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Illustration inspired by the work of Johannes Gutenberg

m
Scientific Writing an
y for
in
Journals us
e d
Swati Meherishi
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e
o
d
ie
4th Sep 2020 co
p
d,
d ite
e
s,
ir e
o
osit
p
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on
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t be
no
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 1

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an
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u
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Before you begin , co
p ie
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or

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p
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on
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Name of the university / Date of workshop
 2

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Why publish? y
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in
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u
Nature is complex re
or
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p ie
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 3

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Why publish? To exchange ideas globally y
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an
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in
s ed
u
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or
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p ie
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s,
ir e
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osit Language clarity
p
re is critical!
en
op
on
d
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po
t be
no
ay
t m
t en
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co
s
Thi
l. Your research is not
r ia
e
at complete until it has been
m
d
hte published.
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 4

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Publish or perish y
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u
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or
d
Funding p ie
, co
Bodies d
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p
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on
d
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Grant Writing t be
no
Researchers
ay
t m
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Thi
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at
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co
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 5

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Publishing timeline y
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Submission to publication, 3–12 months re
or
d
p ie
, co
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d ite
Manuscript e
s,
submitted ir e
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p
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on
d
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Editor assigned t be Reviewers
Editor sources no Reviewers
rapid rejection or ay evaluate accept, Revise manuscript
reviewers tm
evaluate accept
peer review e n reject or revise
nt
co
s
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co
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 6

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Be Aware y
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an
in
s ed
• Very few manuscripts are accepted without any form of revisionr reu
o
e d
• Second (even third) reviews are common op
i
c
d,
• Rejection and revision are integral to the peer review process i te
d
s ,e
• Peer review is a positive process o rie
i t
p os
re
en
op
on
e d
st
po
t be
no
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nt
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 7

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u
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or
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c op
Those who have published a paper in a journal recently, d, how many rounds
i te
ed
of revisions took place? s,
i e
i t or
s
epo
r
en
op
o n
t ed
s
po
t be
no
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 8

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ORCID: Open Researcher and Contributor ID y
m
an
n

Go to www.orcid.org and register for your own Digital Identifier an

in
s ed
u
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or
d
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 9

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Be an effective communicator y
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in
ed
Your goal is not only to be published, but r
also to be re
u s
o
d
widely read in your field
, c op
ie

d
d ite
e
es,
i
i t or
s
epo
r
Logical manuscript en Efficient publication
op
on
structure ste
d strategy
po
t be
no
ay
t m
t en
n
co
s
Thi

e r ia
l. Successful journal
at
te
d
m submission
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 10

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Experimental design Get it right y
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CRITICAL u
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or
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• What is your hypothesis or research question? p ie
, co
d
• THE AIM(S) OF YOUR STUDY d ite
e
s,
• What methods are appropriate? ir e
o
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• Do you have the relevant resources? re
en
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• Identify your controls on
d
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 11

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Experimental design Get it right y
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Sample sizes (n) large enough? u
re
or
d
Which statistical test(s)? p ie
, co
d
d ite
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s,
When in doubt – talk to a statistician! ir e
o
osit
p
Does your study comply re
en
with ALL ethics requirements? op
on
d
ste
po
t be
no
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t m
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 12

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Publication ethics y
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in
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DO NOT… u
re
or
d
• Multiple submissions p ie
, co
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• Plagiarism (Questions 1,2,3) d ite
e
s,
• Improper author contribution ir e
o
osit
p
• Data fabrication and falsification re
en
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• Improper use of human subjects on
d
and animals (Question 4) ste
po
t be
no
ay
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Thi
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COPE Guidelines for Authors m
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 13

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What is unethical? an
n
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an
in
• Re-use policies differ with different organizations, institution spresses, ed publishers,
u
online sites etc. r re
o
• International Association of STM Publishers provides aoset ied of guidelines for its
p
c
members, but it is not binding. d,
i te
d
• Check COPE (Committee on Publication Ethics) guidelines;
s ,e they have guidelines
ir e
on almost all ethical aspects of publication osito
p
re
en
So what do we do? op
on
d
ste
po
b e
If you’reotnot sure, ask yourself:
n
ay
“If this behaviour or practice were n t mto become public knowledge, would I have any reason to
e
nt
feelcouncomfortable or ashamed by it?”
i s
h
l . TIf the answer is ‘yes’ or even ‘maybe’,
ia
t er
a
m
te
d don’t do it!
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If the answercois ‘no’, though, there still might be cause for concern. If still in doubt, ASK
is someone more experienced and trustworthy!
i s
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 14

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Avoiding plagiarism pitfalls an
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in
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u
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or
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• While referring to published work, even yours, and even in ie
c op abstracts, use your own
explanations. d,
i te
, ed
• If you re-use anything, make sure it is clearly mentioned rie
s exactly WHAT has been re-
i t o
used and WHERE it came from. p os
e
• Exact usage must be included within quotes.pen r
o
• Give proper citations and complete references, on including links if possible.
e d
• If usage exceeds permissible limits, please st obtain permission from copyright owner.
po
e
• Even content freely available on theot bnet is copyright protected; check for rights and
n
permissions for re-use. ay
n tm
• Every figure, table, chart, graph e
nt must have their source mentioned; if it is your own,
co
mention that too. s
Thi
l.
• Run your paper through e r ia similarity tracking software such as iThenticate, TurnitIn.
at
• m
Get your institutioned or organization to invest in one of these. It is worth it!
ht
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 15

Avoiding plagiarism pitfalls – re-using open contentanner

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y
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• Just because it is free to access does not mean it is free orto re-use.
d
ie
c op
• Carefully check the terms and conditions of the site. te
d,
d i
,e
• Open access content are available as 6 Creative rie
s Commons (CC) copyright
t o
licenses. Check the relevant one carefully. eposi
r
en
• Creative Commons licenses provide a pool n
op of content “can be copied,
o
distributed, edited, remixed, and built t ed upon, all within the boundaries of
s
po
copyright law” tb
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no
ay
t m
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 16

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Visit us for more information y
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https://www.springer.com/gp/authors-editors/journal- http://www.nature.com/authors/policies/publication.html
p
co
author/journal-author-helpdesk/publishing-ethics/14214
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 17

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What do journal editors want? y
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in
s ed
Good quality science! u
re
or
d
• Will stand up to peer review p ie
, co
d
• Original research d ite
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s,
• Interesting to the journal’s readership ir e
o
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• Active research area (many citations) re
en
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• Clear, concise writing on
d
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 18

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Logical Manuscript Structure , co
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or

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d ite
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s,
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Name of the university / Date of workshop
 19

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Structuring your manuscript y
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You are telling a story in
s ed
BEGINNING > MIDDLE > END u
re
or
d
p ie
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Expanded IMRaD model d ite
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ir e
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Title osit
p
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Abstract en
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Key words ste
po
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Introduction no
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Methods t en
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Results Thi
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Discussion d
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References pyr
co
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Acknowledgments
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 20

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The ‘write’ order y
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For maximum clarity and consistency, u
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or
write your manuscript in this order: d
p ie
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d ite
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Methods ir e
o Write during the
osit
p
Results re research
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d
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Introduction t be Write after selecting
no
Discussion ay your target journal
t m
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Thi
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Title r ia
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e Write last
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Abstract d
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 21

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The importance of your title y
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p ie
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World Class s,
ir e
Physics Manuscript
sit
o
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Introduceson
e d
st
Grabs the reader’s yourpomanuscript A label
t be
attention no to an editor for indexing
ay
t m
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Convey the main topics of manuscript co
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Thi
Be specific and concise l.
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Avoid jargon, abbreviations m and acronyms
d
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 22

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Titles – Get your reader’s attention y
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u
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or
Should include… Should avoid… p ie
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 What’s important Questions osit
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p
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 Keywords for indexing op
en Describing methodology
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 Conciseness (<20 words) osted o Abbreviations
p
t be
no
ay
Your title should be a concise summary of
n t en
t m

co
what’s
l.
Thi
s
most important
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a
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State whatigwas ht
ed investigated, what was measured, and
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py
the sample
is
c o the measurements were taken from
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 23

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A good title y
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in
s ed
u
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Poor or
e Too long
d
o pi
Late Quaternary evolution of a loess landscape over glacial d, c
e
and interglacial cycles in a region of high tectonic vertical, edit
s
rie
uplift and lateral strike-slip movement in the Charwellsit
o
o
Basin located in the South Island of New Zealandn rep
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op
on
d
ste
po
t be
no Shorter and
Better ay
m easy to understand
e nt
Late Quaternary loess landscape t
n evolution on an active
co
s
Thi
tectonic margin, Charwell Basin, South Island, New Zealand
l.
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 24

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Abstract – First impression of your paper y
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• The majority of people will only read this section in
s ed
u
• It must be able to ‘stand alone’ re
or
d
p ie
• An accurate summary of your research and conclusions reached , co
d
d ite
• Structured or unstructured? e
s,
ir e
o
• ALWAYS consult the Guide for Authors for specific requirements osit
p
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en
op
on
Aims d
Importance of your topic
st
e
po
t be
no
ay
n tm
e
Results co
nt Significance of your study
s
Thi
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at
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Conclusionshte Relevance of your study
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 25

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Abstracts – Good first impression y
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• Be brief in
s ed
u
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• Write clearly or
d
p ie
, co
• Avoid abbreviations ite
d
ed
s,
• Avoid references What do you readers want to know?
o
ir e
osit
p
re
en
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Why did the study on need
e d Introduce topic and problem
t
to beposdone?
t be
no
ay
t What
m did you do? Your aims and methodology
e n
nt
co
s
Thi
l. What did you find? Key results
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at
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d
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pyr Conclusions and implications
co the field?
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 26

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Keywords y
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in
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• Choose appropriate keywords for u
re
or
indexing purposes → citations d
p ie
, co
d
• Use established key words and terminology from d ite
e
the literature and databases s,
ir e
o
osit
p
• Avoid general terms re
en
op
• Some journals do not allow key words in theon
d title e
st
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 27

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Keywords y
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in
s ed
u
re
or
Direct observation of nonlinear optics ie
d
p
in an isolated carbon nanotube , co
d
d ite
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s,
ir e
o
osit
p
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Poor op Too general
on
molecule, optics, lasers, energy d
ste
po
t be
no
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t m
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Better co
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s
hi
single-molecule interaction, TKerr effect, carbon nanotubes,
l .
energy level structure teria
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 28

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Your readers have 4 key questions y
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in
Methods Results u s ed
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or
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How did you go , co
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What did you find? ite
d
about it? s,
ed
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Introduction ste
d Discussion
po
t be So what does this
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Why did you do ay
en
t m study do to advance
the study? co
n t

Thi
s the field?
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 29

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Introduction y
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an
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Why does your study need to be done？
eu
s e d
r
or
d
p ie
co
Introduce the topic
,
d
ite
• ed
Worldwide/regional
s,
relevance
i e
• i t or
Broad/specialized audience
s
po
re
en
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What is known about topic
d
ste
po • Up-to-date studies
t be
no • Cite broadly worldwide
ay
t m
t en
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s What is not known
l.
e r ia • Clear description of problem
at
te
d
m • Use keywords like ‘however’
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is Aims Specific aims
 30

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Introduction Why? y
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an
in
What question (problem) was studied? s ed
u
re
or
d
The answer to this question is contained within your Introduction p ie
, co
d
d ite
BEGINNING > MIDDLE > END e
s,
ir e
o
osit
Introduction Beginning Introduction Middle p Introduction End
re
en
op
• Provide background on
e d
information to put your work st • Clearly state the aims of your
• What is the po rationale/reason
into context t be study
for your no
study?
ay
• State the methods you will use
• DO NOT write a n tm to carry
e •
nt
Explain how you addressed the
comprehensive co out your aims
i s problem (1–2 sentences)
h • Are the citations
literature review of the field l .T
ir a
e balanced,
at • DO NOT state results from your
m
• DO cite reviews that readers te
d current,
ig
h study
can refer to pyr and relevant?
c o
if they want more information
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 31

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Methods y
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an
in
How did you go about it? re
u s ed

or
d
p ie
, co
d
d ite
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s,
ir e
Researchers in • Reproduce your findings
osit
o
p
re
your field en
• Build
n
op on your research
o
d
ste
po
t be
no
ay
t m
n t en • Evaluate your study design
co
Peer reviewers
Thi
s
.
e r ia
l • Validate your results
at
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 32

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Methods What do they need to know? in
an
y
m

s ed
u
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or
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p ie
Who/what was used in the study , co
d
d ite
• Samples or participants ir e
s,
e
o
sit
• Materials (where purchased)
re
p o
en
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on
How you conducted the study po
ste
d

• Methodology and t be techniques

no
ay
• Discuss specific
e n t m conditions and controls
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co
s
Thi
How you analyzed your data
e r ia
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at
• Quantification
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d methods/software
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• cStatistical
opyr tests (consult a statistician)
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 33

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Methods How? y
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• Clear subheadings u
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or
d
p ie
• Describe methods in the past tense , co
d
d ite
• New methods must be described in sufficient detail fors, another researcher to reproduce e
o rie
the experiment si t
po
re
• Established methods can be referenced en
op
on
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• Describe statistical tests used ste
po
t be
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 34

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Methods Example y
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Materials and methods
e us Materials
Materials. Culture media were obtained from Life Technologies (Gaithersburg, MD). Okadaic or r described first
d
acid was purchased from Alexis Company (Läufelfingen, Switzerland). Antibodies to MEK1/2
p ie Suppliers/location
and phosphorylated MAPK were purchased from New England Biolabs (Beverley, MA). , co s given
d
d ite
e
es,
i
i t or
Induction of cell death. Cell death was induced as described previously [15]. s Briefly, cell Clear subheadings
epo
death was induced by adding okadaic acid (0-300 nM, Alexis Co.) after washing r slice cultures Refs used to save
en
in serum-free medium. op space
o n
t ed
s
po
Light and electron microscopy. Cultures were fixed in 2.5% t beglutaraldehyde and 1% formaldehyde, treated Enough
no
ay
with 1% OsO4 in 0.1 M phosphate buffer, pH 7.4, dehydrated in a graded series of ethanol and propylene information to
oxide, and flat-embedded in an epoxy resin (Durcupan m ACM, Fluka, Neu-Ulm, Germany). Semithin
e nt reproduce the
sections were stained with toluidine blue, and ultrathin n t sections were stained with 1% uranyl acetate for experiment
co
20 min and 1% lead citrate for 2 min. s
Thi
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 38

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 43

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 46

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 48

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 49

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 50

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 51

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Not all open access journals are good y
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 54

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Think – Check – Submit (www.thinkchecksubmit.org) y
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 55

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Need help finding a journal? y
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 56

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 57

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 58

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[Title for presentation / Date to go here]
 59

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 60

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Make the best first impression for journal editors y
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 61

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 62

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Publication ethics y
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 63

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Peer review
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 64

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Peer review is a positive process y
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Experts give advice on how
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 65

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 66

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 67

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 68

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Promote your article after publication y
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 69

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https://www.springernature.com/gp/researchers/sharedit
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 70

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Content sharing y
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