitan dengan sesama manusia seperti, membantu sesama umat manusia jika
memerlukan pertolongan, saling menegur sapa dalam mengingatkan kepada kebaikan,
menghubungkan silaturahim, mengeluarkan perkataan yang baik dan sopan dalam
segala perbuatan yang mengangkat darjat hamba lainnya secara individu mahupun
secara jamaah. Lazimnya amar makruf dan nahi mungkar dilaksanakan melalui
percakapan yang tujuannya ialah untuk menarik orang yang bukan Islam kepada
Islam serta mencegah orang Islam dari melakukan kemaksiatan.

Sedangkan nahi berasal dari perkataan Nahy yang bermakna cegahan,11 iaitu
larangan atau tegahan daripada sesuatu keadaan. Ianya juga bermaksud meninggalkan
sesuatu perbuatan,12 dan merupakan kata yang berlawanan dengan perkataan al-Amr.
Mungkar juga berasal dari kata Nakara yang dalam bahasa arab membawa erti
perkara-perkara yang tidak disukai dan diredhai oleh Allah SWT baik hal perkataan
mahupun perbuatan yang dikenalpasti keburukan secara syara’ atau hal yang
diharamkannya. 13 Ianya juga merupakan perkara atau perbuatan yang keji dan buruk
dan berlawanan dengan perkataan ma’ruf.14 Perkara yang termasuk dalam kategori ini

7 Ibnu Manzur, “Lisan al-Arab” jz. 6., 197.; Lihat juga Ibrahim Mustafa et. al. (t.t)., al-Mu’jam al-Wasit,
j. 1. Istanbul: Caqri Yayinlari, 601.
8
Ashraf Taha Abu al-Dahb, al-Mu’jam al-Islami, (Mesir: Dar al-Shuruq, 2002), 571; Lihat juga Al-
Manawi, ‘Abd al-Rauf, al-Tawqif ‘Ala Muhimmat al-Ta’arif. (Kaherah: Dar al-Kutub, 1990), 310.
9 Abu ‘Abd Allah Muhammad bin Ahmad al-Anshari al-Qurtubi (t.t), al-Jami’ li Ahkam Al-Quran, j.4,

.179.
10 Mohd Nakhaie b. Ahmad, Ensiklopedia Islam, (Kuala Lumpur: Malaysia Encyclopedia Research

Centre Berhad (MERC), 1998), 120.


11
Husin b. Awang (1994)., 1054.
12 Khalil al-Jurr, Larus al-Mu’jam al- Arabi al-Hadith, (Paris: Maktabah Larus, 1973), 1229.
13 ‘Abd Al-Halim, al-Islam wa al-‘Aql, (Kaherah: Dar al-Ma’arif, t.t.), 990.
14 Ibnu Manzur (1993), “Lisan al-Arab”, 312.

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juga ialah segala hal yang tidak bersesuaian dengan akal dan hati masyarakat dari
aspek pandangan kebaikan.

Imam al-Thabari berpendapat dalam menafsirkan ayat “ta’muruna bil


ma’ruf” ialah menyeru manusia supaya mengikuti Nabi Muhammad SAW dan ajaran
agama yang dibawa oleh nya. Manakala ayat “wa tanhawna ‘an al-munkar”
membawa maksud mencegah dari mengkufurkan Allah SWT dan mendustai
Rasulullah SAW serta perkara-perkara yang disampaikan oleh nya dari Allah SWT. 15

Oleh kerana hal tersebut, maka amar makruf nahi mungkar adalah suatu
ungkapan yang merujuk kepada suatu tugas ibadah atau perintah Allah SWT. Adapun
peranan amar makruf ialah menyuruh, memerintah, mengajak dan menyeru kepada
kebaikan manakala nahi mungkar ialah melarang, memberantas dan mencegah
perkara kejahatan. 16 Namun yang dimaksudkan disini adalah perbuatan amar makruf
dan nahi mungkar yang bersesuaian dengan ajaran agama dari Allah SWT melalui
nabi Muhammad SAW.

Landasan Ayat al-Quran Tentang Amar Makruf Nahi Mungkar

Merujuk kepada usaha untuk mempermudahkan dalam huraian kajian penulis yang
berkaitan rapat dengan pelaksanaan amar makruf nahi mungkar sesuai dengan ajaran
Islam, terdapat banyak firman Allah SWT dalam al-Quran yang menjadi landasan
awal bagi perintah atau suruhan untuk melakukan amar makruf nahi mungkar dalam
kehidupan bermasyarakat, seperti firman Allah SWT dalam al-Quran al-Karim surah
Ali-Imran ayat 104, Ali Imran ayat 110, Ali Imran ayat 114, Al-A’raf ayat 157, At-
Taubah ayat 71, Al-Hajj ayat 4, dan Luqman ayat 17.

Berlandaskan ayat-ayat al-Quran di atas mengenai amar makruf nahi


mungkar, maka dapat dinyatakan bahawa amar makruf nahi mungkar merupakan hal
yang penting dalam ajaran Islam, dengan banyaknya ayat-ayat dalam al-Quran yang
menyebutkan hal ini dengan beriringan antara lafaz amar makruf dan nahi mungkar.

Hukum Penerapan Amar Makruf Nahi Mungkar

Sebagaimana yang telah dimaklumkan bahawasanya penerapan amar makruf dan nahi
mungkar mempunyai peranan penting dalam kehidupan bermasyarakat untuk
menjaga kestabilan agama Islam yang mencakupi akidah, syariat, dan akhlak, supaya
semua yang diajarkan oleh Rasulullah SAW berkekalan hingga akhir zaman nantinya.
Dengan ini maka para ulama bersepakat bahawa hukumnya adalah wajib bagi setiap
muslim, bersandarkan kepada firman Allah SWT pada surat Ali Imran ayat 104.

Pemahaman yang terdapat dalam ayat ini ialah Allah SWT menyatakan
tentang kewajipan bagi setiap individu untuk melaksanakan amar makruf nahi
mungkar. Namun dalam menjelaskan akan kefardhuan hukum wajib tersebut,para
ulama berbeza pendapat sama ada ia fardhu kifayah atau fardhu ‘ain. Sebahagian

15 Abi Ja’far Muhammad bin Jarir At-Thabari, Jami’ al-Bayan ‘an Takwil Ayi al-Quran, Juz 3, cet. 3.
(Kaherah: Maktabah al-Babi al-Halabi wa Awladuhu), 38.
16 Mohd Nakhaei b. Ahmad, Ensiklopedia Islam, 120.

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daripada ulama berpendapat bahawa hukumnya ialah fardhu kifayah, yang mana
merujuk kepada asas perkataan minkum dalam ayat di atas yang menunjukkan kepada
khitab sebahagian daripada umat Islam.

Di antara ulama-ulama tersebut ialah al-Qurtubi yang menyatakan bahawa


perkataan tersebut bermaksud sebahagian daripada umat Islam (al-tab’id) yang
merujuk kepada tugas amar makruf nahi mungkar diserahkan kepada tanggungjawab
para ulama dan tidak semua manusia mempunyai kemampuan seperti ulama dalam
ilmu dan pengetahuan terhadap agama. 17 Justeru, maksud minkum dalam ayat di atas
adalah bagi tujuan pengkategorian (li bayan al-jins).18 Ini kerana Allah SWT telah
mengkhususkan mereka yang termasuk wajib dalam melaksanakan amar makruf nahi
mungkar melalui firman-Nya pada surat al-Hajj ayat 41.

Pendapat ini juga dikuatkan lagi dengan adanya pandangan daripada al-
Maraghi yang mengatakan perkataan minkum adalah ditujukan kepada keseluruhan
umat Islam supaya melantik orang yang bertanggungjawab dalam melaksanakan amar
makruf nahi mungkar,19 dan orang yang dipilih tersebut mestilah mempunyai syarat
seperti mengetahui al-Quran, al-Sunnah, sejarah Nabi Muhammad SAW serta
perjalanan hidup al-Khulafa al-Rashidun. Kemudian mereka juga mesti mengetahui
kondisi dan keadaan penerimaan sasaran dakwah ketika dakwah disampaikan, akhlak,
latar belakang masyarakat, bahasa, agama dan pegangan mazhab masyarakat
berkenaan.20 Justeru, merekalah yang dipertanggungjawabkan seharusnya mengetahui
ilmu untuk diri sendiri sebagai isi untuk disampaikan dan pengetahuan berkenaan
dengan hal tersebut sehingga menampakkan kesan kepada yang didakwahkan.

Mengenai hal itu, al-Razi berpandangan bahawa golongan atau kelompok


yang mengatakan perkataan minkum menunjukkan al-tab’id terbahagi kepada dua
golongan. Golongan pertama, mereka memberi ulasan tentang perkataan min dalam
surah Ali Imran ayat 104 adalah untuk mengecualikan mereka yang tidak mempunyai
kemampuan bagi melaksanakan amar makruf nahi mungkar seperti golongan wanita,
orang sakit dan mereka yang lemah. 21 Manakala golongan kedua pula mengatakan
perkataan min adalah pengkhususan kepada para ulama. Ini kerana orang yang bodoh
atau masyarakat awam yang cetek pengetahuannya berkemungkinan akan menyeru
seseorang kepada kebatilan dan mencegah daripada kebaikan.

Oleh yang demikian, golongan yang terlibat perlu untuk mengetahui kriteria
perkara yang baik dan buruk menurut pandangan penilaian syara’. Ini juga seperti
apabila seseorang yang hanya mengetahui ajaran mazhabnya sahaja tanpa
mempelajari dan mendalami mazhab yang lain akan berkemungkinan mencegah
daripada perkara-perkara yang bukan mungkar menurut ijtihad dalam mazhab
berkenaan.22

17 Abu ‘Abd Allah Muhammad bin Ahmad al-Anshari al-Qurtubi, Jami Al-Ulum Wa Al-Hikam, (t.t.), j.4.
165.
18 Ibid.
17 Ahmad Mustafa al-Maraghi, Tafsir al-Maraghi, j. 2, juz. 14, c. 3. (Beirut: Dar al-Kutub al-Islamiyah,

1998), 22.
20
Ibid., 23.
21 Muhammad al-Razi Fakhr al-Din bin al-Allamah Dhiya’ al-Din ‘Umar, Tafsir al-Fakhr al-Razi, j. 3.,

(Beirut: Dar al-Fikr, 2005), 153.


22 Ibid.

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Sehubungan dengan itu, seseorang yang tidak mengetahui asas ilmu tidak
dapat melaksanakan amar makruf nahi mungkar dengan baik. Dengan adanya ilmu
pengetahuan, seseorang akan mengetahui sesuatu kebaikan dan keburukan menurut
syara’ serta ia juga akan memahami bagaimana untuk menyampaikan kebaikan
tersebut dan mencegah kemungkaran yang berkenaan. 23 Oleh itu, perkataan minkum
adalah menunjukkan ketentuan kepada seseorang atau golongan iaitu li bayan al-jins
dan difokuskan kepada orang yang berilmu. 24 Walau bagaimanapun, seseorang wajib
menyuruh atau mencegah perkara yang sudah diketahui oleh umum seperti kewajipan
sembahyang, puasa, pengharaman zina, bunuh dan lain-lain lagi.25 Oleh yang
demikian, mencegah perkara yang haram dan menyuruh kepada perkara yang wajib
hukumnya adalah wajib, sementara mencegah perkara yang makruh dan menyuruh
perkara yang sunat hukumnya adalah sunat. 26 Justeru, hukum menyuruh kepada apa
yang diwajibkan dan melarang daripada perkara yang haram adalah wajib dan ianya
menjadi fardhu kifayah. Ini berlanjutan dengan kemaslahatan manusia yang mana
manusia tidak akan sempurna melainkan dengan terlaksananya suruhan kepada
kebaikan dan larangan daripada keburukan.27

Namum demikian, terdapat juga beberapa pandangan ulama yang


menyatakan bahawasanya hukum amar makruf nahi mungkar adalah wajib dan ianya
termasuk dalam fardu ‘ain. Mereka yang berpendapat sedemikian adalah seperti Ibnu
Hazm28 dan Ibn Rajab al-Hanbali. Ini disebabkan oleh sesiapa sahaja yang melihat
kemungkaran hendaklah ia mencegahnya sama ada dengan tangan, lidah atau
membencinya dengan hati. 29

Selain itu, terdapat juga pandangan yang mengatakan bahwasanya perkataan


min dalam ayat 104 surah Ali Imran bukanlah bermaksud untuk mengkhususkan
kepada golongan tertentu sahaja dalam menjalankan amar makruf nahi mungkar ini,
akan tetapi pada ayat tersebut adalah untuk menentukan secara keseluruhan atau li al-
Tabyin dan bukanlah li al-Tab’id. Ini dapat diperkuat dengan beberapa dalil daripada
al-Quran al-Karim pada surah al-Hajj 22: 30.

Berdasarkan kutipan ayat ini, Allah SWT meminta supaya menjauhkan diri
daripada penyembahan kepada berhala. Walaupun kata tersebut digunakan min dalam
ayat, namun ianya bermaksud untuk keseluruhan berhala dan bukannya ditentukan
kepada yang tertentu sahaja. 30 Begitu juga makna seperti ini yang tercatat dalam surah

23 Abu Qasim Jar Allah Mahmud bin Umar al-Zamakhshari al-Khawarizmi, Tafsir al-Kashshaf, c. 2.
(Beirut: Dar al-Ma’rifah, 2005), 187.
24 Muhammad bin ‘Ali bin Muhammad al-Shawkani, Fath al-Qadir al-Jami’ Bayn Fann al-Riwayah wa

al-Dirayah Min ‘Ilm al-Tafsir, j.1. (Kaherah: Dar al-Hadith, 2007), 498.
25 Muhammad al-Amin bin ‘Abd Allah al-Urami al-Alawi al-Shafii, Sharh Sahih Muslim al-Musamma

al-Kawwab al-Wahhaj wa al-Rawd al-Bahhaj, j. 2. (Beirut: Dar Tawq al-Najah, 2009), 405.
26 Muhammad al-Amin bin ‘Abd Allah al-Urami al-Alawi al-Shafii, Tafsir Hada’iq al-Rawh wa al-

Rayhan, j. 5. (Beirut: Dar Tawq al-Najah, 2001), 50.


27 Taqiyy al-Din Ahmad Taymiyyah, al-Hisbah Fi al-Islam, c.2. (Kaherah :T.P. 1400 H), 13. Lihat juga

pengarang yang sama (t.t.) dalam Majmu’ah al-Fatawa, j. 28. T.T.P.: al-Maktabah al-Tawfiqiyyah, 78.
28 Abu Muhammad ‘Ali bin Ahmad bin Sa’id bin Hazm, Ahkam al-Quran, jz. 2. (Beirut: Dar al-Kutub

al-Islamiyyah, 1994), 37-38.


29 Zayn al-Din Abi al-Faraj ‘Abd al-Rahman bin Syihab al-Din bin Ahmad bin Rajab al-Hanbali al-

Baghdadi (t.t.), Jami’ al-‘Ulum wa al-Hikam. T.T.P.: Dar al-Fikr, 281.


30 Muhammad al-Razi Fakhr al-Din, “Tafsir al-Fakhr al-Razi”, 153.

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Ali ‘Imran ayat 104, bermakna bahawa hukum amar makruf nahi mungkar ialah
wajib dan ia menjadi tanggungjawab setiap individu yang beragama Islam.
Disamping itu juga, al-jassas mengulas pendapat golongan ini bahawa yang terdapat
pada ayat waltakum minkum ummah adalah menunjukkan kiasan (al-Majaz), dengan
berpegang kepada dalil dari al-Quran, iaitu surah Al-Ahqaf 46:31.

Adapun hukum amar makruf nahi mungkar dari sudut pandangan hadith
yang mana berpegang kepada sabda Rasulullah SAW., ‘’Sesiapa yang melihat
kemungkaran hendaklah mencegah dengan tangannya. Jika tiada kemampuan, maka
dengan lidahnya. Jika tiada kemampuan, maka dengan hatinya. Yang demikian
adalah selemah-lemah iman.’’31

Merujuk kepada hadith di atas, dapat disimpulkan bahawa hukum terhadap


melaksanakan amar makruf nahi mungkar adalah fardhu ‘ain bagi sesiapa sahaja yang
beragama Islam yang mengetahui atau melihat kemungkaran yang berlaku pada saat
itu, walaupun hukum yang terdapat secara umumnya ialah fardhu kifayah. Bagi
mereka yang melihat kemungkaran berkenaan hendaklah ia mencegahnya bergantung
kepada kemampuan masing-masing. Ini bermakna, keseluruhan sesebuah masyarakat
akan berdosa sekiranya kemungkaran itu tidak dicegah walaupun jelas dilihat atau
diketahui.32

Akhirnya, para ulama telah bersepakat bahawa dalam menentukan hukum


amar makruf nahi mungkar adalah wajib. Namun yang menjadi perbezaan pendapat
di kalangan para ulama adalah terhadap hukum lebih mendalam daripada perintah
wajib tersebut, kerana sebahagian ulama menyatakan bahawa ianya fardhu kifayah
dan sebahagiannya lagi berpendapat bahawa ianya fardhu ‘ain. Merujuk kepada dalil-
dalil yang disebutkan di atas, maka penulis mengambil suatu kesimpulan bahawa
hukum amar makruf nahi mungkar dari segi aspek umumnya adalah fardhu kifayah,
kerana tidak semua umat Islam yang melihat dan mengetahui suatu kemungkaran atau
kemaksiatan yang berlaku terutamanya bagi mereka yang tinggal di daerah terpencil
dan tidak ada pengetahuan tentang cara mencegah kemungkaran. Oleh sebab itu,
suatu kewajipan bagi orang muslim lainnya yang melihat dan mengetahui suatu
perkara kemungkaran untuk mencegah dan melarangnya agar golongan umat Islam
yang lain terlepas daripada dosa meninggalkannya. Namun pada zaman sekarang ini
telah banyak dicemari dengan kemaksiatan dan kemungkaran dan sepatutnya umat
Islam menyedari bahawa kewajipan dalam mencegah kemungkaran tidak seharusnya
menjadi kewajipan yang dibebankan kepada ulama sahaja, akan tetapi setiap individu
juga mempunyai peranan penting dalam amar makruf nahi mungkar sama ada di
ruang lingkup individu atau peribadi, keluarga, masyarakat dan negara. Jikalau amar
makruf nahi mungkar ini diabaikan, maka sudah pasti kemungkaran dan kemaksiatan
akan cepat tersebar secara berleluasa yang mana akan menimbulkan sesebuah
masyarakat yang mendapatkan kemurkaan dari Allah SWT.

31 Muhyi al-Din Abi Zakariyya Yahya bin Sharaf al-Nawawi, Shahih Muslim bi Sharh al-Nawawi, jz. 2,
Bab Bayan Kawn al-Nahy ‘an Munkar min al-Iman wa Anna al-Iman Yazid wa Yanqus. (Beirut: Dar al-
Fikr, 1981), 22.
32 Musa Shahin Lashin, Fath al-Mun’im Sharh Shahih Muslim, jz. 1. (Kaherah: Dar al-Syuruq, 2002),

185.
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Kaedah Pelaksanaan Amar Makruf Nahi Mungkar oleh FPI Banda Aceh

Kaedah yang menjadi pengangan dan amalan bagi FPI dalam penerapan amar makruf
nahi mungkar melalui beberapa prosedur yang berbeza sesuai dengan tempat dan
permasalahan kemaksiatan dan kemungkaran. Sehingga dalam pelaksanaan menjadi
kesamaan Prosedur Standard antar setiap posko kelaskaran FPI bagi seluruh
anggotanya, termasuk juga di Banda Aceh. Adapun prosedur tersebut ialah :

a. Prosedur Menutup Tempat Maksiat Illegal (Tanpa Izin Sah Pemerintah).


Prosedur mekanisme yang ditempuh dalam kategori kemungkaran seperti ini
ialah:
- Mengirimkan surat protes dan peringatan keras kepada pemilik / pengusaha
tempat maksiat tersebut, dengan memaklumkan kepada Lurah 33, Camat34,
Kapolsek35, Danramil dan ulama setempat sebagai berita serta ke Mabes FPI
sebagai laporan.
- Apabila tiada maklum balas atau respon dalam masa sekurang-kurangnya
satu minggu dan paling lambat dalam masa satu bulan, maka akan
melibatkan masyarakat setempat untuk mengambil inisiatif lain dalam usaha
menutup tempat maksiat tersebut, dengan kerjasama daripada pihak Mabes
FPI dan badan pemerintah yang berkuasa.

b. Prosedur Menutup Tempat Maksiat Legal (Rasmi Izin Pemerintah).


- Mengirimkan surat protes dan tuntutan pertama kepada Ketua kampung
dengan memaklumkan kepada pemilik / penguasa tempat maksiat tersebut,
Binmas, Babinsa dan ulama setempat serta ke Mabes FPI sebagai laporan
dan pemberitahuan.

- Sekiranya dalam masa satu minggu atau satu bulan tiada maklum balas, maka
dari FPI akan mengirimkan surat protes dan tuntutan kedua kepada Camat,
dengan memaklumkan kepada pemilik / penguasa tempat maksiat tersebut,
Kapolsek, Danramil, dan ulama peringkat kecamatan setempat serta Mabes
LPI sebagai laporan dan pemberitahuan serta dilampirkan surat protes yang
pertama.

- Jika dalam masa satu minggu / satu bulan tiada maklum balas, maka FPI
akan mengirimkan surat protes dan tuntutan yang ketiga kepada
Walikota/Bupati, dengan memaklumkan kepada pemilik tempat kemaksiatan
tersebut, DPRD tk. II, Kapolres, Dandim dan Ulama kotamadya/kabupaten

33 Ketua Kampung
34 Ketua Daerah
35 Ketua polis distric yang mempunyai kekuasaan dalam menegakkan hukum negara.

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setempat serta Mabes LPI sebagai laporan dan pemberitahuan dengan


dilampirkan surat protes pertama dan kedua.
- Kemudian jika selepas satu minggu atau satu bulan juga tiada maklum balas,
maka FPI akan mengirimkan surat protes dan tuntutan terakhir (ultimatum)
ke Gabenor dengan memaklumkan kepada pemilik tempat maksiat tersebut,
DPRD tingkat I, Kapolwil, Kapolda, Danrem, Pangdam, dan Ulama provinsi
setempat serta Mabes LPI sebagai laporan dan pemberitahuan dengan
dilampirkan surat pertama, kedua dan ketiga.

- Bilamana selepas satu bulan tiada sebarang maklum balas, maka mereka
akan melibatkan masyarakat setempat untuk mengambil inisiatif lain dalam
usaha menutup tempat maksiat tersebut, yang dalam pelaksanaannya
melibatkan kerja sama dengan Mabes LPI dan badan berautoriti serta
keamanan yang berkuasa. 36

c. Prosedur Pentadbiran

- Setiap surat yang dikirim mesti ada tanda terima dan dibuat salinan untuk
disimpan dengan baik.

- Setiap surat yang dikirim harus dilampirkan dengan salinan pernyataan


masyarakat setempat tentang ketidaksetujuan mereka dengan keberadaan
tempat maksiat tersebut, dan dilengkapi dengan tanda tangan mereka
sebanyak-banyaknya. Adapun surat aslinya disimpan sebagai bukti.

- Setiap surat yang dikirim mesti dilampirkan dengan bukti adanya


kemaksiatan di tempat maksiat tersebut, dengan foto/rakam video tentang
transaksi maksiat yang terjadi di dalamnya, atau barang bukti lainnya.

- Setiap surat yang dikirim dianjurkan untuk diteruskan kepada media, baik
media massa cetak mahupun elektronik untuk kepentingan publikasi dalam
pembentukan pendapat.

- Selama proses pengiriman surat, dianjurkan untuk melakukan pengumpulan


cadangan anti maksiat melalui diskusi, sidang media, pamplet, sepanduk,
pelekat dan bentuk penerbitan atau publisiti lain yang disebarluaskan dalam
masyarakat setempat. Sekiranya diperlukan, pertunjukan demontrasi damai
ke tempat maksiat tersebut dan badan berkenaan.

d. Prosedur Dalaman Menutup Tempat Maksiat


- Ada kesepakatan antara Rais, Amir, dan Qaid ke-laskaran FPI setempat.
- Ada persetujuan DPC/ DPW FPI setempat.

36 Abu Bakar al-Guessya (Setiausaha DPW FPI Banda Aceh), dalam temu bual dengan penulis pada
tarikh 1 Mac 2015.
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- Ada koordinasi dengan Mabes LPI. 37

e. Larangan dalam prosedur standard


Pada peringkat mengenai larangan dalam tindakan prosedur standard organisasi,
Font Pembela Islam menetapkan beberapa persyaratan yang mesti diperhatikan
dan ditepati oleh setiap anggota FPI yang melaksanakan nahi mungkar di
lapangan, persyaratan tersebut ialah:
1. Dilarang bagi setiap anggota memeras, merampas, merompak, merosak,
membakar, menganiaya dan membunuh.
2. Dilarang mengganggu orang atau pihak manapun yang tidak bersalah.
3. Dilarang melakukan penipuan, penghinaan dan mencabul kehormatan serta
segala bentuk kemaksiatan.
4. Dilarang melawan badan berautoriti secara fizikal.
5. Dilarang menggunakan senjata tajam dan senjata api, bahan bakar dan
peledak.

f. Prosedur Pembelaan Diri

Pembekalan/latihan terhadap pembelaan diri juga dipandang penting oleh FPI,


sehingga menjadi keseragaman dan kesamaan dalam pelaksanaan di lapangan.
Tahapan yang digunakan ialah:

1. Mengalahkan lawan dengan cara yang paling rendah risikonya.

2. Selepas dikalahkan wajib menyerahkannya kepada badan yang berautoriti.

3. Ketika keadaan terpaksa dan terdesak maka dibenarkan pembelaan dengan


cara yang paling tegas dan keras, hal itu hanya berlaku dalam konteks bela
paksa (defense forced) atau bela diri (self-defense).

g. Prosedur Menangani Risiko Pelaksanaan

1.1.1 Prosedur yang digunakan oleh FPI dalam menangani risiko pelaksanaan mesti

melihat kepada kondisi dan keadaan yang didapati di lapangan, seperti berikut:

1. Sekiranya pelaksanaan Laskar FPI yang sesuai dengan prosedur


mengakibatkan adanya aktivis Laskar FPI yang berurusan dengan polis, maka
Mabes LPI berkewajipan melakukan upaya pembelaan hukum secara
professional, baik dalam hal litigasi 38 mahupun perakuan.
2. Sekiranya aktivis Laskar FPI tersebut terpaksa harus ditahan/dipenjara
sebagai bahagian daripada risiko perjuangan, maka segenap aktivis Laskar
FPI berkewajipan untuk sentiasa memperhatikan kondisinya, serta

37Al-Habib Muhammad Rizieq bin Husein Syihab “Dialog FPI”, 253.


38Proses pembicaraan undang-undang di mahkamah (sama ada utk membela atau menentang sesuatu
kes).
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berkewajipan untuk membantu keluarga yang menjadi tanggungannya selama


mana yang terlibat menjalani hukuman.
3. Jika terjadi korban jiwa daripada Barisan Laskar FPI, maka segenap aktivis
FPI berkewajipan untuk ikut serta dalam menguruskan jenazahnya serta
membantu segala keperluan bagi keluarga yang ditinggalkan mangsa.
4. Jika pergerakan tersebut menimbulkan kerugian pada pihak ketiga yang tidak
bersalah dan tidak ada kaitan dengan kemaksiatan yang ada, sebagai akses di
lapangan yang terkadang tidak terkendali dan tanpa disengaja, maka Mabes
LPI berkewajipan meminta maaf serta mengganti segala kerugian yang terjadi
kepada pihak yang menjadi mangsa, dan oknum FPI yang berbuat perihal
tersebut mesti bertanggungjawab.

h. Prosedur Memenuhi Permintaan Umat Dalam Hal Menutup Tempat Maksiat.


Maksud dari prosedur ini ialah apabila umat Islam meminta bantuan kepada FPI
untuk menutup suatu tempat maksiat, maka hal yang harus dipenuhi terlebih
dahulu ialah:
1. Surat permohonan Umat yang ditulis secara rasmi yang ditujukan kepada FPI.
2. Tanda tangan warga sekitar tempat maksiat yang meresahkan warga
sebanyak-banyaknya.
3. Pelaksanaan siasatan oleh FPI ke lokasi yang dilaporkan oleh umat untuk
tabayyun sekaligus menghimpun dan mendapatkan bukti.
4. FPI mengikuti prosedur standard Gerakan Anti Maksiat bagi organisasi
sebagaimana yang dimaklumkan di atas.39

Penetapan prosedur-prosedur standard sebagaimana penjelasan di atas yang


sesuai daripada hasil petunjuk gerak kerja FPI dengan keselarasan antara Hukum
Agama dan Hukum Negara. Hal ini juga termasuk sebahagian daripada usaha
mengikuti sunnatullah bagi mencapai tujuan perjuangan FPI untuk mewujudkan
pelaksanaan aturan negara/wilayah sesuai ajaran Islam melalui penerapan amar
makruf nahi mungkar.

Dapatan Kajian Pelaksanaan Amar Makruf Nahi Mungkar Oleh FPI.

Kajian terhadap kumpulan organisasi Front Pembela Islam (FPI) di Banda Aceh
sekarang ini mendapati, organisasi ini lebih memberikan tumpuan kepada nahi
mungkar berbanding dengan amar makruf. Hal ini tampak daripada latar belakang
awal penubuhan FPI di Indonesia umumnya dengan argument bahawa maksud awal
penubuhan organisasi ini adalah untuk mengisi aspek kekosongan yang terjadi dalam
kehidupan masyarakat. Majoriti organisasi-organisasi Islam yang berkembang pada
saat itu lebih fokus kepada amar makruf dan menkesampingkan nahi mungkar
daripada amalan-amalan yang menyimpang daripada ajaran Islam. Pembuktian yang
sama juga dapat dilihat pada prosedur mekanisme asas pergerakan FPI yang penulis
huraikan pada bab tiga sebelumnya. Prosedur yang sesuai dengan ketetapan pedoman
AD/ART tersebut lebih banyak mengatur pencapaian visi dan misi organisasi dengan

39 Al-Habib Muhammad Rizieq bin Husein Syihab “Dialog FPI”, 251-255


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tata cara dalam nahi mungkar sahaja, dan hanya sedikit menyentuh aspek amar
makruf.

a. Prosedur menutup tempat maksiat illegal.

Prosedur pelaksanaan yang dilakukan pada kategori ini, dengan melalui jalur hukum
negara iaitu menampakkan protes secara peringatan awal dengan cara protes tegas
kepada tempat maksiat tersebut. Kemudian menunggu respon maklum balas dalam
masa yang ditentukan sebelum melakukan tindakan pada peringkat seterusnya yang
lebih keras, melalui koordinasi mendapatkan persetujuan daripada Mabes FPI sebagai
pihak yang bertanggung jawab pada setiap aksi yang dilakukan. Yang juga
melibatkan masyarakat yang bersepakat untuk menghilangkan aktiviti kemaksiatan
yang berlaku pada tempat tersebut.

Pada tahap ketentuan pelaksanaan yang telah ditetapkan oleh ulama Islam
yang berpedoman kepada ulasan dalil-dalil al-Quran. Prosedur yang dijalankan
menepati tahap peringkat awal daripada peringatan dan seruan yang bersesuaian
dengan Islam iaitu maw’izah hasanah yang bermaksud peringatan dengan teguran
awal melalui nada tegas dan nyata. Seterusnya yang dilakukan oleh Front Pembela
Islam adalah menyesuaikan aturan Islam dengan keadaan yang berlaku pada suatu
tempat dan daerah. Dalam hal ini seperti pemberian surat rasmi serta pemberitahuan
berita kepada badan yang berkuasa dan kawasan tersebut sebagai makluman perkara
tersebut bertentangan dengan Islam yang berlaku dalam batasan kekuasaan yang
menjadi tanggung jawab pemerintahan. Ini bertujuan untuk menyedarkan pemerintah
terlebih dahulu bagi membanteras perkara-perkara tersebut, disebabkan jika dilihat
melalui aturan daerah juga bersalah kerana tiada izin rasmi berlakunya kemungkaran
tersebut.

Namun menurut penulis dapati pada pelaksanaan di lapangan yang dilakukan


oleh FPI Banda Aceh terhadap contoh kes tempat pelacuran tidak menepati prosedur
standard pergerakan, realiti metode dan prosedur lapangan yang digunakan tidak
mengikut kepada ketentuan mekanisme yang telah dipersetujui. Akan tetapi, mereka
menggunakan prosedur spontan tanpa melalui jalur surat pemberitahuan terlebih
dahulu kepada jawatan keamanan yang berautoriti di wilayah tersebut. Menurut
pandangan penulis hal ini tidak bersesuaian dengan senarai prosedur aturan yang
telah menjadi ketetapan pergerakan dalam perkara kemaksiatan tersebut sebagaimana
telah dihuraikan pada bab tiga. Hal ini jelas di dalam al-Quran yang menyatakan
untuk membanteras segala aktiviti-aktiviti serupa yang dapat menimbulkan kerosakan
yang lebih besar bagi kehidupan sosial masyarakat dan juga kepada generasi hadapan.
Namun metode dalam menghadapi perkara tersebut juga perlu diberi perhatian
kepada garis-garis yang telah ditentukan oleh ulama dalam memahami makna al-
Quran, iaitu maw’izah al-hasanah mahupun jidal bil al-ihsan, yang bermaksud
sekiranya itu adalah hal kemungkaran, maka lebih didahulukan dengan cara yang baik
dalam mencegahnya kecuali perkara tersebut sudah berulang kali dan berada pada
tingkatan yang tidak boleh ditempuh dengan cara maw’idhah hasanah dan jadal bi al-
ihsan.

b. Prosedur menutup tempat maksiat legal.

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Pada perkara yang melibatkan faktor izin rasmi dari pemerintah terhadap penubuhan
suatu tempat maksiat, kaedah yang diguna pakai oleh FPI mengenai hal ini juga tidak
jauh berbeza dengan prosedur sebelumnya. Namun pada permasalahan jenis ini, FPI
melakukan protes dengan lebih tegas dan memperluas pemberitahuan kepada
lembaga-lembaga yang beroutoriti pada suatu kawasan serta pemberitahuan yang
berulang-ulang dengan konteks lebih luas mengikut kepada peringkat pemerintahan
yang berkuasa. Dalam hal ini bermula dari peringkat geuchik (kepala kampung),
kecamatan, walikota (pemerintah bandar), DPR (lembaga legislatif), dan juga kepada
badan jawatan kuasa keamanan (polis) yang berkuasa.

Penulis dapati hal ini membuktikan bahawa secara mekanisme mereka


menepati cara yang bersesuaian dengan cara yang Islam tentukan, iaitu dengan
menggunakan metode peringatan secara perlahan dan halus pada awal pergerakan.
Bermula dari peringatan dan pemberitahuan kepada peringkat kampung sehingga
berterusan ke peringkat Bandar dan provinsi sesuai maklum balas yang dilakukan
oleh tempat kemaksiatan tersebut. Sekiranya tiada maklum balas sama sekali dari
semua pihak yang telah diberikan surat protes dan tuntutan sesuai prosedur, maka
seterusnya pada kondisi seperti ini mereka akan melibatkan komuniti masyarakat
untuk bersama-sama untuk mengambil inisiatif menutup tempat itu melalui kerjasama
dengan Mabes LPI dan badan keamanan kawasan.

Merujuk kapada teori awal yang ditetapkan mengenai mekanisme kaedah


yang tetapkan oleh ulama, maka prosedur FPI adalah selari dengan kaedah yang ada
daripada dalil-dalil al-Quran dan al-Hadith dalam memenuhi tahapan dalam Islam dan
rukun-rukun yang diperlukan ketika pelaksanaan terhadap masyarakat.

Mengenai kes yang kategori prosedur yang disebut dalam hal kedua ini,
analisa penulis tidak mendapati tempat kemaksiatan yang sah dan mendapatkan izin
daripada pemerintah Banda Aceh. Hal tersebut tidak bersesuaian dengan keadaan
provinsi Aceh telah mendapatkan autonomi khusus pasca Memorandum of
Understanding (MoU) perdamaian pada tahun 2006. Isi butiran perdamaian tersebut
ialah untuk menjalankan undang-undang syariat Islam yang telah disahkan oleh
DPRA (Lembaga Legislatif) dan laksanakan oleh semua pemimpin pemerintahan
kota dan kabupaten yang ada di Aceh. Kota Banda Aceh mempunyai sokongan yang
kuat dari pemerintah yang memimpin saat ini. 40 Pembuktian ini dengan ikut serta
kerjasama walikota Banda Aceh dalam hampir kesemua pembanterasan aktiviti
kemaksiatan yang berlaku Banda Aceh.

Seterusnya komuniti masyarakat tempatan di kota Banda Aceh juga


memberikan sokongan kepada rancangan kerja yang dicadangkan oleh walikota sama
ada penambahbaikan dan peningkatan daripada aspek realisasi butiran undang-
undang syariat Islam mahupun aspek sosial kehidupan masyarakat.

c. Prosedur pentadbiran

Perbincangan analisis mengenai mekanisme kaedah dalam pentadbiran yang


dicadangkan oleh Front Pembela Islam dalam ketetapan Munas pada tahun 2013.

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Pada point pertama dan kedua dinyatatakan setiap surat yang dikirimkan oleh Front
kepada tempat maksiat yang berlaku aktiviti tidak sesuai dengan ajaran Islam,
penyertaan bukti terima dan mesti menjadi simpanan arkip oleh setiausaha dengan
baik dan aman, serta dinyatakan juga untuk lampiran surat pernyataan daripada
masyarakat setempat yang tidak bersetuju dengan suatu kemasiatan yang berlaku
pada daerah tersebut. Pada tahapan lainnya pemberitahuan kepada media sama ada
media cetak mahupun elektronik untuk publikasi berupa pandangan mengenai perkara
yang berlaku.

Secara kaedah tertulis yang berlaku menepati dengan ketentuan yang telah
digariskan oleh Islam dengan penyesuaian kaedah tersebut dengan keadaan ketentuan
undang-undang negara dan daerah pelaksanaan prosedur mencegah kemungkaran dan
kemaksiatan. Hal ini juga sesuai dengan prinsip asas pergerakan Front iaitu “Dilarang
melanggar hukum Agama dan hukum Negara”.

Namun analisis penulis dengan data hasil observasi dan analisis temu bual
dengan petinggi FPI Banda Aceh semasa melaksanakan kajian ini, penulis mendapati
keterangan yang ditutupi mengenai penyimpanan cadangan arkip surat-surat yang
telah diterbitkan atau dikirim kepada tempat berlakunya kemungkaran. Ini bermaksud
bahawa tidak sesuai pelaksanaan dengan peraturan atau ketetapan yang telah menjadi
asas organisasi. Seterusnya penulis mendapati dalam kajian prosedur berkenaan tidak
berlaku secara tersusun mengikut kaedah di atas. Pembuktian hal ini ialah tiada
sempurna/lengkap dokumen penting yang penulis minta kepada sekretaris FPI Banda
Aceh berkenaan dengan surat-surat teguran kemaksiatan sama ada pemberitahuan
pertama kepada tempat kemungkaran mahupun surat pemberitahuan kepada jawatan
kuasa yang bertanggung jawab pada kawasan tersebut. 41

Faktor penyebab hal ini ialah pandangan ringan oleh FPI Banda Aceh
terhadap penyimpanan arkip salinan surat mahupun berita pemberitahuan setiap
pergerakan dalam suatu tempat adalah penting. Ini menyebabkan kecenderungan
beranggapan bahawa hal tersebut tidak penting dan tidak ada lembaga manapun yang
akan memeriksa kelengkapan dokumen tersebut. Sebab FPI adalah suatu organisasi
independent (tiada kaitan dengan pemerintahan), sehingga tidak ada kumpulan khusus
untuk mengaudit organisasi ini sebagai organisasi atas kesedaran dan keridhaan
bersama. Hal ini dikesan bilamana organisasi saling faham ketika adanya kekurangan
dalam pentadbiran. Faktor lainnya juga matlamat organisasi yang lebih memberikan
tumpuan berat kepada pelaksanaan nyata terhadap kehidupan masyarakat berkenaan
dengan amar makruf nahi mungkar.

Hal ini membuktikan tidak konsisten dan tanggung jawab daripada FPI
Banda Aceh terhadap salinan atau askip semestinya disimpan untuk menjadi rujukan
lanjutan dalam suatu perkara. Bagi mengelakkan hal tersebut berulang dengan
penghantaran surat dan keputusan peringkat tindakan yang sepatutnya dilakukan pada
masa hadapan. Analisis penulis menyatakan perlu hal ini dilakukan untuk mencapai
kejayaan dalam pelaksanaan amar makruf nahi mungkar di kota Banda Aceh.

d. Prosedur dalaman menutup tempat maksiat

41Hasil temu bual dengan Abu Bakar al-Guessya (Setiausaha DPW FPI Banda Aceh) pada tarikh 1 Mac
2015.
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Berdasarkan pada prosedur dalaman yang mesti dilakukan oleh setiap


anggota FPI dalam menjalankan suatu pergerakan ialah mendapatkan persetujuan
Rais, Amir dan Qaid Laskar FPI terlebih dahulu daripada hasil mensyuarat DPC atau
DPW FPI setempat (iaitu FPI Banda Aceh). Sudah menjadi keharusan langkah awal
sebelum tahapan tingkatan selanjutnya di lakukan, agar pergerakan yang dilaksanakan
berlaku kesatuan umum anggota FPI dan tiada percanggahan pendapat sekiranya
suatu pergerakan dilakukan dengan bersama-sama.

Hal ini dapat dikesan daripada perbincangan temu bual dengan anggota FPI
Banda Aceh semasa melakukan satu demo protes dan tunjuk perasaan yang dilakukan
terhadap suatu aktiviti-aktiviti yang tidak sesuai dengan ajaran Islam yang berlaku
dimana-mana institusi ataupun tempat-tempat di kawasan Banda Aceh. Hal ini
penulis dapati melalui ikut serta penulis bersama FPI Banda Aceh dan komponen
masyarakat serta pelajar sekolah dalam demontrasi protes damai kepada jabatan-
jabatan kuasa penting seperti Polresta dan KAJARI42 di Banda Aceh bertujuan
menuntut untuk tidak dibebaskannya serta menuntut hukuman berat kepada beberapa
pelaku organisasi GAFATAR43 yang melakukan kegiatan aktiviti ajaran sesat serta
penyelewengan akidah Islam yang telah ditahan oleh Polis Banda Aceh, iaitu ajaran
yang telah meresahkan masyarakat dan para pelajar masa kini. 44

Adapun kelemahan yang diguna pakai oleh FPI pada tahap prosedur ini ialah
tiada kesefahaman dan pengetahuan yang mendalam daripada anggota FPI Banda
Aceh mengenai prosedur kaedah standard organisasi dalam menghentikan suatu
kemungkaran, sehingga memerlukan hadirnya seorang Rais kelompok pergerakan
untuk mengawal setiap tingkah anggota yang hadir pada demo protes sama ada secara
damai mahupun cara keras.

Pernyataan yang serupa juga dinyatakan oleh Abdullah Atiby 45 selaku orang
yang bertanggungjawab dalam perkara keagamaan di kota Banda Aceh. Isi
pernyataan yang dimaksudkan ialah beberapa anggota FPI didapati lambat terhadap
sebahagian perkara dalam mencegah kemungkaran dan bertindak, bahkan disisi lain
mereka tidak faham terhadap prosedur yang mesti diikuti sekiranya suatu
kemaksiatan berlaku di kawasan Banda Aceh, sehingga tidak selari dengan
kesepakatan yang menjadi ketetapan organisasi pada setiap tindakan. Sepatutnya
ketika merujuk kembali kepada AD/ART FPI, mereka harus terlebih dahulu
dihadapan berbanding dengan kelompok-kelompok lainnya dalam menangani setiap
kemungkaran yang terjadi.

42 Jabatan Polis Resol Kota dan Kejaksaan Tinggi Republik Indonesia di Banda Aceh.
43 Gerakan Fajar Nusantara ialah suatu kelompok organisasi metamorfosi daripada Millata Abraham
yang telah dinyatakan sesat dan murtad oleh MPU Aceh beberapa tahun yang lalu, kemudian di
syahadatkan atau di-Islamkan kembali secara ramai-ramai di Mesjid Raya Baiturrahman Banda Aceh
pada tarikh 22 April 2011. Gafatar ini ditangkap pada tarikh 7 Januari 2015. Sumber berita lanjutan
dapat dilihat http://news.okezone.com/read/2015/04/07/340/1130391/pengurus-gafatar-aceh-diadili-
diancam-lima-tahun-bui. Lihat juga http://www.acehnews.net/ribuan-pelajar-dan-gurudatangi-polresta-
dan-kejari-banda-aceh/.
44
Hasil observasi ikut serta penulis dalam pertunjukan demontrasi damai tersebut pada tarikh 6 Mac
2015.
45 Abdullah Atiby Mpd., (Timbalan Ketua MPU Banda Aceh), dalam temu bual dengan penulis tarikh 17

Mac 2015.
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e. Larangan dalam prosedur standard

Perbincangan mengenai kaedah larangan dalam prosedur standard FPI ketika


menjalankan pergerakannya, didapati beberapa perkara yang dihindari oleh setiap
anggota FPI apabila berhadapan dengan masyarakat awam. Perkara-perkara terlarang
tersebut tidak semestinya dilakukan oleh anggota FPI walau dalam apa jua keadaan
dan kondisi tersudut yang dialami. Hal ini sesuai dengan asas interaksi dalam Islam
sebagaimana intruksi/arahan Rasulullah SAW kepada umat melalui hadith yang
berlaku dalam peperangan ketika masa Rasulullah SAW bersama sahabat pada saat
itu. Hadith riwayat daripada Abu Dawud RA, ‘’Dari Anas, sesungguhnya Rasulullah
SAW bersabda, “Pergilah kalian dengan nama Allah, dengan Allah dan atas agama
Rasulullah, jangan kalian membunuh orang tua yang sudah tidak berdaya, anak kecil
dan orang perempuan, dan janganlah kalian berkhianat, kumpulkan barang rampasan
perang, dan berbuatlah mashlahat, serta berbuatlah yang baik, karena sesungguhnya
Allah senang kepada orang-orang yang berbuat baik”.46

Hadith di atas dapat difahami bahawa suruhan yang perlu dijaga oleh umat
Islam ketika perang ialah tidak melakukan kekerasan, merosak dan membunuh
perempuan dan kanak-kanak, mengganggu pihak manapun yang tidak bersalah, serta
segala bentuk kemaksiatan lainnya. Disisi lain, ketika setiap anggota menjaga aturan
yang ditentukan di atas, mereka juga tidak terlindungi daripada celaan dan hinaan
masyarakat yang tidak senang dengan pergerakan yang dilakukan dalam menegakkan
Islam secara kaffah.

Maka mengenai perkara ini, sejak awal kewujudan FPI di Banda Aceh sesuai
dengan data yang penulis dapati daripada dalaman mahupun luaran sejak melakukan
kajian ini, tiada berlaku perkara yang dilakukan oleh anggota FPI yang menyalahi
aturan dan melanggar prosedur pelaksanaan sesuai dengan pedoman khusus kerja
dalam penerapan amar makruf nahi mungkar di Banda Aceh.

f. Prosedur pembelaan diri

Semasa penubuhan FPI di Banda Aceh dan deklarasi sejak tahun 2008, FPI sama ada
majlis syura mahupun tanfidzi (pelaksana) tidak pernah mengalami pertentangan atau
perlawanan kekerasan yang dilakukan oleh anggota FPI terhadap masyarakat. Setiap
individu daripada anggota FPI diharuskan untuk menjaga kedamaian dan ketenangan
pada setiap pergerakan yang berlaku.47 Hal tersebut telah menjadi aturan pembekalan
standard kepada setiap anggota FPI untuk bergerak menghadapi pelaku kemungkaran
dan kemaksiatan dalam kehidupan masyarakat. Tujuan prosedur tersebut
dilaksanakan adalah khusus untuk menghindari kesan yang tidak baik daripada
masyarakat terhadap maksud dan tujuan amar makruf nahi mungkar dengan cara yang
sebaik-baiknya.

46 Hadith ini diriwayatkan oleh Abu Dawud dalam sunannya, dalam kitab al-Jihad, bab fi da’a’ al-
Musyrikin, no. Hadith: 2614, lihat Abi Dawud Sulaiman al-Sajastani al-Azdi, Sunan Abi Dawud, j. ke-2,
jz. 3, (Beirut: Dar al-Fikr, t.t.), 38.
47 Abu Bakar al-Guessya (Setiausaha DPW FPI Banda Aceh), dalam temu bual dengan penulis tarikh 1

Mac 2015.
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Selanjutnya sekiranya permasalahan telah diselesaikan, pihak Laskar FPI


wajib menyerahkan pelaku daripada badan yang beroutoriti secara undang-undang
negara dalam mengadili tindakan dan hukuman selanjutnya dan sesuai dengan
peraturan kota Banda Aceh. Banda Aceh merupakan salah satu daerah yang paling
aktif untuk mewujudkan kawasan yang benar-benar menerapkan syariat Islam secara
kaffah. Namun pihak pemerintahan juga tidak lupa bahawa sebagai daerah ini
merupakan bahagian daripada kesatuan republik Indonesia, yang mana memiliki
tahapan khusus untuk menangani permasalahan yang dihadapi. Ini juga termasuk
mengenai perkara kemungkaran sama ada berkaitan dengan syariat mahupun jenayah
yang menggunakan metode perpaduan prosedur umum negara dengan undang-undang
daerah Aceh sesuai dengan asas syariat Islam.

Pada tingkatan pembelaan terhadap setiap anggota laskar, kaedah yang


berlaku dalam AD/ART hasil mesyuarat MUNAS ke-13 ialah memperkenankan bagi
setiap anggota untuk melakukan perlawanan daripada tindakan kekerasan pihak
lawan. Akan tetapi, dengan batasan tindakan bela diri tersebut berlaku sekiranya
kondisi ketika pencegahan kemungkaran sangat terpaksa untuk bertindak keras
setelah perlakuan kasar yang diterima oleh anggota FPI yang mana bertujuan untuk
menghindari kemudharatan dan impak yang lebih besar. Maka perlu kiranya untuk
melakukan pembelaan terhadap diri semasa melakukan pencegahan kemungkaran dan
menjadi kewajipan semua lapisan masyarakat untuk mencegah kemungkaran dan
kemaksiatan kerana Allah SWT mendatangkan musibah kepada suatu kaum atau
golongan manusia bukan hanya kepada kaum tertentu sahaja, akan tetapi semua
lapisan kehidupan masyarakat yang berada di kawasan tersebut juga ikut merasakan
musibah yang Allah SWT berikan, tidak mengenal antara pelaku kemungkaran atau
tidak.

Sebagaimana yang tercatat di dalam al-Quran yang menyatakan bahawa azab


yang akan diterima oleh suatu kaum tanpa perbezaan golongan, firman Allah SWT
dalam surah al-Anfal ayat ke 25.

Al-Qurtubi menyatakan bahawa Ibnu Abbas RA berkata berkaitan dengan


ayat ini, bahawasanya ayat di atas turun kepada para sahabat Rasulullah SAW untuk
memerintahkan kepada setiap muslim untuk mencegah kemungkaran yang berlaku
dalam lingkungan kehidupan kaum muslimin kerana sekiranya Allah SWT
melimpahkan azab, maka akan mengenai semua golongan tanpa melihat kepada
pelaku atau pelaku tertentu. 48

Ini dikuatkan lagi dengan hadith dalam shahih Bukhari, jika kaum manusia
melihat berlaku suatu kezaliman namun tidak mengambil kira terhadap kejadian
tersebut, maka hukuman akan menimpa semua kaum daripada Allah SWT kepada
semua golongan yang ada di sekitarnya.
Sesungguhnya manusia jika mendapati suatu kemungkaran, maka kewajipan
kepada sesiapa melihatnya untuk merubah perkara tersebut. Jika berdiam sahaja maka
semuanya dalam keadaan berdosa, kerana Allah SWT menghukum dan hikmah yang
berdiam diri (tanpa pencegahan apapun) seperti pelaku kemungkaran, tiada perbezaan

48Abu ‘Abdillah Muhammad bin Ahmad al-Anshari al-Qurtubi, “Al-Jami’ li Ahkami Al-Quran” ed.
Muhammad Ibrahim al-Hifnawi, Mahmud Hamid Uthmani jz. 7, (Kaherah: Dar al-Hadith, 2010), 336-
337.
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hukuman yang diterima. 49 Berhati-hatilah terhadap fitnah yang dilakukan oleh orang
zalim, kerana hukuman akan menimpa orang salih dan talih.

Ayat di atas menyatakan bahawa bencana yang akan dikenakan serta akan
dialami tidak hanya kepada mereka yang melakukan kemaksiatan atau golongan
tertentu sahaja akan tetapi juga kepada semua pihak sama ada pada kawasan
kemaksiatan yang bersetuju mahupun tidak terhadap kemungkaran yang berlaku.
Dengan maksud lain, bahawa sekiranya Allah SWT memberikan suatu bencana
kepada suatu kaum, ia akan menimpa kepada semua golongan di daerah tersebut tidak
memandang kepada yang bersalah atau tidak.

Sekiranya ini terjadi, maka ini akan menjadi tanggung jawab bersama bagi
setiap individu muslim untuk mencegah setiap kemungkaran yang berlaku pada
lingkungan kehidupan yang ia berada didalamnya. Sudah semestinya bagi penegak
nahi mungkar yang bercanggah dengan ajaran Islam mendapatkan banyak cabaran
daripada golongan yang tidak senang dengan wujudnya penerapan ajaran Islam secara
kaffah di Banda Aceh, disebabkan pelbagai faktor kehidupan baik kepentingan
daripada aspek ekonomi, sosial mahupun politik. 50 Contoh perkara yang merugikan
dari aspek ekonomi ialah seperti yang terjadi pada masyarakat Rancoeng,
Lhokseumawe. Iaitu berlaku pengurangan pengunjung warung atau kafe menjadi
sepi, aset perniagaan juga turut rosak disebabkan tindakan yang dilakukan oleh
petugas nahi mungkar.

Maka rentetan daripada ini, FPI Banda Aceh menetapkan prosedur membela
diri untuk menetapkan laluan yang tepat dalam melawan pelaku kemungkaran yang
menimbukan aksi kekerasan dan perkelahian kedua-dua pihak. Perkara ini juga
bersesuaian dengan ajaran yang telah digariskan dalam Islam mengenai perselisihan
musuh ajaran Islam kepada umat penentang kemungkaran. Contohnya Allah SWT
mengizinkan Nabi Muhammad SAW melakukan pertentangan dengan kaum quraisy
yang menentang ajaran yang dibawa oleh Rasulullah SAW dengan melakukan
tindakan menyeksa umat Islam pada masa itu. Namun penentangan yang dilakukan
ialah hanya terhad untuk menjaga dan membela diri daripada kemudaratan lebih besar
atau menjadi mangsa kekerasan.

g. Prosedur menangani risiko pelaksanaan

Suatu keharusan yang perlu dilakukan oleh lembaga organisasi untuk membela dan
bertanggung jawab kepada anggotanya yang terbabit permasalahan dengan badan
outoriti terhadap keamanan, perlakuan yang perlu pembelaan sekiranya perkara yang
dituntut kepada anggota Laskar FPI Banda Aceh yang tidak memenuhi bukti
kesalahan yang dilakukan ketika melaksanakan amar makruf nahi mungkar. Laskar
FPI berkewajipan untuk melakukan pembelaan dan menuntut untuk dibebaskan
sekiranya salah seorang anggota FPI yang ditahan sebagai oknum yang bersalah
melakukan tindakan pelanggaran undang-undang yang berlaku di suatu daerah.

49Ibid, 393.
50Arskal Salim, Serambi Mekkah yang Berubah “Syariat Islam Dan Radikalisme Massa” Cet.1, (Jakarta:
Pustaka Alvabet, 2010), 39.
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Pelaksanaan prosedur yang demikian berlaku sebagai bentuk tanggungjawab


dan kewajipan bersama dan sebagai risiko yang berlaku terhadap anggota FPI
sekiranya mengalami perlakuan yang tidak adil daripada hukum undang-undang
pemerintahan yang berlaku. Aksi tindakan sedemikian juga mengundang penilaian
yang tidak baik daripada pandangan masyarakat ketika menggunakan cara yang
sesuai dan menepati keadaan. 51

Adapun kelemahan pada prosedur ini yang diguna pakai oleh FPI umumnya
ialah mereka lebih mengambil kesan keras kepada setiap tindakan yang dilakukan,
termasuk dalam menangani risiko yang muncul daripada kesilapan yang memberi
kesan bercanggah dengan undang-undang Negara dan pemerintahan yang berkuasa
pada kawasan perkembangan kelompok ini. Seperti contoh yang telah disebutkan di
atas, mengenai kejadian permohonan untuk melepaskan salah satu anggota FPI Banda
Aceh yang didapati bersalah ketika konvoi bersama untuk memberi peringatan impak
daripada kemaksiatan terhadap masyarakat.

Seterusnya al-Quran dalam Surah Al-Baqarah 2: 83 juga menyatakan bahawa


setiap hal yang ingin kita lakukan digalakkan untuk dilakukan dengan tatacara yang
baik dan makruf, sehingga tujuan suatu perbuatan yang dilakukan menepati dan boleh
diterima oleh setiap tingkatan masyarakat, bahkan kepada pihak yang kurang
berkesan dengan tujuan yang kita cadangkan.

Pernyataan ayat ini jelas memberikan gambaran bagi setiap manusia untuk
selalu berkata baik ketika memberikan nasihat dan menyatakan suatu maksud
meskipun hal tersebut untuk mencegah keburukan. Dalam hal demikian juga dituntut
dengan cara bi al-hikmah sekiranya berhadapan dengan pelaku kemungkaran yang
non-muslim.

Disisi lainnya juga, tatacara keras seperti ini kurang tepat dilakukan di Banda
Aceh, daerah kondisi sosial masyarakat majmuk yang lebih mendahulukan cara
damai dan mesyuarat dalam setiap permasalahan yang berlaku dalam kehidupan
masyarakat. Apabila didapati suatu perkara baru dalam kehidupan masyarakat,
semestinya berunding untuk menghasilkan suatu keputusan yang tidak mengganggu
ketenangan aktiviti harian. Sebagaimana yang pernah dinyatakan tegas oleh salah
seorang ulama karismatik Aceh Abu Tumin dalam menanggapi masalah parade 52
ASWAJA yang diadakan pada makam Syiah Kuala. 53 Pada kesempatan tersebut
beliau menyatakan tidak bersetuju dengan cara yang dilakukan oleh para santri dayah
Aceh, menurutnya cara yang demikian tidak menyelesaikan masalah perbedaan
pendapat di Aceh, pada parade ini termasuk FPI Banda Aceh sebagai pelopor
pelaksana kegiatan parade tersebut.

h. Prosedur memenuhi permintaan umat menutup tempat maksiat.

51http://www.merdeka.com/peristiwa/fpi-demo-di-polresta-banda-Aceh-minta-anggotanya-

dibebaskan.html.
52Parade atau dikenal pula dengan pawai merupakan iring-iringan sekelompok orang yang biasanya

dilakukan di jalan raya. Parade umumnya dilakukan atas sejumlah alasan, namun umumnya dilakukan
terkait dalam suatu perayaan tertentu.
53 Sheikh Abdurrauf al-Singkili dikenal dengan gelar Teungku Syiah Kuala, seorang ulama Aceh dahulu

ketika masa Kerajaan Sultan Iskandar Muda.


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Pelaksanaan nahi mungkar bukan merupakan tugas yang dilakukan dengan sesuka
hati atau tiada prosedur yang telah ditetapkan, dilakukan pada masa dan tempat
dimana sahaja, atau tiada konsep dan syarat tertentu. Jika demikian yang terjadi,
maka tidak akan tercapai sasaran yang selari dengan objektif atau tujuan. Islam telah
menyusun syarat-syarat tertentu dalam pelaksanaan nahi mungkar, dimana syarat ini
sama ada yang berkaitan dengan pelaksanaan nahi mungkar mahupun kemungkaran
yang dimaksudkan. Sekiranya syarat ini tidak wujud maka pelaksanaan nahi mungkar
tidak bererti.

Apabila kemungkaran dilakukan dengan cara senyap atau tersembunyi dan


tiada sesiapa yang mengetahui hal tersebut, maka dosa menjadi tanggungjawab oleh
pelakunya. Namun jika kemungkaran yang dilakukan dilihat oleh mata kasar iaitu
pada tempat awam, maka dosa akan mengalir kepada orang-orang yang ada di
sekitarnya, jika tiada pencegahan terhadap hal tersebut. Kemungkaran seperti ini
mesti dicegah demi menjaga kepentingan dan ketenangan hidup masyarakat.

i. Hukuman pelanggaran prosedur

Pada sisi prosedur hukuman bagi pelanggaran prosedur yang telah menjadi ketentuan
organisasi FPI dalam setiap pelaksanaan amar makruf nahi mungkar, harus bertindak
sesuai dengan hukuman yang sepatutnya diberikan. Sekiranya bersalah, maka FPI
tidak kan bertanggungjawab untuk membela dan menghilangkan daripada hukuman
atas perbuatan yang dilakukan.

Bersesuaian dengan aturan yang menjadi landasan asas organisasi, menjadi


kemestian sekiranya ada daripada anggota laskar FPI yang melakukan kesalahan
dalam pelaksanaan prosedur penerapan nahi mungkar mendapatkan hukuman terlebih
dahulu daripada Mabes FPI yang berkuasa untuk menentukan keputusan terhadap
segala hal mengenai pelaksanaan oleh laskar Front.

Penulis menilai hal ini sebagai suatu kemaslahatan yang penting untuk
mengekalkan imej positif Laskar FPI pada pandangan masyarakat, serta nama
organisasi terjaga dengan baik dari masa semasa. Tentunya dengan konsisten untuk
bertindak tegas kepada setiap anggota Laskar FPI yang melanggar aturan agama
mahupun negara. Mengambil ibrah daripada kondisi negara yang memberikan
kebebasan kepada masyarakat mengkritik positif atau negatif dan berkata pujian
mahupun celaan terhadap pihak manapun sekiranya mendapat kecelaruan atau
kecacatan suatu individu mahupun organisasi.

Kesimpulan

Keberadaan FPI di Banda Aceh perlu dipandang serius dan bermanfaat dalam
menerapkan amar makruf nahi munkar, kerana organisasi ini bergerak lebih nyata dan
berani untuk melawan pihak-pihak pelaku kemungkaran dan kemaksiatan. FPI juga
termasuk organisasi yang bergerak secara bebas (independent) dan tidak berkaitan
dan dibawah aturan mahupun persetujuan pemerintahan.

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Landasan pergerakan FPI adalah daripada al-Quran dan al-Hadith. Kaedah


yang diguna pakai oleh Front Pembela Islam dari aspek amar makruf nahi mungkar
selari dengan asas yang diajarkan Islam melalui pendedahan ulama terhadap ayat-ayat
al-Quran. Pada tahap pelaksanaan dalam realiti masyarakat, Front Pembela Islam
didapati melakukan modifikasi amar makruf nahi mungkar selaras dengan prosedur
hukum negara. Dalam fokus tugas, terdapat ketidakseimbangan kaedah-kaedah
terhadap amar makruf dan nahi mungkar oleh Front Pembela Islam di Banda Aceh
yang lebih memfokuskan pada kegiatan nahi mungkar berbanding amar makruf.

Rujukan

1. ‘Abd Al-Halim, al-Islam wa al-‘Aql, (Kaherah: Dar al-Ma’arif, t.t.).


2. ‘Abd al-Mu’iz ‘Abd al-Satar, al-Amr bi al-Makruf wa al-Nahy an al-Munkar.
(Beirut: al-
Maktab al-Islami, 1980).
3. Abi Ja’far Muhammad bin Jarir At-Thabari, Jami’ al-Bayan ‘an Takwil Ayi
al-Quran, Juz 3, cet. 3. (Kaherah: Maktabah al-Babi al-Halabi wa
Awladuhu).
4. Abu ‘Abd Allah Muhammad bin Ahmad al-Anshari al-Qurtubi (t.t), al-Jami’
li Ahkam Al-Quran, j.4. (Kaherah: Dar al-Hadith, 2010).
5. Abu Abdillah Muhammad bin Ahmad al-Anshari al-Qurtubi, “Al-Jami’ li
Ahkami Al-Quran” ed. Muhammad Ibrahim al-Hifnawi, Mahmud Hamid
Uthmani jz. 7, (Kaherah: Dar al-Hadith, 2010).
6. Abu Muhammad ‘Ali bin Ahmad bin Sa’id bin Hazm, Ahkam al-Quran, jz. 2.
(Beirut: Dar al-Kutub al-Islamiyyah, 1994).
7. Abu Qasim Jar Allah Mahmud bin Umar al-Zamakhshari al-Khawarizmi,
Tafsir al-Kashshaf, c. 2. (Beirut: Dar al-Ma’rifah, 2005).
8. Ahmad Mustafa al-Maraghi, Tafsir al-Maraghi, j. 2, juz. 14, c. 3. (Beirut: Dar
al-Kutub al-Islamiyah, 1998).
9. Al-Habib Muhammad Rizieq bin Husein Syihab, Dialog FPI, Amar Makruf
Nahi Mungkar,(Jakarta: Maktabah Ibnu Sidah, 2008).
10. Al-Manawi, ‘Abd al-Rauf, al-Tawqif ‘Ala Muhimmat al-Ta’arif. (Kaherah:
Dar al-Kutub, 1990).
11. Arskal Salim, Serambi Mekkah yang Berubah “Syariat Islam Dan
Radikalisme Massa” Cet.1, (Jakarta: Pustaka Alvabet, 2010).
12. Ashraf Taha Abu al-Dahb, al-Mu’jam al-Islami, (Mesir: Dar al-Shuruq,
2002).
13. Ibn Manzur, Lisan al-Arab, jz. 1. (Al-Qahirah: Dar al-Hadith, 2003).
14. Ibrahim Mustafa et. al., al-Mu’jam al-Wasit, j. 1. (Istanbul: Caqri Yayinlari,
t.t).
15. Khalil al-Jurr, Larus al-Mu’jam al- Arabi al-Hadith, (Paris: Maktabah Larus,
1973).
16. Luwis Ma’luf al-Yassu’i, Al-Munjid Fi Al-Lughah Wa Al-Adab Wa Al-Ulum,
cet. 22. (Beirut, Dar al-Masyriq, 2007)
17. Mohd Nakhaie b. Ahmad, Ensiklopedia Islam, (Kuala Lumpur: Malaysia
Encyclopedia Research Centre Berhad (MERC), 1998).
18. Muhammad al-Amin bin ‘Abd Allah al-Urami al-Alawi al-Shafii, Sharh
Sahih Muslim al-Musamma al-Kawwab al-Wahhaj wa al-Rawd al-Bahhaj, j.
2. (Beirut: Dar Tawq al-Najah, 2009), 405.

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19. Muhammad al-Amin bin ‘Abd Allah al-Urami al-Alawi al-Shafii, Tafsir
Hada’iq al-Rawh wa al-Rayhan, j. 5. (Beirut: Dar Tawq al-Najah, 2001), 50.
20. Muhammad al-Razi Fakhr al-Din bin al-Allamah Dhiya’ al-Din ‘Umar, Tafsir
al-Fakhr al-Razi, j. 3., (Beirut: Dar al-Fikr, 2005).
21. Muhammad bin ‘Ali bin Muhammad al-Shawkani, Fath al-Qadir al-Jami’
Bayn Fann al-Riwayah wa al-Dirayah Min ‘Ilm al-Tafsir, j.1. (Kaherah: Dar
al-Hadith, 2007), 498.
22. Muhyi al-Din Abi Zakariyya Yahya bin Sharaf al-Nawawi, Shahih Muslim bi
Sharh al-Nawawi, jz. 2, Bab Bayan Kawn al-Nahy ‘an Munkar min al-Iman
wa Anna al-Iman Yazid wa Yanqus. (Beirut: Dar al-Fikr, 1981).
23. Musa Shahin Lashin, Fath al-Mun’im Sharh Shahih Muslim, jz. 1. (Kaherah:
Dar al-Syuruq, 2002).
24. Taqiyy al-Din Ahmad Taymiyyah, al-Hisbah Fi al-Islam, c.2. (Kaherah :T.P.
1400 H), ______Majmu’ah al-Fatawa, j. 28. T.T.P.: al-Maktabah al-
Tawfiqiyyah.
25. Zayn al-Din Abi al-Faraj ‘Abd al-Rahman bin Syihab al-Din bin Ahmad bin
Rajab al-Hanbali al-Baghdadi (t.t.), Jami’ al-‘Ulum wa al-Hikam. T.T.P.: Dar
al-Fikr, 281.

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KEBERKESANAN KAEDAH ABAHATA AL-JABARI KEPADA KOMUNITI


TERPINGGIR MELAYU CHAMPA DI MADRASAH AL-AZZAM TELOK
GADONG, KLANG, SELANGOR: SATU SOROTAN AWAL

Raja Jamilah Raja Yusof1


Amir Harithah Azhar2
Ain Farhana Kamari3
Syahidah Akmal Abdul Rahman4
Asma Anuar5
Nurul’adilah Nazri6
M. Y. Zulkifli Mohd Yusoff7

Abstrak

Terdapat pelbagai disiplin ilmu dalam memahami dan mendalami


Al-Quran. Ini membuktikan pengajian Al-Quran adalah mukjizat
agung daripada Allah s.w.t. Kaedah pengajaran dan pembelajaran
tentang bacaan Al-Quran merupakan satu cabang penting dalam
pengajian Al-Quran. Di Malaysia khususnya telah diperkenalkan
pelbagai kaedah bagi mengatasi masalah buta Al-Quran yang
semakin meningkat. Penyelidikan yang dijalankan ini adalah satu
kajian untuk melihat keberkesanan kaedah Abahata Al-Jabari
terhadap komuniti terpinggir Melayu Champa di Madrasah Al-
Azzam Telok Gadong, Klang, Selangor. Kajian ini telah
dijalankan kepada 30 orang pelajar yang telah menjawab ketiga-
tiga ujian, iaitu ‘pre-test’, ‘mid-test’ dan ‘post-test’. Ujian yang
dilakukan merangkumi ujian menyebut huruf tunggal Hijaiyah
dan membaca ayat sambung pendek dan panjang. Tujuan kajian
ini dilakukan adalah untuk menelurusi tahap penguasaan pelajar
dalam membaca Al-Quran melalui kaedah Abahata Al-Jabari.
Instrumen yang digunakan dalam kajian ini adalah melalui
borang soal selidik yang telah diedarkan. Setiap pelajar perlu
menjawab soalan yang diberikan sebanyak tiga kali iaitu sebelum
sesi kelas (pre-test), selepas 19 jam sesi kelas (mid-test) dan

1
Pensyarah Fakulti Sains Komputer dan Teknologi Maklumat, Universiti Malaya.
2
Calon Sarjana, Akademi Pengajian Islam, Universiti Malaya.
3
Calon Sarjana, Akademi Pengajian Islam, Universiti Malaya.
4
Calon Sarjana, Akademi Pengajian Islam, Universiti Malaya.
5
Calon Sarjana, Akademi Pengajian Islam, Universiti Malaya.
6
Calon Sarjana, Fakulti Sains Komputer dan Teknologi Maklumat, Universiti Malaya.
7
Profesor, Akademi Pengajian Islam, Universiti Malaya.
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selepas 30 jam sesi kelas (post-test) pengajaran dan


pembelajaran. Hasil dapatan kajian menunjukkan pelajar
mengalami peningkatan dalam sebutan huruf Hijaiyah tunggal
dan huruf Hijaiyah sambung pendek serta panjang setelah melalui
proses pembelajaran dalam masa 30 jam.

Kata kunci: Keberkesanan, Abahata Al-Jabari, Melayu Champa,


Madrasah Telok Gadong.

Pengenalan

Keberkesanan dan kejayaan kepada pengajaran dan pembelajaran kaedah Abahata Al-
Jabari di Indonesia telah menjadikan kaedah ini mula bertapak di Malaysia. Hal ini
kerana, kaedah ini telah menggunakan irama lagu pada peringkat permulaan
pengajaran sehingga dapat memberi keberkesanan kepada pendidikan awal kanak-
kanak (Muhammad Lukman Ibrahim, Samiah Abdullah dan Irna Wati Amusin,
2014). Teknik pembelajaran al-Quran menggunakan kaedah Abahata Al-Jabari
adalah suatu kaedah pembelajaran al-Quran yang mempunyai irama ataupun berlagu
dan asas pengajarannya adalah selama 30 jam sahaja. Kaedah ini bermula dengan set
induksi iaitu Solmisasi, Selawat Badar, Nasyid Kitab Qur’an dan Titian Ingatan
Abahata (Yusuf S., 2012). Jilid pembelajaran terdiri daripada 4 jilid yang bermula
dengan jilid 1 dan berakhir dengan jilid 4. Kaedah ini tidak hanya menekankan
kepada aspek pembacaan malah ia akan menekankan kepada aspek penulisan dalam
setiap jilid yang dipelajari. Kemudian para pelajar juga akan belajar pembacaan al-
quran mengikut kepada tajwid yang betul dan pada masa yang sama para pelajar akan
dapat menguasai bacaan dan penulisan al-Quran.

Bagi melihat keberkesanan kaedah ini, maka suatu kajian telah dilaksanakan
kepada Melayu Champa. Komuniti Melayu Champa mempunyai lebih 500 orang di
Telok Gadong, Klang. Oleh kerana komuniti ini tidak mempunyai dokumen
maklumat diri untuk bersekolah kerajaan maka, Madrasah Darul Azzam telah
ditubuhkan pada Oktober 2012 bagi memberi pendidikan agama dan akademik
kepada golongan ini.

Sorotan Kajian Literatur

Di Malaysia, kaedah pengajaran dan pembelajaran al-Quran merupakan suatu metode


yang telah banyak dikaji orang dari pelbagai aspek, sama ada keberkesanannya dan
penerimaan masyarakat terhadapnya. Dari kajian tersebut, terbitnya pelbagai topik
kajian. Sepanjang pemerhatian dan pembacaan penulis mendapati tidak banyak karya
yang dihasilkan berkaitan dengan Abahata Al-Jabari. Ini kerana, keadah ini masih
baru di Malaysia yang bertapak seawal tahun 2012. Namun, ia tidak menghalang para
penyelidik melakukan kajian terhadap kaedah yang mendapat tempat di hati
masyarakat Islam di Malaysia.

Terdapat banyak kaedah yang pelbagai dalam pengajaran dan pembelajaran


al-Quran, terutamanya yang telah dicipta di rantau ini bukan penutur asli berbahasa
Arab. Dalam hal ini, di Malaysia dan Indonesia di sana wujud beberapa kaedah

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seperti Qirā’atī, al-Baghdādī, Iqra, Hattawiyah, Barqy, al-Matien dan Abahata al-
Jabari.

Kenyataan ini dibuktikan melalui kajian yang dibuat pada tahun 2013
(Zulkifli Mohd Yusoff dan Nur ‘Atiyah Suratem, 2013). Kajian tersebut telah
menghuraikan fenomena semasa penguasaan bacaan al-Quran di Malaysia yang tidak
memberangsangkan, walaupun di negara ini telah memiliki pelbagai kaedah
pembelajaran al-Quran yang sistematik. Disamping strategi pengembangan pengajian
al-Quran yang pelbagai, ia belum dapat memberi rangsangan dan kesan baik dalam
kalangan masyarakat Islam di Malaysia.

Pengaplikasian kaedah Abahata Al-Jabari kepada komuniti Melayu Champa


yang bertempat di Madrasah al-Azzam Telok Gadong Selangor, telah mengalami
peningkatan keupayaan membaca al-Quran dengan baik. Hal disebabkan oleh
pengaruh lagu Abahata yang merupakan arus perdana metodologi Al-Jabari. Lagu ini
dilihat telah membantu para pelajar menghafal huruf tunggal. Dengan menggunakan
kaedah nyanyian akan membangkitkan rasa semangat dan ceria semasa sesi
pembelajaran berlangsung dan juga akan meningkatkan responsif para pelajar
mempelajari al-Quran. Penggunaan melodi lagu yang diterapkan dalam keadah
pengajaran dan pembelajaran Abahata Al-Jabari pada peringkat permulaan jilid 1,
dilihat telah memberikan kesan positif terhadap pendidikan awal kanak-kanak
(Muhammad Lukman Ibrahim, Samiah Abdullah dan Irna Wati Amusin, 2014).

Kaedah Abahata Al-Jabari juga amat berperanan menjadi agen kepada proses
pedagogi yang berkesan kepada pelajar Sindrom Down, pun begitu mereka
memerlukan tempoh yang panjang, hal ini berbeza dengan pelajar normal lain
(Norhaslina Kamarulzaman, Nazean Jomhari dan Zulkifli Mohd Yusoff, 2014).
Senario ini dapat dilihat apabila mereka tidak boleh menyesuaikan cara tepukan yang
telah diwujudkan oleh kaedah Abahata Al-Jabari. Ini kerana pelajar Sindrom Down
tidak memiliki keupayaan membuat dua perkara dalam satu masa. Meskipun begitu,
88 % pelajar yang mengikuti program ini dapat membaca dengan baik pada bahagian
membaca huruf-huruf Hijaiyah.

Pendekatan yang digunakan dalam pengajaran dan pembelajaran al-Quran


Abahata Al-Jabari telah menyokong keseronokan dan pembelajaran al-Quran yang
cekap. Ini boleh menjadi faktor motivasi untuk kanak-kanak dan orang dewasa untuk
belajar Al-Quran (Noor Jamaliah Ibrahim, Mohd Yamani Idna Idris dan Zulkifli Mohd
Yusoff, 2014). Sebutan yang berbeza bacaan al-Quran dari buku Al-Jabari (modul),
dikategorikan berdasarkan harakat yang berbeza (1, 2, 4, 5 dan 6 harakat). Harakat
yang berbeza berfungsi sebagai panduan untuk bacaan al-Quran yang betul. Dalam
Abahata Al-Jabari, pelajaran dan modul telah diatur mengikut tahap yang berbeza
(dari mudah kepada sukar). Faktor ini menambahkan keunikan kepada kaedah
Abahata Al-Jabari itu sendiri.

Dalam realiti hidup kita, masih banyak umat Islam tidak boleh membaca Al-
Quran dengan betul dengan pemahaman yang lebih baik menurut peraturan Tajwid.
Selain itu, bacaan yang betul sangat diperlukan dan penting bagi meningkatkan kualiti
ibadah seseorang Muslim. Realiti jam yang disediakan, terutamanya bagi sukatan
pembelajaran Al-Quran (Pendidikan Islam) di peringkat sekolah, sebenarnya kurang
dan amat terhad. Oleh kerana itu, kaedah Abahata Al-Jabari telah diperkenalkan
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melalui cara yang berkesan dan lebih cepat, hanya dalam masa 30 jam. Kaedah ini
adalah satu pendekatan baru dalam pembelajaran Al-Quran, yang dahulunya
diasaskan di Bandung, Indonesia.

Teknik ini dipercayai mampu bersaing pada masa mendatang jika terus
dilaksanakan di Malaysia, seperti Qirā’atī, al-Baghdādī, Iqra, Hattawiyah, Barqy, al-
Matien dan sebagainya. Selain itu, gaya hidup yang sibuk pada era moden ini, ia
memerlukan pendekatan yang baharu bagi mengoptimumkan masa belajar dan
meningkatkan proses pembelajaran seseorang. Kaedah Abahata Al-Jabari
pembelajaran amat terbukti, dapat membantu pelajar “pandai membaca dan menulis
Al-Quran”, melalui cara yang lebih efisien dan komprehensif dalam masa 30 jam.
Maklum balas menunjukkan kaedah ini benar-benar menggalakkan dan positif
dikalangan masyarakat di Malaysia (Noor Jamaliah Ibrahim, Zulkifli Mohd Yusoff
dan Mohd Yamani Idna Idris, 2013).

Kaedah pengajaran dan pembelajaran Al-Quran telah melalui proses


kemajuan sejalan dengan keperluan umat Islam, ia mula bertapak semenjak turunnya
wahyu kepada Rasulullah. Pada era milenium ini kesemua kaedah pengajaran dan
pembelajaran Al-Quran yang sedia ada merupakan menifestasi pedagogi daripada
Rasulullah. Setiap manusia memiliki kemampuan dalam memahami inti sari Al-
Quran melalui kepelbagaian kaedah yang muncul hasil jerih payah para Ulama dan
ilmuan Islam bagi melaksanakan tanggungjawab terhadap ummah (Irna Wati Amusin
dan Zulkifli Mohd Yusoff, 2014).

Justeru, kaedah Abahata Al-Jabari dilihat sebagai dimensi baru dalam


pengajaran dan pembelajaran al-Quran. Mudah-mudahan, kaedah ini akan memberi
manfaat kepada umat Islam, bagi mengatasi masalah buta huruf al-Quran, disamping
memastikan Al-Quran boleh dihayati dan dilaksanakan untuk semua aspek kehidupan
manusia.

Metodologi Kajian

Prosedur pengajaran

Pembelajaran ini telah dilaksanakan selama tiga minggu. Semua aktiviti yang
dijalankan di dalam kelas adalah berdasarkan kepada buku Abahata al-Jabari yang
mengandungi 5 buku iaitu buku 1 – 4 adalah untuk membaca dan buku 5 adalah
untuk menulis. Aktiviti pengajaran dan pembelajaran dalam adalah meliputi tiga
perkara asas; iaitu (a) membaca (lagu a-ba-ha-ta), (b) pergerakan semasa menyanyi,
dan (c) menulis. Lagu a-ba-ha-ta akan dinyanyikan sebelum bermulanya kelas
Abahata al-Jabari yang bertujuan supaya mereka dapat mengingatinya dengan lebih
mudah dan hal ini akan dapat memberi motivasi kepada pelajar untuk belajar. Lagu a-
ba-ha-ta ini akan dinyanyikan berulang kali dalam kelas supaya dapat memastikan
para pelajar dapat mengingati pelajaran yang telah dipelajari. Oleh itu, terdapat
pergerakan semasa lagu a-ba-ha-ta dinyanyikan agar dapat memastikan para pelajar
dapat memberikan tumpuan dalam pembelajaran. Pelajar juga dikehendaki membuat
latihan berdasarkan kepada buku Abahata al-Jabari.

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Terdapat 30 orang pelajar yang mengikut sesi pembelajaran ini dan telah
dibahagikan kepada tiga kumpulan sepetimana dalam rajah 1. Lima kumpulan yang
kecil telah dibuat bagi minggu pertama pembelajaran. Kumpulan pertama
dibahagikan kepada tiga kumpulan iaitu 1A, 1B dan 1C, kumpulan 2 dan kumpulan 3.
Tiga kumpulan pelajar ini telah mendapat pengajaran oleh lima orang guru yang
menggunakan metod Abahata al-Jabari yang akan menguruskan sesi pengajaran dan
pembelajaran. Kumpulan akan dirombak semula mengikut kepada perkembangan
pelajar pada minggu kedua pembelajaran. Selepas itu, enam kumpulan akan
ditubuhkan, iaitu kumpulan 1 mempunyai dua kumpulan (1A dan 1B), kumpulan 2
mempunyai dua kumpulan (2A, 2B dan 2C), dan kumpulan 3 akan dikekalkan.
Kumpulan ini akan mengikuti pengajaran bersama enam orang guru yang mempunyai
pengalaman dan ada juga dikalangan guru yang kurang pengalaman mengajar bagi
pengajaran minggu kedua dan ketiga. Sewaktu pembelajaran berjalan tidak ada
penghadang bagi memisahkan kumpulan yang telah dibuat. Oleh itu, para pelajar
tidak dapat memberikan perhatian kerana keadaan yang bising dan kurang selesa
dalam kelas. Satu kumpulan sahaja yang diletakkan di tingkat bawah, manakala yang
lain bertempat di atas.

Kumpulan Kategori Catatan


1 Pelajar lemah Pelajar tidak dapat mengenali dan membaca
semua atau kebanyakan huruf Arab
2 Pelajar sederhana Pelajar dapat mengenali semua atau kebanyakan
huruf Arab, tetapi tidak dapat membaca dan
menulis huruf
3 Pelajar cemerlang Pelajar dapat mengenali huruf Arab, dan baik
dalam membaca dan menulis huruf tetapi tidak
secara sempurna
Rajah 1: Pembahagian kumpulan

Latihan membaca dan menulis

Tahap pembacaan kebanyakan pelajar akan diukur melalui ujian yang dilaksanakan,
yang mana akan menumpukan kepada pembacaan dan sebutan. Ujian akan dibuat
pada permulaan, pertengahan dan pengakhiran kelas yang mana soalan yang
diberikan adalah bentuk yang sama yang bertujuan untuk menilai pencapaian pelajar
dalam masa tiga minggu. Tiga ujian yang dijalankan telah dapat dinilai melalui
kumpulan mereka. Ujian yang disediakan adalah untuk menentukan tahap pembacaan
al-Quran di kalangan pelajar mengikut kepada kaedah Abahata al-Jabari. Tiga
bahagian telah disediakan dalam ujian yang diberi: (a) bahagian pertama; untuk
menilai penamaan huruf. Hanya dengan meletakkan huruf dan pelajar perlu
menamakan huruf tersebut, (b) bahagian kedua; sambungan huruf yang pendek untuk
membaca dan menulis seperti ِ ِ‫ َلبَس‬, (c) bahagian ketiga; sambungan huruf panjang
yang lebih dari satu perkataan untuk membaca dan menulis seperti ِ‫ َل ْوِاَ َّنِ َلهُ ِْم‬.

Pelajar

Responden merupakan pelajar yang tidak mempunyai latar belakang pendidikan


formal. Mereka merupakan kanak-kanak daripada komuniti Champa, yang telah
tinggal di Malaysia tanpa status kewarganegaraan yang tetap. Kebanyakan mereka

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tidak mempunyai kemahiran yang bagus untuk berkomunikasi dalam Bahasa


Malaysia. Pelajar ini dikehendaki menghadiri 30 jam kelas untuk mempelajari Al-
Quran menggunakan teknik A-ba-ha-ta Al-Jabari. Sebanyak 30 pelajar yang berumur
antara 5 hingga 16 tahun telah mengikuti kelas ini. Dan mereka telah menjawab
ketiga-tiga ujian ‘pre-test’, ‘mid-test’, dan juga ‘post-test’.

Instrumen yang digunakan

Ujian yang dilakukan merangkumi ujian menyebut, membaca dan menulis. Set soalan
mengandungi tiga bahagian. Bahagian A merupakan ujian untuk menyebut huruf
Hijaiyah tunggal. Manakala Bahagian B pelajar diminta membaca ayat sambung
pendek dan Bahagian C pula membaca ayat sambung panjang huruf Hijaiyah. Ujian
telah dilakukan sebanyak tiga kali iaitu sebelum, pertengahan dan selepas pengajaran
dan pembelajaran. Kesemua ujian ini dilakukan untuk menguji tahap penguasaan
pelajar dalam mengenali huruf dan ayat Al-Quran. Ujian sebelum atau pre-test
dilakukan sebelum pengajaran dialakukan, ujian pertengahan atau mid-test dilakukan
selepas 19 jam pengajaran, manakala ujian selepas atau post-test dilakukan 30 jam
sesi pengajaran.

Hasil Kajian

Dalam bahagian pertama soalan yang diedarkan, pelajar yang juga merupakan pelajar
bagi kaedah Abahata Al-Jabari ini dikehendaki menyebut semua huruf Hijaiyah
tunggal yang terdapat dalam buku kaedah ini. Bilangan semua huruf adalah sebanyak
28, namun mengikut buku kaedah ini terdapat 32 huruf disebabkan empat huruf
terakhir disebut sekali lagi pada barisan terakhir untuk menjadikan lagu titian ingatan
lebih mudah (rujuk Rajah 2).

Rajah 2: 32 Huruf Hijaiyah tunggal

Bahagian pertama dalam set soalan adalah mengenali dan menyebut huruf Hijaiyah
tunggal. Pelajar diminta menyebut semua huruf tersebut untuk mengenalpasti jumlah
huruf Hijaiyah yang mereka ketahui. Graf dalam Rajah 1 di atas menunjukkan
bilangan pelajar yang dapat menyebut dan mengenali huruf Hijaiyah tunggal
mengikut gred yang diperolehi bagi tiga ujian yang telah dijalankan.

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Jadual 1: Gred bagi pelajar yang boleh menyebut Huruf Hijaiyah

Gred Bilangan Huruf Hijaiyah Tunggal (%)


A 25-32 (78-100 %)
B 17-24 (53-75 %)
C 9-16 (28-50 %)
D 0-8 (0-25 %)

Merujuk Jadual 2 di atas, terdapat empat gred yang telah dikategorikan untuk setiap
bilangan huruf Hijaiyah tunggal yang dapat disebut oleh pelajar. Gred A adalah gred
bagi pelajar yang dapat menyebut 25 hingga 32 huruf iaitu 78% hingga 100%.
Manakala Gred B dapat menyebut 17-24 atau 53-75% huruf tunggal dan Gred C
dapat menyebut 9-16 atau 28-50% huruf tunggal. Sementara itu, gred terakhir ialah
Gred D bagi pelajar yang dapat menyebut 0-8 iaitu 0-25% huruf tunggal.

Huruf Hijaiyah Tunggal

30
25
20
15
10
5
0
GRED A GRED B GRED C GRED D
PRE-TEST 25 1 1 3
MID-TEST 23 2 2 3
POST-TEST 27 2 1 0

PRE-TEST MID-TEST POST-TEST

Rajah 3: Pelajar yang boleh menyebut huruf Hijaiyah tunggal

Semasa pre-test, 25 orang pelajar mendapat Gred A, seorang pelajar mendapat Gred
B, seorang pelajar mendapat Gred C, dan tiga orang pelajar mendapat Gred D.
Dalam mid-test, terdapat 23 orang pelajar yang mendapat Gred B, dan dua orang
pelajar mendapat Gred B. Dua orang pelajar mendapat Gred C manakala tiga orang
lagi pelajar mendapat Gred D.

Sementara itu, dalam post-test, pelajar menunjukkan peningkatan apabila


sebanyak 27 orang pelajar mendapat Gred A, dua orang pelajar mendapat Gred B,
seorang sahaja pelajar mendapat Gred C, dan tiada pelajar yang mendapat Gred D.

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Rajah 3: 10 perkataan huruf Hijaiyah sambung pendek

Bahagian kedua dalam set soalan adalah membaca huruf Hijaiyah yang telah
disambung tetapi pendek (Rajah 3). Pelajar diminta membaca perkataan tersebut
huruf sambung pendek yang mereka ketahui. Terdapat hanya dua gred yang telah
dikategorikan untuk setiap perkataan yang dapat dibaca oleh pelajar. Hal ini adalah
kerana hanya 10 perkataan iaitu huruf sambung pendek yang telah digunakan. Gred A
adalah gred bagi pelajar yang dapat membaca enam hingga 10 huruf sambung pendek
iaitu 60% hingga 100%. Manakala Gred B adalah pelajar yang tidak dapat membaca
huruf sambung pendek tersebut hingga lima perkataan atau 0-50%.

Huruf Hijaiyah sambung pendek

20

15

10

0
GRED A GRED B
PRE-TEST 10 20
MID-TEST 12 18
POST-TEST 19 11

PRE-TEST MID-TEST POST-TEST

Rajah 4: Pelajar yang boleh membaca huruf Hijaiyah sambung pendek

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Graf dalam Rajah 4 di atas menunjukkan bilangan pelajar yang dapat membaca huruf
Hijaiyah sambung pendek mengikut gred yang diperolehi bagi tiga ujian yang telah
dijalankan.

Semasa pre-test, 10 orang pelajar mendapat Gred A, dan 20 orang pelajar


mendapat Gred B. Dalam mid-test, pelajar menunjukkan peningkatan apabila terdapat
12 orang pelajar mendapat Gred A dan 18 orang pelajar mendapat Gred B. Sementara
itu, dalam post-test, semakin ramai pelajar yang boleh membaca huruf sambung
pendek apabila 19 orang pelajar mendapat Gred A, dan hanya 11 orang pelajar
mendapat Gred B.

Bahagian ketiga dalam set soalan adalah membaca huruf Hijaiyah yang telah
disambung tetapi panjang (rujuk Rajah 5). Terdapat empat ayat yang telah digunakan
untuk dibaca oleh pelajar.

Rajah 5: 4 ayat huruf Hijaiyah sambung panjang

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Rajah 6: Pelajar yang boleh membaca huruf Hijaiyah sambung panjang

Graf dalam Rajah 6 di atas menunjukkan bilangan pelajar yang dapat membaca huruf
Hijaiyah sambung panjang mengikut jumlah ayat yang dapat dibaca bagi tiga ujian
yang telah dijalankan.

Semasa pre-test, sebanyak 22 orang tidak dapat kesemua ayat yang terdapat
dalam set soalan, seorang pelajar hanya dapat membaca satu ayat, dua orang pelajar
dapat membaca dua ayat, tiada pelajar yang dapat membaca tiga ayat, dan lima orang
pelajar dapat membaca semua ayat.

Dalam mid-test, pelajar menunjukkan peningkatan apabila terdapat hanya 18


orang pelajar yang tidak dapat membaca semua ayat, dua orang pelajar dapat
membaca satu ayat, seorang pelajar yang dapat membaca satu ayat, tiada pelajar yang
dapat membaca tiga ayat dan sembilan pelajar dapat membaca semua ayat.

Sementara itu, dalam post-test, semakin ramai pelajar yang boleh membaca
huruf sambung panjang apabila 12 orang pelajar yang tidak dapat membaca semua
ayat, dan seorang yang dapat membaca satu ayat. Tiada pelajar yang dapat membaca
dua ayat, dua orang pelajar dapat membaca tiga ayat dan seramai 15 orang pelajar
yang sudah boleh membaca semua ayat.

Semua pelajar yang mengikuti kelas pembelajaran Al-Quran menggunakan


kaedah Abataha Al-Jabari ini dapat melagukan titian ingatan secara baik. Justeru itu
mereka dapat mengikuti pelajaran dengan baik. Cara ini dapat memudahkan mereka
untuk mengingati huruf-huruf Hijaiyah. Semua pelajar boleh menulis dan membaca
di bawah pengawasan Mudarris (mengikuti pengajaran Mudarris). Semua pelajar
mempunyai tahap penguasaan yang berbeza dalam mengenali huruf-huruf Hijaiyah
yang terdapat dalam Al-Quran. Terdapat pelajar yang tidak mengenal huruf akhirnya

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dapat mengenal beberapa huruf melalui kaedah ini. Terdapat juga pelajar yang sudah
mengenal beberapa huruf namun akhirnya tidak mengingati huruf tersebut disebabkan
mereka tidak hadir ke beberapa kelas yang diadakan.

Kebanyakan pelajar dapat mengenali huruf Hijaiyah tunggal dan


menunjukkan peningkatan yang baik, namun masih lemah dalam penguasaan
penulisan. Melalui pemerhatian guru-guru, mereka hanya boleh meniru huruf yang
ada di depan mata mereka, tetapi apabila diminta untuk menutup buku dan menulis
huruf tersebut, mereka tidak dapat mengingatinya.

Tahap pencapaian dan penguasaan pelajar adalah berbeza antara satu sama
lain. Beberapa pelajar boleh memahami dengan baik pelajaran yang diajar. Mereka
dapat membaca dan menyebut dengan betul semasa ujian pembacaan dilakukan.
Namun begitu terdapat juga pelajar yang masih keliru dengan apa yang dipelajari.
Hanya beberapa pelajar yang dilihat fokus dalam sesi pengajaran dan pembelajaran.
Mereka mampu mengikuti sesi kelas dengan baik dan cepat. Pelajar yang aktif
mampu menjawab persoalan yang ditanyakan oleh guru dan mereka mengajar semula
kepada kawan-kawan yang kurang bagus.

Sementara itu, terdapat juga pelajar yang kurang menumpukan perhatian


dalam kelas. Mereka saling bergaduh dan membuat kerja lain dalam kelas. Justeru itu,
guru perlu menyuruh mereka untuk menulis dan lebih tegas kerana mereka akan diam
sekiranya mereka menulis.

Semua ujian pre-test, mid-test, dan post-test yang dilakukan adalah amat
penting untuk menguji tahap pencapaian dan penguasaan para pelajar dalam
menguasai Al-Quran. Sesi kelas pengajaran dan pembelajaran telah dilakukan selama
tiga minggu untuk mencukupkan 30 jam yang merupakan salah satu ciri kaedah
Abahata Al-Jabari.

Perbincangan

Melalui hasil dapatan kajian, pelajar menunjukkan peningkatan dalam sebutan huruf
Hijaiyah tunggal dan huruf Hijaiyah sambung pendek dan panjang dalam masa 30
jam sesi kelas. Namun begitu dalam sebutan huruf Hijaiyah tunggal, hasil dapatan
adalah kurang memuaskan apabila pada mulanya mereka mengenali huruf tersebut,
namun pada akhirnya tidak dapat mengenali huruf tersebut. Hal ini adalah kerana
mereka tidak menghadiri kelas secara konsisten dan akhirnya terlupa apa yang telah
dipelajari. Pelajar yang menguasai huruf Hijaiyah tunggal merupakan kumpulan
pelajar yang hanya mengenal huruf tunggal dan tidak mengenal huruf tunggal.
Manakala pelajar yang menguasai huruf sambung merupakan kumpulan pelajar yang
sudah mengenal huruf tunggal dan boleh membaca ayat Al-Quran. Justeru tahap
penguasaan mereka adalah tidak sama.

Hasil pemerhatian menunjukkan beberapa faktor yang mendorong hasil


dapatan yang tidak konsisten dan penguasaan Al-Quran yang kurang memuaskan.
Kami mendapati suasana yang bising menjadikan sesi pengajaran dan pembelajaran
tidak dapat dilaksanakan dengan baik. Sesi kelas diadakan dalam satu rumah dan
bukannya kelas yang terpisah. Bahagian bawah rumah tersebut menempatkan dua
hingga tiga kumpulan hingga menyebabkan sesi pengajaran dan pembelajaran dalam
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suasana yang bising. Suasana ini juga menganggu konsentrasi pelajar dalam kelas.
Oleh itu, satu tempat yang terpisah amat perlu supaya sesi pengajaran dan
pembelajaran dapat dilaksanakan dengan lebih baik.

Selain itu, kemudahan yang tidak mencukupi juga menyebabkan sesi kelas
berlangsung dengan tidak efektif. Kemudahan seperti papan putih tidak dapat
disediakan. Ini menyebabkan guru terpaksa menggunakan alternatif lain seperti
menggunakan kertas mahjong untuk mengajar. Justeru itu, kemudahan juga amat
penting untuk menjadikan sesi kelas menjadi lebih mudah.

Sikap pelajar yang kurang berminat dan tidak fokus semasa sesi pembelajaran
juga menjadikan mereka lambat dan kurang menyerap apa yang diajar. Terdapat
pelajar yang bermain semasa kelas dan ini menyebabkan para pelajar lain turut ikut
bermain. Terdapat juga pelajar yang tidak datang kelas secara konsisten
menyebabkan mereka ketinggalan dalam pelajaran. Guru terpaksa meneruskan
pelajaran dan ini menyebabkan pelajar tadi tidak dapat mengikuti kelas yang
dijalankan.

Guru yang kurang berpengalaman dan kurang kreatif juga menjadi faktor
pelajar yang tidak dapat mengenal semua huruf walaupun 30 jam kelas telah
dilaksanakan. Justeru itu guru perlulah membuat lebih kajian akan pedagogi
pengajaran yang sesuai untuk menjadikan sesi pengajaran dan pembelajaran lebih
efektif sekaligus menjadikan kaedah ini sebagai salah satu kaedah yang berkesan bagi
membasmi golongan buta Al-Quran yang semakin meningkat dalam negara ini.

Namun begitu, lagu titian ingatan yang diperkenalkan dalam kaedah ini
menjadikan kaedah ini lebih menarik dan mudah diikuti oleh setiap pelajar.
Pengajaran Al-Quran yang menggunakan kaedah Abahata Al-Jabari ini merupakan
satu kaedah yang menarik untuk diketengahkan dan dipraktiskan oleh semua guru Al-
Quran di Malaysia. Kaedah ini dapat menjadikan pelajar lebih tertarik untuk belajar
Al-Quran dan seterusnya mereka dapat membaca Al-Quran dengan lebih baik.

Penutup

Membaca Al-Quran merupakan satu ibadah kepada Allah. Oleh hal demikian,
pelbagai inisiatif yang diambil oleh pelbagai pihak dalam memastikan bahawa
masyarakat dalam negara ini dapat membaca Al-Quran sekurang-kurangnya
mengenali huruf-huruf Hijaiyah yang terdapat dalam kalam Allah tersebut. Antaranya
adalah melalui penyelidikan yang dijalankan oleh para penyelidik dari Pusat
Penyelidikan Al-Quran Universiti Malaya bagi mencari metodologi yang paling
sesuai dan efektif bagi membasmi golongan buta Al-Quran ini iaitu dengan
memperkenalkan kaedah Abahata Al-Jabari. Ia merupakan satu kaedah yang
mempunyai identitinya yang tersendiri bagi menarik minat pelbagai lapisan umur
untuk mendekati dan mempelajari kalam Allah, yakni Al-Quran dengan metod-metod
yang sangat mudah untuk dipelajari oleh golongan ini.

Melalui kajian yang telah dijalankan kepada komuniti terpinggir di Madrasah


al-Azzam Teluk Gadong, Klang, jelas menunjukkan bahawa golongan sasaran ini
telah menunjukkan perubahan yang positif terhadap pencapaian penguasaan Al-Quran

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sebelum dan selepas kaedah Abahata Al-Jabari ini diterapkan. Hal ini dapat dilihat
dengan lebih jelas melalui beberapa pendekatan yang diambil oleh penyelidik
terhadap pelajar-pelajar tersebut iaitu melalui beberapa siri ujian yang dijalankan
sebelum dan selepas selesai sesi pembelajaran dijalankan.

Melalui hasil kajian ini juga, penyelidik mendapati bahawa terdapat beberapa
faktor yang menyumbang kepada keputusan kajian terhadap pembacaan Al-Quran
yang kurang konsisten. Antaranya adalah kerana suasana persekitaran pembelajaran
yang kurang kondusif yang menyebabkan pelajar kurang fokus semasa sesi
pengajaran dan pembelajaran dijalankan. Faktor kekurangan kemudahan sepanjang
proses pengajaran dan pembelajaran juga membantutkan sesi pengajaran sekaligus
menghilangkan tumpuan serta perhatian pelajar terhadap apa yang dipelajari selain
faktor tenaga pengajar yang kurang berpengalaman dalam menggunakan pedagogi
terbaik bagi menarik minat pelajar untuk terus memberi perhatian sepanjang proses
pembelajaran berlangsung.

Namun, dengan wujudnya identiti kaedah Abahata Al-Jabari yang dilihat


mempunyai kelainan dari kaedah yang lain iaitu melalui titian ingatan yang terdiri
daripada beberapa set modul/lagu yang telah ditetapkan, ianya mampu menarik minat
dan tumpuan pelajar sekaligus merangsang minda mereka melalui irama lagu yang
telah disusun sesuai dengan keterikatan masa yang telah ditetapkan.
Beberapa kelompangan yang dikenalpasti melalui kajian awal yang dijalankan ini
akan menjadi batu loncatan kepada penyelidik bagi melakukan penambahbaikan sama
ada dari sudut metodologi mahupun pendekatan terhadap pembelajaran menggunakan
kaedah ini kepada golongan sasaran yang terdiri daripada pelbagai latar belakang.

Penghargaan

Artikel ini adalah sebahagian daripada hasil kajian di bawah akaun


UM.0000105/KWJ.HI yang dibiayai oleh Geran Penyelidikan Berimpak Tinggi,
Universiti Malaya.

Rujukan

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Qur’an di Malaysia in 4rd Annual International Quranic Conference 2014,
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Down in 4rd Annual International Quranic Conference 2014, Center of


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Qur’anic Research: Interaction of Knowledge, Science, and Civilization

KESEDARAN AKAN BAHAYA DAN KEPENTINGAN RIWAYAT


ISRAILIYYAT DALAM TAFSIR QURAN: KAJIAN TERHADAP PERSEPSI
PENSYARAH PENGAJIAN ISLAM DI IPTA TERPILIH DI MALAYSIA

Syed Mohammad Chaedar


Ahmad Irwan Santeri Doll Kawaid
Khairul Anwar Muhammad
Khairul Nizam Zainan Nazri
Nur Saadah Binti Hamisan Khair

Abstrak

Lantaran intensiti riwayat Israiliyyat yang telah dicemari oleh


orang-orang Yahudi masa lampau dan telah masuk dalam kitab-
kitab Tafsir, usaha memurnikan dan membersihkan tafsiran
Quran daripada riwayat yang tidak menepati aqidah telah giat
dijalankan sejak dahulu lagi. Kajian yang menggunakan kaedah
soal selidik ini bertujuan untuk mendapatkan gambaran
berkaitan kefahaman dan kesedaran para pensyarah di IPTA
berkenaan bahaya dan kepentingan riwayat Israiliyyat dalam
tafsir Quran, seterusnya mengenal pasti keberkesanan
pemahaman dan kesedaran tersebut dalam cara mereka
mempercayai dan menggunapakai riwayat-riwayat berkenaan.
Dapatan kajian menunjukkan bahawa kesedaran di kalangan
pensyarah akan bahaya Israiliyyat dapat dikenal pasti, meskipun
mereka mendapati ada beberapa kepentingan dalam sebahagian
riwayat Israiliyyat yang disokong oleh syariat Islam.

Kata Kunci: Riwayat Israiliyyat, kesedaran, pensyarah, bahaya,


kepentingan,.

Pendahuluan

Terdapat banyak kisah nabi-nabi dan umat manusia terdahulu yang disebut secara
umum di dalam Al-Qur’an tanpa diperincikan secara detail. Perkara ini pernah
menimbulkan tanda tanya kepada beberapa orang sahabat selepas kewafatan Nabi
SAW. Lantas sesetengah mereka mengambil tindakan dengan bertanyakan perkara itu
kepada para sahabat yang asalnya Ahlul Kitab (Yahudi dan Nasrani) yang mereka
kenali. Apa yang mereka temukan dalam kitab suci mereka sebelum itu secara

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terperinci mereka sampaikan kepada para sahabat yang bertanya. Bermula sini,
tersisiplah kisah-kisah Israiliyyat ke dalam penafsiran Al-Qur’an. Kisah-kisah
tersebut yang pada asalnya hanyalah maklumat sokongan, tetapi ia kemudiannya
dijadikan oleh sesetengah pihak bahan penting dalam memahami Quran dan
mempelajari tafsirannya.

Pada asasnya tidak semua riwayat Israiliyyat boleh dipercayai dan


digunapakai dalam penafsiran Quran disebabkan terdapat sesetengahnya bercanggah
dengan nas yang sahih. Oleh sebab itu sangat perlu bahkan wajib untuk dilakukan
usaha pemurnian membersihkan tafsiran Quran daripada fahaman Israiliyyat yang
tidak menepati nas Quran dan Sunnah.

Pelbagai usaha telah dilakukan, antaranya dengan membuat garis panduan


terhadap penerimaan dan penolakan terhadap riwayat-riwayat israiliyyat, menekankan
kesedaran penyebaran riwayat Israiliyyat yang sahih, menjelaskan kedudukan sanad
riwayat dan isi yang terkandungnya dan lain-lain.

Antara usaha yang masih giat dilakukan adalah usaha menentukan kedudukan
sesuatu riwayat bukan saja dari sisi sanadnya tetapi yang tak kurang pentingnya dari
segi isi kandunganya. Adakah ia bercanggah dengan ajaran Islam atau tidak, yang
selanjutnya dikeluarkan hukum ke atasnya untuk diguna pakai atau tidak. Usaha ini
masih terus dijalankan kerana beberapa faktor. Antaranya masih banyak kitab-kitab
tafsir yang menggunapakai riwayat-riwayat Israiliyyat tanpa menjelaskan kedudukan
riwayat tersebut. Maka riwayat-riwayat itu dirasakan perlu untuk terus diungkap
tentang keabsahan dan kebenarannya.

Sememangnya penentuan terhadap status riwayat adalah penting dalam Islam


lantaran kaitannya yang besar dengan nas Quran khususnya yang berkenaan dengan
kisah-kisah para nabi dan rasul yang sebahagianya mengandungi amalan syariat,
pegangan akidah dan akhlak. Usaha tersebut perlu dilakukan oleh setiap orang yang
ingin memahami dan menafsirkan Quran sebagai satu pegangan supaya
pemahamanya tidak bersandarkan kepada riwayat yang kacau dan rosak.

Namun usaha tersebut bukanlah mudah. Ia memerlukan kepada tahap


kepekaan Akidah yang kuat, masa yang banyak, keilmuan serta kemahiran yang
tinggi. Hanya ulama yang pakar sahaja yang mampu melakukannya. Ia adalah
sepertimana yang telah dicontohkan oleh ulama-ulama seperti Imam Ibnu Katsir dan
Imam Al-Baghawi begitu juga dengan ulama besar lain yang sezaman dengan
mereka. Tetapi oleh kerana tidak semua Riwayat Israiliyyat telah ditentukan statusnya
oleh mereka, usaha mereka telah diteruskan oleh ulama selepas mereka.

Adapun masyarakat umum, mereka boleh hanya mengikut dan berpegang


dengan hukum yang telah dikeluarkan oleh para ulama tadi. Kerana mereka tidak
mampu melakukan perkara tersebut. Ini telah menjadi tradisi sejak dari dulu lagi.

Namun disebabkan faktor persekitaran, budaya dan tahap keilmuan yang


telah berubah, tahap kepercayaan umat Islam terhadap riwayat-riwayat semisal pun
telah berbeza. Perkara ini belum terlalu jelas kerana tiada sesiapa yang pernah
mengkaji tahap kesedaran umat Islam mengenai bahaya dan keperluan riwayat-
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riwayat Israiliyyat tersebut. Untuk menjawab persoalan ini, kajian ini bertujuan
mengkaji perkara tersebut untuk dijadikan bahan rujukan dalam Ilmu Tafsir dan
pengajaran kursus-kursus berkaitan denganya.

Definisi Israiliyyat

Dilihat dari sudut bahasa, kalimah Israi'liyyat ini sebenarnya dinisbahkan kepada
Bani Israil yang bermaksud anak-anak dari keturunan Nabi Ya'qub b. Ishak b.
Ibrahim a.s.w, kerana kalimah Israil itu sendiri menunjukkan kepada namanya. 1

Adapun Israiliyyat menurut istilah ahli tafsir ialah periwayatan dan kisah-
kisah yang bersumberkan daripada Ahli Kitab secara umumnya dan Yahudi pada
khususnya yang telah menyerap masuk dan digunapakai dalam sebagian tafsir Quran.
Penyerapan masuk tersebut banyak berlaku di zaman tabi’in. Namun istilah
Israiliyyat digunakan oleh ulama tafsir dan hadis terhadap perkara-perkara yang lebih
luas. Ia termasuk setiap kisah dan cerita lama yang diadakan dan dimasukkan ke
dalam tafsir. Bahkan sesetengah ulama tafsir dan hadis menganggap Israiliyyat adalah
setiap kisah yang dicipta dan disampai oleh musuh-musuh Islam ke dalam tafsir
dengan tujuan untuk merosakkan kesucian Islam.2

Asal Usul Riwayat Israiliyyat

Kemasukan riwayat Israiliyyat ke dalam tafsir bermula dengan kemasukan


kebudayaan kaum Yahudi yang berhijrah ke Semenanjung Arab ke dalam
kebudayaan Arab di zaman Jahiliyyah. Kaum Yahudi membawa bersama-sama
mereka ilmu-ilmu dan pengetahuan yang diambil daripada kitab-kitab agama mereka,
segala perkara yang berkaitan dengannya daripada huraian-huraian mereka pindahkan
daripada satu generasi ke satu generasi daripada nabi-nabi dan pendita-pendita
mereka. Mereka mempunyai tempat yang dinamakan al-Midras iaitu sekolah-sekolah
tempat mereka mempelajari setiap perkara yang diwarisi. Mereka juga mempunyai
tempat-tempat ibadah agama mereka.

Kemudian setelah datang ajaran Islam dan kitab Allah s.w.t yang terkandung
di dalamnya ilmu dan agama dan seruan Islam lahir dan tersebar di kalangan
penduduk Semenanjung Arab. Pada zaman Rasulullah SAW, pusat negara Islam
adalah Madinah al-Munawwarah. Untuk mendidik para sahabat, majlis-majlis ilmu
pada zaman Rasulullah SAW ini dilakukan di Masjid Madinah.

Di kota Madinah dan di sekitarnya tinggal bermukim beberapa kabilah


Yahudi seperti Bani Qainuqa’, Bani Quraizah, Bani al-Nadir, Yahudi Khaibar,
Taima’ dan Fadak. Terdapat dalam kalangan ulama mereka atau ahli Kitab di
Madinah yang memeluk Islam seperti Abd Allah b. Salam r.a. Beliau dan orang
sepertinya menjadi tempat rujukan kepada sahabat untuk bertanya secara terperinci
tentang kisah-kisah yang sama yang juga disebut di dalam kitab-kitab Taurat dan

1
. Muhammad b. Muhammad Abu Shahbah, Al-Israiliyyat wal Maudlu’at fi Kutubit Tafsir,
Maktabah as Sunnah, Cet. IV. hlm. 12.
2
. Muhammad Husein al-Dhahabi, al-Tafsir wa al-Mufassirun, 1990, hlm. 13. Muhammad b.
Muhammad Abu Shahbah, Al-Israiliyyat wal Maudlu’at fi Kutubit Tafsir hlm. 12.
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Injil. Namun para sahabat tidak menerima bulat-bulat apa yang diceritakan kepada
mereka. Malah mereka menapisnya dengan akal dan juga syarak. Mereka hanya
menerima apa yang diterima oleh akal dan syarak dan menolak sekiranya apa yang
diceritakan bercanggah dengan kedua-duanya.

Adapun tentang perkara-perkara yang tidak jelas tentang benar atau salahnya
mereka mengambil pendirian untuk berdiam diri terhadap perkara-perkara yang tidak
jelas tentang benar dan salahnya. Ibn Khaldun menyatakan: “Apabila timbul
keinginan di kalangan orang-orang Arab untuk mengetahui tentang permulaan
kejadian makhluk dan rahsia kejadian, mereka cenderung bertanya ahli kitab dari
kalangan Yahudi dan Nasrani. Majoriti mereka adalah dari suku bangsa Himyar.
Apabila mereka memeluk Islam, pengaruh daripada ajaran agama asal mereka yang
berkaitan dengan asal kejadian makhluk, cerita-cerita generasi lampau sama ada yang
berkenaan dengan peperangan dan sebagainya masih kuat dalam diri mereka. Antara
golongan mereka ialah Ka’b b. al-Ahbar, Wahab b. Munabbih, dan Abd Allah bin
Salam. Kerana inilah bermula tersebar cerita-cerita Israiliyyat”. 3

Begitu juga didapati di kalangan Sahabat dan Tabi’in ada yang merujuk
tentang persoalan kisah-kisah dalam Quran kepada individu-individu yang pernah
bergelar ahli kitab yang telahpun memeluk agama Islam. Di antara mereka ialah Abd
Allah bin Salam (m.43H), Ka'b al-Ahbar (m.32H.), Wahb bin Munabbih (m.ll0H.)
dan 'Abd al-Malik bin 'Abd al-'Aziz bin Juraij (m.l50H/159H). Persoalan-persoalan
yang ditanya kepada mereka dijawab berdasarkan maklumat yang sedia ada
khususnya dari sumber rujukan agama mereka yang terdahulu iaitu Taurat. 4 Justeru di
kalangan sarjana ada yang mengambil kesempatan untuk menyandarkan sumber-
sumber Israi'liyyat hanya kepada mereka sahaja tanpa penelitian yang rapi, yang
menyebabkan makin menumpuknya riwayat-riwayat Israiliyyat dalam khazanah
keilmuan mereka sehinggalah sampai kepada generasi selanjutnya.

Sejarah Penyerapan Riwayat Israiliyyat ke dalam Tafsir Quran

Pada era Rasulullah SAW, informasi dari kaum Yahudi yang dikenal sebagai
israiliyyah tidak berkembang dalan penafsiran al-Qur'an, sebab hanya beliau satu-
satunya penjelas (mubayyin) berbagai masalah atau pengertian yang berkaitan dengan
ayat-ayat al-Qur'an umpamanya saja, apabila para sahabat mengalami kesulitan
mengenai pengertian yang berkaitan dengan sebuah ayat al-Qur'an, baik makna atau
kandungannya, merekapun langsung bertanya kepada Rasulullah SAW. 5 Kendatipun
demikian, Rasulullah SAW juga telah memberikan semacam kebenaran pada umat
Islam untuk menerima maklumat dari Ahli Kitab Bani Israil, hal ini tampak dalam
hadis beliau:

‫ ومن كذب على متعمدا فليتبوأ‬،‫بلغوا عين ولو آية وحدثوا عن بىن إسرآئيل والحرج‬

3
. Lihat: Ibnu Khaldun, Muqaddimah Ibn Khaldun, 1968, Cet. I, Hlm. 786-787.
4
. Lihat: Muhammad Hussein al-Dhahabi, Israi'liyyat fi al-Tafsir wa al-Hadith, Qaherah,
Maktabah Wahbah, hlm. 156.
5
. Zainal Hasan Rifai, Kisah-kisah Israiliyyat dalam Penafsiran al-Qur'an dalam Belajar
Ulumul Qur'an, Jakarta: Lentera Basitama, 1992, hlm. 278.
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6
‫مقعده من النار‬
"Sampaikanlah yang datang dariku walaupun satu ayat, dan
ceritakan (apa yang kamu dengar) dari Bani Israil dan hal itu tidak
ada salahnya. Barang siapa yang berdusta ayatku, maka siap-siaplah
untuk menempati tempatnya di neraka".

Demikian pula dalam hadis lain beliau bersabda:

7
‫وال تصدقوا أهل الكتاب وال تكذبوهم وقولوا آمنا باهلل وما أنزل إلينا‬

"Janganlah kamu benarkan orang-orang ahli Kitab dan jangan pula


kamu dustakan mereka. Berkatalah kamu sekalian, kami beriman
kepada dan kepada apapun yang diturunkan kepada kami.”

Daripada hadis-hadis di atas, Rasulullah sebenarnya memberikan kebebasan


kepada umatnya untuk mengambil atau menerima riwayat-riwayat daripada ahli
Kitab. Dua hadis di atas juga memberikan garis panduan untuk bersikap selektif dan
berhati-hati terhadap riwayat ahli kitab. Dan uraian tersebut di atas dapat ditarik
kesimpulan bahwa israiliyyat sebenarnya sudah lama muncul dan berkembang di
kalangan bangsa Arab jauh sebelum Rasulullah SAW, yang kemudian terus bertahan
pada era Rasulullah SAW. Hanya saja ia belum masuk dalam penafsiran al-Qur'an di
zaman Rasulullah SAW.

Setelah Rasulullah SAW wafat, tidak seorang pun yang berhak menjadi
penjelas wahyu Allah. Dalam keadaan ini para sahabat mencari sumber dari hadis
Rasul. Apabila mereka tidak menjumpai, mereka berijtihad. Riwayat dari ahli Kitab
menjadi salah satu rujukan mereka. Hal ini terjadi kerana ada persamaan antara al-
Qur'an, Taurat dan Injil. Hanya saja al-Qur'an berbicara secara umum, sementara
Taurat dan Injil berbicara panjang lebar.

Pada era sahabat inilah Israiliyyat mulai berkembang dan tumbuh subur.
Hanya saja dalam menerima riwayat dari kaum Yahudi dan Nashrani pada umumnya
mereka amat ketat. Mereka hanya membatasi kisah-kisah dalam al-Qur'an secara
global, dan Nabi sendiri tidak menerangkan kepada mereka kisah-kisah tersebut. Di
sampng itu, mereka terkenal sebagai orang-orang yang amat memahami ajaran yang
diteima dari Rasulullah SAW sehingga jika mereka menjumpai kisah-kisah israiliyyat
yang bertentangan dengan ajaran Islam, mereka akan menentangnya. Dan apabila
kisah-kisah itu diperselisihan mereka akan menangguhkannya. Al-Dhahabi
mengatakan keterlibatan para sahabat dalam meriwayatkan israiliyyat tidak berlebih-
lebihan dan dalam batas kewajaran.8

Pada era tabi'in, penukilan dari ahli Kitab semakin meluas. Cerita-cerita
israiliyyat dalam tafsir semakin berkembang. Sumber cerita ini adalah orang-orang

6
. Imam Bukhari, Shahih Bukhari, Beirut, Dar al-Fikr, t.th, jilid, II, hlm. 181.
7
. Ibid, jilid III, hlm. 270.
8
. Muhammad Husin al-Dhahabi, Penyimpangan dalam Penafsiran al-Qur'an, Jakarta:
Rajawali, 1986, hlm. 24.
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yang masuk Islam dari kalangan ahli Kitab yang jumlahnya cukup ramai. Faktor
keinginan yang kuat untuk orang untuk mendengar kisah-kisah yang ajaib daripada
Quran mendorong sesetengah orang mendapatkan maklumat terperinci tentang kisah
Quran daripada ahli Kitab.

Terdapat juga sesetengah ahli tafsir ingin mengisi kekosongan pada


sesetengah tafsir ayat Quran dengan memasukan kisah-kisah yang bersumber pada
orang-orang yang Yahudi dan Nasrani. Disebabkan itu didapati bahawa tafsiran
sesetengah ayat menjadi berbelit-belit dan bahkan terkadang mirip kisah tahyul dan
khurafat. Di antaranya adalah para ulama tersebut adalah Muqatil bin Sulaiman. Pada
era ini juga timbul banyak hadis-hadis palsu, kedustaan dan kebohongan yang
disandarkan kepada Rasulullah SAW. 9

Sikap selektif dalam periwayatan menjadi hilang. Banyak periwayatan tidak


melalui jalur "kode etik metodologi penelitian" ilmu hadis dengan tidak menuliskan
sanadnya secara lengkap.

Setelah era tabi'in tumbuh kecintaan yang luar biasa terhadap cerita
israiliyyat dan diambil secara mentah-mentah, sehinga setiap cerita diterima dan tidak
lagi ditolak. Mereka tidak lagi mengambil cerita tersebut kepada Qur'an, walaupun
tidak difahami oleh akal. Mereka menganggap tidak perlu membuang cerita-cerita
dan kisah-kisah yang tidak dibenarkan untuk menafsirkan Qur'an.

Persepsi Pensyarah Pengajian Islam di IPTA mengenai masalah Bahaya dan


kepentingan Riwayat Israiliyyat dalam Tafsir Quran

Kajian lapangan telah dilakukan untuk mendapatkan gmbaran tentang persepsi


Pensyarah Pengajian Islam di IPTA mengenai masalah bahaya dan kepentingan
riwayat Israiliyyat dalam tafsir Quran.

Jenis strategi penyelidikan yang dijalankan ialah melalui tinjauan soal selidik. Justeru,
sekumpulan 101 orang responden daripada lima buah universiti tempatan pilihan -
iaitu USIM, UIA, UKM, UM dan KUIS - telah memberikan maklum balas terhadap
soal selidik yang diedarkan.

Dapatan data yang dianalisis melalui soal selidik terhadap para pensyarah
merangkumi:

I. kefahaman tentang riwayat Israiliyyat.


II. kesedaran akan kepentingan dan bahaya riwayat Israiliyyat dalam
Tafsir Quran.

Bagi mencapai hasrat tersebut penyelidik telah menyediakan borang soal selidik, dan
selepas diedarkan kepada para responden, penyelidik hanya berjaya mendapatkan
sebanyak 101 borang selidik sahaja yang dikembalikan dengan lengkap.

9
. Ibid.
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1. Kefahaman Tentang Riwayat Israiliyyat

1.1 Pengetahuan tentang definisi Israiliyyat

Data kajian untuk kategori kefahaman tentang Riwayat Israiliyyat menunjukkan


bahawa 70.3% (71 orang) responden mengetahui definisi Israiliyat. Manakala 15.8%
(16 orang) reponden memberi jawapan tidak pasti. Hanya 13.8% (14 orang) sahaja
yang tidak bersetuju dengan kenyataan tersebut.

Daripada dapatan di atas boleh disimpulkan bahawa kebanyakan pensyarah yang


mengajar kursus Ulum Syar’iyyah mengetahui makna Riwayat Israiliyyat.

1.2 Tahap Pembacaan kisah-kisah Israiliyyat

Merujuk kepada data kajian, sebanyak 26.7% (27 orang) responden yang sering
membaca kisah-kisah Israiliyat. Manakala 49.5% (50 orang) reponden memberi
jawapan tidak pasti. Hanya 23.8% sahaja yang tidak bersetuju dengan kenyataan
tersebut. Oleh itu, kadar jumlah pensyarah yang sering membaca kisah-kisah
Israiliyat adalah sedikit, manakala jumlah majoritinya menjawab tidak pasti apakah
mereka telah banyak membaca riwayat Israiliyyat atau belum.

1.3 Pengetahuan Bahawa Riwayat Israiliyyat Adalah Bersumber Dari Ahli


Kitab

Data kajian menunjukkan bahawa 41% (41 orang) responden mengetahui bahawa
riwayat Israiliyat adalah bersumber dari Ahli Kitab. Manakala 39% (39 orang)
reponden memberi jawapan tidak pasti Hanya 20% (20 orang) sahaja yang tidak
bersetuju dengan kenyataan tersebut.

Daripada penjelasan di atas dapat disimpulkan bahawa kadar jumlah


pensyarah yang memperakui riwayat Israiliyyat bersumber dari Ahli Kitab adalah
tidak begitu banyak. Bahkan kurang dari 50% dari jumlah responden yang ada.

1.4 Pengetahuan terhadap riwayat Israiliyyat ialah kisah-kisah umat terdahulu


sahaja

Data kajian menunjukkan bahawa, 52.4% (53 orang) responden mengetahui bahawa
riwayat Israiliyat ialah kisah-kisah umat terdahulu sahaja. Manakala 31.7% (32
orang) reponden memberi jawapan tidak pasti. Hanya 15.8% (16 orang) sahaja yang
tidak bersetuju dengan kenyataan tersebut.

Kesimpulan penjelasan di atas bahawa jumlah responden yang mengetahui


dan yang tidak pasti akan riwayat Israiliyat ialah kisah-kisah umat terdahulu sahaja
adalah sama. Maka dapat diperkatakan di sini bahawa responden tidak pasti.

1.5 Kebolehan menilai riwayat Israiliyyat sama ada kandungannya benar atau
salah

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Data kajian menunjukkan bahawa, 24.7% (25 orang) responden boleh menilai riwayat
Israiliyat samada kandungannya benar atau salah. Manakala 41.6% (42 orang)
reponden memberi jawapan tidak pasti. Selebihnya 33.7% (34 orang) tidak bersetuju
dengan kenyataan tersebut.

Daripada penjelasan ini dapat disimpulkan bahawa kadar jumlah pensyarah


yang boleh menilai riwayat Israiliyyat sama ada daripada sudut isi kandungannya
benar atau salah adalah sedikit. Manakala kebanyakannya menjawab tidak pasti boleh
atau tidak. Sebahagian lain pula tidak boleh menilai isi kandungan riwayat Israiliyyat
tersebut.

1.6 Pengetahuan tentang ada atau tidaknya keselarian riwayat Israiliyyat


dengan Syariat

Data kajian menunjukkan bahawa, 48% (48 0rang) responden mengetahui ada
riwayat Israiliyat yang selari dengan syariat. Manakala 30% (30 orang) reponden
memberi jawapan tidak pasti. Hanya 22% (22orang) sahaja yang tidak bersetuju
dengan kenyataan tersebut. Kesimpulan yang dapat diambil dari penjelasan ini adalah
kebanyakan pensyarah yang mengajar kursus Ulum Syar’iyyah tidak pasti apakah
mereka mengetahui tentang wujud percanggahan atau tidak riwayat Israiliyyat dengan
Syariat.

1.7 Pengetahuan akan adanya riwayat Israiliyyat yang melanggar Syariat

Data kajian menunjukkan bahawa, 70% (70 orang) responden mengetahui akan
adanya riwayat Israiliyat yang melanggar syariat. Manakala 13% (13 orang) reponden
memberi jawapan tidak pasti. Selebihnya 17% (17 orang) tidak bersetuju dengan
kenyataan tersebut.

Daripada dapatan di atas boleh disimpulkan bahawa kebanyakan pensyarah


yang mengajar kursus Ulum Syar’iyyah mengetahui tentang adanya sebagian riwayat
Israiliyyat yang melanggar Syariat.

1.8 Pengetahuan tentang adanya riwayat Israiliyyat yang tiada penjelasan


dalam agama tetapi tidak melanggarnya

Data kajian menunjukkan bahawa, 44.6% (45 orang) responden mengetahui ada
riwayat Israiliyat yang tiada penjelasan dalam agama tetapi tidak melanggarnya.
Manakala 32.7% (33 orang) reponden memberi jawapan tidak pasti. Hanya 22.8% (23
orang) sahaja yang tidak bersetuju dengan kenyataan tersebut.

Dari penjelasan di atas dapat disimpulkan bahawa kebanyakan pensyarah


tidak pasti dan tidak sedar akan adanya sebahagian riwayat Israiliyyat itu yang tiada
penjelasan dalam agama tetapi tidak melanggarnya.

1.9 Kesedaran akan keperluan memeriksa sanad riwayat Israiliyyat sebelum


mempercayai matannya.

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Data kajian menunjukkan bahawa, 72.3% (73 orang) responden memahami keperluan
memeriksa sanad riwayat Israiliyat sebelum mempercayai matannya. Manakala
16.8% (17 orang) reponden memberi jawapan tidak pasti. Hanya 10.9% (11 orang)
sahaja yang tidak bersetuju dengan kenyataan tersebut.

Kesimpulan yang dapat diambil dari penjelasan ini adalah kebanyakan


pensyarah memahami akan keperluan memeriksa sanad riwayat Israiliyyat sebelum
mempercayai matannya.

1.10 Kefahaman akan keperluan memeriksa matan riwayat Israiliyyat sebelum


memeriksa sanadnya

Data kajian menunjukkan bahawa, 66.3% (67 orang) responden memahami


keperluan memeriksa matan riwayat Israiliyat sebelum memeriksa sanadnya.
Manakala 20.8% (21 orang) reponden memberi jawapan tidak pasti. Hanya 12.8% (13
orang) sahaja yang tidak bersetuju dengan kenyataan tersebut.

Kesimpulannya adalah kebanyakan pensyarah memahami akan keperluan


memeriksa matan riwayat Israiliyyat sebelum memeriksa sanadnya.

1.11 Kefahaman akan kesan buruk daripada menyampaikan riwayat Israiliyyat


yang batil

Data kajian menunjukkan bahawa, 72.3% (73 orang) responden mengetahui kesan
menyampaikan riwayat Israiliyat yang batil. Manakala 17.8% (18 orang) reponden
memberi jawapan tidak pasti. Hanya 9.9% (10 Orang) sahaja yang tidak bersetuju
dengan kenyataan tersebut.

Data diatas menunjukan bahawa kebanyakan pensyarah faham dan


memperakui akan kesan buruk daripada menyampaikan riwayat Israiliyyat yang batil.

1.12 Kesedaran akan kaitan di antara riwayat Israiliyyat dan Aqidah


Islamiyyah

Data kajian menunjukkan bahawa, hanya 19.8% (20 orang) responden dapat
mengenal pasti kaitan di antara riwayat Israiliyat dan Aqidah Islamiyyah. Manakala
47.5% (48 orang) reponden memberi jawapan tidak pasti. Selebihnya 32.7% (33
orang) sahaja yang tidak bersetuju dengan kenyataan tersebut.

Penjelasan diatas dapat disimpulkan bahawa kebanyakan pensyarah tidak


merasakan adanya kaitan di antara riwayat Israiliyyat dan Aqidah Islamiyyah.

1.13 Setuju atau tidak sekiranya riwayat Israiliyyat menjadi salah satu sumber
perundangan Islam

Data kajian menunjukkan bahawa, hanya 6% (6 orang) responden yang bersetuju


sekiranya riwayat Israiliyat menjadi salah satu sumber perundangan Islam. Manakala

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29.7% (30 orang) reponden memberi jawapan tidak pasti. Selebihnya 64.4% (65
orang) tidak bersetuju dengan kenyataan tersebut.

Penjelasanya diatas dapat difahami bahawa majoriti pensyarah tidak bersetuju


sekiranya riwayat Israiliyyat menjadi salah satu sumber perundangan Islam.

2. Kesedaran Akan Kepentingan Dan Bahaya Riwayat Israiliyyat Dalam Tafsir


Quran

2.1 Kesedaran akan adanya riwayat Israiliyyat di dalam Tafsir Quran

Data kajian menunjukkan bahawa, 52% (50 orang) responden menyedari adanya
riwayat Israiliyat di dalam Tafsir Quran. Manakala 29.2% (28 orang) reponden
memberi jawapan tidak pasti. Hanya 18.7% (18 orang) sahaja yang tidak bersetuju
dengan kenyataan tersebut.

Daripada penjelasan di atas dapat difahami bahawa majoriti pensyarah sedar dan
memperakui akan adanya riwayat Israiliyyat di dalam Tafsir Quran.

2.2 Kesedaran kepentingan riwayat Israiliyyat dalam mentafsirkan ayat Quran

Data kajian menunjukkan bahawa hanya 22.8% (23 orang) responden yang
mengetahui kepentingan riwayat Israiliyat dalam mentafsirkan ayat Quran. Manakala
44.6% (45 orang) reponden memberi jawapan tidak pasti. Selebihnya 32.7% (33
orang) tidak bersetuju dengan kenyataan tersebut (33).

Kesimpulan dari penjelasan di atas adalah bahawa majoriti pensyarah kurang


menyedari akan pentingnya riwayat Israiliyyat dalam mentafsirkan ayat-ayat Quran.

2.3 Berpegang kepada kitab Tafsir Quran yang berhujah menggunakan riwayat
Israiliyyat

Data kajian menunjukkan bahawa, hanya 6.9% (7 orang) responden yang berpegang
kepada kitab Tafsir Quran yang berhujah menggunakan riwayat Israiliyat. Manakala
33.7% (34 orang) reponden memberi jawapan tidak pasti. Selebihnya 59.4% (60
orang) tidak bersetuju de ngan kenyataan tersebut.

Dapat disimpulkan di sini bahawa majoriti pensyarah tidak berpegang kepada


Tafsir ayat Quran yang berhujah menggunakan riwayat Israiliyyat.

2.4 Menolak semua riwayat Israiliyyat di dalam kitab Tafsir Quran

Data kajian menunjukkan bahawa, hanya 27.7% (28 orang) responden yang menolak
semua riwayat Israiliyat di dalam kitab Tafsir Quran. Manakala 43.6% (44 orang)
reponden memberi jawapan tidak pasti. Selebihnya 28.7% (29 orang) tidak bersetuju
dengan kenyataan tersebut.

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Dapat disimpulkan di sini bahawa majoriti pensyarah tidak pasti apakah


semua riwayat Israiliyyat di dalam kitab Tafsir Quran akan mereka tolak atau tidak.

2.5 Keyakinan bahawa semua riwayat Israiliyyat yang terdapat di dalam Tafsir
Quran boleh dipercayai

Data kajian menunjukkan bahawa, hanya 9% (9 orang) responden yang meyakini


bahawa semua riwayat Israiliyat yang terdapat di dalam Tafsir Quran boleh
dipercaya. Manakala 42.6% (43 orang) reponden memberi jawapan tidak pasti.
Selebihnya 48.5% (49 orang) sahaja yang tidak bersetuju dengan kenyataan tersebut.

Dari penjelasan di atas dapat disimpulkan bahawa majoriti pensyarah tidak


bersetuju dan tidak yakin bahawa semua riwayat Israiliyyat yang terdapat di dalam
Tafsir Quran boleh dipercayai.

2.6 Kebolehan membezakan kebenaran dan kepalsuan riwayat Israiliyyat


dalam Tafsir Quran

Data kajian menunjukkan bahawa, 36.6% (37 orang) responden yang memiliki
kebolehan membezakan kebenaran dan kepalsuan riwayat Israiliyat dalam Tafsir
Quran. Manakala 39.6% (40 orang) reponden memberi jawapan tidak pasti. Hanya
23.7% (24 orang) sahaja yang tidak bersetuju dengan kenyataan tersebut.

Dapat disimpulkan dari penjelasan di atas bahawa majoriti pensyarah tidak


secara pasti dapat membezakan kebenaran dan kepalsuan riwayat Israiliyyat dalam
Tafsir Quran.

2.7 Kesedaran akan bahaya riwayat Israiliyyat di dalam Tafsir Quran

Data kajian menunjukkan bahawa, 63% (63 orang) responden menyedari tentang
bahaya riwayat Israiliyat di dalam Tafsir Quran. Manakala 26% (26 orang) reponden
memberi jawapan tidak pasti. Hanya 11% (11 orang) sahaja yang tidak bersetuju
dengan kenyataan tersebut.

Daripada penjelasan di atas dapat disimpulkan bahawa majoriti responden


sedar akan bahaya riwayat Israiliyyat di dalam Tafsir Quran.

2.8 Kesedaran bahawa sebahagian daripada riwayat Israiliyyat boleh


menjejaskan aqidah

Data kajian menunjukkan bahawa, 67.3% (68 orang) responden mengetahui bahawa
sebahagian daripada riwayat Israiliyat boleh menjejaskan aqidah. Manakala 22.8%
(23 orang) reponden memberi jawapan tidak pasti. Hanya 9.9% (10 orang) sahaja
yang tidak bersetuju dengan kenyataan tersebut.

Daripada penjelasan di atas dapat difahami bahawa majoriti pensyarah sedar


bahawa sebahagian daripada riwayat Israiliyyat boleh menjejaskan aqidah.

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2.9 Kurang yakin dengan kitab Tafsir Quran yang meriwayatkan Israiliyyat

Data kajian menunjukkan bahawa, 36.6% (37 orang) responden kurang yakin dengan
kitab Tafsir Quran yang meriwayatkan Israiliyat. Manakala 41.6% (42 orang)
reponden memberi jawapan tidak pasti. Hanya 21.8% (22 orang) sahaja yang tidak
bersetuju dengan kenyataan tersebut.

Dari penjelasan di atas dapat difahami bahawa majoriti pensyarah tidak pasti
apakah mereka yakin dengan kitab Tafsir Quran yang meriwayatkan Israiliyyat atau
tidak.

2.10 Kepercayaan akan adanya ayat-ayat Quran yang sangat memerlukan


riwayat Israiliyyat untuk mentafsirkannya

Data kajian menunjukkan bahawa, hanya 19.8% (20 orang) responden yang
mempercayai bahawa terdapat ayat-ayat Quran yang sangat memerlukan riwayat
Israiliyat untuk mentafsirkannya. Manakala 46.5% (47 orang) reponden memberi
jawapan tidak pasti. Selebihnya 33.7% (34 orang) tidak bersetuju dengan kenyataan
tersebut.

Dari penjelasan di atas dapat difahami bahawa majoriti pensyarah tidak pasti
akan adanya ayat-ayat Quran yang sangat memerlukan riwayat Israiliyyat untuk
mentafsirkannya.

2.11 Menerima secara terbuka ayat-ayat Quran yang ditafsirkan melalui


riwayat Israiliyyat

Data kajian menunjukkan bahawa, hanya 10.9% (11 orang) responden yang
menerima secara terbuka ayat-ayat Quran yang ditafsirkan melalui riwayat Israiliyat.
Manakala 41.6% (42 orang) reponden memberi jawapan tidak pasti. Selebihnya
47.5% (48 orang) tidak bersetuju dengan kenyataan tersebut.

Di sini, dapat disimpulkan bahawa majoriti pensyarah tidak menerima secara


terbuka ayat-ayat Quran yang ditafsirkan melalui riwayat Israiliyyat.

2.12 Setuju apabila riwayat Israiliyyat disampaikan tanpa menjelaskan status


Israiliyyatnya

Data kajian menunjukkan bahawa, hanya 5% (5 orang) responden yang setuju bahawa
riwayat Israiliyat boleh disampaikan tanpa menjelaskan stratus Israiliyatnya.
Manakala 32.7% (33 orang) reponden memberi jawapan tidak pasti. Selebihnya
62.4% (63 orang) tidak bersetuju dengan kenyataan tersebut.

Di sini dapat kita simpulkan bahawa majoriti pensyarah tidak Setuju apabila riwayat
Israiliyyat disampaikan tanpa menjelaskan status Israiliyyatnya.

2.13 Setuju apabila riwayat Israiliyyat disampaikan tanpa menjelaskan


kesahihan isi kandungannya

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Data kajian menunjukkan bahawa, hanya 8.9% (9 orang) responden yang setuju
bahawa riwayat Israiliyat boleh disampaikan tanpa menjelaskan kesahihan isi
kandungannya. Manakala 27.7% (28 orang) reponden memberi jawapan tidak pasti.
Selebihnya 63.4% (64 orang) tidak bersetuju dengan kenyataan tersebut.

Daripada penjelasan di atas dapat kita fahami bahawa majoriti pensyarah


tidak bersetuju apabila riwayat Israiliyyat disampaikan tanpa menjelaskan kesahihan
isi kandungannya.

2.14 Keyakinan bahawa penulis kitab Tafsir Quran sengaja meletakkan riwayat
Israiliyyat di dalam kitabnya sebagai penambahan cerita

Data kajian menunjukkan bahawa, hanya 13.9% (14 orang) responden yang meyakini
bahawa penulis kitab Tafsir Quran sengaja meletakkan riwayat Israiliyat di dalam
kitabnya sebagai penambahan cerita. Manakala 46.5% (47 orang) reponden memberi
jawapan tidak pasti. Selebihnya 38.6% (39 orang) tidak bersetuju dengan kenyataan
tersebut.

Daripada penjelasan di atas dapat kita fahami bahawa majoriti pensyarah


tidak pasti apakah penulis kitab Tafsir Quran sengaja meletakkan riwayat Israiliyyat
di dalam kitabnya sebagai penambahan cerita atau tidak.

2.15 Setuju apabila Mufassir mesti bertanggungjawab sekiranya terdapat


riwayat Israiliyyat di dalam kitab Tafsir Quran yang ditulisnya.

Data kajian menunjukkan bahawa, 57.4% (58 orang) responden setuju bahawa
Mufassir haruslah bertanggungjawab sekiranya terdapat riwayat Israiliyat di dalam
kitab Tafsir Quran yang ditulisnya. Manakala 22.8% (23 orang) reponden memberi
jawapan tidak pasti. Hanya 19.8% (20 orang) sahaja yang tidak bersetuju dengan
kenyataan tersebut.

Dapat disimpulkan di sini bahawa majoriti pensyarah bersetuju bahawa ahli


tafsir mesti bertanggungjawab terhadap riwayat Israiliyyat di dalam kitab Tafsir
Quran yang ditulisnya.

2.16 Pengetahuan akan kadar bahaya riwayat Israiliyyat di dalam Tafsir Quran
lebih sedikit berbanding kepentingannya

Data kajian menunjukkan bahawa, 34.7% (35 orang) responden mengetahui bahawa
bahaya riwayat Israiliyat di dalam Tafsir Quran lebih sedikit berbanding
kepentingannya. Manakala 41.6% (42 orang) reponden memberi jawapan tidak pasti.
Hanya 23.7% (24 orang) sahaja yang tidak bersetuju dengan kenyataan tersebut.

Dapat disimpulkan bahawa majoriti pensyarah tidak pasti apakah kadar


bahaya riwayat Israiliyyat di dalam Tafsir Quran itu lebih sedikit berbanding
kepentingannya atau sebaliknya.

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Rumusan

Berdasarkan kajian di atas dapat dikenal pasti beberapa dapatan dan rumusan kajian
sebagaimana berikut:

1. Dari aspek pengetahuan dan pemahaman dapat disimpulkan sebagai berikut:

1.1 Para pensyarah mengetahui dan mengenal apa itu riwayat Israiliyyat, dan
ianya merupakah kisah-kisah yang diriwayatkan oleh Bani Israil, kerana
memang itulah sebab ianya dinamakan riwayat Israiliyyat. Hanya saja
sebahagian daripada mereka ada yang memahami bahawa riwayat Israiliyyat
itu bukan hanya setakat riwayat-riwayat orang-orang ahli Kitab sahaja, akan
tetapi ia mencakup segala riwayat-riwayat palsu yang dimasukan secara batil,
dan pendapat-pendapat menyeleweng dalam menafsirkan dan memahami
nash-nash Quran dan mengandungi perkara-perkara batil dan karut yang tidak
diterima oleh Islam, maka ianya disini sama dengan istilah Dakhil (susupan)
dalam tafsir alQuran.

1.2 Para pensyarah mengetahui dan memahami akan kesan buruk yang
disebabkan oleh penyebaran riwayat Israiliyyat yang batil, oleh karenanya
hasil dapatan kajian menggesa para pensyarah dan juga pendidik-pendidik
agama untuk memeriksa terlebih dahulu matan dan sekaligus sanad riwayat
terbabit sebelum menyampaikan riwayat tersebut, dan apabila riwayat
tersebut selepas dipastikan tidak bermasalah dari segi sanadnya dan disokong
oleh penjelasan syariat agama kita maka riwayat tersebut dapat digunapakai.

1.3 Dari segi kebolehan menilai dan membezakan riwayat Israiliyyat sama ada isi
kandungannya benar atau salah dan palsu dijumpai masih sedikit pensyarah
yang merasa ada kebolehan tersebut, Meskipun mereka memperakui tidak
sedikit jumlah riwayat Israiliyyat yang muncul dari hasil rekaan semat-mata.
Oleh kerana itu mereka melihat ada riwayat Israiliyyat yang tidak selari
dengan Syariat kita, meskipun tidak mereka jumpai pelanggaran-pelanggaran
secara nyata terhadap ajarannya.

1.4 Meskipun secara nyata riwayat israiliyyat itu sebahagian daripadanya


menyentuh kisah-kisah yang diriwayatkan tentang Nabi-nabi, penciptaan dan
kejadian mahluk pertama sebelum manusia, namun didapati sebahagian
pensyarah ada yang masih tidak mengetahuinya, hal ini mungkin dikarenakan
sebahagian mereka tidak melihat banyaknya riwayat Israiliyyat yang
berhubungan dengan Aqidah Islam.

1.5 Para pensyarah sepakat bahawa pentafsiran nas Quran yang berlandaskan
kepada riwayat Israiliyyat itu tidak boleh menjadi sumber rujukan dalam
perundangan Islam, Kerana Syariat Islam dalam aspek perundangan dan
hukum hakamya sangat independent dalam meletakkan segala hukum hakam
sesuai Quran dan Sunnah sahaja, dan tidak sama sekali merujuk atau
beristidlal (mengambil dalil) dari nash-nash syariat lain.

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2. Dari aspek kesedaran akan kepentingan dan bahaya riwayat Israiliyyat dapat
disimpulkan sebagai berikut:

2.1 Para pensyarah secara keseluruhan sedar akan bahaya riwayat Israiliyyat di
dalam Tafsir Quran. Kerana sebahagian daripadanya dijumpai secara pasti
mengandungi perkara-perkara yang menjejaskan Aqidah Islam. Oleh itu
mereka menyuarakan sebuah tuntutan agar setiap Mufassir mesti bertanggung
jawab sekiranya terdapat riwayat Israiliyyat di dalam kitab Tafsirnya yang
melanggar dan menjejaskan Aqidah agama kita.

2.2 Para pensyarah menilai bahawa riwayat Israiliyyat tidak banyak membantu
dalam memahami Quran. Kerana mereka melihat usaha menafsirkan Quran
itu tidak mesti menggunakan riwayat tersebut, oleh itu mereka tidak akan
banyak berhujjah dengan tafsiran Quran yang berpandukan kepada riwayat
Israiliyyat, dan terlebih lagi riwayat Israiliyyat yang tak jelas status sanadnya.

2.3 Seperti yang sedia maklum bahawa tidak semua kitab Tafsir Quran
menghimpun riwayat Israiliyyat, kitab-kitab tafsir yang menghimpun pun
berbeda dari segi banyak dan sedikitnya riwayat itu ada didalamnya,
disamping berapa jumlah riwayat-riwayat yang dapat diterima dan ditolerir
atapun riwayat yang batil dan tertolak, karena perkara ini menjadi puncak
mengapa para pensyarah tidak percaya atau tidak pasti apakah mereka akan
percaya dan yakin terhadap kitab-kitab tafsir yang banyak menghimpun
riwayat Israiliyyat, dan seterusnya menggunakanya dalam pengajaran dan
pembelajaran atau tidak.

2.4 Keberadaan riwayat Israiliyyat di dalam kitab-kitab tafsir selama ini tidak
diketahui secara pasti apakah ianya setakat tambahan yang disertakan dalam
penjelasan ayat sebagai penguat makna dan maksud yang telah diperakui atau
dia berfungsi sebagai penafsir dan penentu makna dan maksud ayat. Oleh
kerananya, di sini diragui apakah penulis kitab Tafsir Quran sengaja
meletakkan riwayat Israiliyyat di dalam kitabnya setakat sebagai penambahan
cerita guna menjadi saksi atas alma’nal murad (maksud ayat yang telah
diperakui) sahaja atau lebih dari itu, iaitu ianya sebagai penentu makna yang
dimaksud. Perkara ini akan menimbulkan impak kepada persepsi para
pensyarah yang berbeza-beza apabila merujuk kepada penilaian mereka
berkenaan kadar bahaya riwayat Israiliyyat berbanding dengan kepentinganya
apabila ianya dimaksudkan untuk menafsirkan Quran.

2.5 Kesan yang ditimbulkan oleh penafsiran Quran yang berunsurkan riwayat
Irailiyyat antara lain adalah:

1) Munculnya bentuk penafsiran ayat yang dicampur aduk dengan sumber


yang sahih dengan sumber yang tidak sahih yang berunsurkan riwayat
Israi'liyyat yang seterusnya akan menimbulkan kekeliruan atau keraguan.

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2) Membawa kepada keadaan yang agak negatif apabila sanad-sanad yang


lemah dan tidak diketahui puncanya ini telah membawakan cerita-cerita
yang khayal dan khurafat khususnya yang bersumberkan dari Israi'liyyat
ini. Kesan daripada kecenderungan yang seumpama ini akan melahirkan
bentuk-bentuk khayalan, mitos-mitos, dongeng-dongeng dan juga
lagenda bohong yang kadangkala diterjemahkan pula di dalam bentuk-
bentuk lukisan dan grafik yang boleh mengkelirukan paradigma dan
doktrin kepada anak cucu kita.

Penutup

Kajian dan analisis mengenai tahap kesedaran para pensyarah terhadap bahaya dan
kepentingan Riwayat Israi'liyyat merupakan satu keperluan penting di kalangan ahli
akademik pengajian Islam. Dapatan kajian mensyorkan agar para pensyarah membuat
kajian dahulu tentang riwayat israiliyyat berikutan banyak kadar jumlah riwayat yang
diterima dan ditolak serta yang Tawaqquf (tidak dikenal pasti diterima atau tidak)
untuk menjadi panduan para pembaca kitab-kitab tersebut supaya dapat lebih mudah
mengenal pasti diantara riwayat Israiliyyat tersebut mana yang boleh digunapakai dan
mana yang tidak. Juga lebih berhati-hati dalam mengambil dan menyampaikan
penjelasan dan tafsiran ayat secara benar dan selamat. Ini kerana banyak kisah-kisah
Israiliyyat yang bukan sahaja boleh merosakkan tafsiran yang sahih, malah juga boleh
mencetuskan kekeliruan di kalangan umat Islam. Walau bagaimanapun - sebagai
cadangan dan gesaan - kitab-kitab tafsir yang banyak digunapakai oleh masyarakat
pada umumnya dan yang diguna pakai oleh para asatidz dan ahli akademik pada
khususnya dalam usaha mereka untuk memahami tafsir kitab Allah (s.w.t) hendaklah
disertakan satu penjelasan sama ada di awal atau di akhir kisah-kisah tersebut bagi
menyatakan bahawa apa yang diriwayatkan tersebut adalah dari periwayatan
Israiliyyat, atau yang paling baik pengarang tidak menukilkan atau memasukkan
kisah-kisah tersebut di dalam kitab-kitab tafsir mereka. Cadangan ini perlu diberi
perhatian dan diambil tindakan oleh semua pihak yang terlibat dalam pentafsiran
kitab Allah (s.w.t.). Ini adalah kerana golongan sasaran yang akan membaca kitab-
kitab tafsir mereka adalah mungkin terdiri daripada kalangan pelajar yang belum
memiliki keupayaan dalam membezakan antara yang benar dan yang batil,
terutamanya dari segi matan dan sanadnya yang menyebabkan mereka menyangka
bahawa itulah tafsiran sebenar terhadap kisah-kisah yang terdapat di dalam Quran.

Washalallahu ‘alaa saiyyidina Muhammadin wa ‘alaa aalihi wa sohbihii


ajma’iin wal hamdu lillahi rabbil ‘alamin.

Bibliografi

1. Abizal Muhammad Yati, Pengaruh Kisah-kisah Israiliyyat terhadap Materi


Dakwah, Jurnal al-Bayan Vol. 22 No. 31, Januari – Juni 2015.
2. Al-Bukhari, Shahih Bukhari, Beirut, Dar al-Fikr, t.th.
3. Ibn Khaldun Abd al-Rahman b. Khaldun al-Maghribi, Muqaddimah Ibn
Khaldun, 1968, Beirut: Dar Maktabah al-Hayat.

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4. Ibnu Hajar al-Asqalani, Fathul Bari bi Syarh Sahih al-Bukhari, diteliti oleh
Fu‘ad ‘Abd al-Baqi & Muhib al-Din al-Khatib; Dar al Ma’rifah, Beirut,
1379H, jld. 6, ms. 499.
5. Ishak Hj. Sulaiman, Israiliyyat dalam pengajian Tafsir dan Sunnah, Jurnal
Ushuluddin 8, 1998-01.
6. Mohammad Abu Syahbah, AlIsrailiyyat wal Maudlu’at fi Kutubit Tafsir,
Maktabah as Sunnah, Cet. IV.
7. Muhammad Husein al-Dhahabi, al-Tafsir wa al-Mufassirun, 1990.
8. Muhammad Hussein al-Dhahabi, Israi'liyyat fi al-Tafsir wa al-Hadis,1990,
Qaherah, Maktabah Wahbah.
9. Muhammad Husin adz-Dzahabi, Penyimpangan dalam Penafsiran al-Qur'an,
Jakarta: Rajawali, 1986.
10. Zainal Hasan Rifai, Kisah-kisah Israiliyyat dalam Penafsiran al-Qur'an
dalam Belajar Ulumul Qur'an, Jakarta: Lentera Basitama, 1992.

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PERBANDINGAN PENTASHIHAN AL-QURAN: KAJIAN DI UNIT


KAWALAN TEKS AL-QURAN INDONESIA DAN LAJNAH PENTASHIH
MASHAF AL-QURAN MALAYSIA: SATU TINJAUAN

Basirah Abu Bakar1


Muhammad Al-Amin Siddik bin Mohmd Nor2
Dr. Sabri Mohamad3

Abstrak

Kajian ini adalah untuk membandingkan bidang tugas dan metode


yang digunakan oleh Unit Kawalan Teks Al-Quran (UKTQ) di
bawah Kementerian Keselamatan Dalam Negeri (KKDN) dan
Lajnah Pentashih Mashaf al-Quran di Indonesia. Kajian ini juga
ingin mengetahui samada al-Quran dari cetakan Indonesia yang
diimport ke Malaysia ini mendapat kelulusan dari Lajnah Pentashih
Mashaf al-Quran atau tidak. Dengan itu, kajian ini dapat
mengetahui metodologi kedua-dua unit yang bertugas sebagai
pemelihara kesucian al-Quran. Di antara metode yang digunakan
ialah metode temubual, metode pensejarahan, metode dokumentasi
dan metode obeservasi. Dapatan awal kajian adalah
memperkenalkan unit kawalan teks al-Quran di Malaysia dan
pentashih mashaf al-Quran di Indonesia. Selain itu, mendapati
sejarah penubuhan kedua unit dan akta yang digunakan dalam
percetakan teks al-Quran. Di samping mengetahui fungsi dan
bidang tugas unit kawalan teks al-Quran.

Pengenalan

Sesebuah negara Islam yang meletakkan perundangan Islam sebagai perundangan


utama negara haruslah menitik berat tentang sesuatu bahan cetakan yang berkait rapat
dengan agama Islam. Ini kerana, jika sesuatu bahan cetakan atau penerbitan yang
berkait rapat dengan agama boleh menjejaskan kredibiliti agama Islam itu sendiri.

1
Calon PhD, Jabatan Al-Quran dan Hadith, Akademi Pengajian Islam Universiti Malaya,
Universiti Malaya.
2
Calon Sarjana, Jabatan Pengajian Al-Quran dan Al-Sunnah, Fakulti Pengajian Islam
Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, UKM.
3
Ketua Jabatan Pengajian Al-Quran dan Al-Sunnah, Fakulti Pengajian Islam Universiti
Kebangsaan Malaysia, UKM.
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Seperti mana contoh bahan cetakan atau penerbitan al-Quran. Jika tidak dititik
beratkan tentang cetakan dan penerbitannya, sudah tentu al-Quran itu sendiri akan
tidak lagi terpelihara. Kalimah-kalimahnya, penulisannya (rasm) dan bacaannya akan
terjejas.

Sepertimana yang telah terjadi pada zaman pemerintahan Mu’awiyah bin Abi
Sufiyan yang mana sebelum al-Quran dimasukkan baris dan titik. Terjadi perselisihan
bacaan di kalangan umat Islam itu sendiri. Jadi, untuk mengelakkan perkara ini
berlaku lagi, maka sesebuah negara yang menjadikan agama Islam sebagai agama
rasmi hendaklah mewujudkan sebuah unit ataupun lajnah bagi mengawal dan
menjaga cetakan dan penerbitan sesebuah al-Quran.

Tidak dinafikan lagi, di Malaysia ini sendiri yang mana syarikat-syarikat


cetakan dan penerbitan al-Quran begitu banyak. Jadi untuk mengawal bahan cetakan
al-Quran itu dipelihara, maka Kementerian Keselamatan Dalam Negeri (KKDN)
mengambil inisiatif mewujudkan satu unit khas yang mana tugasan utamanya adalah
mengawal dan memelihara sebarang cetakan dan penerbitan al-Quran.

Memperkenalkan Unit Kawalan Teks Al-Quran Di Malaysia

Di Malaysia, KKDN mewujudkan satu unit yang mana diberi nama Unit Kawalan
Teks Al-Quran (UKTQ). Bidang tugas utama unit ini adalah mengawal dan
memelihara sebarang cetakan al-Quran, sebelum ia diluluskan untuk diterbitkan.
Bidang tugas ini juga menyeliputi bahagian eksport bahan al-Quran yang dihasilkan
di Malaysia dan juga mengawal bahagian import bahan al-Quran yang diimport
masuk ke dalam Malaysia sebelum ia diluluskan untuk sebarang jualan. Ini adalah
kerana untuk memastikan bahan al-Quran yang dieksport dan diimport tidak
menyalahi syarat yang ditentukan oleh ulama’ sekaligus memelihara al-Quran
daripada sebarang kesalahan dan keraguan.

Sejarah Penubuhan

Cadangan pembentukan jawatankuasa kecil ini telah diputuskan dalam Mesyuarat


Pertama Lembaga pada 8 Oktober 1987 yang dipengerusikan oleh Y. Bhg. Tan Sri
Datuk Azizan Zainul Abidin, Ketua Setiausaha, Kementerian Dalam Negeri, pada
ketika itu. Keanggotaannya adalah terdiri dari kalangan huffaz dan pakar dalam
bidang al-Quran dan mula berfungsi pada 19 Mac 1988.

Fungsi dan Bidangkuasa Lajnah:

1. Bertanggungjawab menyemak semua teks al-Quran yang dikemukakan


oleh Urusetia.
2. Bertanggungjawab menyediakan laporan penyemakan teks al-quran
secara sistematik dan berkesan.
3. Bertanggungjawab membuat resolusi keputusan penyemakan teks al-
Quran.
4. Melaporkan segala keputusan dan resolusi penyemakan kepada
Lembaga.
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5. Terlibat dalam perlaksanaan aktiviti yang berkait an dengan pendedahan


Rasm Uthmani kepada masyarakat awam yang dianjurkan oleh
Kementerian Dalam Negeri.
6. Bertanggungjawab menyediakan kertas-kertas kerja yang diperlukan
oleh Urus setia Lembaga berhubung dengan penyelarasan pengawalan
teks al-Quran.
7. Bertanggungjawab dalam membuat kajian dan mencadangkan kaedah
penyemakan teks al-Quran yang efisyen dan sistematik bagi
meningkatkan lagi kualiti penyemakan teks al-Quran di Malaysia.
8. Menerima dan memberi maklumbalas yang bersesuaian berhubung
dengan aduan orang ramai mengenai al-Quran.
9. Menghadiri bengkel, mesyuarat, seminar yang diadakan dari masa ke
semasa.
10. Lain-lain tugas yang diarahkan dari masa ke semasa.

Urus Setia Lembaga Pengawalan Dan Pelesenan Pencetakan Al-Quran4

Urusetia kepada Lembaga Pengawalan dan Pelesenan Pencetakan al-Quran telah


diwujudkan pada tahun 1987. Urus setia ini berperanan dalam pentadbiran dan
pengurusan hal ehwal Lembaga berdasarkan peruntukan undang-undang sedia ada.
Urusetia ini diletakkan di bawah Kementerian Dalam Negeri di Bahagian ‘B’ pada
tahun 1987 hingga 1993 yang ditempatkan di Kompleks Pusat Islam, Jalan Perdana,
Kuala Lumpur. Bermula tahun 1984 urusetia ini diletakkan di Bahagian ‘C’,
Kementerian Dalam Negeri yang dikenali sebagai “Unit Kawalan al-Quran” yang
ditempatkan di Tingkat 11, Bangunan Arab Malaysia Berhad (AMDB), Kompleks
Damai, Jalan Lumut, Kuala Lumpur. Kini Unit Kawalan Teks Al-Quran, Bahagian
Kawalan Penerbitan dan Teks al-Quran adalah di bawah Kementerian Dalam Negeri,
yang beribu pejabat di Pusat Pentadbiran Kerajaan Persekutuan, Putrajaya.

Objektif penubuhan adalah untuk memastikan teks dan bahan al-Quran yang
dicetak, diterbit, diimport dan diedar dalam Negara ini tidak mengandungi apa-apa
kesilapan dan kesalahan dalam menjaga kesucian al-Quran.

Tanggungjawab yang diamanahkan kepada Lembaga adalah suatu tugas yang


amat berat. Keadaan ini dapat dikenal pasti sebaik sahaja Lembaga melaksanakan
tugasnya yang pertama. Beberapa perkara yang telah dikenal pasti dari penilitian
ialah:

i. Memastikan Kaedah
Penggunaan rasm dan dhabt dengan betul. Terdapat ketidakselarasan
dari segi kaedah penulisan, penandaan (istilah dhabt) dan teknik pemisah
dan penyambungan perkataan:
a. Kaedah Penulisan
Terdapat cara penulisannya mengikut kaedah qiasi (imla’i)
atau bercampur antara qiasi (imla’i) dan istilahi (uthmani)
sepenuhnya.

4
http://www.moha.gov.my/index.php/ms/maklumat-korporat/maklumat-bahagian/bahagian-
kawalan-penerbitan-dan-teks-al-quran, dicapai pada 17 Julai 2014.
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b. Kaedah Penandaan (Istilah Dhabt)


Terdapat ketidakselarasan pada cara penandaan al-Quran
yang terdapat di Malaysia contohnya tanda sukun (mati), ada
yang menggunakan separuh bulat, bulat sepenuhnya dan
sebagainya. Terdapat tanda tasydid bagi huruf-huruf yang
tidak sepenuhnya diletakkan tanda tersebut dan tanda waqaf
(berhenti) yang terdapat pelbagai cara tanda dan tempat
letaknya.
c. Penentuan Ayat
Terdapat juga ketidakselarasan dalam kaedah menentukan
sesuatu ayat. Ada yang menomborkan mengikut tertib ayat
dalam sesuatu surah, tidak berterusan nombor dalam satu
ayat atau tidak langsung meletakkan sebarang nombor.
Setelah Lembaga dapat mengenal pasti permasalahan
tersebut, maka dalam tindakan keduanya yang bermula pada
14 Januari 1988, Lembaga memutuskan supaya semua
bentuk teks al-Quran yang akan dicetak, diterbit atau
diimport hendaklah menggunakan Rasm Uthmani Riwayat
Hafs dari ‘Asim. Antara bentuk-bentuk kesalahan yang dapat
dilihat pada penulisan al-Quran adalah seperti ayat tidak
bernombor, nombor ayat tidak berterusan, titik bertukar dan
tulisan bercampur aduk antara imla’i dan uthmani.

ii. Penyelarasan Rasm


Al-Quran di Malaysia dalam usaha Lembaga untuk menangani
permasalahan rasm al-Quran di Malaysia, pelbagai langkah telah
diatur dengan melibatkan perancangan jangka pendek dan jangka
panjang. Langkah awal yang telah diambil ialah dengan
mengadakan kursus mengenai rasm al-Quran untuk Ahli Lembaga
dan Ahli Lajnah Tashih. Program ini diatur supaya kedua-dua
komuniti tersebut dapat menjalankan tugas dengan sempurna.
Oleh itu, pada 20 hingga 25 Februari 1989 bersamaan 14 hingga
19 rejab 1409 telah diadakan kursus yang bertajuk “Kursus
Kaedah Penulisan al-Quran Rasm Uthmani” di Pusat Latihan
Belia Antarabangsa, Bandar Tun Razak, Kuala Lumpur.
Penceramah dan fasilitatornya dijemput khas dari Timur Tengah.
Antaranya ialah Syeikh Ali Abdul Rahman al-Huzaifi, Imam
Masjid al-Haram, Syeikh Othman Taha dan Syeikh Ahmad Salim
al-Sanaie dari Percetakan Malik Fahd.

Setelah Ahli Lembaga dan Ahli Lajnah Tashih al-Quran


mendapat pendedahan yang sewajarnya, maka langkah seterusnya
ialah mengatur program penerangan Rasm Uthmani mulai Febuari
1989 hingga November 1991 selama satu hari bagi setiap aktiviti.
Mulai 11 Disember 1991 hingga November 1994 Kursus Rasm
Uthmani dilaksanakan selama dua hari. Walau bagaimanapun
mulai tahun 1995 pendekatan ini diubah kepada Bengkel Modul
Penkaderan al-Quran Rasm Uthmani. Dan mulai tahun 2003
penerangan mengenai Rasm Uthmani diteruskan lagi melalui

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program-program Seminar Al- Quran Rasm Uthmani, peringkat


Negeri yang dianjurkan oleh Kementerian Dalam Negeri dengan
kerjasama Kerajaan Negeri Melalui Jabatan Agama Islam Negeri
yang berkenaan.

iii. Penyemakan dan Pengawalan


Selain menangani masalah rasm al-Quran, tugas utama Lembaga
ialah mengawal kesucian teks al-Quran. Dalam hal ini, Lembaga
mendapati ada kesalahan-kesalahan pada teks al-Quran yang
dijual dan diedar di Malaysia. Antara kesalahan utama ialah
tertinggal ayat, perkataan, huruf, tanda atau terdapat kekotoran
pada sesuatu pencetakan al-Quran. Dalam menangani masalah
kesilapan atau kesalahan dalam sesuatu teks al-Quran yang akan
dicetak atau diterbitkan, maka Lajnah Tashih al-Quran yang
diwujudkan itu telah mula menjalankan fungsinya sejak 19 Mac
1988. Pada awal pembentukannya, keanggotaannya hanya seramai
7 orang. Pada bulan Mei 1988 keahliannya ditambah sebanyak 8
orang menjadikan jumlah keseluruhannya seramai 15 orang dan
pada tahun 1995 seramai 15 orang lagi ditambah menjadikan
keseluruhan jumlah Ahli Lajnah Tashih al-Quran seramai 30
orang sehinggalah sekarang. Mereka ini terdiri dari kalangan
huffaz dan pakar dalam bidang al-Quran. Walau bagaimanapun
memandangkan bebanan tugasan yang semakin meningkat, Ahli
Lembaga dalam mesyuarat Lembaga Pengawalan dan Pelesenan
Pencetakan al-Quran Bil. 49 / 3. 2008 pada 7 hingga 8 September
2006 di Hotel Marriot, Putrajaya, Ahli Lembaga telah bersetuju
menambah jumlah keahlian Ahli Lajnah kepada seramai 35 orang.
Dengan keprihatinan dan usaha gigih yang digemblengkan itu,
mudah-mudahan cita-cita untuk memastikan kesahihan semua
bentuk teks al-Quran yang berada di Malaysia dapat dilaksanakan.

iv. Pemantauan dan Pelupusan Ayat-ayat al- Quran Yang Tidak


Mematuhi Peruntukan APTQ 1986 dan Yang Mengandungi
Kesalahan.
Bagi memastikan setiap teks al-Quran yang berada di negara ini
bersih dari sebarang kesilapan dan kesalahan, Bahagian Kawalan
Penerbitan dan Teks al-Quran turut melaksanakan aktiviti naziran
dan pemantauan dari masa ke semasa di seluruh negara. Aktiviti
ini dijalankan secara berkala dan secara bersepadu dengan
kerjasama agensi-agensi lain seperti Jabatan Kemajuan Islam
Malaysia (JAKIM), Jabatan Agama Islam Negeri, Kastam Di Raja
Malaysia. Selain itu, bagi memastikan ayat-ayat al-Quran sentiasa
terpelihara pihak KDN juga mengambil tanggungjawab untuk
melupuskan bahan-bahan yang mengandungi ayat-ayat al-Quran
sama ada yang tidak mematuhi peruntukan di bawah Akta
Pencetakan Teks al-Quran ataupun yang mengandungi kesalahan
semasa proses pencetakan dijalankan. Pelupusan yang dibuat
adalah melalui kaedah pembakaran menggunakan inciwater yang
telah dilaksanakan pada Mei 2009.

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Unit Kawalan Teks al-Quran diwujudkan di bawah Kementerian Keselamatan Dalam


Negeri pada 27 Mac 2004 ekoran daripada pembentukan Kabinet baru oleh mantan
Pendana Menteri. Sebelum tarikh tersebut, ia dikenali sebagai Bahagian C di bawah
Kementerian Dalam Negeri. Setelah penggabungan Kementerian Keselamatan Dalam
Negeri dan Kementerian Hal Ehwal Dalam Negeri menjadi Kementerian Dalam
Negeri pada 18 Mac 2008. Bahagian ini dikekalkan di bawah Kementerian Dalam
Negeri.

Akta 326 Akta Pencetakan Teks Al-Quran 1986 Dan Peraturan-Peraturan


Pencetakan Teks Al-Quran

Pada tahun 1986 telah digubal suatu peruntukan undang-undang yang


dikenali dengan Akta 326, “Akta Pencetakan Teks Al-Quran 1986” yang diwartakan
pada 15 Mei 1986. Akta ini mengandungi 25 seksyen yang merangkumi peruntukan
mengenai pengurusan, penguatkuasaan, bidangkuasa dan pengecualian. Selain itu
terdapat Peraturan-peraturan Percetakan Teks al- Quran 1986 bagi perlaksanaan Akta
ini.

1.4 Lembaga Pengawalan Dan Pelesenan Pencetakan Al-Quran

Bagi melaksanakan peruntukan undang-undang yang terkandung dalam Akta 326 dan
Peraturan-peraturannya, maka Kerajaan telah menubuhkan suatu Lembaga yang
dikenali dengan nama “Lembaga Pengawalan dan Pelesenan Pencetakan al-Quran”
pada tahun 1987. Tugas pertamanya dapat dimulakan pada 8 Oktober 1987.
Keanggotaannya terdiri dari kalangan Sahibus Samahah Mufti atau Sahibul Fadilah
Kadi Besar yang mewakili setiap negeri di Malaysia.

Fungsi Lembaga tersebut adalah seperti berikut:

i. Menerima dan menimbangkan permohonan Lesen Mencetak/Menerbit


Teks Al-Quran atau membatalkan mana-mana lessen yang dik eluarkan
jika pelesenannya melanggar syarat- syarat pengeluaran.
ii. Menerima, menimbang dan memperakui kesahihan pruf akhir teks al-
Quran sebelum ia dicetak atau diterbit.
iii. Menerima, menimbang dan memperakui permohonan mengimport teks
al-Quran setelah memperakui secara bertulis bahawa ayat-ayat al-Quran
yang terkandung di dalamnya adalah betul.
iv. Meneliti dan memperakui kesahihan teks al-Quran yang dikemukakan
untuk tujuan jualan, edaran atau terbitan oleh mana-mana orang di
negara ini.

Fungsi /Bidang Tugas Unit Kawalan Teks Al-Quran

Penubuhan UKTQ adalah untuk melaksanakan beberapa fungsi yang telah


digariskan oleh kerajaan. Secara umumnya terdapat lima bidang tugas yang perlu
dilaksanakan iaitu:

a) Sebagai urusetia kepada LPPPQ

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b) Mendaftar, memproses dan menguruskan permohonan lesen mencetak atau


menerbit teks al-Quran dan permohonan untuk mengimport teks atau mashaf
al-Quran
c) Mendaftar, memproses dan mengurus permohonan penyemakan teks al-
Quran serta penyemakan pruf akhir al-Quran dan pengeluaran sijil perakuan
betul.
d) Merancang dan mengurus program keutuhan dan penerangan mengenai al-
Quran dan yang berkaitan dengannya.
e) Melaksanakan naziran5 di samping merancang, mengurus dan menyelaras
segala perkara yang berkaitan dengan penguatkuasaan dan penyitaan.

Garis Panduan Yang Digunakan Dalam Meluluskan Penerbitan Mashaf

Penubuhan Unit Kawalan Teks al-Quran (UKTQ) di Bahagian Kawalan Penerbitan &
Teks al-Quran yang diletakkan di bawah bidang kuasa Kementerian Keselamatan
Dalam Negeri (KKDN) juga dilihat mampu menggalas dan melaksanakan amanah
yang cukup besar ini, dalam memastikan mashaf atau bahan al-Quran yang dihasilkan
di Malaysia, juga yang diimport dari luar negara akan terpelihara dari sebarang
kesalahan dan keraguan.

Oleh kerana al-Quran yang ada ketika ini sudah lengkap dari semua aspek
seperti kaedah penulisannya, baris-barisnya, titik-titiknya dan beberapa tanda-
tandanya, maka aspek pemeliharaan yang dilakukan oleh UKTQ adalah berbeza sama
sekali dengan zaman-zaman sebelumnya. Selain dari mengenalpasti beberapa
kesalahan yang berlaku, aspek utama pemeliharaan al-Quran yang dilakukan oleh
UKTQ ialah menyeragamkan beberapa perkara dan tanda tertentu di dalam bahan
atau teks al-Quran yang akan dicetak dan siterbitkan. Perkara ini perlu dilakukan
kerana kepelbagaian dalam beberapa tanda yang terdapat di dalam sebahagian bahan
atau teks tersebut boleh menyebabkan berlakunya kekeliruan kepada pembacanya.

Antara aspek yang diseragamkan penggunaanya oleh UKTQ ialah


penggunaan Rasm Uthmani, baris-baris al-Quran, titik-titik al-Quran, tanda-tanda
wakaf, beberapa tanda tertentu di dalam al-Quran dan penggunaan Hamzah al-Qat
dan Hamzah al-Wasl.

a) Penyeragaman Rasm Uthmani6

Dalam memastikan mashaf al-Quran yang dicetak dan diedarkan di Malaysia tepat
dan betul, maka UKTQ telah menetapkan syarat utamanya mestilah kaedah penulisan
yang digunakan berpandukan sepenuhnya kaedah Rasm ‘Uthmani. Ketetapan ini telah
diputuskan oleh Lembaga Pengawalan dan Perlesenan Percetakan al-Quran (LPPPQ)

5
Melakukan pemeriksaan atau pemantauan terhadap premis-premis yang menjual bahan atau
teks al-Quran, juga terhadap kilang-kilang yang mencetak al-Quran.
6
Rasm Uthmani ialah tulisan mashaf-mashaf al-Quran yang digunakan dan dipersetujui oleh
Sayyidina ‘Uthman r.a untuk menulis kalimah-kalimah al-Quran dan huruf-hurufnya. Lihat:
Muhammad ‘Abd al-‘Azim al-Zarqani, Ahmad Syams al-Din (ed.). Manahil al-‘Irfan fi ‘Ulum
al’Quran, (Beirut: Dar al-Kutub al-‘Imiyyah, 1988), jilid 1, hlm.369.
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dalam mesyuaratnya yang bersidang pada 14 Januari 1988 7, dan bermula pada tarikh
tersebut, UKTQ terus melaksanakam ketetapan tersebut berdasarkan akta 326 yang
telah diperuntukkan kepadanya. Selain dari memiliki beberapa keutamaan dan
kelebihan yang tiada terdapat pada rasm yang lain, syarat tersebut juga adalah
mengambil kira pandangan kebanyakan ulama 8 yang berpendapat bahawa
penggunaan Rasm ‘Uthmani ini adalah wajib, walupun di sana terdapat pandangan-
pandangan lain mengenai hukum penggunaannya.

Oleh kerana mashaf-mashaf Rasm ‘Uthmani itu ditulis dengan berpandukan


berbagai-bagai qiraat, maka UKTQ memutuskan untuk menggunakan kaedah
penulisan yang dibaca mengikut riwayat al-Imam Hafs, memandangkan bacaan
tersebutlah yang digunakan oleh seluruh rakyat Malaysia. Selain dari mashaf al-
Quran, penyeragaman ini juga rakaman dilakukan terhadap teks-teks al-Quran yang
terdapat dalam bentuk digital, VCD dan sebagainya sebelum ia dicetak, diedar dan
dipasarkan.

b) Penyeragaman Baris Pada Huruf Al-Quran

Satu lagi usaha yang dilakukan UKTQ ke arah pemeliharaan al-Quran ialah
menyeragamkan bentuk baris dalam al-Quran. Oleh kerana terdapat berbagai-bagai
pendapat ulama mengenai bentuk baris-baris al-Quran, maka UKTQ memutuskan
penggunaannya terhadap satu bentuk sahaja. Selain dari mashaf-mashaf al-Quran,
usaha ini juga digunakan terhadap teks-teks al-Quran yang terdapat dalam bentuk
digital serta VCD sebelum ianya diedar dan dipasarkan. Berdasarkan pendapat yang
disepakati ramai di kalangan ulama, di samping penggunaannya yang begitu meluas,
UKTQ mengeluarkan ketetapan terhadap bentuk-bentuk baris9.

c) Mendaftar, Memproses dan Menguruskan Permohonan Lesen Mencetak atau


Menerbit atau Mengimport Teks Al-Quran

Sesebuah syarikat yang ingin menerbit, mencetak atau mengimport bahan atau teks
al-Quran perlulah memohon untuk mendapatkan lesen terlebih dahulu. Akta 326 ada
menyebutkan bahawa, “tiada seorang pun yang boleh mencetak atau membantu
dalam percetakan, atau menerbitkan atau membantu dalam penerbitan sesuatu teks
al-Quran tanpa suatu lesen yang dikeluarkan oleh LPPPQ” 10. Oleh yang demikian,
semua permohonan untuk mendapatkan lesen mencetak, menerbit atau mengimport
bahan atau teks al-Quran perlu kemukakan kepada LPPPQ. UKTQ pula akan
menerima, mendaftar serta memproses permohonan tersebut dan setelah itu akan
diserahkan kepada LPPPQ untuk dipertimbangkan kelulusannya. Setelah mendapat
kelulusan, maklumat-maklumat yang berkaitan dengan syarikat tersebut akan
direkodkan dan disimpan oleh unit ini.

7
Panduan Rasm ‘Uthmani, (Putrajaya: Urusetia Lembaga Pengawalan dan Perlesenan
Percetakan Al-Quran, KKDN, 2005), hlm. 110.
8
Abdul Rahman Abdul Ghani, Bab 5, “Pemeliharaan al-Quran: Kajian di Unit Kawalan Teks
Al-Quran Kementerian Keselamatan Dalam Negeri”, di Kuala Lumpur: Jabatan al-Quran dan
Hadith, Akademi Pengajian Islam Universiti Malaya, 2009) hlm. 225.
9
Ibid, h.263.
10
Akta 326 seksyen 5 subseksyen (1).
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d) Mendaftar, Memproses dan Menguruskan Permohonan Penyemakan Teks


Al-Quran Serta Permohonan Penyemakan Pruf Akhir al-Quran dan
Pengeluaran Sijil Perakuan Betul11

Semua permohonan untuk penyemakan bahan atau teks al-Quran serta penyemakan
pruf akhir al-Quran yang dikemukakan kepada LPPPQ akan didaftar dan diproses
oleh UKTQ sebelum dan selepas dipertimbangkan kelulusannya oleh LPPPQ dan
UKTQ juga akan menguruskan pengeluaran sijil perakuan betul yang dicop dalam
bahan atau teks al-Quran yang telah diperakui betul oleh KKDN.

Semua bahan atau teks al-Quran yang diterima oleh UKTQ akan dikemukan
kepada LPPPQ begi urusan penyemakan sebelum diperakui kesahihannya. LPPPQ
pula akan menyerahkan kepada satu jawatankuasa yang telah dibentuknya iaitu LTQ
untuk menyemak secara terperinci kandungan teks al-Quran atau pruf akhir al-Quran
yang diterima dan sekiranya terdapat kesalahan atau kesilapan terhadap huruf,
kalimah, baris, tanda, atau sebarang perkara yang bercanggah dengan peraturan dan
aspek yang ditetapkan, maka UKTQ akan mengembalikan semula teks al-Quran atau
pruf akhir al-Quran tersebut kepada individu atau syarikat yang berkenaan tanpa
deberikan kelulusan untuk diterbitkan atau dicetak.

Bagi teks al-Quran yang diimport dari negara luar seperti Thailand,
Indonesia, Pakistan, India dan lain-lain lagi, sebelum teks-teks tersebut diedar atau
dipasarkan, maka ia juga perlu disemak oleh LTQ terlebih dahulu, dan sekiranya
aspek penulisannya menepati dan mematuhi syarat-syarat yang ditetapkan, barulah ia
akan diberikan kelulusan oleh KKDN. Bagi mashaf-mashaf yang telah disemak dan
diperakui oleh mana-mana lajnah antarabangsa seperti al-Idarah al-Buhuth al-
Islamiyyah al-Azhar al-Syarif Mesir, al-Idarah al-ifta’ al-‘Am wa al-Tadris al-Dini
Syria dan sebagainya, ia juga terpaksa melalui proses penyemakan oleh LTQ terlebih
dahulu. Tetapi sekiranya mashaf-mashaf tersebut adalah merupakan hadiah kepada
mana-mana pertubuhan atau agensi-agensi tertentu di Malaysia, maka LPPPQ tidak
akan mengarahkan kepada LTQ untuk melakukan penyemakan semula
memandangkan ia adalah amanah yang perlu disampaikan, melainkan sekiranya
terdapat kesalahan yang ketara.

Memperkenalkan Lajnah Pentashih Mashaf Al-Quran Di Indonesia12

Pemerintah dan umat Islam Indonesia menaruh perhatian yang besar terhadap
keupayaan pemeliharaan al-Quran melalui berbagai usaha, antaranya melalui
pembentukan Lajnah Pentashihan Mushaf al-Quran Kumpulan Penerjemah dan
Penulisan tafsirnya, Lembaga Pendidikan dan Pengajaran al-Quran dan
penyelenggaraan Musabaqah Tilawah al-Quran.

11
Abdul Rahman Abdul Ghani, Bab 5, “Pemeliharaan al-Quran: Kajian di Unit Kawalan Teks
Al-Quran Kementerian Keselamatan Dalam Negeri”, di Kuala Lumpur: Jabatan al-Quran dan
Hadith, Akademi Pengajian Islam Universiti Malaya, 2009) hlm. 200.
12
Zaenal Arifin Madzkur (Ketua Pentashih Mushaf, Unit Kawalan Teks al-Quran Indonesia),
dalam temubual dengan Muhammad Al-Amin Siddik bin Mohmd Nor, 13-14 November 2014.

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Sejak islam masuk ke Indonesia, sebelum Indonesia mencapai kemerdekaan,


telah dijumpai naskhah-naskhah al-Quran yang ditulis (disalin) oleh rakyat Indonesia
sendiri mahupun yang dibawa oleh pendakwah yang datang dari negara lain. Dari
penelitian yang dilakukan oleh Badan Litbang dan Diklat Kementerian Agama
Republik Indonesia (RI) terdapat ratusan naskhah al-Quran kuno yang terhimpun
samada di muzium, perpustakaan, sekolah, masjid dan juga pada individu. Hal ini
membuktikan bahawa tradisi menulis dan menyalin al-Quran serta proses penyebaran
al-Quran telah berlangsung sejak lama, bahkan sejak awal kedatangan Islam di
Nusantara.

Namun demikian, tradisi penyalinan mushaf al-Quran secara manual yang


dilakukan sejak masa awal kedatangan Islam dan terus berlanjut sehingga lebih
kurang abad yang ke-20, dilakukan secara individu sehingga mushaf-mushaf yang
dihasilkan pun hanya mengikut kemampuan masing-masing individu. Oleh yang
demikian, dapat difahami bahawa terdapat sejumlah kesalahan biasa ditemui dalam
mushaf-mushaf kuno mulai dari kesalahan-kesalahan kecil contohnya kurang tanda
baca, titik, waqaf sehingga kesalahan besar yang berkaitan dengan penulisan ayat.
Terdahulu ditemui dalam mushaf-mushaf kuno tersebut terdapat adanya “coretan”
pada body texts ayat yang dianggap kurang sesuai.

Sejarah Penubuhan13

Memasuki era percetakan pada sekitar awal abad ke-20, dengan adanya penerbit-
penerbit al-Quran yang dapat mencetak al-Quran secara berterusan dan teratur seperti
Matba’ah al-Islamiyah Bukit Tinggi, Abdullah bin Afif Cirebon, Salim Nabhan
Surabaya dan Al-Ma’arif Bandung, pentashihan terhadap mushaf-mushaf yang
hendak dicetak secara mutlak diperlukan. Pada masa ini, pentashihan dilakukan oleh
masing-masing penerbit, sebagai contoh, penerbit al-Quran Matba’ah al Islamiyah
Bukit Tinggi 1933M ditashih oleh As-Syeikh Sulaiman al-Rasuli dan al-Hajj Abdul
Malik, penerbit Abdullah bin Afif Cirebon 1352H/1933M ditashih oleh al-Hajj
Muhammad Usman dan al-Hajj Ahmad al-Badawi dan lain-lain.

Disebabkan inilah pemerintah rasa terpanggil untuk menjamin kesucian teks


al-Quran dari berbagai kesalahan dan kekurangan dalam penulisan al-Quran tersebut
pada tahun 1957 ditubuhkan satu lembaga kepanatiaan yang bertugas mentashih dan
memeriksa setiap mushaf al-Quran yang hendak dicetak dan diedarkan kepada
masyarakat Indonesia. Lembaga tersebut diberi nama Lajnah Pentashih Mushaf Al-
Quran. Namun kewujudan lembaga ini tidak muncul dalam struktur tersendiri, dan
hanya merupakan panatia adhoc. Lembaga tersebut menjadi sebahagian dari
Puslitbang Lektur Keagamaan, bahkan dalam PMA no.3 tahun 2006 tentang
organisasi dan Tata Kerja Departmen Agama Lajnah tidak disebut sama sekali,
walaupun tugasnya dalam tugas utama dan fungsi sangat penting kerana lajnah
mengambil tugas yang amat berat serta tanggungjawab yang besar kerana ia terkait
dengan kajian pemeliharaan kitab suci al-Quran.

Tugas-tugas Lajnah semakin berkembang sejalan dengan perkembangan


zaman dan ilmu pengetahuan. Pada tahun 1982, keluar Peraturan Menteri Agama

13
Ibid.
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Nombor 1 tahun 1982, yang isinya antara lain menyebut tugas-tugas Lajnah
Pentashih, iaitu :

1. Meneliti dan menjaga mushaf al-Quran, rakaman bacaan al-Quran,


terjemahan dan tafsir al-Quran.
2. Mempelajari dan meneliti kebenaran mushaf al-Quran. al-Quran Braille,
bacaan al-Quran dalam kaset, cakera padat, dan alat elektronik yang lain yang
mana turut beredar di Indonesia.
3. Menghentikan peredaran Mushaf al-Quran yang belum ditashih oleh Lajnah
Pentashih Mushaf al-Quran.

Sepanjang perjalanan Lajnah sejak pertama kali ditubuhkan pada 1957 telah
mengalami beberapa pergantian kepimpinan. Pemimpin Lajnah hingga akhir 2006
adalah Ketua Lajnah yang secara ex officio dipegang oleh Kepala Puslitbang Lektur
Keagamaan. Sejak awal tahun 2007 sepertimana yang telah ditetapkannya, Lajnah
Pentashihan Mushaf al-Quran (LPMA) sebagai satuan kerja tersendiri, sebutan Ketua
Lajnah berubah menjadi Kepala Lajnah Pentashihan al-Quran. Antara mereka yang
pernah memegang jawatan Ketua Lajnah adalah seperti berikut:

1. H. Abu Bakar Aceh, (1957-1960)


2. H. Ghazali Thaib, (1960-1963)
3. H. Mas’udin Noor, (1963-1966)
4. H. A. Amin Nashir, (1967-1971)
5. H. B. Hamdani Ali, MA., M.ED, (1972-1974)
6. H. Sawabi Ihsan, MA., (1975-1978)
7. Drs. H. Mahmud Usman, (1979-1982)
8. H. Sawabi Ihsan, MA., (9182-1988)
9. Drs. H. Hafidz Dasuki, (1988-1998)
10. Drs. H. M. Kailani Eryono, (1998-2001)
11. Drs. H. Abdullah Sukarta, (2001-2002)
12. Drs. H. Fadhal AR. Bafadal, M.Sc, (2002-2007)
13. Drs. H. Mahmud Shohib, MA. (2007-sekarang)

Tugas-tugas Lajnah hingga tahun 2007 masih sebagai mentashih al-Quran


dengan semua jenis produknya. Namun sejak akhir-akhir ini tugas Lajnah menjadi
semakin luas. Sehubungan dengan itu, sebagai tindakan pelaksanaan Peraturan
Menteri Agama Republik Indonesia Nombor 3 Tahun 2006 tentang Organisasi dan
Tata Kerja Departmen Agama dan untuk meningkatkan tenaga dan hasil pelaksanaan
tugas di bidang pentashihan dan pengkajian al-Quran. Maka terbitlah Peraturan
Menteri Agama RI Nombor 3 Tahun 2007 tentang Organisasi dan Tata Kerja Lajnah
Pentashihan al-Quran.

Di dalam Peraturan Menteri Agama RI Nombor 3 Tahun 2007 Bab I pasal 1,


Lajnah Pentashihan Mushaf al-Quran adalah Unit Pelaksana Teknis Badan Penelitian
dan Pengembangan serta Pendidikan dan Pelatihan berada di bawah dan
bertanggungjawab kepada Kepala Badan Litbang dan Diklat Kementerian Agama RI.

Sejak terbitnya LPMA tersebut, Organisasi dan Tata Kerja Lajnah


Pentashihan Mushaf al-Quran turut berubah sesuai dengan tugas dan fungsi Lajnah
sehingga organisasi ini mencakupi 3 bidang iaitu pertama Bidang Pentashihan, kedua
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Bidang Pengkajian al-Quran dan ketiga Bidang Bayt Al-Quran dan Dokumentasi.
Khusus pengelolaan Bayt Al-Quran dan Museum Istiqlal telah diterbitkan pula
Keputusan Menteri Agama No. 45 Tahun 2007 tentang Pencabutan Keputusan
Menteri Agama Nombor E/50 Tahun 2002 tentang Susunan Personalia Pengelolaan
Bayt al-Quran dan Museum al-Quran dilaksanakan oleh Lajnah Pentashihan Mushaf
al-Quran.

Saat ini Lajnah bertempat di Gedung Bayt al-Quran dan Museum Istiqlal
yang dirasmikan pada tanggal 20 April 1997 oleh Presiden Republik Indonesia waktu
itu H. M. Soeharto. Gedung ini didirikan di atas tanah seluas 20.013 meter persegi
dengan luas bangunan 20.402 meter persegi. Arkitek pembangunan gedung ini adalah
Ir. Achmad Noe’man. Gedung ini terdiri atas empat tingkat yang masing-masing
berfungsi sebagai masjid, dewan utama dan ruang pameran (tingkat 1), ruang
pameran dan audio visual (tingkat 2), pejabat-pejabat dan ruang perpusatakaan
(tingkat 3) dan ruang untuk seminar (lantai 4).

Garis Panduan Yang Digunakan Dalam Meluluskan Penerbitan Mashaf 14

Peraturan Menteri Agama Republik Indonesia (RI) Nombor 3 tahun 2007 tentang
organisasi dan Tata Kerja Lajnah Pentashihan Mushaf al-Quran menandai lahirnya
sebuah organisasi kerja baru di lingkungan Departmen Agama RI, iaitu Lajnah
Pentashihan Mushaf al-Quran yang merupakan Unit Pelaksana Teknis Badan Litbang
dan Diklat. Sebelum unit ini di tubuhkan secara rasmi, sejak 1957 kerja-kerja
pentashihan dan pengkajian al-Quran dilakukan oleh sebuah kumpulan adhoc yang
bernama Lajnah Pentashih (tanpa akhiran ‘an’) Mushaf al-Quran. Selepas tahun 2007,
barulah unit ini secara rasminya dinamakan dengan Lajnah Pentashihan Mushaf al-
Quran.

Mushaf Standar Indonesia adalah Mushaf yang mana menjadi rujukan utama
dalam proses pentashihan al-Quran sebelum ia diluluskan untuk diterbitkan. Ia juga
menjadi rujukan kepada para penerbit dalam menerbit dan mencetak al-Quran. Dalam
sejarahnya, Mushaf Standar ini tidak lahir dalam waktu yang singkat. Ia dihasilkan
melalui mesyuarat dan perumusan yang agak lama. Dalam kaitan ini, mushaf standar
didefinisikan sebagai Mushaf al-Quran yang ditetapkan cara penulisannya dengan
tanda bacanya (syakl) termasuk tanda waqafnya sesuai dengan hasil yang dicapai
dalam Musyawarah Kerja (Muker) Ulama Ahli Al-Quran yang berlangsung selama 9
tahun dari 1974 sehingga tahun 1983 dan ia terus dijadikan rujukan bagi penerbit
yang ingin menerbitkan mushaf al-Quran di Indonesia. Bersesuaian dengan
Keputusan Menteri Agama (KMA) No. 25/1984 tentang penetapan Mushaf Standar
dan Menteri Agama No. 7 tahun 1984 tentang penggunaan Mushaf al-Quran Standar
sebagai rujukan utama dalam mentashih al-Quran. Mushaf Standar terdiri daripada
Mushaf al-Quran Standar Uthmani, Bahriyah dan Braille.

a) Visi dan Misi Lajnah

Visi Lajnah

14
Ibid.
382 Centre of Quranic Research (CQR)
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Mewujudkan kitab suci yang sahih, indah, mudah dibaca dan daapat difahami serta
terpelihara dengan baik.

Misi Lajnah
1. Meningkatkan kualiti pentashihan mushaf al-Quran dalam rangka
peningkatan kualiti kehidupan beragama.
2. Meningkatkan kualiti pengkajian al-Quran dalam rangka peningkatan kualiti
bimbingan, pemahaman, pengamalan dan kehidupan beragama, serta
peningkatan penghayatan moral dan etika keagamaan.

3. Meningkatkan kualiti pendokumentasi dan pemeliharaan manuskrip mushaf,


produk al-Quran yang dicetak mahupun dalam bentuk elektronik dan benda-
benda keislaman, dengan meningkatkan fungsi Bayt Al-Quran dan Museum
Istiqlal.

b) Tugas Bidang Pentashihan

Berdasarkan Peraturan Menteri Agama RI Nombor 3 tahun 2007, bidang pentashihan


mempunyai tugas melaksanakan penyusunan rancangan dan program, melaksanakan
pentashihan mushaf, terjemah dan tafsir al-Quran, baik dalam bentukan cetakan
ataupun produk elektronik, melaksanakan pembinaan dan pengawasan serta laporan
hasil pentashihan. Selain itu, bidang pentashihan juga memiliki tugas iaitu:
a) Meneliti dan menjaga kemurniaan mushaf al-Quran, rakaman, bacaan
terjemahan, dan tafsir al-Quran.
b) Mempelajari dan menyelidik untuk mengetahui mushaf al-Quran bagi orang
biasa, dan bagi golongan buta (al-Quran Braile), baik dari hasil cetakan
mahupun rakaman bacaan al-Quran dalam kaset, piring hitam mahupun
produk elektronik yang beredar di Indonesia.
c) Menghentikan pengedaran mushaf al-Quran yang belum ditashih oleh Lajnah
(Pasal 3 ayat 1 Peraturan Menteri Agama No.1 tahun 1982).

Dalam melakukan tugas pentashihan, Lajnah merujuk kepada Mushaf Standard


(Intruksi Menteri Agama No.7 Tahun 1984: tentang penggunaan Mushaf Standard
sebagai rujukan utama dalam mentashih al-Quran).

c) Produk yang Ditashih

Lajnah melakukan pentashihan al-Quran meliputi produk cetak dan elektronik.


Barang cetak berupa naskhah mushaf al-Quran, terjemah dan tafsir al-Quran. Barang
elektronik meliputi rakaman bacaan al-Quran dalm kaset piring hitam, laser disk, CD,
CD-Rom dan produk elektronik yang lainnya. Pentashihan tidak hanya dilakukan
terhadap al-Quran yang lengkap 30 juz, tetapi juga terhadap bahagian-bahagian al-
Quran, contohnya juz ‘Amma. Lajnah juga mentashih kaligrafi dalam berbagai media
dan buku-buku yang ditulis atau diterbitkan oleh penerbit swasta yang mengajukan
pentashihan. Selain itu, Lajnah juga menangani permasalahan yang berkaitan dengan
al-Quran, memberikan penjelasan kepada masyarakat dan menjawab surat-surat dari
berbagai kalangan yang berkaitan dengan masalah al-Quran.

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d) Prosedur Pentashihan

Semua kegiatan usaha mencetak al-Quran dan menerbitkannya harus mendapatkan


tanda tashih terlebih dahulu dari Lajnah Pentashihan Mushaf al-Quran. Permohonan
tashih dilakukan dengan mengajukan surat permohonan pentashihan dengan
melampirkan dokumen syarikat, serta pensyaratan lainnya yang sesuai dengan
ketentuan yang berlaku.

Apabila semua syarat di atas dipenuhi, Lajnah memulakan tugas pentashihan


melalui beberapa tahap, iaitu :
a) Naskhah yang ditashih (2 salinan) dibahagikan kepada para pentashih untuk
ditashih.
b) Naskhah yang telah selesai ditashih oleh seorang pentashih, ditashih lagi oleh
pentashih lain dengan system silang secara berulang-ulang sampai tidak lagi
menemui kesalahan. Adakalanya pentashihan dilakukan secara berpasangan,
iaitu salah seorang membaca Mushaf al-Quran yang ditashih, dan seorang
lainnya menyemak dan membandingkan dengan al-Quran Standard. Selain
itu, tashih juga dilakukan dengan menggunakan kaset rakaman bacaan khusus
untuk pentashihan al-Quran.
c) Setelah ditashih beberapa kali melalui sistem silang, maka dibuat 2 salinan
naskah yang telah dibuat semakan, satu untuk penerbit dan satu lagi untuk
Lajnah.
d) Penerbit melakukan pembaikan naskah berdasarkan naskhah yang telah
disemak.
e) Naskhah yang telah siap diperbaiki oleh penerbit kemudian dikirimkan
kembali kepada Lajnah untuk ditashih sekali lagi.
f) Apabila semua sudah sesuai dengan mashaf pembetulan, maka naskhah
tersebut diserahkan kepada penerbit untuk melakukan pra-percetakan.
g) Hasil pra-percetakan diperiksa lagi oleh Lajnah. Apabila sudah tidak terdapat
kesalahan, maka Lajnah memberi keizinan cetak al-Quran tersebut, iaitu
dengan mengeluarkan Surat Tanda Tashih.
h) Berdasarkan Surat Tanda Tashih tersebut, penerbit dapat mencetak al-Quran
sebanyak jumlah yang disebutkan dalam surat permohonannya.
i) Penerbit wajib menyerahkan 5 contoh al-Quran yang baru dicetak untuk
keperluan dokumentasi.
j) Apabila penerbit berhajat untuk mengulang cetak al-Quran, maka penerbit
harus mengajukan permohonan tashih ulang cetak kepada Lajnah.
k) Pentashihan terhadap kaset rakaman al-Quran, CD-Rom dan barang
elektronik yang lain, pada dasarnya sama dengan prosedur pentashihan media
cetak.

e) Syarat-syarat Penerbitan Al-Quran

Setiap yayasan yang hendak mencetak al-Quran harus memenuhi syarat-syarat


berikut:

1. Mengajukan surat permohonan pentashihan kepada Lajnah Pentashihan


Mushaf al-Quran, Departmen Agama RI, dengan menyebutkan:

384 Centre of Quranic Research (CQR)


Qur’anic Research: Interaction of Knowledge, Science, and Civilization

a) Ukuran al-Quran yang akan diterbitkan


b) Jumlah al-Quran yang akan diterbitkan

2. Memenuhi kelengkapan administrasi yayasan, meliputi:


a) Akte Notaris Badan Yayasan
b) Surat Izin Perusahaan Perdagangan
c) Nombor Pokok Wajib Pajak (NPWP)
d) Tanda Daftar Perusahaan
3. Khusus percetakan umum, dalam menangani proses percetakannya harus
mempunyai penanggungjawab yang beragama Islam.
4. Memiliki karyawan atau tenaga kerja yang hafal al-Quran.
5. Menyerahkan contoh al-Quran yang akan dicetak.
6. Kulit hadapan al-Quran yang akan diterbitkan harus hak milik sendiri dan
berbeza dengan kulit al-Quran yang telah diterbitkan oleh penerbit lain.
7. List al-Quran harus berbeza dengan kulit al-Quran penerbit lain
8. Pencantuman bacaan Asma’ul Husna, contohnya di belakang kulit Mushaf al-
Quran juga harus ditashih terlebih dahulu.
9. Satu tanda tashih hanya untuk sekali cetak.
10. Penerbit yang berhajat mengulang cetak al-Quran haruslah megajukan
pentashihan ulang dan mendapatkan izin dari Lajnah Pentashihan Mushaf al-
Quran.
11. Mentaati proses pentashihan15.

f) Petunjuk Teknikal Pelaksanaan Percetakan Mushaf al-Quran

1. Sebelum penerbit melakukan cetak mushaf al-Quran, terlebih dahulu harus


melakukan pra-percetakan dan segera dikirimkan kepada Lajnah untuk
diteliti.
2. Bagi melakukan ulang cetak boleh dilakukan apabila telah ada persetujuan
dari Lajnah.
3. Harus dilakukan pengawalan dan pengawasan yang ketat selama proses
percetakan berlangsung, agar tidak terjadi tulisan yang kabur, rosak atau
kesalahan yang lainnya.
4. Semua bahan yang digunakan untuk mencetak al-Quran harus menggunakan
bahan-bahan yang suci.
5. Sisa dari bahan al-Quran yang tidak digunakan lagi harus dibakar untuk
menjaga agar tidak dipergunakan sebagai bahan pembungkus atau keperluan
lainnya.
6. Penyimpanan hasil cetakan, baik yang masih dalam proses percetakan,
mahupun yang sudah selesai dan tersimpan di gudang, harus diberi alas yang
bersih dan suci.
7. Untuk menghindari kesalahan teknikal dalam penjilidan, harus diperhatikan
kebenaran urutan halaman.

Kesimpulan

15
Rujuk 2.2.4
385
Qur’anic Research: Interaction of Knowledge, Science, and Civilization

Kesimpulannya, kedua-dua lajnah memainkan peranan yang sama iatu memelihara


kesucian teks al-Quran. Ini adalah sumbangan besar terhadap masyarakat Islam di
Malaysia dan Indonesia. Malaysia juga membekalkan hasil-hasil teks al-Quran
kepada negara luar dengan melakukan aktiviti inport dan eksport. Manakala,
Indonesia pula tidak pernah menegadakan jualan import dan eksport naskah al-Quran
ke mana-mana negara. Sekiranya ia berlaku, ia hanyalah perbuatan individu yang
tidak bertanggungjawab. Berdasarkan pemerhatian penulis, kaedah pentashihan teks
al-Quran yang dilaksanakan oleh Malaysia adalah mengikuti kaedah pentashihan teks
al-Quran di Madinah. Kaedah pentashihan Indonesia pula, adalah mengikuti cara dan
lahjah kefahaman bangsa mereka.

Bibiliografi

1. Abdul Rahman Abdul Ghani. Pemeliharaan al-Quran: Kajian di Unit


Kawalan Teks Al-Quran Kementerian Keselamatan Dalam Negeri. Kuala
Lumpur: Jabatan al-Quran dan Hadith, Akademi Pengajian Islam Universiti
Malaya, 2009.
2. Akta 326 seksyen 5 subseksyen (1).
3. Muhammad ‘Abd al-‘Azim al-Zarqani, Ahmad Syams al-Din (ed.). Manahil
al-‘Irfan fi ‘Ulum al’Quran. Beirut: Dar al-Kutub al-‘Imiyyah, 1988.
4. Panduan Rasm ‘Uthmani. Putrajaya: Urusetia Lembaga Pengawalan dan
Perlesenan Percetakan Al-Quran, KKDN, 2005.
5. Zaenal Arifin Madzkur. Kajian Ilmu Rasm Usmani dalam Mushaf al-Quran
Standar Usmani Indonesia, Jurnal Suhuf, Vol. 06 No.01 2013.
6. Zaenal Arifin Madzkur (Ketua Pentashih Mushaf, Unit Kawalan Teks al-
Quran Indonesia)
7. http://www.moha.gov.my/index.php/ms/maklumat-korporat/maklumat-
bahagian/bahagian-kawalan-penerbitan-dan-teks-al-quran.

386 Centre of Quranic Research (CQR)


Qur’anic Research: Interaction of Knowledge, Science, and Civilization

NOTES

387
i

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