Designation: D 1125 – 95 (Reapproved 1999)

Standard Test Methods for

Electrical Conductivity and Resistivity of Water 1
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 1125; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of 
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
ript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
superscript
supersc

This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.

1. Scope
Scope tivity of a Flowing High Purity Water Sample 2
1.1 These
These test
test method
methodss cover
cover the determ
determina
inati
tion
on of the E 1 Specificat
Specification
ion for ASTM Ther
Thermome ters4
mometers
electrical conductivity and resistivity of water. The following
3. Terminology
test methods are included:
3.1   Definitions:
Range Sections
Test Met
Method
hod A—Fie
A—Field
ld and Routin
Routinee Labora
Laborator
tory
y 10 to 200 000 12 to 18 3.1.1   electrical conductivity—the reciprocal of the a-c re-
Measurement of Static (Non-Flowing) µS/cm si
sist
stan
ance
ce in ohms
ohms meas
measur
ured
ed betw
betwee
een
n op
oppo
posi
site
te fa
face
cess of a
Samples
Test
est Me
Meth
thod
od B—Co
B—Cont
ntin
inuo
uous
us In-L
In-Lin
ine
e Me
Meas
asur
ure
e 5 to 200
200 000
000 19 to 23
centimetre cube of an aqueous solution at a specified tempera-
ment µ S/cm ture.
1.2 These test methods have been tested in reagent water.
water. It NOTE   1—The unit of electr
electrical
ical conductivity
conductivity is siemens
siemens per centim
centimetre.
etre.
is the user’s responsibility to ensure the validity of these test (The
(The pre
previou
viously
sly used
used uni
units
ts of mhos/cm
mhos/cm are numnumeri
erical
cally
ly equival
equivalent
ent to
methods for waters of untested matrices. S/cm.) The actual resistance of the cell,   Rx, is measured in ohms. The
conductance, 1/  Rx, is directly proportional to the cross-sectional area,   A
1.3 For measurement
measurementss below the range of thes
thesee test meth-
(in cm  2 ), and inversely proportional to the length of the path,  L  (in cm):
ods, refer to Test Method D 5391. 1/  R x 5 K · A
 A /  L
1.4   This sta
standa
ndardrd does not purpo
purport
rt to add
addre
ress
ss all of the
safe
safety
ty conc
concer
erns
ns,, if any
any, as
asso
soci
ciat
ated
ed wi
with
th its
its use.
use. It is th
thee The con
conduc
ductan
tance
ce mea
measur
sured
ed betwee
betweenn opposi
oppositete fac
faces
es of a
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro- centimetre cube,  K , is called conductivity. Conductivity values
 priate safety and health practices and determine the applica- are usu
usuall
ally
y expres
expressed
sed in micro
microsie
siemen
mens/c
s/cent
entime
imetre
tre or in
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. siemens/centimetre at a specified temperature, normally 25°C.
3.1.2  electrical resistivity—the a-c resistance in ohms mea-
2. Referenced Documents sured
sured bet
betwee
weenn opposi
opposite
te fac
faces
es of a centim
centimetr
etree cube
cube of an
2.1   ASTM Standards: aqueous solution at a specified temperature.
D 1066 Prac
Practice
tice for Sampling
Sampling Steam2
Steam
NOTE  2—The unit of electrical resistivity is ohm-centimetre. The actual
Terminology Relating to Water2
D 1129 Terminology resistance of the cell,  R x, is measured in ohms, and is directly proportional
D 1192
1192 Specificati
Specification
on for Equipment
Equipment for Samp
Sampling
ling Water to the length of the path,   L   (in cm), and inversely proportional to the
and Steam in Closed Conduits3 cross-sectional area,  A  (in cm  2 ):
D 1193 Water2
1193 Specification for Reagent Water  R x 5  R·  L
L /  A
D 2186
2186 Test Method
Method for Deposi
Deposit-F
t-Form
orming
ing Impuri
Impuritie
tiess in
3 The resistance measured between opposite faces of a centi-
DSteam
2777 Practice for Determ
Determination
ination of Precision anand
d Bias of  metree cube,   R, is cal
metr called
led resist
resistivi
ivity
ty.. Res
Resist
istivi
ivity
ty values
values are
usually expressed in ohm·centimetre, or in megohm · centime-
Applicable Methods of Committee D-19 on Water2
tre, at a specified temperature, normally 25°C.
D 3370
3370 Practi
Practices
ces for Sam
Sampli
pling
ng Wate
aterr fro
from
m Clo
Closed
sed Con
Con--
2 3.1.3 For definitions
definitions of other terms used in thes thesee methods,
duits
refer to Terminology D 1129.
D 4519 Test Method for On-Li
On-Line
ne Determin
Determinatio
ation
n of Anions
3.2   Symbols:Symbols:
and Carbon
Carbon Dio
Dioxid
xidee in Hig
Highh Pur
Purity
ity Wa
Water
ter by Cat
Cation
ion
3.2.1 Symbols
Symbols used in the equation
equationss in Sect
Sections
ions 14 and 16
Exchange and Degassed Cation Conductivity2
are defined as follows:
D 5391 Test Method for Electrical Conductivity and Resis-
 J  = cell constant, cm  −1 ,
K   = conductivity at 25°C, µS/cm,
1
These test methods are under the jurisdiction of Committee D19 on Water
Water and K x  = measured conductance, S,
are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D19.03 on Sampling of Water and K 1  = conductivity of the KCl in the reference solution at the
Water-Formed Deposits, Surveillance of Water, and Flow Measurement of Water.
Currentt editio
Curren edition
n approved
approved Oct. 10, 1995.
1995. Published
Published December 1995. Originall
Originally
y temperature of measurement (Table 1), µS/cm,
published
publi shed as D 1125 – 50 T. Last previous
previous edition
edition D 1125 – 91.
2
 Annual Book of ASTM Standar
Standards
ds,, Vol 11.01.
3   4
 Annual Book of ASTM Standar
Standards
ds,, Vol 11.02. Standards,, Vol 14.03.
 Annual Book of ASTM Standards

Copyright © ASTM, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.

1
 

D 1125
Assigned to the Potassium Chloride in the Reference Solution   A
TABLE 1 Electrical Conductivity Values Assigned
Approximate Electrical
Reference   Tempera-
Normality of Method of Preparation Conductivity,
Solution ture, °C
Solution µS/cm
A 1 74.2460 g of KCl weighed in air per 1 L of 0 65 176
solution at 20°C 18 97 838
25 111 342
B 0.1 7.4365 g of KCl weighed in air per 1 L of 0 7 138
solution at 20°C 18 11 167
25 12 856
C 0.01 0.7440 g of KCl weighed in air per 1 L of 0 773.6
solution at 20°C 18 1 220.5
25 1 408.8
D 0.001 Dilute 100 mL of Solution C to 1 L at 20°C 0 77.69B 
18 127.54B 
25 146.93
A
Excluding the conductivity of the water used to prepare the solutions. (See 7.2 and Section 14.) These tabulated conductivity values are in international units. When
using measuring instruments calibrated in absolute units, multiply the tabular values by 0.999505.
B 
From Glasstone (13)
Glasstone  (13)..

K 2  = conductivity of the water used to prepare the reference 5.3 If an unshi
unshielded
elded cell is used to meas
measure
ure the resistivity/ 
resistivity/ 
solution, at the same temperature of measurement, µS/cm, conductivity of high resistivity water there is a possibility of 
Q   = temperature correction factor (see Section 11), electrical pickup causing erroneous reading. For this reason it
 R  = resistivity at 25°C, ohm · cm, is recommended that conductivity cells for this application be
 Rx  = measured resistance, ohm. of coaxial shielded type or equivalent, and that the cables and
instrument also be shielded.
4. Signi
Significanc
ficancee and Use
4.1 These test methods
methods are applicable
applicable for such purpo
purposes
ses as 6. Appar
Apparatus
atus
impurity detection and, in some cases, the quantitative mea- 6.1  Measuring Circuit —The—The instrument may be a manually
sureme
surementnt of ion
ionic
ic con
consti
stitue
tuents
nts dis
dissol
solved
ved in watwatersers.. The
These
se
operated
operat ed whe
wheats
atston
tonee bri
bridge
dge or the equ equiva
ivalen
lent,
t, or a dir
direct
ect
include
include diss
dissolved
olved electrolytes
electrolytes in natu
natural
ral and trea
treated
ted water
waters,
s,
reading analog or digital meter. Instruments shall energize the
such as boiler water, boiler feedwater, cooling water, and saline
conductivity cell with alternating current and, together with the
and brackish water.
cell and any extension leadwire, shall be designed to reduce
4.1.1 Thei
Theirr conce
concentra
ntration
tion may range from trace levels in
errors from the following sources:
waters   (1)5 to significant levels in condensed steam (see
pure waters 
Test Methods D 2186 and D 4519, and Ref   Ref   (2)
(2)),
), or pure salt 6.1.1  In highly conductive solutions —Uncompensated elec-
solutions. trode
trode polpolari
arizat
zation
ion due to exc excess
essive
ive cur
curren
rentt den
densit
sity
y at the
4.1.2 Where the principal
principal interest in the use
use of conductivity electrode
elect rode surf
surfaces
aces can cause nega negative
tive condu
conductiv
ctivity
ity erro
errors.
rs.
methods is to determine steam purity, see Ref   (3) (3).. These test Insuffi
Insuf ficient
cient series capacitance at the electrode/solution inter-
method
met hodss may also be use usedd for checking
checking the correctn
correctness ess of  face can allow charging effects to distort the a-c measurement
analyses   (4)
water analyses  (4).. and cause errors if not compensated. Leadwire resistance can
add significantly to the measured resistance.
5. Interference
Interferencess 6.1.2   In low conductivity solutions—Excessive parallel ca-
pacita
pac itance
nce in the cel
celll and extensio
extension n lea
leadwi
dwire
re can shunt the
5.1
cha
change Expos
Exposure
nges ure ductiv
s in con of tivity
conduc a ity/re
sample
sam ple
/resis toity
sistiv
tivitthe
y atmos
atmosphe
, due to phere
re
loss
los may
s or caus
cause
gain
gai e
n of  measurement and cause positive conductivity errors. Tempera-
dissolved gases. This is extremely important in the case of very ture compensation errors can be significant below 5 µS/cm if 
puree wat
pur waters
ers wit
withh low conconcen
centra
tratio
tions
ns of dis
dissol
solved
ved ion
ionize
ized
d variable coefficient algorithms are not employed as described
materials. The carbon dioxide, normally present in the air, can in Test Method D 5391.
drastically increase the conductivity of pure waters by approxi- 6.1.3 These sources
sources of erro
errorr are mini
minimize
mizedd by an appropri-
appropri-
mately 1 µS/cm. Contact with air should be avoided by using ate combination of a-c drive voltage, wave shape, frequency,
flow-through or in-line cell where feasible. Chemically pure phase correction,
correction, wave samp
sampling
ling tech
technique
nique and temp
temperat
erature
ure
inert gases, such as nitrogen or helium, may be used to blanket compensation designed in by the instrument manufacturer. The
the surface of samples. instrument manufacturer’s recommendations shall be followed
5.2 Und
Undiss
issolv
olved
ed or sloslowly
wly pre
precip
cipita
itatin
ting
g mat
materi
erials
als in the in selecting the proper cell constant, leadwire size, and length
sample can form a coating on the electrodes of the conductivity and mai
mainte
ntenan
nance
ce of the eleelectr
ctrode
ode sur
surfac
facee con
condit
dition
ion for the
cell that may cause erroneous readings. For example, biofoul- range of measurement. Calibration may be in either conduc-
ing of the cell or a build-up of filming amines may cause poor tivity or resistivity units.
cell response. In most cases these problems can be eliminated 6.1.4
6.1 .4 Whe
When n an out
output
put signal
signal is reqrequir
uired
ed fro
from
m an on-on-lin
linee
by washing the cells with appropriate solvents. instrument, it shall be electrically isolated from the cell drive
circuit to prevent interaction between a solution ground at the
5
The boldface
boldface numbers in parentheses
parentheses refer to the list of references at the end of 
cell and an external circuit ground.
these test metho
methods.
ds. 6.2   Cells:

2
 

D 1125
6.2.1 Flow-
Flow-throu
through
gh or in-l
in-line
ine cells shall be used for mea- rate to 0.1
rate 0.1°C
°C is acc
accept
eptabl
ablee for this app
applic
licati
ation,
on, whe
when
n the
suring conductivities lower than 10 µS/cm (resistivities higher instrument is not provided with manual or automatic tempera-
than
than 100 000 ohm · cm) cm),, to avo
avoid
id con
contam
tamina
inatio
tion
n fro
from
m the ture compensation. (See Section 11).
atmosphere. However, samples with conductivity greater than
10 µS/cm may also be measured. In all other cases, pipet-type 7. Reag
Reagents
ents
or dip cells can also be used. Pipet or dip cells may be used to 7.1  Purity of Reagents —Reagent grade chemicals shall be
measure samples in the range of 1 to 10 µS/cm if the sample is used in all tests. Unless otherwise indicated, it is intended that
protected by an inert gaseous layer of nitrogen or helium. all reagents shall conform to the specifications of the Commit-
6.2.2
6.2 .2 A cell con
consta
stant
nt sha
shall
ll be cho
chosen
sen which will give a tee on Analytical Reagents of the American Chemical Society,
6

moderate cell resistance, matching the instrument manufactur- where such specifications are available. Other grades may be
er’s requirements for the range of measurement. For laboratory used,
use d, pro
provid
vided
ed it is firs
firstt asc
ascert
ertain
ained
ed tha
thatt the reagent
reagent is of 
bridges, Table 2 provides conservative guidelines. sufficiently high purity to permit its use without lessening the
6.2.3 Flow-
Flow-throu
throughgh and in-line cells shall be mount mounted ed so accuracy of the determination.
that
th at cocont
ntin
inuo
uous
us flo floww of th thee sa
samp
mplele th
thro
roug
ugh
h or pa pastst it is 7.2  Purity of Water —Unless
—Unless otherwise indicated, references
possible.
possi ble. Flow rate should be main maintaine
tained
d at a consconstant
tant rate to water shall be understood to mean reagent water conforming
consistent
consi stent with the manu manufactu
facturer’s
rer’s reco
recommen
mmendati
dations
ons for the to Specification D 1193, Type I. In making up the potassium
cell being used, particularly at conductivities below 10 µS/cm. chloride solutions for cell constant determinations, use water of 
The cell shall retain calibration under conditions of pressure, conductivity not greater than 1.5 µS/cm. If necessary, stabilize
flow,, and tem
flow temper
peratu
ature
re cha
changenge,, and sha shall
ll exc
exclud
ludee the atm atmo-o- to the lablabora
orator
tory
y atm
atmosp
ospher
heree by asp
aspira
iratin
tingg air thr
throug
ough
h the
spheree and be const
spher constructe
ructed d of corr
corrosion
osion resistant,
resistant, chem
chemicall
ically
y water from a fritted glass or stainless steel gas dispersion tube.
inert materials. The chamber or cell shall be equipped with The equilibrium
equilibrium point is reac reached
hed when the conductivity
conductivity re-
means for accurate measurement of the temperature. mains constant but not greater than 1.5µ S/cm. The equilibrium
6.2.4 Plat
Platiniz
inizeded cells shall not be used for measurement
measurement of  conductivity must be added to Table 1.
conductivities below 10 µS/cm, except that a trace or flash of  7.3   Alcohol—95 % ethyl alcohol. Alternatively, use isopro-
platinum black may be used on cells for measurements in the pyl alcohol or methyl alcohol.
range of 0.1 to 10 µS/cm (see 9.4). Because of the cost and 7.4   Aqua Regi a   (3 + 1)—M
Regia 1)—Mix ix 3 volum
volumes es of conce
concentra
ntrated
ted
frag
fragililit
ity
y of pl plat
atin
inum
um ce celllls,
s, it is co commmmonon pr
pracacti
tice
ce to us usee hydrochloric acid (HCl, sp gr 1.19) with 1 volume of concen-
titanium
titanium,, mone
monel, l, and grap
graphite
hite elec
electrode
trodess for meas
measuremurements
ents trated nitric acid (HNO3, sp gr 1.42). This reagent should be
with accuracies on the order of 1 %. Note that these electrodes used immediately after its preparation.
may require special surface preparation. Titanium and monel 7.5   Ethyl Ether .
electrodes are especially suitable for high resistance solutions 7.6   Hydrochloric Acid   (sp gr 1.19)—Concentrated HCl.
such
suc h as ult
ultrap
rapure
ure watwater
er,, but may int introd
roduce
uce a sma smallll sur
surfac
facee 7.7   Hydrochloric Acid  (1 + 1)—Mix 1 volume of concen-
resist
res istanc
ancee whi
which ch lim
limits
its the
their
ir acc
accura
uracycy whe
when n the mea measursured
ed trated HCl (sp gr 1.19) with 1 volume of water.
resistance is less than a few thousand ohms   (1) (1).. 7.8   Platinizing Solution—Dissolve 1.5 g of chloroplatinic
6.2.5 It is recommended
recommended that cells intended intended for the measure-
measure- acid (H2PtCl6· 6H 2O) in 50 mL of water containi
containing
ng 0.0125 g of 
ment of conductivities below 10 µS/cm be reserved exclusively lead acetate (Pb(C2H3O2)2).
for such applications. 7.9   Potassium Chloride  (KCl)—The assay of the potassium
6.3   Temperature Probes: chloride must be 100.06 0.1 %. This standardization grade of 
6.3.1  For Temperature Control—The measurement of tem- KCl is available from NIST and from commercial sources. Dry
perature is necessary for control of a temperature bath, manual at 150°C for 2 h or until weight loss is less than 0.02 %; store
temperature compensation, or automatic temperature compen- in desiccator.
sation, or all of these. Thermometers, thermistors, and resis- 7.10   Potassium
Potassium Chlor
Chloride
ide Refer
Reference
ence Solut ion A—Dissolve
Solution
tancee tempe
tanc temperatur
raturee detec
detectors
tors with accur acies of    60.1
accuracies 0.1°C
°C or 74.2460 g of KCl (weighed in air) in water and dilute to 1 L at
better are acceptable for this application. An ASTM precision 20 6 2°C in a Class A volumetric flask.
thermometer, Number 63C, as defined in Specification E 1, is 7.11   Potassium
Potassium Chlor
Chloride
ide Refer
Reference
ence Solut ion B—Dissolve
Solution
recommended. The calibration of temperature probes should be 7.4365 g of KCl (weighed in air) in water and dilute to 1 L at
checked periodically by comparison to a reference temperature 20 6 2°C in a Class A volumetric flask.
probe
pro be whowhosese cal
calibr
ibrati
ation
on is tr trace
aceabl
ablee to the U.S U.S.. NatNation
ional
al 7.12   Potassium
Potassium Chlor
Chloride
ide Refer
Reference
ence Solut ion C —Dissolve
Solution —Dissolve
Institute of Science and Technology (formerly NBS) or equiva- 0.7440 g of KCl (weighed in air) in water and to dilute 1 L at
lent. 20 6 2°C in a Class A volumetric flask.
6.3.2   For Temperature Correction—A ther thermome
mometer ter accu- 7.13  Potassium Chloride Reference Solution D—Dilute 100
mL of reference solution C to 1 L with water at 20 6 2°C in
TABLE 2 Recommended Cell Constants for Various Conductivity
Ranges
Rang
Range
e of Co
Cond
nduc
ucti
tivi
vity
ty,, µS
µS/c
/cm
m Cell
Cell Co
Cons
nstant,, cm −1
tant 6
 Reagent Chemicals, American Chemical Society Specificati
Specifications
ons,, Ame
America
rican
n
Chemical Society, Washington, DC. For suggestions on the testing of reagents not
0
1.005
toto
20100 0.00.11 ttoo 01.1 Society, see   Analar Standards for Laboratory
listed by the American Chemical Society,
200 to 5000 1 to 10 Chemicals,, BDH Ltd., Poole, Dorset, U.K., and the   United States Pharmacopeia
Chemicals
5000 to 1 000 000 10 to 100 and National Formulary,
Formulary, U.S. Pharmaceutical Convention, Inc. (USPC), Rockville,
MD.

3
 

D 1125
a Cla
Class
ss A vol
volume
umetri
tricc flas
flask
k sho
shortl
rtly
y bef
before
ore usi
using.
ng. Sto
Store
re the using fro
using from
m 1.5 to 3 cou coulom
lombs/ cm2 of ele
bs/cm electr
ctrode
ode are
area.
a. For
solution
solution in a glass
glass-stop
-stoppere
pered
d bott
bottle
le of chemi
chemicall
cally
y resi
resistan
stantt example, for an electrode having a total area (both sides) of 10
glass which has only been used for storage of this solution. cm2, the plating time at a current of 20 mA would be from 121 ⁄ 2
to 25 min. The current density may be from 1 to 4 mA/cm 2 of 
NOTE  3—The electrical conductivity of each of the referenced solutions
is give
given n in Tabl
ablee 1. The valu
values
es for electric
electrical
al con
conduct
ductivit
ivities
ies for the electrode area. Plate the electrodes one at a time with the aid of 
solutions are those of G. Jones and B. C. Bradshaw (5)
Bradshaw  (5),, confirmed in 1987 an ext
extra
ra ele
electr
ctrode
ode.. Dur
During
ing the plaplatin
ting,
g, agi
agitat
tatee the sol
soluti
ution
on
 and 1989   (7)
(6) and
(6)  by the National Institute of Standards and Technology
(7) by gently, or use ultrasonic bath. When not in use, platinized cells
(NIST). The data of T. Shedlovsky (8)
Shedlovsky  (8)  are used for Solution D. Solutions shou
should
ld be filfille
ledd wi
with
th wa
wate
terr to pr
prev
even
entt th
thee dr
dryi
ying
ng ou
outt of 
A, B, and C were prepared by Jones and Bradshaw using the molal or electrodes while in storage.
demal  basis by dissolving 71.1352, 7.4191, and 0.7453 g, respec
respectively
tively,, of 
KCl (in vacuum) per 1000 g of solution (in vacuum). The method of  9.4 For measurement of conductivities
conductivities in the
the range of 0.1 to
preparation given in Table 1 includes the corrections to weights of KCl (in
10µ S/cm, a trace or flash coating of platinum black may be
air against brass weights) per litre of solutions at 20°C and assumes the used. For a flash coating, the cell is left in the platinic chloride
densit
den sity
y of KCKCll = 1.9
1.98,
8, den
densit
sity
y of bra
brass
ss = 8.4
8.4,, and the dendensit
sity
y of  solution for only 2 or 3 s at a current of about 20 mA. A flash
air = 0.00118. The densities of 1.0  N , 0.10  N , and 0.010  N  KCl at 20°C, coating will leave the electrodes with their metallic appear-
1.04420, 1.00280, and 0.99871 g/mL, respectively, were interpolated from ance, but with a faint blackish tint.
the data in the International Critical Tables (9)
Tables  (9)..
10. Cali
Calibrat
bration
ion
8. Sampl
Sampling
ing 10.1   Measuring
Measuring Instrument —A — A cal
calibr
ibrati
ating
ng res
resist
istor
or to be
8.1 Sampl
Samples es shall be colle
collected
cted in accor
accordance
dance with Practice
Practice used in place of the conductivity cell may be furnished by the
D 1066, Specification D 1192, and Practices D 3370, as appli- manufacturer, together with information as to the correct scale
cable. readin
rea ding g the ins instru
trumen
mentt sha
shall
ll ass
assume
ume whewhen n thi
thiss res
resist
istor
or is
8.2 Avoi
Avoid d exposure of the sample to atmospheres
atmospheres containing
containing connected in place of the conductivity cell. Follow the manu-
ammonia or acidic gases. Protect the sample to avoid gain or facturer’s instructions and periodically check the instrument.
losss of dis
los dissol
solved
ved gas
gases,
es, par
partic
ticula
ularly
rly if the
there
re is som
somee del
delay
ay Alternativ
Alter natively
ely,, stan
standard
dard resi
resistor
storss with certi
certified
fied accur
accuracy
acy of 
beforee the condu
befor conductiv
ctivity
ity meas
measurem
urements
ents are made
made.. Prefe
Preferably
rably,, 60.05 % may be used with appropriate calculations adapted to
use a flow-type cell for sampling and measuring condensed the instrument scale. Some instruments may be factory cali-
steam or water having a conductivity of less than 10 µS/cm. brated
bra ted,, tak
taking
ing int
into
o acc
accoun
ountt the res
resist
istanc
ancee of the cab cable
le wir
wiree
For waters in the range of 5 to 10 µS/cm, a dip-type cell may attached to the conductivity cell; this may be indicated by a
be used if a layer of chemically pure nitrogen or helium is warning to avoid cutting or extending the cable length. When
maintained over the surface. lead wires between the instrument and the cell are long, check 
the ins
instal
tallat
lation
ion at lealeast
st onc
oncee by con
connec
nectin
tingg the calcalibr
ibrati
ating
ng
9. Preparation of Electrodes
Electrodes resistor at the far end of the lead wire and noting the difference,
9.1 If the cell con
consta
stant
nt as che
checke
ckedd doe
doess not fall wit
within
hin if any, in reading with the long lead wire in the circuit. Check 
reasonable limits of its nominal value, it is necessary to clean portable or manually operated instruments in a similar manner
or replatinize the electrodes or replace the cell. In general, no with one or several calibrating resistors. Note errors of signifi-
mechanical cleaning should be attempted. In high purity water cant magnitude and correct subsequent conductivity readings.
measurements, where the presence of finely divided platinum Cali
Ca libr
brat
atio
ion
n chchececks
ks sh
shou
ouldld be mamade
de at va valu
lues
es as clclos
osee as
is undesirable due to its long retention of impurities, platini- possible to the conductivity values expected in samples. This is
zation of electrodes should be omitted, especially for testing of  especially important if the measurement is made at the extreme
water having a conductivity below 10 µS/cm (see 9.4). On the high or low end of an inst instrume
rument’s
nt’s range. Instrument
Instrumentss sub-
other hand, clea
other cleann and well-
well-plat
platinize
inized
d elect
electrodes
rodes are incre
increas-as-  jected to field use may require more frequent checks of 
ingly
ing ly im
impor
portan
tantt in tes
testin
ting
g wat
water
er of hig
higher
her con
conduc
ductiv
tiviti
ities,
es, calibrati
calibration.
on. For dire
direct
ct readi
reading
ng inst
instrume
ruments,
nts, the condu
conductiv
ctivity
ity
particularly above 1000 µS/cm. check
che ck res
resist
istanc
ancee in ohm
ohmss equ
equals
als the cel
celll con
consta nt (cm −1 )
stant
9.2 The cell manufacture
manufacturer’s
r’s instructions
instructions may be foll
followed
owed divided by the conductivity desired (S/cm) while the resistivity
for cleaning the electrodes as well as other parts of the cell. A check resistance equals cell constant (cm  −1 ) times the resis-
suitable cleaning solution consists of a mixture of 1 part by tivity desired (ohm · cm).
volume
vol ume of iso
isopro
propyl
pyl alc
alcoho
ohol,
l, 1 par
partt of eth
ethyl
yl eth
ether
er,, (wi
(withth 10.2   Conductivity Cells—For field and routi routine
ne labor
laborator
atoryy
polymer cells, check compatibility) and 1 part of HCl (1 + 1). testing, the calibration of conductivity cells may be checked by
After cleaning, thoroughly flush the cell with water. If the old comparing instrument readings taken with the cell in question
platinum black coating is to be removed, judicious application against readings on the same sample or series of samples taken
of aqua regia to the electrodes, or electrolysis in HCl (sp gr with a conductivity cell of known or certified cell constant.
1.19) is frequently successful. Exercise care to ensure that both working and reference cells
9.3 Plati
Platinize
nize the electrodes
electrodes of the cell with H 2PtCl6  solu- are at the same temperature or, alternatively, at different but
tion. A suitable plating apparatus
apparatus consists of a 6 volt a-c supply
supply,, known temperatures so that a correction as later described can
a variable resistor, milliammeter, and an electrode. The deposit be appli
applied.
ed. Resis
Resistivi
tivity-re
ty-reading
ading inst
instrume
ruments
nts will indic
indicate
ate in

should
well to present a black,
the electrode velvety
surface. appearance
The procedureand
forshould adhere
platinizing is direct pro
direct propor
portio
tion
n to the cel
celll con
consta
stant,
nt, whi
while
le con
conduc
ductiv
tivit
ity
y
reading instruments will indicate in inverse proportion to cell
not cri
critic
tical.
al. Fol
Follow
low the ma manuf
nufact
acture
urer’s
r’s ins
instru
tructi
ctions
ons or the constant. Conductivity cells may be calibrated with reference
following
following guide
guidelines
lines.. Good plati
platinized
nized coat
coatings
ings are obta
obtained
ined solutions in accordance with Section 14.

4
 

D 1125
11. Temperature Coefficient
Coefficient of Conductivity/R
Conductivity/Resistivity
esistivity temperature T , and this ratio or correction factor,  Q , taken from
11.1
11.1 The cond
conductiv
uctivity/
ity/resi
resistiv
stivity
ity of water and aqueo
aqueous
us so- the smoothed curve.
lutions depends strongly upon the temperature. (See Table 3.) NOTE   4—Depending on the type of compensation used, uncompensated
The norm
normal
al pract
practice
ice is to repor
reportt condu
conductiv
ctivity
ity and resi
resistiv
stivity
ity readings may be obtained by setting temperature to 25°C, by putting the
values referenced to 25.0°C. The coefficient varies depending temp
temper
erat
atur
uree pr
prob
obee in a 25
25°C
°C ba
bath,
th, or by sub
substi
stitut
tuting
ing an el
elec
ectri
trica
call
upon the nature and composition of the dissolved electrolytes, resistance equivalent to 25°C.
and upon the concentration. The dissociation of water contrib- 11.5
11. 5 When using an instrument
instrument provided
provided with a manua
manuall or
utess sig
ute signifi
nifican
cantly
tly to con
conduc
ductiv
tivit
ities
ies at 5 µS/
µS/cm
cm or les
lesss and automatic temperature compensator, follow the manufacturer’s
increases the temperature coefficient from near 2 % per °C at instructions to calibrate the compensator or check its accuracy
above 5 µS/cm to near 5 % per °C at 0.055 µS/cm. To avoid and applicability to the sample being tested.
making a correction, it is necessary to hold the temperature of 
thee sa
th samp le to 25   6   0.1°
mple 0.1°C.
C. If ththis
is ca
cann
nnot
ot be do
done
ne,, th
thee TEST METHOD A—FIELD AND ROUTINE
temperat
temp erature
ure coef
coeffficie
icient
nt must be deterdetermine
mined d and a corr
correcti
ection
on LABORATORY MEASUREMENT OF STATIC (NON-
applied. This requires a series of conductivity and temperature FLOWING) SAMPLES
measurem
meas urements
ents on the sample over the requi required
red temp
temperat
erature
ure
range. Where automatic temperature compensation is used, the 12. Scope
temperat
temp erature
ure comp
compensat
ensation
ion algor
algorithm
ithm shoul
shouldd be chos
chosen
en that 12.1
12.1 Thi
Thiss tes
testt met
method
hod is app
applic
licabl
ablee to fiel
field
d and rou
routin
tinee
best simulates the composition of the samples to be tested. In laboratory measurements of the electrical conductivity of water
high purity water, 5µ S/cm or less, the variable coefficient shall using static samples.
be automatically determined and applied across the range of 
measurement for both the dissociation of water and its inter- 13. Summ
Summary
ary of Test
Test Method
action
action with salt or other contaminat
contaminations.
ions. (See Test Method 13.1 This test method utilizes dip-type
dip-type or pipet
pipet-typ
-typee con-
Refs  (10),,  (11)
D 5391 and Refs (10)  (11),, and (12)
and  (12) for
 for more information.) ductivity cells for testing static samples having conductivities
11.2
11.2 In sta
static
tic systems,
systems, exercise
exercise care to avo avoid
id cha
change
nge of  greater
greater than 10µ S/cm
S/cm.. Tempe
emperatur
raturee contr
control
ol and corr
correcti
ection
on
composit
compos ition
ion cau
caused
sed by loslosss of vol
volati
atile
le con
consti
stitue
tuents
nts or by methods are also provided.
pick-up of contaminants from the air to the containing vessel
during the series of measurements. 14. Dete
Determin
rminatio
ation
n of Cell Cons
Constant
tant
11.3 In flowing systems, provide means for variable variable heating 14.1 For the purposes of this test method,
method, the cell constant
constant
or coo
coolin
ling
g so tha
thatt the desired
desired ran
range
ge of tem
temper
peratu
ature
re wil
willl be of the conductivity cell used shall be known within 61 %. The
covered. Regulate the rate of flow through each cell so as to manufactur
manuf acturer’s
er’s certification
certification of the cell constconstant
ant withi
within
n this
keep the cell adequately flushed. accuracy
accur acy is gene
generall
rally
y consi
considered
dered satisfactor
satisfactoryy but the user is
11.4
11.4 From the dat dataa obt
obtain
ained,
ed, plo
plott con
conduc
ductiv
tivity
ity aga
agains
instt advised that damage could occur in shipment and it is best to
temper
tem peratu
ature.
re. Mak
Makee sursuree tha
thatt the con
conduc
ductiv
tivity
ity rea
readin
dings
gs are recheck
reche ck the cell cons
constant
tant when recei
received.
ved. If the conductivity
conductivity
uncompensated. From the curve a table of temperature correc- cell
cell ha
hass be
been
en in seserv
rvic
icee fo
forr a pe
peri
riod
od su
subs
bseq
eque
uent
nt to th
this
is
tion factors may be prepared, or the ratio of conductivity at certification, it shall be rechecked by the manufacturer, or in
temperature  T  to
  to conductivity at 25°C may be plotted against the laboratory.
14.2 Rinse the condu
conductivi
ctivity
ty cell sever
several
al times with water
water,,
then at least twice with the KCl reference solution that has a
TABLE 3 Conductivity Values of Pure Water
Water and Increases Due
to Sodium Chloride   A conductivity nearest to that of the sample under test (Table 1).

Temperat
emperature,
ure, °C
  Conductivity of Pure Water
Water,, Conductivity Increase Due to 1 Control the solution temperature to 25   6  0.1°C. Measure the
µ S/cm mg/L NaCl, µS/cm resistance of the cell. Repeat the measurement on additional
0 0.011649 1.1463 portions of the KCl reference solution until the value obtained
5 0.016607 1.3311 remains constant to within the limits of precision in accordance
10 0.02310 1.5261 with Section 18.
15 0.03143 1.7297
20 0.04194 1.9435 14.3 For instruments
instruments reading measured
measured resi
resistanc
stancee in ohms
ohms,,
25 0.05501 2.1642 calculate the cell constant:
30 0.07101 2.3935
35 0.09037 2.6296  J  5 10  2 6 · R x ~K 1 1 K 2!
40 0.11351 2.8760
45 0.14081 3.1257 14.4 For instruments
instruments reading measured
measured cond
conductan
uctance
ce in Si-
50 0.17268 3.3841 emens, calculate the cell constant:
55 0.2095 3.6476
60 0.2514 3.9179  J  5 10  2 6 · ~K 1 1 K 2! / K 
K x 
65 0.2987 4.1882
70 0.3516 4.4773 NOTE   5—Sinc
5—Sincee the conductivities of a mixture of two solutions are not
75 0.4102 4.7648 exactly additive, the use of  K 1  +  K 2  is only an approx
approximation
imation and requires
80 0.4744 5.0556 that  K 2  be much smaller than  K 1.
85 0.5444 5.3550
90 0.6205 5.6527 15. Proc
Procedur
eduree
95 0.7030 5.9264
100 0.7930 6.1933 15.1  Precision Method Using Temperature Control—Use a
A
From Thornton (1)
Thornton  (1).. dip-ty
dip-type
pe or pip
pipet-
et-typ
typee cel
cell.
l. Rin
Rinse
se the cel
cell,
l, con
contai
tainer
ner,, and

5
 

D 1125
thermometer thoroughly several times with water and then two 18. Prec
Precision Biass   7
ision and Bia
or more times with the sample. Adjust the temperature to 25 6 18.1 Thi
18.1 Thiss tes
testt met
method
hod was tes
tested
ted by nin
ninee lab
labora
orator
tories
ies,, at
0.1°C
0.1 °C as ind
indica
icated
ted by a the
thermo
rmometmeter
er as des
descri
cribed
bed in 6.3
6.3.1.
.1. four concentration levels, with each operator analyzing each
Allow sufficien
sufficientt time for equal
equalizat
ization
ion of temp
temperat
eratures.
ures. Read sample on three different days. These collaborative test data
the conductance or resistance. Calculate conductivity or resis- were obtained on reagent water. For other matrices, these data
tivity according to Section 16 using  Q  = 1, since no tempera- may not apply. These data were developed using the routine
ture correction is required. method (temperature correction) described in 15.2. The actual
15.2   Routine Method Using Temperature Correction—Use temperature of samples tested by the participants ranged from
a dip
dip-ty
-type
pe or pippipet-
et-typ
typee cel
cell.
l. Rin
Rinse
se the con
conduc
ductiv
tivity
ity cel
celll 18.5 to 26.0°C.
thoroughl
thorou ghly
y sev
severa
erall tim
timeses wit
withh wat
waterer and the
thenn two or mor moree 18.1.1   Precision—The precision of this test method within
times with the sample. Measure the resistance or the conduc- its designated range appears in Table 4.
tance, and the temperature (to the nearest 0.1°C), on successive 18.1.2   Bias—Recoveries of known amounts of conductivity
portions of the sample until a constant value is obtained. If the values in a series of prepared standards appears in Table 5.
measuring instrument is provided with a manual temperature 18.2 This test method meets requirements
requirements for precision and
compen
com pensat
sator
or,, adj
adjust
ust thi thiss to the samsample
ple tem
temper
peratu
ature
re val
valueue bias specified in Practice D 2777 – 86.
beforee readi
befor reading
ng the inst instrume
rument.
nt. If an autom
automatic
atic temperature
temperature
compen
com pensat
sator
or is pro
providvided,
ed, no adjadjust
ustmen
mentt is nec
necess
essary
ary,, but TEST METHOD B—CONTINUOUS, IN-LINE
sufffici
suf icient
ent tim
timee mus
mustt be all allowe
owedd to per
permi
mitt equ
equali
alizat
zation
ion of  MEASUREMENT
temperat
temp erature.
ure. If the instrument
instrument has no mean meanss of temp
temperat
erature
ure
compensat
comp ensation,
ion, dete
determin
rminee a temptemperat
erature
ure corre
correction
ction factor in 19. Scope
accord
acc ordanc
ancee wit
withh the ins instr
truct
uction
ionss in Sec
Sectio
tion
n 11 to con conver
vertt 19.1 This test method is applicable
applicable to the continuous, in-line
in-line
readings to 25°C. If instrument temperature compensation is measurement of the electrical conductivity of water.
used, calculate conductivity or resistivity according to Section
16 using  Q  = 1, otherwise use  Q  as determined in Section 11. 20. Summ
Summary
ary of Test
Test Method
20.1 This test method utilizes
utilizes a flow-t
flow-type
ype conductivit
conductivityy cell
16. Calculation to sa
samp
mple
le a co
cont
ntin
inuo
uous
us st
stre
ream
am of ththee wa
wate
terr un
unde
derr te
test
st..
16.1 For instruments
instruments reading measured
measured resi
resistan
stance
ce in ohms, Temperature control and correction methods are also provided.
calculate the conductivity of the sample:
 6
K   5 10 ·  J  /  R xQ
21. Proc
Procedur
eduree
21.1  Precision Method Using Temperature Control—Use a
16.2 For instruments
instruments reading measured
measured resi
resistan
stance
ce in ohms,
flow-type conductivity cell. Adjust the sample stream, known
calculate the resistivity of the sample:
to be free of corrosion products and other particulate contami-
 R 5  R xQ /  J  nation, to a proper flow rate and bring the temperature to 25 6
16.3 For instruments
instruments reading measured
measured condu
conductan
ctance
ce in Si- 0.1°C as indicated by a thermometer as described
described in 6.3. Allow
emens, calculate the conductivity of the sample: sufficient time to reach equalization of temperatures. Read the
conductance or resistance. Calculate the conductivity or resis-
K   5 10  6 ·  JK  x / Q
tivity according to Section 16 using  Q  = 1, since no tempera-
16.4 For instruments
instruments reading measured
measured condu
conductan
ctance
ce in Si- ture correction is required.
emens, calculate the resistivity of the sample: 21.2   Routine Method Using Temperature Correction—Use
 R 5 Q /  JK  x a flow-type conductivity cell.
cell. Adjust the sample stream,
stream, known
16.5 Automatic recorders
recorders and indicators provided
provided with tem- to be free of corrosion products and other particulate contami-
perature compensators, when used with conductivity cells of  nation, to a proper flow rate and bring the temperature to a
the required cell constant,
constant, usual
usually
ly read directly
directly in term
termss of  steady value as near 25°C as possible. Read the temperature to
siemens per centimetre orµ S/cm referred to 25°C. No calcu- the nearest 0.1°C. If the measuring instrument is provided with
lations are necessary if the compensator is corrected for the a manual temperature compensator, adjust this to the sample
solution in the cell. temperature value. If an automatic temperature compensator is
provided, no adjustment is necessary but sufficient time must
17. Repo
Report
rt
17.1 Report the value of the conductivity
conductivity at 25°C in terms
terms of 
microsiemens per centimetre to the nearest 1 % of the deter- 7
Supporting data are available from ASTM Headquarters. Request RR:D-19-
mined conductivity if measurements were made at 25 6 0.1°C, 1139.
otherwise report to the nearest 3 % of the determined conduc-
tivity. TABLE
TABLE 4 Prec
Precision
ision of Test Method A
17.2 Alternatively
Alternatively,, report the value of the resistivity at 25°C Mean Concentration, Precision,  S t,
Overall Precision, S  Single-Operator Precision
in terms of ohm-centimetres to the nearest 1 % of the deter- µS/cm µS/cm Pooled, S 
Pooled,  S o, µS/cm

mined resistivity if measurements were made at 25   6  0.1°C, 25.6

162.0
3.4
6.1
0.83
3.8
otherwise report to the nearest 3 % of the determined resistiv-
1378.8 60.9 14.1
ity. 108169 6600 2918

6
 

D 1125
TABLE
TABLE 5 Bias of Test
Test Method A 22.2 Alternatively
Alternatively,, report the value of the resistivity at 25°C
Amounts
Mean
  Statistically
in terms of ohm-centimetres to the nearest 1 % of the deter-
x ,
Recovery,x 
Recovery, Bias % Bias
Added, µS/cm
µS/cm
Significant mined resistivity if measurements were made at 25   6  0.1°C,
otherwise report to the nearest 3 % of the determined resistiv-
27.8 25.6 −2.2 − 7.9 yes
167.6 162.0 −5.6 − 3.3 yes ity.
1408.8 1378.8 −30.0 − 2.1 yes
111342 108169 − 3173 − 2.8 yes
23. Prec
Precision
ision and Bias
Bias
23.1 Since this test method
method involves continuous
continuous sampling, a

be allowed toorpermit
conductance equalization
resistance. of temperatures.
If the instrument Read the
has no means of  general statement of precision and bias is not applicable.
23.2 Exper
Experience
ience has shown
shown that errors
errors of 1 to 30 % may be
temperature compensation, determine a temperature correction encountered, depending on the equipment and techniques used.
factor in accordance with Section 11 to convert readings to Errors in temperature compensation are especially troublesome
25°C. If instrument temperature compensation is used, calcu- at conductivities below 10 µS/cm. Additional errors may be
late conductivity or resistivity according to Section 16 using  Q encountered with low constant cells because of the difficulties
= 1, otherwise use   Q   as determined in Section 11.
involv
inv olved
ed in ver
verify
ifying
ing the cel
celll con
consta
stant
nt at low con
conduc
ductiv
tivity
ity
22. Repo
Report
rt levels.
22.1 Report the value of the conductivity
conductivity at 25°C in terms
terms of 
24. Keyw
Keywords
ords
microsiemens per centimetre to the nearest 1 % of the deter-
mined conductivity if measurements were made at 25 6 0.1°C, 24.1 cell constant; conductivity;
conductivity; resistivity; temperature
temperature co-
otherwise report to the nearest 3 % of the determined conduc- efficient
tivity.

REFERENCES

(1) Thornton, R. D., Light, T. S., “A New Approach to Accurate Resis- Specific Conductance of Primary Standard KCl Solutions,”  Journal of 
tivity Measurement of High Purity Water,” Ultrapure Water , Vol 6, No. Solution Chemis
Chemistrytry, Vol 18, No. 6, 1989, pp. 515–528.
5, 1989, pp. 14–26. (8) Shedlo
Shedlovsky
vsky,, T.
T.,“
,“ The Electro
Electrolytic
lytic Conduc
Conductivity
tivity of Some Univalent
(2)   Sym
Symposi
posium
um on Pow
Powerer Plan
Plantt Ins
Instrum
trumenta
entation
tion for Mea
Measur
sureme
ement
nt of  Electrolytes in Water at 25°C,”  Journal of American Chemical Society,
 High-Purity Water Qua lity, A STM STP 742, ASTM , 1981. Vol 54, 1932, p. 1411.
(3) “Methods for Determination of Quality and Purity of Steam,”   ASME  (9)   International Critical Tables, Vol 3, 1928, p. 87.
Power Test
Test Code, Supplement on Instrum
Instruments Apparatuss, Part
ents and Apparatu (10
10)) Light, T. S., Licht, L. L. “Conductivity and Resistivity of Water from
19.11. the Melting to Critical Points,”   Analytical Chemistry, Vol 59, 1987,
(4) Rossum, J. R., “Conductance Method for Checking Accuracy of Water Water pp. 2327–233
2327–2330. 0.
Analyses,”   Analytical Chemistry, Vol 21, 1949, p. 631. (11
11)) Harned, H. S., Owen, B. B.,  The Physical Chemistry of Electrolytic
(5) Jones, G., Bradshaw, B. C., “The Measurement of the Conductance of  Solutions , Third Ed., Reinhold Publishing Corp., New York,
York, 1958, p.
Electrolytes, V. A. Redetermination of the Conductance of Standard 234.
KCl Sol
Solutio
utions
ns in Abs
Absolut
olutee Uni
Units,”
ts,”   Journal
Journal of America
Americann Chemic
Chemical
al (12
12)) Gray
Gray,, D. M., Te Tenney
nney,, A. S., “Impr
“Improved
oved Conduct
Conductivity/Re
ivity/Resistivity
sistivity
Society, Vol 55, 1933, p. 1780. Temperature Compensation for High Purity Water,”  Ultrapure Water ,
(6) WuWu,, Y. C., Koch, W. F., Ham Hamer
er,, W. J., Kay
Kay,, R. L.,
L.,““ Rev
Review
iew of  July/August,
July/Aug ust, 1986.
Electrolytic Conductance Standards,”  Journal of Solution Chemistry, (13
13)) Glasstone, S.,  An Introduction to Electrochemistry, D. Van Nostrand,
Vol 16, No. 12, 1987, pp. 985–997. New York, 1942, pp. 50, 56, 61.
(7) Wu, Y. C., Pratt, K. W., Koch, K. F.,“ Determination of the Absolute

The American Society for Testing

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