Casing String Design Model

CASING STRING DESIGN MODEL
THEORY AND USER'S MANUAL
DEA 67
PHASE ll
r"
I
P
9
MAURER ENGINEERING INC.

- 2916 West T.C. Jester
Houston, Texas 77018
Casing String Design Model
(CASING2)
Theory and User's Manual
DEA-67, PHASE 11
Project to Develop and Evaluate Coiled-Tubing
and Slim-Hole Technology
MAURER ENGINEERJNG INC.

2916 West T.C. Jester Blvd.
Houston, TX 77018-7098
Telephone: (713) 683-8227 Facsimile: (713) 683-6418

Internet: http://www.maureng.com
E-mail: [email protected]
October 1996
This copyrighted 1996 confidential report and computer program are for the sole use of Participants in the Drilling
Engineering Association DEA-67 PROJECT TO DEVELOP AND EVALUATE COILED-TUBING AND SLIM-HOLE
TECHNOLOGY, DEA-42 PROJECT TO DEVELOP IMPROVED CASING WEAR TECHNOLOGY, and/or DEA-101
.- PROJECT TO DEVELOP AND EVALUATE AIRIMIST/FOAM AND UNDERBALANCED DRILLING TECHNOLOGY,
and their affiliates, and are not to be disclosed to other parties. Data output from the program can be disclosed to third
parties. Participants and their affiliates are free to make copies of this report for their own use.
CASING STRING DESIGN PROGRAM FOR W I N D O W S
Theory and UsePs Manual
O Lone Star Steel Company

5501 LBJ Freeway, Suite 1200
Dallas, Texas 75240
Phone 972.386.3981 Fax 972.770.6409
Maurer Engineering Inc.

2916 West T.C. Jester
Houston, Texas 77018-7098
Phone 713.683.8227 Fax 713.683.6418
I N T R O D U C T I O N
Introduction
The Casing String Design Program for Windows, Casing2, has been
developed jointly by Lone Star Steel Company and Maurer Engineering
Inc. Casing2 is coded in Microsoft Visual Basic 3.0, and also incorporates
Microsoft Access 2.0 database drivers and Seagate Software Crystal
Reports 4.5. An IBM compatible computer with Microsoft Windows 3.0
or later is required.
MODEL
The Casing2 program calculates burst and collapse pressures and designs pipe
based on least cost. The relevant depths are converted to vertical depths
D E S C R I P T I O N
C
when a directional plan is specified. The input parameters will vary
somewhat depending on the selection of string type. In general, the
parameters against which the pipe is designed are based on maximum load
of the casing (or tubing) "as set." Minimum design factors may be
mochfied, and the performance properties of the pipe may be viewed in
uniaxial, biaxial and/or triaxial formats. A variety of graphs and reports
can be printed or exported to other Windows-based programs.
PROGRAM
casing2 is a sophisticated and user-friendly program with the following
features:
FEATURES
1. Microsoft Windows applications
2. Supports both English and metric units
3. Includes an expandable database of some 3,700 tubular items from 1.050"

to 48" in diameter in Microsoft Access (ver. 2.0) files
4. Tubular items in the database may be limited to a specified available

quantity
5. Tubular items, grades and connection types may be added and may also be
specified as being "available" for use or "not available"
6. "MI"
properties of pipe can be generated for any
diameter, wall thickness and grade
7. Burst performance can be biaxially adjusted for tension

and/or (high) temperature
8. Triaxial stress analysis can be for both burst

and collapse
9. Collapse biaxial adjustment model can be selected
10. Internal burst gradients can be either drectly input or

calculated based on gas gravity using the real gas law
11. Tubular designs can be both computer generated or

input by engineer
12. New wells are generally based on program defaults,

which can be modified and saved
13. Well parameters can be saved and retrieved
14. Units of measurement can be selected, modified, and

saved
15. Directional wells can be designed internally as two

dimensional or can be input (or imported in SDI
format) as three b e n s i o n a l
16. A total of nine graphs can be viewed, printed or posed

to the "clipboard
17. Intermediate burst parameters can be input as

"Maximum Load" with "mud over gas" or "gas over
mud."
COPYRIGHT
Purchasers of t h s program and participants in DEA42, DEA-67,

or DEA-101 can provide data output from t h s copyrighted
program to third parties and can duplicate the program and
manual for their in-house use, but cannot give copies of the
program or manual to t h r d parties.
DISCLAIMER
No warranty or representation is expressed or implied with respect to these
- programs or documentation, including their quality, performance,
merchantability, or fitness for a particular purpose.
vii
Table of Contents
Introduction
Model Description v
Program Features v
Copyright vi
Disclaimer vii
CHAPTER 1
Theory of Casing and Tubing String Design

Designing downhole tubulars
Determining pipe loads
Detennining pipe stresses
Collapse
Burst
Tension
String types
Design factors
Harsh environments
Wear
CHAPTER 2
Discussion of Oil Country Tubular Goods

Grades
API
Proprietary
API Properties
Burst
Collapse
Tension
Proprietary
Pipe Manufacture
ERW
Seamless
Quality
TABLE OF C O N T E N T S
Connections
API 2-10
Proprietary 2-12
Grant AB 1 Enerpro 2-14
Hunting Interlock 2-14
Hydril 2-20
VAM 2-22
Commercial Aspects 2-22
CHAPTER 3
Program Installation
Before Installing 3-1
Hardware and System Requirements

Program Disks
Backup Disk 3-2
Installing Casing2 3-3
Starting Casing2 3-3
Starting Casing2 from the Group Window
Using Command-Line Option from Windows
Windows 95
CHAPTER 4
Running Casing2
Fast Start
The Menu
Window Descriptions
Main
String Type
Edit
User Information
Units
Miscellaneous Defaults
Program Design Factors
Grade
Pipe
- TABLE OF CONTENTS
Connectors
Select
Grade
Connections
Pipe
View
Grades
Connectors
Pipe
API Properties
Parameters
Basic Conditions
Drive pipe
Protection
Production
-
Production frac
Bust
Primary
Production
Protection
Collapse
Tension
Design Factors
Environment
General
Directional well
2-D directional
-
SDI directional
Real Gas Law
View
Results
Loads
Graphs
Check design
Triaxial analysis
Report
iii
TABLE O F CONTENTS
Nomenclature
Nomenclature N-1
Subscripts N-2
SI Metric Conversion Factors N-3
Appendix
Appendix 1 A-1-1
Determination of MASP Using Real Gas Law
Appendix 2 A-2-1
Casing and Hole Sizes
Appendix 3 A-3-1
Database lnformation
Appendix 4 A41
Report lnformation
Appendix 5 A-5-1
Frac Gradient Prediction
Acknowledgements
THEORY O F CASING AND TUBING S T R I N G D E S I G N
Theory of Casing I Tubing

String Design
While many aspects of casing and tubzng string design
are sub/ect to company pefeyences, basic concqts and
spectfc options are presented here.
Designing downhole tubulars

As shown in Figure 1.1, the process for designing pipe on a "least cost" basis
involves an iteration.
THEORY OF CASING AND T U B I N G STRING D E S I G N
I
,,,
,,,
,j CASING DESIGN I
Casing Points
Pore Pressures
Desired Casing Sizes
I SCHEMATIC
Fracture Pressures Design Factors?
Completion Type
&
)
I
Determine Loads
Apply Design Factors 1
I Draw Load Lines
v
I Select Casing
Adjust foi Biaxial Loads
.L
I
[ Determine Actual Design Factors 1
Figure 1.I Casing (andtubing) should be wlecced h e r derermination of h e lo&. As rhe lo& vary, h e performance
properties (srrengths) of the pipe also vary. Thus, pipe may have to be tried on a trial and error basis. ThL problem
creater the uriliry of computer driven casing design programs.
The process of selecting pipe typically begins at the bottom of the string, where
adjustments for the effect of tension on burst and collapse are typically not made,
and proceeds to the surface. For offshore wells, it is typical for wells to have
only one size, weight, gade and connection type (segment) for the string. In
these cases, the effect of tension on burst and collapse can be checked throughout
the string, but there is usually no need to go through an iterative process of
selecting pipe based on least cost. For onshore wells, at least where logistics are
adequate, a single string may have three or more segments. For these wells, cost
is of significant interest, and by carefully selecting the pipe, substantial savings
can be realized.
It is worth noting here that tubing design can be performed by Casing2. Tubing
designs sometimes, however, incorporate tapered strings, and often need a
buckling analysis, particularly for deep, high temperature wells. The tapered
string design can be checked with the program, but cannot be internally
designed. Buckling analysis is presently beyond the scope of Casing2. Finally, it
should also be noted that the resulting tubing designs are not price rationalized
to the same degree that casing designs are. These designs should be treated more
as a guide, rather than a finished design.
THEORY OF CASING AND T U B I N G S T R I N G DESIGN
Determining pipe loads

It is typical to address loads leading to pressures in terms of fluid densities (i.e.,
mud weight) and depth. For English units, the customary equation is
As a side note, the calculations in this program are made in English units
regardless of the selected unit of measure. In lieu of the 0.052
conversion factor, a more precise conversion factor is used,
0.05194806.
Pressure loads are the differential pressure of external pressure, p,, less internal
pressure, pi, for collapse, and vice versa for burst loads. Tension loads are
often considered independently, though the effects of tension are often
taken into account on collapse and (less frequently) on burst strength.
Determining pipe stresses

As with all solid objects, there are three principal stresses to which pipe is
subject: axial (longitudnal), hoop (or tangential - Figure 1.2), and racLal
(Figure 1.3). The three stresses can be summarized in a von Mises analysis as
shown in Figure 1.4
Hoop Stresses
Collapse
Induced -
compressive
Burst Induced -
tensile
External Pressure
Figure 1.2. Hoop Stresses

THEORY O F CASING A N D TUBING STRING DESIGN
Radial Stress
Burst Loading or
Collapse Loading
Figure 1.3. Radial Stress
Triaxial Stress Analysis
Figure 1.4. Triaxial Stress Analysis

T H E O R Y O F CASING AND T U B I N G S T R I N G D E S I G N
Though the von Mises analysis is generally only used for heavier wall pipe, it
can be performed for all pipe. Casing2 performs the analysis as a matter of
course for the pipe, based on burst loading and, looking at the inside
diameter, ID stress. The equations for the von Mises analysis are as follows:
von Mises Analysis
~~~~~
o
,, =Lj(at- or): + (or - oa)2 + (aa- o&
om,von Mises 1 , ~
stress
ot,Tangential Were:
(hoop) stress 01=

1 max r R - 08r 2e C
?
-max r '
OD * (PI - "el
2 2
OD - I D max
+ - 2
.(OD2-
or, Radial stress
Or= ~ ~ m a x ' ~ i - 0 D -
~ ' l ~D e' m a x . 0 ~ ~ '(Pi-Pe)
oa,Axial stress 2 2 2 2 i
OD - I D max D '(OD - ID mad
More typically, the effects of tension upon collapse and burst strength are
analyzed and radial stress is ignored. This method of analysis is biaxial
analysis, described in more detail below. The biaxial ellipse is as shown in
Figure 1.5.
THEORY O F CASING AND T U B I N G STRING D E S I G N
Ellipse of Biaxial Yield Stress

After Holmquisl & Nadia - Collapse of Deep Well Casing - A.P.I. Drilling 8 Production Practice - 1939
Compression Tension
.120 -100 -80 -60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 i00 120
Axial Stress - % of Yield
- API - Maximum Shear - Strain Energy.

- LSS - Maximum Strain Energy (collapse only).
Figure 1.5
Collapse design
Collapse loading is typically based on the setting mud weight, with the inside of
the pipe assumed to be "evacuated." Variations in these assumptions depend
on the type of string and the general practice for the area. Many times for
offshore wells, the pipe is never assumed to be fully evacuated, except for
production strings which may eventually be put on gas lift. For offshore
protection strings, a sea water gradient is assumed to exist which will
support the drilling mud to some level. That is, the pore pressure based on
THEORY OF CASING AND TUBING STRING D E S I G N
sea water at the setting depth of the pipe will support the mud density used
to a level where the hydrostatic head of the mud equals the pore pressure.
One of the more difficult aspects of collapse design is the problem of using the
proper mud weight when the hole was drilled with air. In these cases, as a
minimum, the prevailing mud weight for the comparable geologic
formation in the nearest area where mud is used as the drilling medium
should be used.
When pipe is placed in tension, the rated collapse strength decreases. Normally,
the collapse loading decreases at a faster rate than the collapse strength due
to tension, and only the bottom of a pipe segment need be checked. For
wells in which an internal gradient is considered on collapse, t h s may not
be the case. There are at least three models which describe the biaxial effect
of tension on collapse.
Old API Maximum shear - strain energy theory - API Drilling and
Production Practice, 1939 - Holmquist and Nadia. In t h s method, the
collapse strength is adjusted by a factor determined by the equation:
where q /,
c is, in a more familiar format,
axial tension / pipe body yield strength
and P, is the original collapse strength rating.
US - Maximum strain energy theory - APIDn'lling and Production Practice,

1940 - Wescott, Dunlop & Kemler. This method is similar to the method
above, but adjusts the collapse strength using the equation:
New API - Axial stress equivalent grade method - API Drilling and
Production Practice, 1982 - Hencky von Mises. In this method, an equation
is used to adjust the effective yield strength, whch is then used in the MI
collapse equations (see Chapter 2) to determine the revised collapse strength.
Figure 1.5 shows the biaxial ellipse (after Holmquist and Nadia), with an
additional arc shown for the Wescott, Dunlop & Kemler theory. The API
methods work well with API grades, because of the manner in which the
collapse strength is obtained. For proprietary grades having special collapse
T H E O R Y OF C A S I N G AND T U B I N G S T R I N G D E S I G N
ratings, either the Old MI method or the LSS method should be used,
unless equations for the collapse strength which utilize yield strength are
available. In general, the beneficial effect of compression on collapse is
ignored, and only the effect of tension is considered.
Two more theories on collapse should be mentioned. One is a variation on the

effective collapse pressure given in API Bulletin 5C3. Rather than defining
the effective pressure, p,, as p, - pi, the effective pressure is:
p, = po- [I - 2 / (d,, / t)] " p,
Just as collapse strength can be adjusted for the effects of axial tension, burst
strength can be similarly adjusted. It is not done with the same regularity as
the adjustment for collapse because, as shown in the biaxial ellipse, Figure
2.2, burst strength increases with axial tension - a nonconsemative feature!
There are also adjustments to tension which are made throughout the life of
the well, such as the adjustments based on the temperature effect on steel. A
more rigorous overview of the (production) pipe's anticipated temperature
changes will show that the burst strength can be expected to increase or
decrease after it is put into service. Shown is the equation for the effects of
biaxial tension and dogleg severity on burst strength.
where
Stress, a = o, + obfflding,
(for 40 foot lengths), and
F,,, = [I - 0.75 " (o / y5,1J2]0.5
It is thought that the detrimental effects of compression on burst strength are

ignored in casing design. Perhaps this is because the pipe is in compression
at depth, or perhaps because the pipe is often in cement at these places.
Casing2 takes the approach of derating the pipe's burst strength in doglegs,
but not in compression.
Finally, the effects of radial stress can be taken into account along with hoop
and axial stresses, and the resulting triaxial stress for the collapse mode can
THEORY O F CASING AND TUBING S T R I N G DESIGN
be analyzed. Casing2 makes this analysis on the Triaxial Analysis page

(under "Results").
BwstdsSign
Burst loading is dependent on the string type, primarily. Frequently, there will
be an internal and external load. For production strings, the external load is
sometimes ignored. In these cases, the burst pressure is greatest at bottom
hole pressure (Elm)and smallest at top, the maximum anticipated surface
pressure (MASP). More frequently, for production strings, the burst
loading assumes a high tubing leak which acts upon the packer fluid, and
which is backed up by the annular mud weight. Tubing strings should
ignore the annular fluid. For any string with only one fluid density gadient
(AGG) on the inside, the pressure load at any depth, 4, is as follows:
p, = MASP + [AGG - (p,, * 0.052)] " 4,

The primary diff~cultyin the above equation is in determining the proper
MASP. The related problem is to find the proper AGG. The problems are
greatly simplified, of course, if field experience is available. For production
strings, BHP is generally a function of the mud weight and depth.
BHP = 0.052 * pm * TVD

For wells which will be hydraulically fraced, the BHP for casing design will
actually be the frac pressure, FP. The service company which will do the
frac work can give the MASP, or surface treating pressure (in their
vernacular). While on the topic of fracture pressure, injection pressure also
deserves mention. Casing design is often based on injection pressure, which
is basically fracture pressure plus a safety factor to insure the formation will
fail. T h is especially the case for protection strings. In Casing2, where the
field calls for fracture pressure, one should incorporate whatever safety
factor he thnks is appropriate, as there is no built-in safety factor. This
injection pressure is as shown:
Injection pressure = d, * (p,, + SF) * 0.052

AGG can be found from several places. Unless field experience dictates
otherwise, it is typical to use a gas gradient for AGG. Many casing strings
have been designed using a "standard" number, such as 0.15 or 0.12 psi per
foot. For those with a more mathematical bent, the real gas law or ideal gas
law can be used, as well as a popular empirically derived equation which has
not yet found its way into the proper public domain. The ideal gas law
assumes a compressibility ("z")factor of 1.0, and is reasonable for most wells
up to about 11,000 feet in depth. The oilfield equation shown below is a
THEORY O F CASING A N D T U B I N G STRING DESIGN
variation of the Weymouth equation, and is derived from the familiar P V

= nRT.
where
y = gas gravity (air = 1.0), and
T = average temperature in OR, or OF + 460.
Normally, usage of the real gas law is beyond the scope of casing string design
practice. However, because Casing2 allows usage of this method, the
equations used in the program are reviewed in the appendix. Of principal
note here is the concept that the real gas law may be used to determine
MASP.
For protection strings, the burst pressure is especially dependent on injection

pressure. This is not the case for those unusual occasions when the pore
pressure at the next setting depth is less than the pore pressure at the current
depth. The schematic of this is as follows.
For typical situations where the next pore pressure minus the gas
gradient to the shoe depth is greater than the pore pressure at the
shoe, internal pressure at shoe depth for protection strings is the
lessor of:
Shoe fracture pressure
Maximum formation pressure - gas gradient to the shoe
In any event, it is typical to use an external pressure equivalent to the pore

pressure as a backup. Casing2 allows the choice of having either one or two
internal fluid densities for burst. It is customary to incorporate only one
fluid density unless the shoe fracture pressure is the relevant pressure at the
shoe. Then, in a kick situation, the well may be shut in prior to all of the
mud being expelled, and a gas over mud or mud over gas interface will
result. In either case, the MASP will be less than it would be if only gas
were in the hole. The methodology for this burst situation is succinctly
described in "Maximum Load." In brief, the maximum load design uses a
simultaneous equation based on the two end points, MASP and FP, and the
two fluid densities, p, and p,, to determine the mud gas interface, dm,. For
the case of mud over gas, the equation is as follows.
FP = 0.052 " p, * d+ + AGG (d, - 4 3 + MASP

T H E O R Y OF CASING AND T U B I N G STRING D E S I G N
Remember, when the next string will be a drilling h e r , then the "next setting
depth" and "next mud weight" is effectively the setting depth for the string
after the drilling liner(s). This is because the protection string will be
subjected to pressures from the open hole at depths below the drilling liner.
Also, the proper fracture depth would be the shoe depth for the drilling
liner.
TensPn design
Tension may be considered at as either air weight (more conservative) or
buoyed weight (less conservative.) When the effect of tension on burst is
taken into account, however, it is not appropriate to use air weight, as that
would tend to exaggerate the burst strength. There are two ways to
determine buoyed weight. The simpler method is to find the buoyancy
factor, based on mud weight, and to multiply the air weight by the buoyed
weight. Casing2 uses the more mathematically rigorous method, which is to
multiply the cross section area of the pipe by the external pressure. The
former method is shown below.
The upper portion of the string will be in tension, and the lower portion will be
in compression. The neutral point of the string is determined similarly:
Before leaving the discussion on tension, it is important to note that

compression can be of great significance for surface and/or conductor
strings, which have to support the weight of the subsequent strings and
BOP. Casing2 does not have an automatic check of this value, and the
engineer should make this check himself for deeper wells. If the casing
design appears to be marginal in compression at the top of the surface string,
then a change would be to go up at least one weight of the casing
size, and, if buttress is not used, to include buttress for the top 200 feet.
=ng types
In this program, the following string types may be selected. Depending on the
type of string selected, the forms regarding basic conditions and burst
parameters will vary. Some of the types are repeated, as alternative or
contingency strings may be required for the same well.
1. Drive pipe
2. Conductor
THEORY OF CASING AND TUBING STRING DESIGN
3. Surface
4. Intermediate
5. Intermediate / production
6. Drilling liner
7. Production
8. Production / hydraulic fracture
9. Production liner
10. Tubing
11. Tieback
12. Scab liner
13. surface (2)
14. Intermediate (2)
15. Drilling liner (2)
16. Production (alternative)
17. Tubing - hydraulic fracture
18. Tubing (2)
19. Tieback (2)
20. Tieback (3)
Design Factors
Minimum design factors are especially within the domain of company policy,
while other aspects of tubular design may be left up to the engineer. For
instance, some designs will incorporate an internal pressure gradient for
collapse where others do not. Not all burst designs incorporate an external
pressure gradient. Sometimes a design factor is intended to deal implicitly
with casing wear. In other cases, the casing performance properties will be
"predowngraded for wear. Some companies use air weight where others
use buoyed. Also, in directional wells, some use measured depth for
T H E O R Y O F C A S I N G A N D T U B I N G S T R I N G D E S I G N
tension, where others use vertical depth. At least as a guide, however, the
following design factors are presented as "typical."
Collapse: 1.125 - protection strings

1.0 - oil strings
0.85 - below cement top
1.125 - air drilled strings
Burst: 1.0 - when designed in uniaxial mode

1.2 - when using the biaxial effect of tension
Tension 1.5 - for body yield strength
1.8 - for connection strength based on ultimate yield
1.6 - for connection strength based on yield
1.2 - for compressive (static) loading

For tension, the amount of minimum overpull is important to know in some
cases, but has little universal agreement other than for tubing strings.
Harsh Environments
Sour Servia, H+5
A primary obstacle to the successful drilling and completing of deep sour wells
is sulfide stress cracking (SSC), a catastrophic mode of failure that affects
high strength steels in environments containing moist hydrogen sulfide in
varying amounts. While experts will disagree as to the actual mechanism of
failure, SSC appears to be a form of hydrogen embrittlement which occurs
when atomic hydrogen penetrates the surface of the metal through grain
boundaries. As the hydrogen migrates through the metals, it recombines to
form molecular hydrogen, which, due to its volume cannot escape the
higher strength steels, and thus increases internal stresses to the point of
crack initiation. While H,S is normally associated with this problem, it
need not necessarily be present. However, for SSC to occur, the following
concttions must be met:
moist H,S must be present;

THEORY OF CASING AND T U B I N G S T R I N G DESIGN
the pH of the water (moisture) should be low enough (under 10)

to permit the initial corrosion reaction to proceed;
the metal must be susceptible to SSC at its environmental

temperature; and
the metal must be stressed in tension through internal and/or

external forces.
The Texas Railroad Commission's Rule 36 controls what can be used in sour
gas service in the State of Texas. Rule 36 makes reference to NACE
Standard MR-01-75 which has become the most widely accepted standard
for selecting materials in sour service. NACE defines the threshold partial
pressure for sour gas environments as those in which the total pressure is at
least 65 psia and the partial pressure for H,S is at least 0.05 psia. Sour oil and
multiphase systems are those in which the maximum gas:oil ratio is 5,000
SCF:bbl, the gas phase contains a maximum of 15% H,S, the pressure
of H,S in the gas phases is a maximum of 10 psia, and the (operating) MASP
is a maximum of 265 psia. Table 1 was prepared using NACE guidelines.
As shown, the higher the temperature, the better the H,S resistance of
oilfield steels (with some maximum limitations).
Table 1
Sour Service G u W i (afterNACE MR01-7582)
I For All Temperatures For 150° F or Greater For 175O F or Greater For 225O F or I
Greater
Tubine and Casing Tubino and Casing Tubine and Casing
API Spec 5CT Grades H-40, API Spec 5CT Grades N-80 API Spec 5CT Grades H-40 A ~ spec
I 5c-r
J-55, K-55, L-80 (Type 1) (Q&T)and Grade C-95 (w/m;,, > 80 hi), N-80, P- Grade 4-125 with
Proprietary Grades per 3.2.3 Proprietary Q&T grades 105 and P-110 maximum yield
(i.e. LS-65) with 110 ksi or less Proprietary Q&T Grades to strength of 150 ksi,
maximum yield strength 140 ksi maximum yield quench and
strength (o,J. tempered, and
based on a Cr-Mo
alloy chemistry.
&' F
API Spec 5L Grades A & B
and Grades X-42 through X-
65
ASTM A-53
A 106 Grades A,B,C
T H E O R Y O F C A S I N G AND T U B I N G S T R I N G D E S I G N
Sweetcolmsion,~
Corrosion resulting from CO, is known as "sweetn corrosion or sometimes
"weight-loss corrosion" and can occur in wells where the partial pressure of
CO, is as low as 3 psi. Many factors affect this threshold pressure, however,
which include temperature, pressure, amount of water and/or oil present,
dissolved minerals in the water, produced fluid velocity, and production
equipment. The resulting corrosion is usually distinctive in that it occurs as
sharply defined pits on the surface. Methods used to control the effects of
CO, attack include chemical inhibition, plastic or ceramic lining, and special
steel alloys, such as 13 chrome. Unfortunately, unlike H,S, the higher the
temperature, the worse the corrosive problem.
Special problems arise when both CO, and H,S coexist at high temperature.
Metals exist that can handle these problems, but they tend to be expensive.
Expert advice should be sought if in doubt about these situations.
Chloridet and M i
Produced fluids with a high chloride (bromide) content can create chloride
stress cracking (CSC) at high temperatures. At temperatures above 250 O F ,
13% chrome may be subject to pitting corrosion. High density completion
fluids such as zinc bromide can also be a significant problem at elevated
temperatures.
Saltsections
Casing may collapse during the initial completion, or later in the productive life
of the well due to plastic salt flow. Typical design parameters for known
problem formations are to use 1.0 to 1.2 psi/ft equivalent fluid densities and
1.125 minimum design factors.
Ca*ng-
Wear can occur in any well which has doglegs, whether the well is "directional"
or "nondrectional." Wear occurs primarily from the mechanical action of
wireline or drill pipe tooljoints against the inside diameter of the casing in
dogleg sections. It may be unpredictable without sufficient drift surveys.
Wear adversely affects the burst and collapse performance of the casing in a
non-linear fashion. Casing2 allows usage of downgraded tubular items, but
has no internal mechanism for such calculations.
D I S C U S S I O N OF OCTG
Discussion of Oil Country

Tubular Goods
A reasonable knowledge of oil country tubztlar goods
will help nzake better string designs and will make
12fe easierfor theperson responsiblefor procurement
ofpipe.
G R A D E S
API has developed specifications for the manufacture of oil country tubular goods
(CCTG). In general, the specifications pertain to minimum and maximum
strength levels, chemisuy, h d e s s , toughness, elongation, size, minimum wall
dxckness, ovalrty, dnft, NDT inspection, and the Q d t y Program implemented by
the manufacturer. In many respects, pa+&y with regard to threadmg, the API
specifications are very specific and d e d e d . Manufacturers may produce their
tubulan to specifications more constrictive than API, but the API s~ecifications
must be rnetAasa m i n i m The general API requirements for O C T ~ are found
in Bulletin 5 a , for h e pipe in Bulletin 5L, and for drill pipe in Bulletin 5D.
Grade Min Max Min Mw NACE Mfg Pipe Remarks
Yield Yield Yield Tensile Hardness Class S/E Class
(psi) 0.3 0.3 ("4 (HRc)
H-40 80 60 All S,E OCTG

J-55 80 75 All S,E OCTG
K-55 80 95 All S,E OCTG
L-80 95 95 23 All S,E OCTG
N-80 110 100 > 150(4) S,E OCTG
C-90 105 100 25.4 All S OCTG
C95 110 105 >I50 S,E OCTG
T-95 110 135 25.4 All S OCTG
P-110 140 125 >I75 S,E OCTG
4-125 150 135 >225 S,E OCTG Type 1 for NACE
D I S C U S S I O N OF O C T G
Grade B 35 line pipe API 5L

X-42 42 All S,E line pipe API5LX
X-46 46 All S,E line pipe
X-52 52 All S.E line pipe
X-56 56 AU S;E line pipe
X-70 70 S,E line pipe
X-80 80 S,E line pipe max tensile 120 h i
GradeE 75 105 100 All'* S drill pipe NACE MR01-75

X-95 95 125 105 All S drill pipe requires controlled
GI05 105 135 115 All S drill pipe environment for
S-135 135 165 145 All S driil pipe H2S
All S,E OCTG high collapse K-55

All S,E OCTG high toughness
All S,E OCTG high collapse L-80
> 150 S,E OCTG high collapse N-80
All S,E OCTG resrrined yield
>I75 S,E OCTG high collapse
> 150 S,E OCTG restricted yield S95
> 175
> 225
S.E OCTG -
hiah collapse PllO
S,E OCTG "
N/A S,E OCTG
N/A S.E OCTG
-~ -
N/A S:E OCTG
H-40 is the lowest strength casing and tubing grade in the OCTG
specifications, wrth a minimum yield strength of 40,000 psi, and a
minhum tensile strength of 60,000 psi. H-40 is a carbon type
steel. The maximum yield strength of 80,000 psi assures suitabllrty
for use in hydrogen sulfide service B S ) .
5-55 is both a tubing and casing grade and has a minimum yield
strength of 55,000 psi and a minimum tensile strength of 75,000
psi. 5-55 is a carbon type steel. As with H40, the maximumyield
strength of 80,000 psi assures suitabilityfor use in NS.
K-55 is a casing grade only, wrth a minimum yield strength of

55,000 psi and a minimum tensile strength of 95,000 psi. K-55 is
also classified as a carbon type steel. K-55 was developed after J-
55 and has a hgher tensile strength. In fact, the collapse and
internal yield strengths of both grades are identical. But due to the
lugher tens~lestrength, K-55 has a casing joint strength that is
approximately 10 percent hgher than 1-55. The API equations for
joint strength for tubing includes only yield strength and excludes
tensile strength, and hence, onlyJ-55 is used fortubing. K-55 has a
maximum yield strength of 80,000 psi, and is considered suitable
for use in NS at all temperatures.
D I S C U S S I O N O F O C T C
L-80 is by far the most widely used lugh strength gtade for f i S
service. The minimum yield strength is 80,000 psi, the minimum
tensile strength is 95,000 psi, and the maximum yield strength is
95,000 psi. The method of manufacture can be either ERW or
seamless, and the steel must be quench and tempered. L-80 is
both a casing and tubing gtade and was the first grade to have a
maximum hardness requirement, Rockwell G23.
N-80, a?th a minimum yield strength of 80,000 psi and a minimum

tensile strength of 100,000 psi, is the lughest strength grade in
Group 1. N-80 is classified as an alloy type steel. N-80 is not
considered suitable for H2S at all temperatures, due to its
maximum yield strength of 110,000 psi. NACE rates N-80 for
H2S service at termeranue~of 150°F and hotter if the steel is
quench and tempered, and at temperatures of 175OF and hotter if
the steel is normalized.
C-90 was added to the MI specifications in 1983. The grade has

enjoyed increasing usage in recent yean in critical lugh pressure
we& containing H2S. G90 is both a casing and tubing gtade.
Minimum yield strength is 90,000 psi, and the minimum tensile
strength is 100,000 psi The maximum yield strength is resuicted
to 105,000 psi. The method of manufacture is specified as
seamless with the chemistry an alloy steel (contaming chrorniurn
and molybdenum) for added toughness. hhximum hardness is
restricted to Rockwe1 G25.4.
C-95 is a casing gtade only and was placed in the specifications

after early successes with use of restricted yield strength for grade
G75 (discontinued by API). G95 has a minimum yield strength of
95,000 psi and a maximm yield strength of 110,000 psi.
Minimum tensile strength is 105,000 psi. The process of
manufacture can be ERW or seamkss, and the steel type is doy.
Despite the earlier successes with G75 and its restricted yield
strength, C95 was found to be not suitable for H2S at lower
temperatures due to the lugher strength levels permitted. API did
not give G95 a hardness hitation In part due to the popularity
of grades such as Lone Star Steel's S-95, very M e G95 is
pmhased today.
T-95 is modeled after G90, and solves the problems encountered

wah G95 in H2S. T-95 is both a casing and tubing grade.
Minimum yield strength is 95,000 psi, and the minimum tensile
strength is 105,000 psi. The maximum yield strength is resuicted
D I S C U S S I O N O F OCTG

seamless with the chemistry an alloy steel. Maximum hardness is
resuicted to Rockwell G25.4.
P-110 is a casing and tubing grade (since the discontinuation of the

API tubing grade P-105). It has a rnhimum yield strength of
110,000 psi, a maximum yield strength of 140,000 psi, and a
minimum tensile strength of 125,000 psi. The process of
manufacture is both ERW and seamless for casing, and seamless
for tubing. When F110 aas created, it aas thought that this grade
would handle all future deep d r d q requirements. However,
d d l q depths and pressures continue to increase, and lugher
grades are now in regular use.
4-125 is a grade used for casing in wells with very hgh pressures
and for large OD casing with sgdicant collapse forces. The grade
aas adopted by API in 1985, and is classed as Group 4. Q125 has
a yield strength range of 125,000 psi to 150,000 psi and a minirmun
tensile strength of 135,000 psi. 'The process of manufacture is both
ERW and seamless for casing sizes. Q125 was the f i t API grade
to reauk &act tests to confirm steel touehness. NACE
incldid h t L a m o u n t sto Q125 Type 1 in &"specification for
HzS service, but only at temperatures of 225°F and hotter.
V-150, while not an API grade, is usually included in a discussion

of API grades. The grade has a yield strength range of 150,000 psi
to 180,000 psi, and a mhinumtensile strength of 160,000psi. It is
not rated for %S service at any temperam. Commercially, it is
very uncommon.
Proprietary grades
The following grades are m a n u f a a d by Lone Star Steel, using the ERW pmess
of manufacture. Many of these grade names, however, have entered general
usage, and may be procured in a seamless equivalent.
HCK-55, formerly referred to as S-80, is a hgh collapse strength

variation of K-55. The grade is produced in casing sizes from 8-
5/8" to 13-3/8". In most cases, the collapse strength of HCK-55
is greater than the next heavier weight of K-55, and also of the
same weight of N80. The burst strength of HCK-55 matches that
of K-55. HCK-55 is a carbon grade. As it meets API
specifications for K-55, it is also suitable for use in %S.
LS-65 is a casing grade featuring lugh roughness and all

ternperam %S service. It has a yield strength range of 65,000 psi
DISCUSSION OF OCTG
to 80,000 psi, and a minimum tensile strength of 85,000 psi. The

burst and collapse performance exceed that of J-55 and K- 55, and
the joint strength exceeds that of J-55. The couphngs are erther L-
80 or K-55, depen* on the wall thickness of the pipe.
HCL-80, formedy referred to as SS-95, was the first hgh strength

casing developed for sour gas service. The A 0.Smith Company
developed this grade some years before API adopted the G75 and
L-80 specificauons. From its introduction, the grade has
incorporated both restricted yield suength and hardness control,
80,000 psi to 95,000 psi and Rocksvell G22, respectively. The
rninirmun tensile strength is 95,000 psi, the same as L-80. The
grade also features all temperature H2S service and hgh collapse
performance. It is a quench and tempered product, and is available
in sizes from 4-1/2" to 13-5/8" in diameter.
HCN-80 is a high collapse variation of API N80, and is generally

available in sizes 1&3/4" to 16". Smaller sizes may be available on
request.
S-95 is a quench and tempered casing developed by the A 0.

Smith Company. The grade was developed to provide a casing
product having hgh collapse strength with an intermednte burst
sue& based on its longmdml yield strength of 95,000 psi. The
collapse performance exceeds heavier weights of N-80, and many
identical we'ghts of P-110. The pipe has a maximum yield strength
of 125,000psi and a minhumtensile strength of 110,000 psi. The
maximum badness is Rodrwell G31. With its yield suength
range, the grade is rated by NACE for HzS s e ~ c at e temperams
of 175OF and hotter. It is available in sizes from 4- 1/2" to 16" in
diameter.
CYS-95 is the controlled yield variation of S-95. It has a yield

strength range of 95,000 psi to 110,000 psi, and is suitable for H2S
at temperatum of 150°F and hotter. The xnaximum hardness is
Rockwell G28.
LS-110 is a quench and tempered casing grade with a minimum

yield strength of 110,OCO psi, a maximum yield m n g t h of 140,000
psi, and a minimum tensile strength of 125,000 psi. It features a
collapse strength equal to at least that of S-95, and is suitable for
f i S s e ~ c ate temperatures of 175°F and hotter.
HCP-110 is the hgh collapse strength variation of API P- 110.

D I S C U S S I O N O F OCTG
LS-125 is a quench and tempered casing grade with a minimum

yield mngth of 125,000 psi and a maximum yield strength of
140,000 psl (for pipe r n a n u f m d subsequent to 1988). The
minimumtensile strength is 135,000 psi. The steel refining process
for LS-125 imparts a degree of toughness not usually obtainable in
casing of this strength level. The toughness not only assures good
down hole ~erforrnance.but eliminates a m need for s~eclal
hand& pridr to running k the welL The cokpse perforrrAce is
equal to at least that of S-95.
HCQ-125 is the hgh collapse strength variation of API Q125.
LS-140 is suitable for use in deep hgh pressure wells where burst
. .joint strength are the primary design considerations. It has a
and
rrummum yield strength of 140,000 psi, a maximum yield strength
of 165,000 psi and a minimumtensile strength of 150,000 psi Like
V-150, it is not rated for service in HzS at any temperature.
However, the refining of its steel process assures good toughness.
API PROPERTIES
The performance properties of pipe calculated in accordance with API equations
may be determined by the API Properties screen. The screen is called up by
selecting "View API Pmpemes" from the pull down menu. The input
information includes outside diameter, wall thickness, grade, and minimum
remaining wall. In addition to strengths, plain end welght and capacities, the
minimum temperature for f i S service is shown. A temperature of "0"is given
for all temperature f i S grades.
/ 0.D.: 1075in Minimum

walk 111.51nT.O:inai
Wall
Thickness: 1.65in
Inside [iiarneter: 9.45 ) in Drift Diameter: 9.325in

Collapse
Strength: 1ppri Capacitb~: 1ff~
Min Internal
yield strength: 11640 psi Displacement: (143.221ft?
Body Yield Torsional
Strength: 1 Kips strength: 1( 000 ffllbs
Pbin End NACE Minimum

Weight: 70.121Ibdft Temperature: )175,
'F
One of the primary minimum requirements of API is that the pipe have a wall
thickness of no less than 87-1/2 percent of the nominal wall. % giies rise to
the mininnun internal yield pressure (often referred to as burst strength for
short), which is calculated from the Badow equation as follows:
The 0.875 term in the above equation pertains to the minimum wall thickness
allowed as a departure from nominal wall. If pipe is offered with a hgher burst
rating than the above equation notes, then either the minimum wall tolerance
has been upgraded or the minimum yield strength has been raised. This
equation and others related to performance properties of pipe are found in API
B d e 5~0 . The pipe body yield strength is simply the cross section area of
the pipe body multiplied by the cumyield strength
The API equations for collapse strength vary dependmg upon the minimum yield
strength of the pipe, o,, and the diameter to &chess ratio, dJt. ?he
equations are as follows:
Yield strength collapse pressure fonnula

D I S C U S S I O N O F O C T G
p, =2 * c,, [dJt - 1/ (r$/t)2]

')
Plastic collapse pressure formula
pa =o+,*[(A/4/t)-B]- C
where A, B, and Care coefficients based upon grade and the 4/t ratio.
Transition collapse pressure formula
pa = o+, ')[(F/ 4/t)- GI

where F and G are coefficients based upon grade and the 4/t ratio.
Elastic collapse pressure fo~mula
p, = 46.95 " 106 / [(4/t)" { ( q t )-1)2]
Elastic range
-1 Plastic ranae
Y iela stress range

, 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ' 1 1
Yield Strength, ksi
While not a uue von Mises equation, MI does recognize the effect of both
external and internal pressure on the strength of the pipe. Their e p t i o n has
the purpose of moddymg the effective collapse pressure, p,, on the pipe, and is
as follows:
The API equations for joint strength are more complex, as they are based upon
actual or theoretical thread dimensions for the thread forms, the pipe diameter,
dthiclmess, yield and tensile strengths, and all of the same information for
the couplugs, for the b d e d connections. In adcLtion to Bulletin 5 0 ,
Bulktin 5B1 will be needed for the values reauLed bv the eauations. The
equations relate in some fashion to a critical area of the connection, which may
be in either the pin or the couplug. The API equation for round casing joint
pullout (or jumpout) strength is as follows:
where:
- minimumjoint strength, pounds
Pi
4 =
cross-sectional area of the pipe wall under the last perfect
thread,in2
= n/4 " [(d, - 0.1425)' - d*] for 8 round threads
d, = n o d outside diameter of the pipe, inches
L = engaged thread length, inches

= - M for nominal make-up, API Standard 5B
CJ+ = minimum yield strength of the pipe, psi
- ..
%de - rrmmum ultimate tensile strength of the pipe, psi
Premium connections are generally presented with a critical cross section m a

value, to which either the tensile strength or the yield strength may be
muhiplied in order to find the joint strength rating. Typically, production
casing and tubing uses the yield strength for this value and other casing strings
incorporate the tensile strength for the joint strength rating.
Pipe manufacturers have modifled the specifications for API pipe for many yean in
order to provide certain features to meet customer needs. These features are
gene* in the categories of hgh (or enhanced) mngth, hgh collapse, lower
cost, and corrosion resistance.
DISCUSSION OF OCTG
P I P E M A N U F A C T U R E
ERW
ERW (or sometimes EW) pipe is made from the electric resistance weld (ERW) or
electric induction weld (EIW) process. Flat steel sheet (or skelp) is fed through
a series of rolls to form a tube, which is welded with a hlgh-frequency AC
current. AIthe point where electrical current heats the edges of the skelp,
pressure rolls force the edges together, to form a bonded tube. Following
welchg, the pipe is fu~therheat treated by seam anneahg or full-body
normalmng to modkythe grain structure of the weld zone or entire tube body,
respectively. ERW is made in OCTG grades from H-40 to V-150 with the
exception of MI G90 and T-95.
SEAMLESS
Seamless pipe is made from either the plug pierce process or pierce mandrel
p m s s . In both cases, a pre-kated biUet is forced through a set of rolls and
over a piercer to form a tube hollow. ?his hollow is then fed through a set of
rolls to lengthen the pipe and form the OD and wall thickness.
Q U A L I T Y
The pe~formanceproperties of purchased pipe are determined by e&r M I
literature or by proprietary information. MI has a quaLty p r o p m to which
companies holdmg M I licenses must comply. Any problems with this pipe are
taken through the s e h g agent to the manufacturer. One of the caveats to this
is that the pipe must have its identity which is traceable to the m a n u f w r .
Otherwise, any problems will stop with the s e h q agent. This identrty is
known as the "heat nurnbe? for the pipe. As pipe is brought on location, if
the heat number and manufacturer is recorded then any subsequent problems
can be readied much more cquickly.
CONNECTIONS
API
Theachg is the easiest and cheapest way to join two pieces of pipe together, at
least in the size range commonly used as OCTG. For large OD pipe, OD >
20", squinch or snap connector; welded to the pipe ends are more efficient.
Luge OD pipe is heavy, hard to handle, hard to thread, and very difficult to
make-up without crossthreaclng.
k a d e d connections are basically designed to perform three distinct, supposedly

mutually exchive functions which are u n f o ~ t e l ydestined to be
interdependent to some degree. Ideally these functions are to be as
independent as possible such that the fdure of any one will not result in the
failure of any other(s), i.e. no weak&.
Function 1)Act as a machine to dmw the male and female elements of the
connection together.
Function 2)In some manner effect a seal that is resistant to ID and OD

pressure under various loadmgs.
Function 3)Mechcally lock the male and female elements together,

preventing back-off or addinonal make-up, and maintabng the connection
integrityunder load.
Th is the order in which these functions occur when a threaded connection is

made-up. Obviously, the three functions are not as independent as would be
desired since generally a connection d not seal or prevent back-off unkss it is
fully made-up. In connection designs where the s e a l q is performed by the
threadform ( h c h of course performs the other two functions) only, the three
functions are quite closely linked. In these designs, the connection must be
fully made-up (to torque or standoff) in order for it to hold pressure or be
mechanically effective. This requires that the comection be power tight or it
will leak, will back-off without restraint, or may separate prematurely under
tension.
The API casing connections include 8 Round Short ( S T K or S T q , 8 Round

Long & T K or L T q , Buttress, @ T q and Extreme-Line @-Line or )a).All
but the X-Line is readily available. The X-Line is a non-threaded and coupled
connection with a swedged box and threads based on a variation of the
buttress connection The 8 round threads have stabbing and load flankswhich
have 60" angles and a rounded crest and trough. The buttress thread is
somewhat more expensive than the 8 round, and has a 87" load flank and a 80"
stab flank, with respect to the pipe axis. The buttress thread resists jumpout
f& to a greater extent than 8 mund, and performs better in deviated wells.
The API tubing connections include external upset (EUE), non upset (NUE) and
integral joint comection (IUE). There is also a buttress comection for tubing,
but it vias not adopted as a standard by API. For NUE tubing, the thread pitch
for 2-3/8" through 3-1/2" is 10 threads per inch, and for larger sizes and E L E
tubing, the p i i h is 8 threads per inch.
DISCUSSION OF OCTG
Proprietary
The primary difference between API and non-API connections is that non-API, or
proprietary (premium), connections have been subjected to some degree of
optimization whereby attempts are made to separate the three functions as
much as possible. Ideally the optimization should permit a connection to
provide sealmg and mechanical integrity to yield in the tight position, and
added security when power tight. When the specific aspects of a design are
optimized, and each function can work on its own without interference from
any other, the connection becomes a balanced system wherein all deshble
characteristics (easy stabbing, fast make-up, pressure dght and strong at low
make-up torques, easy break-out for tripping work strings, etc.) are maintained,
and the undesirable traits (cross t h r e e , large number of turns to power
tight, seal or thread &, hlgh torques, susceptibilityto handlmg damage, etc.)
are eliminated.
Proprietary connections are used when API connections are inadequate for the we1
operating conditions or for the expected con&ons (expectmg a kicw. They
are specifically designed to provide feanms that surpass API connection
specifications, in parti&
Greater tensile and compressive strengths. The connection is as

strong as the pipe body up to yield, and in some cases is stronger than
the pipe beyond the ultimate strength. Many connections have torque
shoulden which lend themselves to hlgher imposed torque from
rotation
Better sealing capabilities. Able to seal gas nght without the need
for Teflon rings, specla1thread compounds, complicated torque / turn
requirrments, etc. under extreme operating conditions due to metal to
metal seals.
Consistent make-up parameters. Due to hgh precision m a c k ,

each connection is essentially a mirror image of the previous, thus will
e h b i t the same make-up characteristics to a specified torque without
the need for c o u n q tums or measuring standoff.
Burst and collapse equal to the pipe body. Again, the connection
is as strong as the pipe body, combined with tensile efficiency
mentioned previously, allows the operator to design the string based on
the properties of the pipe, knowing that the connection is not a weak
link
Smooth bore ID. In hgh velocity flow reduces turbulence,
recirculant flow and erosion, as well as reducing friction losses,
eliminating recesses to hang tools or tear swab cups.
Smooth or improved OD profile. Collar or box end OD may be

less than for API connections and may allow easier snipping through
p a c k , plus will allow one size h e r NU tubing to be run vs EU.
More balanced stress state. Reduced hoop stress in box end (good
in hostile environments) and due to lower contact stresses in threads,
generally will allow repeated make and break& no connection wear
or galhg.
Generally faster make-up and break-out. Specifically in tubing

sizes due to comer pitch (6 threads per inch, tpi, as opposed to 8 tpi)
combined with a steeper taper or a two step results in 30°h to 50%
fewer tums from stabbed to power nght position.
Features to accommodate high allow (CRA). Due to balanced

stress, low contact stress and other factors, proprietary connections are
suitable for use on CRA (comsion resistant alloy, i.e. stainless)
materials.
DISCUSSION OF OCTG
GRANT PRIDECO, INC.

Atlas Bradford and Enerpro (formerly Baker Tubular) products are available from
Grant Prideco and authorized distributors. The Houston, Texas telephone and
fax numbers are (713) 931-M340 and (713) 931-4525, respectively. Atlas
Bradford products include ST-C, ST-P,IJ-3SS, FL-4S, ST-L, FL-21, ST-FI,TG
4S, ST-h4, AB Modified, NSCC, Sp&e, AB-TC, DSS, and IJ-4s. Enerpro
products include HDL, Big HDL, NO, Big N O and RFC casing connectors,
and RTS-8, RTS-8PR, RTS-6, and RTS-6R tubing connectors.
H U N T I N G I N T E R L O C K
Hunting Interlock and Theadmasters products are available from Hunting
Interlock and authorized distributors. Their Houston, Texas telephone and fax
numbers are (713) 442-7382 and (713) 442-3993, respectively. The products
include the folIowing, furnished bycouttesy of I-3mtmg Interlock
THREADMASTERS PRODUCT LINE

TUBING CONNECTIONS
Convertible 8rd. A low cost, hgh performance design. Converts 8rd to

higher performance applications. Center ring provides a positive torque stop
preventing additional downhole make-up under extreme torsional procedurrs,
positional make-up, metal-to-metal axial seal and flush I.D. bore. SealLubeTM
a separate independent sealing system Close tolerance coupling
provides optimum thread seal and stress control. Connections are easily
repaired at Hunting Interlock authorized API end finishers.
TKC 8rd. A low cost, high performance design. Converts 8rd to higher
applications. Internal torque shoulder provides a positive
positional make-up preventing additional downhole make-up under extreme
torsional procedures, positional make-up, metal-to-metal axial seal and flush
I.D. bore. Elastomenc secondary seals provides a separate independent seahg
system Close tolerance couphg provides optimum thread seal and stress
control. Conneaions are easily repaired at Hunting Interlock authorized API
end finishers.
FS-150. A rugged design specifically for non-upset tubulars. Center ring

provides a positive positional make-up, metal-to-metal axial seal, flush I.D.
bore and eliminates neck down of pins and belled couplings. Improves
swabbing efficiency and extends life of swab cups. Non-upset design allows
economical use of standard NU coupling stock Low interference thread form,
with true 90' load flank, allows free spinning make-up, reducing running time
and achieving longer thrrad life. Turned couphg O.D. provides operating
capabilities comparable to integral upset connection. Excellent for dual
completions. Excellent for reclamation programs where tubes cannot be
rethreaded to 8rd because of short upsets.
Convertible 4040-NU. A rugged design specifically for non-upset tubulars.

Center ring provides a positive positional make-up, metal-to-metal axial seal,
and flush I.D. bore. Improves swabbing efficiency and extends life of swab
cups. Non-upset design allows economical use of standard NU coupling stock
Close tolerance couplings and pins, designed with 3" load flank for strength,
provide optimum thread seal and stress control. Excellent for dual
completions. Tensile efficiency approaches pipe body. SealLubeTMprovides a
separate independent sealug system. Excellent for reclamation programs
where tubes cannot beethreaded to 8rd because of short upset.
MMS 8rd. Economical connection for severe corrosive environments. Most

API licensed facilities can thread accessories. Close tolerance couuline
provides optimum thread seal and reduces stress. Teflon@ center ring
".
provides a "Superior Teflon@ Sealing System" and "Soft" landing area to
protect coated pins. Se&ubeTM provides a separate independent seahg
system. IvlMS utiLzes a positional make-up system and is a gas tight
connection.
TS-8. Designed for internal plastic coating and downhole rotation. External
torque shoulder provides positive precision make-up, allows for multiple trips,
and prevents over penetration of Teflon@ seal. Teflon@center ring provides a
"Superior TeflonB Sealing System," "Soft" landing area to protect coated pins.
Close tolerance coupling provides optimum thread seal and reduces stress. TS-
8 is a gas tight connection.
THREADMASTERS PRODUCT LINE

CASING CONNECTIONS
Convertible Casing. Upgrades API Buttress and 8rd to low cost, high
performance connections. Designed to extend performance in hgh
DISCUSSION OF OCTG
angle/deviated horizontal wells. Close tolerance coupling controls induced

make-up stress. Center ring provides increased torque resistance, improved
pressure capability and positive torque stop. SealLubeTMprovides a separate
independent sealing system.
TKC Casing. Upgrades API Buttress and 8rd to low cost, high performance
connections. Designed to extend performance in high angle/deviated
horizontal wells. Close tolerance coup& controls induced make-up stress
and improves scalability. Internal torque shoulder provides increased torque
resistance, improved pressure capability and positive torque stop.
FJ-150 Flush Joint. A low cost rugged connection. External flush design
with internal flush bore. External torque shoulder, low interference thread
(true 90 load flank), and energized axial metal to metal seal. Free spinning
connection for quick make-up. High over torque resistance due to double
torque stops.
SEAL-LOCK PRODUCT LINE

TUBING COhWECTIONS
SEAL-LOCK. PC. Special Non-Upset T X Connection for plastic coated

pipe. Coatable pin end. "T' shaped PC ring. Hooked thread design maintains
pin to box engagement and provides structural integrity under combined
tension and bendmg loads. Conical metal-to-metal gas tight seal is rated at
100% of pipe body yield, and with its long low angle design and phonographic
finish it remains effective after numerous trips.
TC NU-LOCK.. Special Upset T K Connection. Internal and external

shoulders give maximum protection from over-torque. The outside shoulder
also provides a visual indicator for determining make-up. Optional plastic
coated design is available with "T' shaped PC ring. Deep stabbing hooked
thread design resists cross threadmg resulting in faster running times. Hooked
thread design maintains pin to box engagement and provides structural
integrity under combined tension and bending loads. Conical metal-to-metal
gas tight seal is rated at 100% of pipe body yield, and with its long low angle
design andphonographic finish, it remains effective after numerous trips.
I-J NU-LOCK°. Heavy duty integral connection for deep, high pressure
wells. It features hgh joint strength, rugged internal and external torque
shoulders and a gas tight metal-to-metal seal. Maximum resistance to
overtorque is assured by having two 5" trapped shoulders that contact upon
determine make-up. Also available as I-J NULOCK PC with an elastomeric

ring and special "bullet" nose for pipe to be internally plastic coated and used
in highly corrosive service.
LOCK-IT@-EIGHT. Non-upset connection provides superior performance

while eliminating upsetting and normalizing costs associated with upset
connections. Excellent for use in applications where pressure integrity and flow
characteristics are the primary concerns. A low angle metal-to-metal seal with
a specially machined phonograph finish minimizes galling and provides a gas
tight seal that will equal pipe body intemal yield strength. A standard
minimum coupling O.D. reduces costs and provides added hole clearance
allowing 2 7/8" tubing to be run inside 4 % " casing while maintaining
minimum tensile efficiency equal to pipe body yield strength. Coupling I.D.'s
are machined to match the pipED. to provide superior flow characteristics.
H D LOCK-ITTM.Heavy duty, non-upset T&C connection provides superior

performance while eliminating upse& and normalizing costs associated with
upset connections. Special hooked thread design incorporates a "chevron"
feature on the load flank to alleviate thread hang-up during tripping. A low
angle metal-to-metal seal with a specially machined phonograph finish
minimizes galhg and provides a gas tight seal that will withstand pipe body
pressures. Seal location on flank side of pin allows for greater resistance to pin
nose damage. Also available as HD LOCK-IT PR with an elastomeric seal rim
D "
for added protection against leaks.
SEAL-LOCK PRODUCT LINE

CASING CONNECTIONS
SEAL-LOCK. H C . The time proven Seal-Lock design has been optimized

to meet the requirements of the most critical well applications (4% " - 13 5/ 8").
Assembly and operational stresses have been set at the optimum levels for
certified performance. SEAL-LOCK HC has been designed to meet or exceed
A u
pipe body bunt ratings, formation collapse loads and provide superior tensile
strength. Hooked threads for tensile strength mated with a trapped shoulder
for high compressive loading give SEAL-LOCK HC superior bendmg and
torque resistance necessary for hlghly deviated well designs. Thread jumpout is
virtually e h t e d under the most severe applications. A special phonograph
finish on the metal-to-metal seal surface minimizes galling, holds lubricants,
and helps sealmg with no need for special plating procedures. Trapped intemal
torque shoulder provides a positive torque stop to lessen the chance of over
torquing and guarantees a smooth bore through the pipe I.D. Low profile,
parallel root and crest, hooked thread design provides smooth stabbing and
virtually eliminates cross threading.
SEAL-LOCK. APEX. Designed for critical service (4%" - 13 5/8"). The

unique combination of a metal-to-metal seal and a close-tolerance thread-seal
provides pressure integrity for both internal and external pressure in moderate
to heavy wall tubular applications. Exhaustive testing has produced reliable
results on a variety of load combinations. These include: tension and
compression with internal and external pressure, thermal c y c k with pressure,
tension to failure, compression to failure, internal and external pressure to
failure. Th;s testing has verified the design as structurallysound even under the
most extreme load conditions. A special relief groove is machined in the
coupling to eluninate problems associated with hydraulic dope entrapment.
Trapped lubricant is minimized allowing the flank metal-to-metal seal to
generate sufficient contact loads to remain leaktght at pressures exceeding pipe
body burst. Positive torque shoulder stop improves compressive, torsional and
leak resistance. The inside diameter of pin is profiled to match the J area of the
coupling. This provides a smooth bore through the connection. A rugged
hooked thread form provides excellent resistance against tensile loads, bendmg
moments and external pressures under a vaiety of load combinations. The
thread element geometry provides for easy stabbing, minimizing the chance of
cross-threading while maximizing the chance of a quick, trouble-free run.
H W SEAL-LOCK.. An optimized design for the most critical applications

(4%" - 10 3/47. The connection will always equal or exceed pipe-body
strength in tension, burst and collapse. The hooked thread form guarantees
effective pin/box radial engagement and virtually eliminates thread jumpout
failures on deep casing strings. The thread form root and crest surfaces are
parallel to the pipe body axis, which provldes smooth stabbing and virtually
eluninates cross threading. Trapped internal shoulder provides a positive
torque stop and guarantees a smooth bore through the pipe I.D. A special
phonograph finish on the metal-to-metal seal surface holds lubricants, helps
sealing and minimizes galling when multiple trips are required. The hooked
thread form for tensile strength mated with a trapped shoulder for compressive
loadmg gives HW SEAL-LOCK superior bending and torque resistance
necessary for k h l y deviated well.applications. Connections cut with an
optional seal ring groove can be supplied with a PTFE pressure seal ring. The
seal ring acts as a back-up seal in the event the metal-to-metal seal is damaged.
BIG "0" SEAL-LOCK? Designed to withstand the toughest service

conditions (13 5/8" - 24%"). Whether the application is a long string, bending
or com~ression.BIG "On SEAL-LOCK is enzineered to solve well desien
proble&i. It is threaded directly on plain-eid pipe with no welding i r
additional welding-related inspection procedures required. A low angle metal-
to-metal seal with a special machmed phonograph surface finish minimks
galkg and provides a gas tight seal that equals pipe body yield strength. High
tensile efficiency is achieved by incorporating a negative load flank thread.
Hooked threads maintain pin-to-box engagement and provide structural
D I S C U S S I O N OF OCTC
integrity even under combined bending and tensile loads. A rugged 3-pitch
thread form provides quick make-up. The negative five degree torque shoulder
provides a solid torque stop. This shoulder provides a smooth bore I D to
eliminate hang ups and connection damage during drilling operations.
SEAL-LOCK. BOSS. An excellent choice for horizontal applications where

torsional, bendmg and compressive loads are the primary concerns (9 5/8" -
20"). The negative angle thread design provides an effective p d b o x radial
engagement while virtually elkmating thread jump-out failures. The coarse
thread form stabs smoothly and reduces chances for cross threading SEAL-
LOCK BOSS development included extensive combined load eas
L " testine.
"
Even under extreme loads, the connection remained gas-tight. The controlled
connection make-up allows pins to shoulder, providing a smooth bore I.D. and
a positive torque stop. Tapered run out hooked thread form provides high
tensile efficiencies, excellent make-and-break capabilities, and positive sealing.
SEAL-LOCK BOSS utilizes API dimensional coupling stock for cost savings
and market availabllty. A wide couplug face allows the use of standard
shoulder type elevators for additional running cost savings. SEAL-LOCK
BOSS is threaded directly on plain-end pipe. No welding or additional
fabrication is required. SEAL-LOCK BOSS development included the latest in
A
computer-aided design, strenuous physical tesung, and stress analysis. The

connection remains gas-tight when subjected to tensile loads and internal
pressures that produce 10O0/o VME pipe body stresses based on actual material
yield strength.
SEAL-LOCK* HT. An excellent choice for horizontal applications where

torsional, bending and compressive loads are the primaryconcerns (2 1/16" - 8
5/8"). The negative angle thread design provides an effective p d b o x radial
engagement whde virtually elirmnating thread jurnp-out failures. The
controlled connection make-up allows pins to shoulder, providing a smooth
bore I.D. and a positive torque stop. Tapered run out hooked thread form
provides lngh tensile efficiencies, excellent make-and-break capabilities, and
positive sealtng. SEAL-LOCK HT u&s API dimensional couphg stock for
cost savings and market availabilitv. A wide coupline
L " face allows the use of
standard svhoulder type elevators f i r additional running cost savings. SEAL-
LOCK HT is threaded directly on plain-end pipe.
FLUSH SEAL-LOCK*. Integral connection with a flush O.D. provides

maximum clearance for slun hole applications (2 7/8" - 13 5/8"). The
patented hooked thread form is optimized for pipe wall thickness and virtually
elinmates thread jumpout failures. Additionally, the thread form resists
pin/box disengagement under bendmg loads making it an excellent choice for
horizontal applications. A flank metal-to-metal seal provides a pressure rating
equal to the API minimum internal pressure rating for the pipe. Relief grooves
machined in both the box and the pin help to eliminate problems associated
with hydraulic dope entrapment. Pressure build-up from trapped lubricant is

minimized so that sufficient contact loads are achieved at the flank metal-to-
metal seal. External torque shoulder provides a visual make-up indicator and
positive torque stop.
HYDRIL COMPANY
Hjdnl products are available from Hjdnl Company and their distributors. Their
Houston, Texas telephone and fax numbers are (713) 449-2000 and (713) 985-
3459, respectively. The followkg descriptions were furnished by courtesy of
w Company-
Hydril Tubing Connection Descriptions
Hydril CS, PH-6, and PH-4 Tubing is recommended for work

string, test string, and production tubing applications.
Hydril Series 500 Type 533 Tubing is recommended for the most
dernandq production tubing and work string applications. An integral
connection machmed on intemdexternal upset ends, Type 533
provides pipe body strength combined with the s e h g reliabhy of a
metal seal T p e 533 is intexhangeable with Type 563 and is available
with the optional CB f e a w .
Hydril Series 500 Type 563 Tubing is recommended for moderate

to very heavy wall pipe for production tubing applications. Combining
the suuctur;ll characteristics of the dovetail Wedge T h a d with the
seahg reliabllay of a metal seal, Type 563 has been selected for use on
carbon steel in sour environments and on stainless steels. It is also
available with the optional CB feature.
Hydril Series 500 Type 503 Tubing is offered on the lightest API
tubing weights for production tubing and work string applications.
Type 503 is an integral connection machined on long API external
upset ends providq pipe body suength along with a metal seal.
Hydril Series 500 Type 501 Tubing is offered on the lightest API
tubing weghts and has been used extensively for moderate depth
workstring applications. Type 501 is an integral connection machined
on API external upset ends providq pipe body strength at an
economical price. T p e 501 is intexhangeable svlth Type 561.
Hydril Series 500 Type 561 Tubing is offered on the lghtest API
tubing welghts and recommended for moderate depth production
tubing applications. Type 561 equipped with the CB feature has been
used for plastic coated injection and production strings.
tubing appltcations. Type 561 equipped with the CB feature has been
used for plastic coated injection and production strings.
Hydril Series 500 Type 511 in tubing sizes is recommended for

repair string, scab liner, and horizontal applications. WRh this integral
connection's overall s d capabllny combined with its pipe body
OD, Type 511 has been selected for horizontal liners in re-entry wells,
relatively long repair strings, and slimhole liners.
Hydril Casing Connection Descriptions
Hydril SuPreme LX Casing is recommended for hgh

performance, medium to heavy wall production casing and tie-back
strings. llus integral connection combines a slim OD with tension and
sealmg reliabhty for multiple applications versatllty. SuPreme LX has
been selected for deep, hgh pressure liners, gas storage service, sour
service tie-back strings, contingency MLng liners offshore, hgh
pressure gas well production casing, intermediate casing, and h_lgh
chromium hers.
Hydril Series 500 Type 563 Casing is recommended for medium

to heavy wall casing, horizontal and extended reach
applications, and geothermal and steam injection strings. This coupled
connection provides the bendmg and torque strengths requl-ed for
rotation in hghly deviated wells. The Type 563 has been selected for
sour service production casing stings, &h strength primary casing in
rekf d, &h torque extended reach offshore wells, subsidence
strings, and geothermal production stnngs .
Hydril Series 500 Type 521 Casing has been used extensively in
horizontal wells and for large diameter surface and intermediate casing
strings. llus integral connection with its combined bending and torque
strengths has been used in long and medium radius horizontal and
extended reach wells where it has been rotated comfortably during
wash-down and cemennng. Type 521 has also been used for large
diameter surface and intermedmte strings and is particularly suitable for
s h hole well designs.
Hydril Series 500 Type 511 Casing is recommended for d n h g

liner, washover pipe, and horizontal liner applications. With good
overall stnxtud capabilitycombined with a pipe body OD, Type 511
has been selected for horizontal liners in re-entry wells, relatively long
repair stnngs, and s h h o l e liners.
DISCUSSION OF OCTG
Hydril MAC-I1 Casing is recommended for hgh performance,

heavy wall production casing, intermediate casing, and tie-back strings.
This integral connection, machined on Hjdd formed and stress
relieved ends, provides the combined tension and seahg capabhy
required for deep, high pressure gas wells. MAGI1 has been selected
for long production and intermediate casing stings and gun barrel salt
section stnngs.
Hydril Series 500 Type 533 Casing is targeted for the structurally
&man+ horizontal and extended reach applications as well as
geothermal and steam injection strings. T ~ E integral connection,
machmed on hot-forged upsets ends, provides the tension,
compression, bendmg, and torque strengths desired for rotation in
deep, hghly deviated wells. With its lWO/o pipe body rated strength,
Type 533 is also suited for long production casing and tie-back strings.
V A M
VAM products are available from VAM PTj, S h m a and Vallomc Companies
and their distributors. The Houston, Texas telephone and fax numbers for
VAM are (713) 821-5510 and (713) 821-7760, respectively. The products
include New VAM, VAM Ace, and VAM FJL.
COMMERCIAL ASPECTS
API pipe is purchased accordmg to the following format:

Size Welght Grade Joint type Range [rnfg.] footage
For tubing sizes, the range is almost a l w a ~11, &ch has a standard length of 31
feet, but may be from 25 to 34 feet. Casing s k s are almost a l w a ~sold as
range 111, typically 42 feet, but varying from 34 feet to 48 feet. Some pipe may
be obtained as range I for special purposes, which is from 16 to 25 feet.
Seldom is the manufacturer or the method of manufacture required. The
footage should include a make-up loss factor as well as any overage desired for
the possible contingencyof rigsite problems.
Other aspects whlch may form the requisition include the date and location
required, the type of third parry inspections desired, the type of thread
protectors desired (i.e. hookable), minimum drift diameter (if s p e c 4 and
perhaps, suitable alternatives. In short, most sizes of J-55, K-55, L-80, N-80, S-
95, P-110, and Q125 have reasonably short lead times with the exception of
some 5", &5/8", and 8-5/8" pipe over 32 lb/ft. Prices for the pipe can
some 5", 6-5/8", and 8-5/8" pipe over 32 lb/ft. Prices for the pipe can
decrease appreciably if the requirement(s) can be forecast suffiiiently in
advance for manufacture in volume. If the pipe required is of a special size
andlor grade, there will be some minimum order volurne associated with the
order, typically given in number of tons (i.e., 200 tons of pipe).
PROGRAM INSTALLATION
Program Installation
Without reading the additional information, the user can
insert disk 1 into the computer and run 'Xsetup" to install.
B E F O R E I N S T A L L I N G
Casing2 is writcen in Visual Basic Version 3.09 It runs in Microsoft

Windows 3.1 or higher and Windows 95. The basic requirements are:
Any IBMcompatible machine with 80386 processor or higher
Hard disk with 6 MB free memory
Mouse
Windows 3.1 or higher or Windows 95
An 80486 processor, VGA display, and a minimum of 4 MI3 of

RAM is recommended
For assistance with the installation or use of CASING2 contact:

DR. XICHANG ZHANG
MAURER ENGINEERING, INC.
2916 WEST T . C . J E S T E R B O U L E V A R D
H O U S T O N , TEXAS 77018-7098 USA
TELEPHONE: (713) 683-8227 FAX: (713) 683-6418

PROGRAM I N S T A L L A T I O N
The program is contained on three 3-Yz inch, 1.44 MB program disks containing 30
files. The disks contain the following files:
Disk 1 Disk 2 Disk 3
The files with the underscore on the third character of the file extensions are
compressed. The setup program will expand these compressed files and copy
them to the user's hard disk. The extensions .DL-, .VB-, and .HL- will
become .DLL, .VBX, and .HLP.
All VBX and DLL files have the potential to be used by other Maurer Engineering
DEA Windows applications installed in your Windows\System subdirectory.
This applies to all the .VBXs and .DLLs included here. The Casing2 executable
(Casing2.Exe) file should be placed in its own directory (default C:\CASING2).
Please note, however, that potential software confl~ctsmay arise from usage of
different product releases of the same VBX or DLL program. If this is of any
concern, and if space permits, all files may be kept in the subdirectory
containing Casing2.Exe.
In order to run Casing2, the user must install all the files into the appropriate
directory on the hard disk.
It is advisable to make backup copies of the original program disks and place each in
a ddferent storage location. This will minimize the probability of all disks
developing operational problems at the same time.
PROGRAM INSTALLATION
I N S T A L L I N G C A S I N G 2
The following procedure will install Casing2 from the floppy drive onto working
subdirectories of the hard disk (i.e. copy from A: drive onto C: drive
subdirectory CASING2.
I. Start Windows 3.x (Windows 95 already started) by typing "WIN"

< ENTER > at the DOS prompt.
2. Insert program disk 1 in drive A:\.
3. In the File Manager of Windows 3.x, choose P U N ] from the [FILE]

menu. Type A:\setup and press < ENTER > . For Windows 95 based
systems, choose p u n ] from the [Start] button, and A:\SETtJIJ, as
shown.
4. Follow the on-screen instructions, placing diskettes 2 and 3 in the A

drive as required.
5. Note that the file LSSCSD.INI also goes into the Casing2 directory.
This file gives the address for database, report and help files. If these files
are subsequently moved, then the LSSCSD.INI file should be modified
using Notepad to reflect the changes.
S T A R T I N G C A S I N G 2
To run CASING2 from the GROUP window, the user simply doubleclicks
the "CASINGT icon, or when the icon is focused, press <ENTER>.
As an alternative, in the Program Manager of Windows 3.x, choose p u n ] from

the [File] menu. Then type C:\Casing\Casing2.exe < ENTER > .
Similarly, in Windows 95, click "Start", "Run", and type
C:\Casing\Casing2.exe and click "OK."
R U N N I N G CASING2
Running Casing2
B e 'jrast start" as well as the detailed instructionsfor
running Casing2 are in Chapter 4.
Fast start
The sequence for a fast start is as follows:
1. Under "File - New'' name the well such as "My Well."
2. Select the appropriate string type from the drop down menu.
3. Enter the measured setting depth of the string on the upper right.
4. ?he Basic Parameters window should now be open. Enter the mud
welght.
5. Change the internal gas d e n t or enter a new surface pressure if

required.
6. If the well is directional, go to Parameters - Environment - Directional

and enter the well information as needed.
7. Now go to View Raults to get the computer genelated design
8. Look at the "Summary" on this window by c l i c k on "Sununary)))and

click on Print, if one is desired.
9. To exit, go to "File - Exit," saving the design if desired. It will be saved

under the name given it in step I.
The Menu
The Wmdom style p d down menu consists of the following options: "File Edn
View Select Panmeters Results Helo." The subelements of the menu
L
contain various options as depicted in the following f i s .

4-1
R U N N I N G C A S I N G 2
=Edit View
New biell .
-
Save
-
Save&.
Remove String
-
-Delete Well
Print
-
Esit Figure 4.1
Figures 4.1 through 4.8 show the sequence of the menu. Figure 4.1, File allows a new
well to be selected, allows the option to save a string (and wew, to save a string as
another well, to remove a str&from a well, to delete a well ( i n c l d q its strings),
to pnnt results, and to Exit the program It should be noted that there are two
sets of data for each well (three sets for directional d) .
The first set contains
general information about the well, as well as the proper units of measurement.
If the Microsoft sofrwarr program Access Version 2.0 is available, the data can be
viewed and modified in the table, "tblWellMast." The second data set contains
specific information for each string for a well. It is named "tblWellDet." Again,
by using Access, the table can be viewed or deleted, but the temptation to change
anv of the information in this file should be resisted. as much of the information
is kterdependent. Appendix 3 gives the detailed ikormation contained in thesd
tables. The third set contains the cLrectiona1 i n f o d o n for the well, and is
named "tblSDI."
-- ."
. ..... .
-Vi*:
-" -<%
., .
Select parame
Grade lnfo
" ..... .
&PI Properties
Figure 4.2 Figure 4.3
The second major menu headmg is "Edit," shown in F i 4.2. Edit allows options
to change the general well information under User Info, to m o w default values
and units of measurement under Pr.fmces, and to add (and subsequently edn)
tubular grades, connections and pipe item in the Database.
The third major menu headmg, shown in Figure 4.3, shows Grade,
"Vieze,,"
Connector, and Pipe information, and also enables the engineer to calculate API
propwties (with the exception of joint strength) for any size, wall thickness, and
grade.
, Results
- H
Bpsic Conditions
Burst
- -I
-- _Parameters
Sd$,&i
-Grades
Pipe
I .
Collapse
-
-
Tension
Environment
I
Figure 4.4 Figure 4.5
The next major menu he+, "Select," shown in Figure 4.4 allows the engineer to make
selections of Grades, Connectors and Pipe. These selections are saved to the
database. The principal menu he+ under which design information is specified is
Parametus, Figure 4.5. The first submenu, Basic Conditions, includes information
primarily related to burst, but also includes "mud weight" h c h pertains to collapse
as well. In order, the next submenu items include Burst, Collapse, Tmion,
Environment, and Design Factors. Design Factors differs from the similar page
under Edit in that these factors ovenide the factors specified in Edit as applicable.
Some of the factors under Edit are not repeated, such as b k d load model. All of
the items under Edit, however, are intended to provide default values to the rest of
the Program
z- ,- --
Results
."&.&* Help
View Results 1
V ~ e wLoad
View Graph
- -
Check Des~gn
-
2 Figure 4.6
Figure 4.6 is the menu he+ for Results, which calculates the (Mew)Loads for the
given panmeten, and either calculates the (View)Results, which is the computer
generated casing design, or Checks the Design as specified by the engineer. View
Graph shows the suite of graphs pemhmg to the design and well which maythen be
printed or copied to the Wmdows "clipboard." Finally, a sensitivity analpis may be
pelformed on the design, once initiated,with the Triaxiul Analysis.
",. .. ., .3
Help
. .'
index F1
-Commands
-Search For Help
. .
On...
.. . .~
Calculator
Assislance. ..
About OCTG For Windows ...
Figure 4.7
The last menu headmg is "Help," shown in Figure 4.7. In addition to the Wmdows style
"Help" items,Index, Commands, and Searchfor help on, one can pull up a scientific
Calculator, read about Assistance (typicallythe last resort but also the place to go to
report "bugs"), and lastly, read About OCTGfor Windows.
Having gone through the major menu hearings, the following will give a quick ''d
through" the submenu headmgs. GuTently, there are only three, two under Edit
and one under Parameten. As shown in Figures 4.8 and 4.9, the submenus under
Edit include options for Preferences and Database. The Preferences menu incMe
Miscellaneous Defaults, Default Design Factors, and Units of measure. These
items, and User Info, are stored in the Well - Master data table as described in
Appendix 3.
Figure 4.8 (Edir- fiQerencer submenu)
The database submenu allows additions and changes (to those additions) in the data
tables of Grades, Pipe and Connectors.
Figure 4.9 (Edit - Dadrue submenu)
The last submenu item is Environment, Figure 4.10, h c h appears under the
Parameters menu he+. General allows options p e e to sour service,
minimum section length, and offshore ddmg condaions. Dtrectioml Well allows
options related to designing a two b n s i o n a l well or importing or creatlng a three
dimensional well in the hhurer Engineering "SDI" file format, and Real Gases
includes a routine to calculate the average gas densq in a well using a calculated "z"
factor.
General
-
Design Factors
- -Directional Well
k K tNtjllDF -Real Gaoss 1 Figure 4.10 (Paramem - Environmott submenu)
Winchmu Descriptions
Genwal
In the ''form'' windows, a "field" or "cell" colored y~llowimplies that the field is for
informational purposes only, and cannot be changed or edited Similarly, a field that
is hght blue is one that can be changed or edited. Occasionally, there may be a white
field or cell in a grid which is editable. On the "View" windows, the white cells are
not e h b l e .
M A I N
Tne main window provides the most basic information of a well and string type - its
name, the type of string, the size of pipe, and the measured semng depth of the
string. Tnis is shown in Figure 4.11. Also, it should be noted that Well Name,
String Type, and O.D. (pipe b t e r ) are to be entered from the drop down list box
Well name can, alrematively, be typed in. Every tLne a new diameter is entered, a
"query" is made on the pipe for that size range in the Access database. Additlonal
sizes which fit in the size range are automatically entered. For example, a 9-5/8"
query includes (at this wnung), 9.625", 9.75", 9.875", and 10.000" pipe.
Eils Edit Yiew Sslccl Paramrtels Be~r.llt~Yelp
Figure 4.11
S T R I N G T Y P E
?he stnng type is selected from a "drop down list box" Figure 4.12 shows such a box,
with entries made for string types which have already been designed for the well. In
this example, the drive pipe, conductor, surface, intermediate, and production strings
have already been designed. ?he suings which are not a part of the well, or which
have not j & been d e s b d for the w& are given a "N/A" in the Depth column.
Additlonal strings can be seen by "scrollmg" up or down with the right hand "slide
bar."
Results Help
String
T.
~ , , ~l:~ u b i n g
~
1 1 +I O.D. (2-718" 1 1 21 -.
Set
String Type: Size: iDepth !

&&;Drive Pipe
Conductor
Surface
1
-
85 Intermediate
Intermediate: Prod'n
7"
: C
-106
I
Production 5" 9700

,
: -12 Production: Frac
E D I T - USER
I N F O R M A T I O N
F i 4.13 depicts the Edit - User Information window. Two comments need to be
made about dm &ow. One is that the database tables do not accept blanks, and
"N/A" is the default value for anydug that is intended to be left blank It will appear
on the printout, in such event, as a blank Similarly, if no cost denomination
entered, then no costs will appear on the printout. Otherwise, this field can be used in
any denomination, and the associated field, "Unit Cost" can then be adjusted for any
denomination At this writing, the baseline cost in U.S. dollars ($US) for dm field is
about 5.75.
Well Name: ( ~ e f a u l t ]
D
re
Well AFE No.:f(ONGI Well ID:
Well Location: hulf
I
of Mexico
I
Ouerator: ~uccessful
I - 1
Efforts Oil Com~anv .
Address: ousto on, Texas
Prepared by
Name: [kriley Organization:
Contact: 555-5555 FAX Contact:-/
Price
Denomination: IS unit cost:
Remarks:
Another note which should be emphasized about User I n f o m t i o n Edit Units, Edit
Miscellaneous Program Defaults, and Edit Design Factors, is that the information
entered on this window can be saved under the well name, Default, which will avoid
the need to enter rhls information for every new well.
E D I T - U N I T S
F i 4.14 depicts the Units window under Edit - Befuences. The only aspect of
Casing2 that can d e ~ fromm these entries is the SDI window. whch also offers
units k c h as "oilfied units." These units d l be used for the entirety of any given
well, but may be changed for another well name.
RUNNING CASING2
Un1s of Measure
j-Choose Units of Measure
/
1
"
,. -....,.............:................>.
;A!!.En~!!+h.!!!!!~~:
f All Metric Units
.....
7i
i
I
f Custom i
;Dimensional Units -Weight Units
1 F Inches [in] 7i iP Pounds [lbs]
/ r Millimeters [mm]
1
i
; f Kilograms [kgJ
1
-Density Units - !
!
/ F Feet [ft] I
i 6 PoundslGallon [ppg]
1 r Meters [m] 1I
3
C Kilograms/Liter [kg/l]
:1 r Specific Gravity [sg]
t-- Pressure Units -----------?
1
I
I
/ F Pounds/Square Inch [psi] -Temperature Units I
I
I r KiloPascals [kPa]
P Degrees Farenheit ['F] j
I
l r
i
MegaPascals [MPaJ
I r Degrees Centig~ade['C) 1
Figure 4.14
- C
E D I T
DEFAULTS
- MlSC
Figure 4.15 shows the Miscelhneow De$aul~s window under Edit - Prefmences. ?he
- sgrdicance of "Each joint" is that the number of anay points in the calculation
will be based on this value. The defauk value is 100 feet. If program speed
seems to be a problem, then this & rmghr be changed to 250 feet to speed
dungs dong, with some loss in resolution of the parameten. Please note that
items such as h e r tops, mudline depths, and maximum - load depths h c h are
not multiples of the joint length will be invesugated only at the m y points. The
solutions for liner strings will have an "artificial topn which is rounded to the
nearest m y point.
?he minimumsection length is the minimum length that any one size, weight, grade,
and joint type of pipe should be for the string.
The "method for b d correction7' pertains to collapse. ?he options include: a)

none; b) Hohquist & Nadia (the old API method); c) current API - with
moddications for proprietary hlgh collapse; d) Westcon, Dunlop & Kernler
&one Star SteeI); and e) current API with modifications for net collapse with
internal gradients. These options are discussed in Chapter I, Theory.
The "fracture gradient prediction method" is only intended as a rough g;de, and the
resulting value is not automatically used in any calculations. The choices for the
fmtm gradient prediction include: a) none; b) Eaton; c) M.. Traugott - soft rock;
d) M.. Traugott - soft rock corrected for water depth; and e) M.. Traugott - hard
rock These are explained in Appendix 5.
RUNNING CASING2
G a t Gravity: 1 1
Internal Burst Grad: -12 psilft
Mud Weight: (ppg
I Pipe Lengths Temperature
Each Joint:
Minimum Section:
(ft
-
1500ft
Surface:
-
75*F
Sections:
Gradient: /I *Fi100ft
Fracture Gradient Prediction Method

1N ~ A .
Method of Biaxial Correction For Collapse
Westcott, Dunlop h Kemler -
-
Figure 4.15
E D I T - Figure 4.16 shows the Program Design Factors under the Edit -
Prefwaces menu he+. "Other API" connections include
DESIGN
EUE, X-Line, Buttress for tubing,and other API names.
FACTORS
" U e API leak resistance" will change the minimum internal yield
ratings for API connections to their maximum values as allowed by the API leak
resistance formula, where applicable. These values are tabulated in the back of the
Lone Star Steel TechnicalData book, for one reference.
The check box for "Biaxial correction for burst" pertains to whether the burst strength
for the design is based on uniaxial or biaxiai methodology. P u s will probably be a
"company" design philosophy.
The check box for "Derate collapse for doglegsn is one which does not have general
agreement. If checked, then the maximum stsess on the pipe in a dogleg is
multiplied by the cross-section area to obtain an d force value, which is then
added on to the a x d tension, and the pipe's suength is then revised accodngly.
The hgh tempera- yield strength downgradmg check box is used to lower body yield
strength and "burst" strength linearly with tempera-. In this program, the yield
strength ranges from 100% at 100°F to 85% at 450°F, but the a d downgradmg
does not commence until the tempera- reaches 225°F. In this way, when the box
is checked, the strength is unaffected until the temperature gets moderately hot.
Finally, the NACE threshold temperature values may be moctfied, if desired. Some
companies may wish, for instance, to be more conservative than the NACE values,
which are 150°F, 175"F, and 225°F. Also, in certain c b c e s for the d d h g
mode, assumptions may be rationahzed with respect to mimimum pH and
minimumtempera- thresholds.
Program Des[&n Facfcrs

Design Factors
Body Yield
Sttenath:
8 Round short:
rn Other API:
Premium:
IBurst: ) 1 1
8 Round Long: 1 8
Buttress: 1
' .61 Collapse:
R Derate Collapse For Doglegs

R Biarial Correction For Burst
R Include Buoyancy
r Include Minimum Overpull
r Use API Leak Resistance
r Derate yield strength for [high) temperature
NACE Critical Temperatures

Class 2: Class 3: Class 4:
Figure 4.16
EDIT - GRADE
Figures 4.17 through 4.19 are for a d d q and editing grade, pipe, and connection
information, respectively. The values should be entered as English units. Care
should be taken not to enter a grade, especially, or connection h c h already exists
bythe same name in the database. The unique "keys" for pipe are OD, wall, grade
and connection. F& it must be mentioned that not all of the items in the
databases can be edited. Most are not editable. Should it become apparent that
some item of connection, grade or pipe needs to be modified that is not in the h t
of items on the window, then the item should be modified from Access Version
2.0 wdun its respecwe table.
Grade information includes the grade name, yield strength, ultimate tensile strength,
general type, NACE class, avadability, and cost factor. The NACE class is "1" for
all temperature HzS service, "2" for H2S service above 150°F, "3" for service
above 175"F, "4" for setvice above 225"F, and "5" for no rating. Yield and
tensile strengths should be entered in thousands of psi. The types include "API,"
"proprietary," "line pipe," and "dnll pipe."
RUNNING CASING2
Ed2Grade Data6ase
Figure 4.17
EDIT - PIPE
The pipe information should be entered with English units of measurement. "Drop -
down" list boxes furmsh the list of grades and connections. To get the dropdown
box for grades, click on the applicable grade "cell", and the list will drop down for
selection after c l i c k on the down arrow. If the deskd grade or connection is not
on the list (double check "View - Grade" or "View - Connection" to be s m ) , then it
may be added to the respective database. "Duphtes" of pipe items are not allowed
bythe Access database. If it becomes necessaryto m e a n item that is already part
of the database, then it should be modified from within Access, not Casing2. Pipe
information indudes OD, wall thickness, grade, connection, collapse rating,
minimum internal yield (bunt) rating, joint mngth - in pounds, drift diameter, cost
factor, box diameter, inventory, and maximum torque in foot pounds (this can be
elther make-up torque or torsion strength) A zero can be entered for any cell for
which the information is not known
Figure 4.18
Unlike the "View" and the "Seled' windows for pipe, any OD size can be entered on the
"Eda" pipe window. The sequence is not Important. The pipe cost factor should be
commensurate with similar items for the same size, weight and grade, to the degree
possible. The joint strength for premium connections is often unknown. Typically
the critical area is given for the connection, and it is customary to multiply t h value
~ ~
by the yield strength for tubing, and bythe ultimate tensile strength for casing.
Figure 4.19
E D I T -
CONNECTOR
The connector "I@' should relate to the abbreviation for the manufacturer as depicted
in the connector table in OCTGWmMDB. The "Costn is not presently used by
Casing&and should be left as the default. Connections from the same manufacnver
should be kept within its grouping, if at all possible.
SELECT -
GRADE It may be useful to select certain grades as being available for design. When the grade is
selected, the item is hghhghwd. If no grades are selected, then the program will not
be able to design pipe for a well However, the "Check Design" function of the
program will still be operable. The "Set Default" button saves the lnforrnation from
this window to the database. The Select Grade window is seen in Figure 4.20.
Pipe, grades and connections that are saved to the database are saved independently of
the well that is being examined. There is no direct correlation between any one well
and the selection or inventory feature of these three elements of pipe.
Figure 4.20
I n
S E L E C T - e p q s e of the window to select connecton is sirmk to the
window to select g&. Occasionally reasons exist to select
O or to ignore celtain connections. For example, in tubing
design, if the MI connections should exclude non-upset or buttress (a pseude
MI connection for tubing sizes) then these items should be de-selected. This
window is shown if Figure 4.21.
Select Connectors 1
'. .
....
.;2. .....
...3 .....
...
1
,-,J.
Select None'
Select k!l
Set Default
.....
Figure 4.21
- SELECT -
The Select Pipe window has a more s&icant function than merely to select or not
e select pipe. Amal footages of pipe can be entered which would correspond to
- P lP E
inventories on hand that one wishes to use, if possible. The default value for pipe
that is selected is 1,000,000 ft. For pipe that is non-selected, the default value is 0
ft. The nnge of pipe to be selected from on this window corresponds to the size
- (range) selected on the list box of the main window. TIIS window is shown in
Figure 4.22.
- ' i.
;3 ;3.
Clear All Re~InreAll
-, . -. Figure 4.22
V I E W - GRADE
INFO The V i m windows are simply for "FYI" p q o s e s . They are basically a convenient
way of loolung at information in the database - grades, connections and pipe, at
least for the size nnge selected. The grade window shows the gxade's name, yield
strength, ultimate tensile strength, general we,NACE class (for HzS service), cost
factor and availability. The Grade Infomzation window is shoun in F& 4.23.
Figure 4.23
V l E W -
c IO
The connection information contains the name, the abbreviated
INFO manufacturer, the cost factor (most of these are presently
unit$, the classification as to casing, tubing, both casing and
tubing, and drill pipe, the availability, and the full m a n u f a ~ ~ e name.
is This
window is shown in Figure 4.24.
Figure 4.24
V l E W - P I P E
INFO The pipe informarion window, shown in Figure 4.25, is limited to

pipe within the OD size range selected on the main window. The information
includes OD, n o d we& grade, connection, collapse, minimum internal yield
("bum"), body yield and joint tensile strength, drift diameter, d
lthickness, box
OD, cost factor, inventory, and torque strength (or make-up torque).
View Information
0D
1" 1 I I
Connector Collapse Burst
I Body
Yield
1 Figure 4.25
The window for API properties, shown in Figure 4.26, is intended to be a reference
VIEW - A P I
guide for possible new pipe items for the database. It can also be used to show the
PROPERTIES
downgmded bum rating for pipe that has been wom, that is for pipe which has a
minimum wall thickness less than the standard API minimum of 87.5 percent.
The inputs are OD, wall, mininun wall, and grade, which is taken from a drop
down list box OD and wall may be entered in metric or E+h units. The
results, as shown below, include inside diameter, collapse strength (by MI
equations), the minimum internal yield strength ("burst"), body yield strength,
plain end weight, drift diameter, capacity, &pisplacement, pipe body torsional
strength, and NACE class (for l+S service.)
O.D.: 110.75in Minimum

wall: (875 :$inaI
Wall Grade
Thickness: ).651in Name: 1 -
Inside Diameter: /I in Drift Diameter: (irl
Collapse
Strengttl: (psi Capacity: fF
Min Internal
yield strength: psi '
Displacement: 143.22 ft3
1
Budy 'Yield Torsional
Strength: (2269.i~~ 5.1rmgth: 1( 1100 ft-lbs
I Plain End
Weight: )70.12]lbslft
NACE Minimurr
Temperature: (175 *F
Figure 4.26
PARAMETERS
- BA S 1C There are four different windows for basic conddions which will be
c o N D IT I o Ns encountered in Casing2, but only one for any one type of stnng.
In an effort to minimize confusion, certain fields are presented for
. .
intermediate s&s Y which are not resented for ~roductions i k"s ,. and vice-vena. The
groupings by stnng are: dnve pipe; tubing - frac, production - frac, alternate
production, and production liner, conductor, production, surface (4, and tubing; and
finally, surface, intermediate stings, dnlhg and scab linen, and tiebacks. One of the
common fields for all basic conditions forms is the fluid densitv. or mud weight. ?he
graph for these forms contains collapse load, burst load, and collapse 1oadYwnhout
backup and burst load without backup if different from their respective resultant loads.
BASIC
c 1 I N - TIE first type of window for basic conditions is that for drive pipes.
DRIVE PIPE For thts window, mud weight is primarilyjust a formality. There
are two "radio" buttons for selection of pipe that is hammered in
or jetted or cemented into place after dnllng. ?he drive pipe information is given from
information made available bv Franks Casine Gews. headauartered in Lafavete.
Louisiana. The inputs for this'is blows per fGt (or uAt l e d ) and drive pipe type,
4 ,
which is selected by clickmg on the desired row. The resul* answer is (dynamic)
bearing load, which is a conservative estimate of the available bearing load after the
hammerim', has terminated. The static bearine load can be as h& as five dmes the
,
J L
S
dynamic bearing load. Normally, either area experience or a soil survey made by
civil engineers are required to determine the static load If the pipe is to be jetted
or W e d in, then the hammer information and bearing load are not relevant.
E Hammered in
: Mud Weight: 1( pppg
---
Jetted or drilled tn
Required
Blowr Per
Unit Length:
r/ ft
Drive Pipe Hammer Specifications

Type Energy [ft-lbs] Hammer Weight [lb) I Blows p
b D-12 22500 6050 42- %
Calculated Bearing Load. 1163.64 k ~ p s

- - BASIC
Figure 4.28
For intermediate strings, the basic conditions window contains many fields, all of
- CONDITIONS -
which pertain to burst pressures with the exception of mud weight which also
applies to collapse load and (optionall$ buoyancy for tension. The field for
PROTECTION Minimum difi diametw is also optional, and the default value is "0" or none.
STRINGS Although it is not obvious from Figure 4.29, the lower nght pomon of the
window contains certain calculated fields which pertain to the inputs.
The surface pressm is based on the greater of the pore pressm at the shoe depth, or
the lessor of the pressm at the shoe depth resulting from the next pore pressure
minus the hydrostatic pressm of the gas from the next depth to the shoe depth,
or the fracture pressm minus (if the fncture depth is below the shoe depth) the
hydrostatic pressm of the gas from the fncture depth to the shoe depth. The
shoe depth is input on the main window on the right-hand side, as a measured
depth. The inputs on the basic conditions window for depths are also in
measured depths. The comspondmg depths are calculated.
If the stnng is a drdhg or scab h e r , then the liner top should be entered in measured
depth. Casing2 will actually generate a design which "rounds off" the top of the
h e r to the nearest pipe length, as defied above in Miscellaneous Program
Dt$aults.
Fracture values are not visible for the tieback stnngs, as they are not applicable. If,
however, a tieback string is to be part of a hydrauLc frac treatment, then the next
mud weight should reflect the equivalent mud density of the fracture pressure for
RUNNING C A S I N G 2
the depth of the lowest perforation. Otherwise fiacture depth should be the
measured depth of the weakest point below the shoe. Fracture mud weight
should be the equivalent mud weight, E m , of the injection pressure, &ch is
typically ?hppg above the actual fracture pressure EMW. ?his allows for a
"cushion" of safety for undergmund "blowouts." For intermehte
strings where one or two dnlLng liners will follow, then thefiacture depth will be
the depth of the lowest dnlLng liner, and the next setting depth will be the depth
for the stnng following that liner. Predidfiac value, incidentally, is a calculated
field which is based on the method selected on the window, Edit - Miscellaneous
program waul&. It is not incorporated automatically into any other calculations.
The d o buttons for "Burst Calculation Metho2 determine whether the maximum
anticipated surface pressure, MASP, is determined by entering a value for Sulface
pressure (MASP) or Intemal Burst Gradient, or by the real gas law and gas
gtaviity, which is input on the window, "Parameters - EnvLronrnent - Real Gas."
When either the sulfacepressure or the internal burst gradient is changed on this
window, the calculation method reverts to the top button. For these cases, the
two values are inter-related. If sufme pressure is changed, then intemal gradient
is "back-calculated",and vice-versa.
Mud Weight: ppg Burst Calculation Method -
O Surface Pressure
Surface
Pressure: 3735 psi ii 1 Internal~ ~ I
~ d i ~ ~ t
Internal Burst
Gradient: 1 sir'^^
1 Gas Gravity
I
Minimum Drift: I
in )
i
j'v'ertical Depth of 1ft
r FractureValues . !
1 rrac Depth: /tt
i
/ i I
Shoe:
urntical ~1.c
De~th:
p q fi
i Frac. Mud
wt: m p p g ! Tolallrhcal
i( Fredicted Frac: D e ~ t h :/iEl
ppg : I/
1
ure P~essureat
it
r Next setting Depth Values$ - i

Shoe: 1( psi
1 1 Fracture
; Next Set w
Depth:
l t t , / Pressure at psi
1 I 18200:
1 Next Mud
We~ght:
mPPg
i 1 . 8
Next Pure
Pressure:
psi
Figure 4.29
- B A S I C
For produdon and conductor strings, the basic condiuons window is much less
F daunting than for intermedraw stnngs. The fields at the bottom are calculated
-
- C O N D I T I O N S
C O N D U C T O R ,
values. The shoe depth is, again, on the right hand side of the main window,
above the graph. This field is for measured depth Mud weight pertains to both
P R O D U C T I O N , bum and collapse loads, and, optionally, buoyancy. The surlface pressure and
A N D T U B I N G i n t m l burst gradient are fields that are inter-related. In other words, if the
S T R I N G S surface pressure is changed, the internal bum g d e n t is subsequently back-
calculated, based on the BHP resulting from the mud weght multiplied by the
vertical set depth, and by the coefficient, 0.052 (approx.) If the radio button for
"Gas gram$' is clicked, then the internal burst gradient is based on the real gas
law, and the gas gmvlty, as shown on the window, Parameters - Environment -
Real Gas.
Basic Cond!&#ns
Mud Weight: 1( PPg
Surface Pressure: 1( psi
Internal Burst Gradient: 1( psilft
Burst Calculation Method
cz Surface PressureAnternal Gradient

r Gas Gravity
Total Vertical (lft

Depth:
Pore Pressure at
Perfs:
1 psi
Flgure 4.30
c 1 IO N S - For the stnngs which will or could involve hydmdc f m m treatments, the input
PRODUCTION- fields are expanded from the n o d production stnng to include minimum dnft
FRAC (wah a default value of "Om),liner top (for production h e n ) , f r a m depth
(measured) and fracture equivalent mud weight, EMW. The mud weght at the
top relates, in this case, only to collapse, as the fracture mud weight is almost
assuredly greater than the mud weight that the pipe is to be set in. The other fields
are qpid for the other Basic Condition windows and include the radio button
options for method of calculation of surface pressure, and the "either-oZ' inpa
fields for surface pressure and internal burst gradient. The remaining fields are
calculated values for vertical setting and completion depths, and pore and fracturt
pressures.
Basic ComZ%ns
Mud Weight: 112ppg
Surface Pressure: 1 psi
Internal Burst Gradient: 1

.1 2
psilft
;Burst Calculation Method
F Surface Pressurellnternal Gradient *
r Gas Gravity
Totsl'r/ertical
Minimum Drift: in Depth: (12500 ft
Vertical Frac
Line: i c;.: (;j:, Depth. pz- ft
Pore Pressure
Frac. Depth: 1ft
at Seat 1112Jl pa
,
Frac. Mud
Weight:
117.2 ppg
Frac Pressure
1
at ~ e r t s 11124 psi
i
Figure 4.31
PARAMETERS
- R SLnilar to the "Basic Condmons" windows, the bunt windows

are tailored to the type of string that is being set. In gened, BHP and MASP are
establishedin the Basic Conditions forms, but MASP can be modified in the Burst
window. In adchion, up to two d u s (or "backupn) mud densities can be
specified, packer fluid condiuons can be set up for strings which will become
production strings, and for intermediate strings, a "mud-gas" intedace can be
specified. 'Ihe graph for these forms pertains to the internal and external burst
conditions, the resultant of these loads, and the minimum design line, if the
minimumdesign factor is other than 1.0.
-
BURST -
S I M P L E
C R I T E R I A
Figure 4.32 discusses the facets of the simplest "Bunt G;tetia"
window. T h window is used for tubing, conductor and surface strings. Depth of
Changeovw should be entered as a vertical depth. When it has a value greater
than "O", then Uper Mud Weight becomes activated. Some of the fields on the
window are "repeats" from the "Basic Condiuon" window, namely, Surface
Pressure, Intenzal Gradient, and the "check box" for gas gravity (real gas law.)
Load at Seat is the resultant load of internal minus external bunt pressure, and
Internal Load at Seat is, of coune, internal pressure only.
annulus Values
I
7
1 Upper Mud
(
0 1 I
i
Weight: PPg
1I
Depth of
Changeovec p--l ft I
I
11
I
j Annulus Mud
! Weight: /rlPpg
1 Annulus 7psi
i Surface
/ Pressure: 1
rCalculate Surface Pressure Based on Gas Gravity
1
Surface
Pressure: 1 psi j at
Seat: v
l PS~
!
!
i
I
I n t e m a l ~psim
Gradient:
l 1 Internal
Load at 18253 psi 1
I
I seat: j
I
Figure 4.32
-
- B U R S T
u I 0 The production string verjion of the burst window contains options for packer fluid,
annular backup, and, as in Basic Conditions, options for internal gradient and
- MASP. Depth for annular backup should be entered as vertical depth, and depth
for the packer (if any) should be entered as measured. The purpose for the packer
fluid option is to allow for butst situations where a "hgh''tubing leak will occur,
which will then create a butst load where the MASP acts upon the packer fluid to
provide the internal butst pressure load. Note that if no packer depth is specified,
the default value is "Ox, and the packer option will have no effect. In Figure 4.33,
the density of the packer fluid exactly offsets the density of the annular backup,
and the net burst load is then the MASP for the entire length of the string.
The other fields on the window are as shown on Figure 4.33. The values Load at Seat,
I n t m l Load at Seat, and Packer VD or vemcal depth are calculated values
which can not be modified dlectly. If the "check box" for Calmlate Surface
Pressure Based on Gas Gravity is checked, then the surface pressure and i n t e d
pressure &ent will be based on the current gas gravity and the real gas law, as
shown on the "Parameters - Environment - Real Gas" window. After c h e c k
this box, any new modifications to the surface pressure or to the i n t e d gas
gradient will negate the real gas law value.
rAnnulus Values ------ -

r Packer
--1 Fluid Options ----7
' I
Upper ~ u d
WeigY'
p ~ g 1I
IjUse Packer Fluid
1
i
I
Depth of
Changeover:
Annulus Mud
/j Packer Fluid
Weight:
(IPP9
I
I
i
Weight: P P ~ I I
i Annulus Packer
I I
I Pressure:
r Calculate Surface Pressure Based on Gas Gravity

I
I; Load at Seat:
Surface 8527psi 1 psi i
Pressure:
Internal Load
/
I
I at Seat:
Intnnal vjpsllft
.
Gradient: Packer VD: ft ,
I
I Figure 4.33
BURST -
RO IO Figure 4.34 depicts the "Burst Gteria" window for various
STRINGS protection strings. All depths should be entered as vertical
depths. When "Maximum Load" is disregarded, the
program uses only one fluid density for the internal burst load. The other two
options are for "kick' situations. When either of these are selected, the interface
can be established either by rnoctfylng the Depth of Maximum Load or Su$ace
Pressure. The balance of the parameten needed for solution of the mud-gas
interface are established on the "Basic Conditions" window. 'Ihese include next
mud weigbt,fiacture (injection) depth,fiacture mud weight, and other patameten
needed to establish that the fracture zone is a critical condition as compared to the
next depth and pore pressure.
The other fields include options for up to two annular backup densides, an applied
annular surface pressm, fields for modification of surface pressure (MASP) and
internal gas gradient. The purpose of the "check bo2' is to u& the real gas law
for determination of internal gas gradient. ?he field for changq the gas gravity is
on the window, "Parameters - Environment - Real Gas." The calculated fields for
Load at Seat and Internal Loadat Seat cannot be directly moddied.
-------- --
)/
-Annulus Values r Maximum Load - Values
Upper Mud ]
yi
Ppg 6Disregard Madmum Load
Depth of
/ j (3 ;.Ail; GSL'
Changeover: 1- It iI j r,z - ;
Annulus Mud
Pressure:
rCalculate Internal Gradient Based on Gas Gravity

Surface
Pressure: PEGpsi 1 i Load re.(:
Internal
Gradient:
112) psi,ft
i
InternalLoad at
Seat.
,639 psi
Figure 4.34
- PARAMETERS
- - - c LLA S COUapSe load modifications can be made on the window, "Collapse Giteria" as seen
in Figure 4.35. All depths on this window should be entered as v e d depths.
Up to two internal fluids can be specified. The lowest field in the Internal Fluzd
- frame is for the intemal mud dens% or for the lower internal mud density is two
internal fluids are being utilized. The frame At Shoe just to the nght, contains
calculated values incl* Pore Pressure (mud welght x TVD x 0.052), Net
- Pressure, and Average Density (net pressure / TVD / 0.052). A surface pressure
acting on the annulus of the stnng can be speciiid in the field in the middle of the
window.
The lower section, titled External Fluzd, allows up to five adchonal external fluid
densmes to be entered. These may be charactehd as either hydrostatic loads 0
or plastic loads (I?). If the load is entered as plastic, then the hydrostatic load
below the plastic load continues to be calculated based on the hydrostatic load(s).
Also, as discussed in the tension criteria, the buoyancy force will be calculated
based on the hydrostatic load(s1. The densities should be entered on the window
from bottom to top, which matches the placement of the fluids on the stnng. If
the information is filled in on &SI window, and then the setting depth of the string
is changed to a shallower depth, then the depths inserted on this window will be
reduced, if they are deeper than the new set depth. In the f i , a plastic (salt)
load is applied from 7,000 feet to 6 , W feet. Above 6,400 feet, the loadmg reverts
back to the n o d mud density, 9 ppg.
-Internal Fluid - -At Shoe

-..-...- ..
:-."12z#.-...
3
,.,%A.e-.
;
t,.
?;";?ei,7a7c. ...'*
.. 212 : P o l e m psi
pressure:
Depth of
Changeover:
ft i Net ~ r e s a ~ . r r e psi
:m
Mud Weight: 1( ppg Average

[I ensity.
)9PPY
Applied Annulus Surface Pressure: (psi
-External Fluid
Bottom of Hydrostatic
Mud Weight ~ l ~ i d vs. Point ;
P P ~ ft Load i
/
I I
Third: 0 ( 0 IGH TP
Fourth: 8 16400 16H f P
Above Shoe: 119.25 17000 I ~ FH P
Figure 4.35
P A R A M E T E R S
- T E N S I O N
The Tension Critwia window, shown in Figure 4.36, combines tension design factors
and other relevant information. These tension design factorj are repeated on the
Design Factor window, just as a matter of convenience. Note that the P r e m i ~ m
design factor does not differentiate between joint strengths based on yield vs
ultimate tensile strength. The options for buoyancy include (I) air weight, (2)
Based on Collapse Loading (hydrostatic densities only), and (3) Based on Fluld
Weight, which includes a field for the specified fluid denshy. As discussed earher,
the buoyancy is based on a pressure/area method rather than a buoyancy factor
approach.
The field Force of Modif;e~,allows extraneous compressive or tensile loads to be

inserted. An example would be a tensile force applied above the cement top. A
minus sign (-) would make the force compressive. The depth should be entered as
a measured depth.
Minimum overpull is another form of a minimum design criteria. If the option is

made to have the overpull incorporated in MDF, then the minimum design
criteria is actually the ovelpull multiplied by the body yield strength minimum
design factor. If option Excltrded from MDF is selected, then the minimum
o v q u l l is the actual criteria.
Tension W e n k
Body Yield
Strength:
I=@&Exclude Buoyancy
f-
8 Round Short. )m Based on Collapse Loading

8 Round Long:
Buttress:
r Based on Fluid Weight
Other API:
Premium:
--
[m
I
. "'. .
r:,:.,
"".d %. 1(
-
>s-,g
-
- Tension Modifier -Minimum Overpull
Force of Minimum
Modifier: ( r ] ~ b Overpull: 1
01Ib
Incorporated in MDF
Measured Depth
of Modifier: TIft r Excluded From MDF
~ ~
Figure 4.36
- PARAMETERS
- - - DESIGN
FACTORS
Figure 4.37 depicts the h h m u m Design Factors (MDF) window. The MDF
window includes the bunt, collapse, and tension criteria. Up to two design factors
can be used for bust and collapse. The changeover depth should be entered as a
vertical depth. If the depth is "0," then the upper design factor serves no purpose,
- and is, in fact, not enabled on the window. These design factors "override" the
design factors entered on the "Edit - Preferences - Default Design Factors"
window, but apply only to the well and stnng h c h is being analped.
Burst -Collapse
Upper %urst
Design Factor:
1 I
L; 1 I
Ir
Upper CoIIapxe
Design Factor: pq
Depth of
Changeover:
1 /
mft ,
3 ;
. Depth Of
Changeover: Elft
Burst Design
Factor:
fil
.
,
1
a
Collapse Design
Factor:
a Round
Short: tzEl Other API: 11.5iI
Long:
Body Yield
Strength-
Non-API Connectors:
1
i
rrress:
11.6 1 Premium: -1 i,
1.5
Figure 4.37
PARAMETERS
Several aspects of wells that are related to the loads and design
E Nv IR o NME NT factors, but in an indirect manner, have been combined into
a section called "Environment." In general, these features
include directional mfonnatio1-4 corrosion mformation, wellbore mformation,
temperature, and ''~al"gas information.
E N V I R O N M E N T
- EN RA Tne window shown in Figure 4.38 contains a variety of

miscellaneous elements of designs under the h e a h "Parameters - Environment
- General." Most of the fields deserve an explanation Minimum Casing Section
Length ovenides the minimum section length entered on the field on the "Edit -
Preferences - Miscellaneous Defaults" window. The check box Sour Service
pertains to whether the well contains B S which will impact the string being
designed. If checked, then another check box becomes active, Use Critical
Tmpwatures. This box will determine whether lower cost, h_lgh-strength t u b h
can be u&d at or above the respective threshold temperatures. The fields for
surface ternpemture and ternperam gradient affect, in addition to the Critical
Temperature concept for B S , the real gas law and the denting of tubular yield
strength, both of which are options which can be selected elsewhere in the
P'og-
The check box for subsea well will determine whether strings are designed to
surface (depth = 0) or to the m& depth. Both mudline dtpth and water
dtpth can be given values without subsea well being "checked." Water depth
has no effect on the program
Hole size is a field which does affect the pipe which will be selected for a given
string. If the size is the same nominal slze as the pipe (or smaller), then the
field is ignored altogether. If the field is larger however, then the program will
not select pipe which has a box diameter wrrhin 1/8" of the hole size. The
box must be at least 0.128" smaller than the hole. Cement top and length
have no m n t function in the program, but are included for the sake of
completeness of the wdbore schematic. The button Directional Well leads
to the options for a directional well plan.
Minimum Casing Section Length: 1- ft
.Sour Service7 Offshore Wells:
r Sour Service r Subsea Well

Mudline Depth:J] ft
1 Water D e p t h It
r Use Critical Temperatures

surface
Temperature:
51 ( .F /j Hole Size: / in
I I
Temperature Cement
Length:
yo1ft
IL Cement:
Figure 4.38
F@ 4.39 shows a simple window which basically furnishes a convenient m y to get

DIRECTIONAL to the 2-dimensional design window (Design Well) or to the S u w q Data Input
WELL (SDI) window. The SDI window is used for weUs which have a complex
geometry, or which have an exisnng tabulation of survey points.
The two fields Kick offpoint and C u m style become activated after a directional pkn
has been established. They can then be modified as desired.
Choose below to determine the method

used to create the directional well.
Kick off point: ft
Curve stule: IN~A
Figure 4.39
D I R E C T I O N A L
- 2 The window for 2-dimensional geometty is shown in Figure 4.40.

DI M ENs IoNA L The fields on the nght half of the window contain calculated
GEOMETRY values. Only those fields pe* to the Shape Option are
"enabled." The Shape Option frame contains the three basic
options for the wells, Build and Hold, Build (Hold) and Drop,and Build (Hold)
and Build. The last option is primarily for hgh angle or horizontal wells, and the
first two are for conventional plans. Azimuth is optional. The field, Total
Vmical Depth,and all of the remaining fields relate to the well plan at total depth,
and not to any shallower string. Put differently, once the well is planned, thjs
window need not be revisited. After the parameters are properly entered, the
results will be calculated by "cliclang" on the button, Calculate. To accept the
~ s u l t sand exit the window, the h e n , Generate Survey Data (SDI) should be
"clicked." Cancel a!so provides a means to exit the window.
Once a well has generated the SDI information, modifications can be made either
from the SDI window or from the 2-dimensional window, if a squficant change
has been made in the plan. To change back to a vertical well, the SDI fields can
be "zeroed" out.
1- Shape Option ---1 1- Calculated Values 1-

I\
@ Build i Hold I
i
I Build h Drop
C Build h Build 1
I
1i At End of Build: It
Meas Depth: 1 123111
1-
Azimuth Angle: 36 / Vertical Depth: 12224 3 m
Total Vertical Depth:
deg
(186901f t
1
!
Displacement:
. -.
.,: ci.'-a
v
l '...
Horizontal Departwe: ft
i
-.%
:<;;ir
. . L,.l z,-C.
2
,
'
: 18759(
Kick-Off Point: 110680
w
It
I
1..
!
1,
.- . -
+9:..:Zh. U&C.:T.:
..;e-.'--..nzn':
"
.-.-.;*-
- u
18690
p q
B u i M p Angle: 2V100ft j1 Drift Angle p q
Print
Figure 4.40
- D I R E C T I O N A L
WELL - S D I Figure 4.41 shows the SDI window, a survey data window. Q to 400 survey data
points can be input. The survey data table has four columns which include:
Station Number, Measured Depth, Inclination, and Azimtrth. The edit grid
allows direct input of data. To select the cell in the grid for data entry, the mouse
indicator should be moved to the cell and the mouse button should then be
"clicked." Alternatively, the armw kep, t,T,+, and L, can be used to
maneuver once the m o r is within the grid.
Pressing the key e n t e r > c a n also change the column and row. If the selected cell is
at the last row and last column of the grid, pressing the key Gnter>will add a
new row at the end of the grid, and the cursor will go to the first cell of dm row.
The buttons Insert,Delete, and Append edit the whole row of the grid. Clickmg the
Append button will add a last row at the bottom of the grid, and c l i c k the
Delete button will delete the row of the current selected cell. There is a prompt
before deleting a row to avoid any accidental action.
To edit the data in a selected cell requires the use of keys of the alpha and numeric
keyboard(s). Pressing a key will add a character to the end of the cell entry and the
"Delete" key deletes the last character. Only the last character can be edwd. If a
c k c t e r in the middle needs to be edited, all of the chamcters should be deleted
following the character, and then be retyped. In the grid column Meassred Depth,
only numerals and the dot (dec* key "." are allowed.
Unit Conversion Station Measured Inclination Azimuth

Depth: Angle Angle
'"'"'7
i plp&qRR$g
feet
1 r meters i
,
I
L
21.99 11.46
Inclination 1
I
i F Decimal I
I I
G Angular j 1
C Oil Field
I I Figure 4.41
The measured depth, inchtion angle, and azimuth angle each have rwo unit or
format options. The unit of measured depth is independent of the application
system of units (metric or English) the user selects for the application. The defauh
is the same as the unit for the rest of Casing2. The default format for inchtion
and azimuth is "Decimal" and "Angular,'respectively.
' Units can be changed any
time while edrung, and will not affect the system of units selected in Casing2.
To revert to a vemcal well after the SDI file has been created for a well, delete all but
the first and last row, change the inclination and azimuth values to "0" on the
second row, and make the measured depth value on the second row a large
number (i.e., 50,000).
After the 2-dmensional window is executed in Casmg2, a n SDI fde for the well is
established. The SDI files used in Casmg2 are compatible with any SDI files in
other DEA software applications developed by MEI.
- REAL GASES
The window for parameters relating to real gas law is shown in F i 4.42. The input
fields include gas g r a v i ~percent
, carbon dioxzde (a),
and percent hydrogen
sulf;de H S ) . The lower fields contain calculated values. Tempenture changes
can be made on the "Parameters - Environment - General" window.
RUNNING CASING2
Red Gas Law Fa&ors
Gas Gravity [Air = 1.01: TI

Percent Carbon Dioxide: TO
Percent Hydrogen Sulfide:
Critical
Temperature: (+F
Pseudoreduced
Temperature:
meF
I Critical
Compressibility (Z]
1 Pressure: -psi Factoc
I
/ Pteudoreduced
I Pressure: 1
7
.1
7 psi
Internal Burst
Gradient:
psi,ft
1
i Bottom hole
Tempratur~ V P H2S Pa~tial
Pressure: IOpsi F i e 4.42
VlEW -
In general, the V i m menu options furnish "grids" whlch characterize the well design.
The primary exception is the triaxial window, which only becomes enabled after a
well is designed The well stnng can either be designed by the program ( V i m
Rfiults) or by direct input of the pipe (Check Design). Several of the "grids"
contain information &ch can only be seen by "scrolhg" either down or across.
If a column contains only a blank +re values should exist, then the width of the
column should be increased, which can be done by ''drag@ the line separating
the column fromthe one to its nght.
VlEW -
RESULTS
F i 4.43 shows the V i mResulfi window. T~IS is the program - generated tubular
string. The options available after thLs window is reached include printmg the
design, viewing the summary, and deleting certain items in the string. The latter
option can be made by viewing the summary, hlghhghting a row by clickmg on it
anth the mouse, and then by clickmg on the Delete button. The string results can
then be recalculated.
YewResulYs
To Revise Design, Choose j

View Summary
Figure 4.43
V I E W - LOADS
The loads can be reviewed in the Vzew Load Cnt& window, as shown in Figure
4.44. This information is also sent to the Access database.
Sub-surface Pressure And Temperature Summary

Measure1Result ;Result .Vertical:Hydra !Internal!Externalif
Depth :Burst :Collaps~Depth 'Static :Burst \Burst il
ure
V I E W -
GRAPHS
As seen in Figure 4.45, nine graphic windows are generated by Cas* h c h can be
printed or copied to the clipboard for use in other Windows based programs. By
selectug View - Graphs from the menu after completing the Check Design
window, the windows will contain figures pertinent to that design.
The f i i include: Burst Pressure vs. Vertical Depth, Collapse Pressure vs. Vemcal
Depth, Burst and Collapse Pressure vs. Vertical Depth, Finished Design vs.
Vertical Depth, Tension in Pipe vs. Vertical Depth, Horizontal Departure vs.
Vemcd Depth, Triaxial Analysis, Casing (wellbore) Schematic, and String
Schematic. The tri;uoal analysis resuks are for the case of burst loads on the inside
diameter of the pipe.
Figure 4.45
V I E W - CHECK
DESIGN
As seen in Figure 4.46, Geck Design is the window which allows user input of the
pipe string. The pipe is input from top to bottom As shown in the f i ,a
"drop - down" box will appear for the Pipe ID. as well as for the Set Dtptb. Only
pipe items which are currently in the database and which were included in the
"query" for the stnng can be selected. The bold pipe items are those item which
(1) have an inventory guantity, (2) have grades which ax "available," and (3) have
connections which ax "available." Ratieze, Results should be "clicked" before
attempting to go to the "View - Graphs" window for this string.
-
I
Proposed Design
Pipe Ili O.D. . Wt/ft Gradient [End Finish j Set Depi
7 29.00 '5-95 j 9500
Figure 4.46
A N A L Y S I S
Figure 4.47 pmvides a view of the View - Triaxiul Analysis window. The purpose of
this window is to enable a sensitiv3y analpis of the s t k g just designed to be
made. The input fields include measured depth and the fields ("spinners") under
Sensitivity Analysis. The grid in the won Mises Analysis frame contain a
breakdown of the stresses for the inside diameter case, the mid-wall case, and the
outside dmneter case. For bmt, both the convex and the concave cases are
shown, which will be different only when the pipe is in a dogleg at the depth of
investigation
Nominal Performance:
Axial Tenston: 250 kips

JointSt~ength: 692 kips 2.768
Body Y~eldStrenqth, 802.7 kips 3 211
Torsional Strength 120253 Il.lbs
. . lnrafr~al.lPcil~. 0
Result (Pcrl: 413 Minimura Tenzile Biaxial Ratings:
Ellective [Pcel: 41 3 Strength [l;ul): llcoOOpsi Collap-e [Pr]: 5330 psl 16.539 ji
Burst Pmessure: poi Cros Section Collapse (Pel: 6530 psi 16.539 '.
815 I+
. . 8587
Internal IPbil: Area: Min. nlernal Yield: 10240 osi :2 6 2
External [Pbo]: 0 Polar Moment of
Inbrtia: 92143 in^4 Cullapse Modei Wertcott, Dunlop h Kernlzi
.................................................Result [Pbrl: .-8587
................. -... --
. ...Sen*tivity *na,ynir . ....van Mirer *na,ysit
,% ~inirnurn~emainingwall: 3@
X Outside Gsrneter:
Yirld Strength: p.:i
Aa1.31Tenion Ib ' B 1.532 33556
Dogleg Severily: '.I1 00ft p-18 ,196 33556
Material 9: Radial:
Figure 4.47
The fields for further analysis include:
Percent minimum remaining d (ie., for wear analysis)
Percent outside dwneter
Yield snength
Dogleg seventy
M a t e d anisotropy (i.e., typically for certain CRA materials.)
The response to changes in the above are reflected in the grid and in the calculated
values for pipe properties.
T H E R E P O R T
As seen in Figure 4.48, the central portion of the report contains a table-s
the casing or tubing design. The full report is shown in Appendix 4. The Run
S e q m c e is as the sequence will be on the rig. The order is inverted to show the
pipe from top to botrom
O n the upper portion, if a cost is to be generated as found in "Edit - User

Information," then the last column will show the cost rather than the
Internu1 Capacity as seen below.
Run Segment Nominal End True Vert Measured Drift Internal

Seq Length Size Weight Grade Finish Depth Depth Diameter Capacity
(ft) (in) (Ibslft) (ft) (ft) (in) (ft3)
3 9900 7 26 S-95 LT&C 8843 9900 6.151 519
2 1600 7 29 $95 LT&C 10411 11500 6.059 93.9
-
1 1668 7 32 S-95
-
LT&C 12079 13168 6> 107.9
Run Collapse Collapse Collapse Burst Burst Burst Tension Tension Tension
Seq Load Strength Design Load Strength Design Load Strength Design
(psi) (psi) Factor (psi) (psi) Factor (kips) (kips) Factor
3 7304 7435 1.02 8527 8600 1.01 249.8 602 2.41 J
2 8599 9022 1.05 8527 9690 1.14 19.9 692 34.71 J
Figure 4.48
O n the lower portion, the three general load types are shown: collapse, burst,
and tension. For each of these loads, the rated pipe strengths and the
respective design factors are also shown. The collapse load will be the
bottom load, which will almost always be the most severe case. The
exception to this could be a plastic load. The burst load will be the most
severe case, which will usually be found at the top or at the bottom of the
segment. The tension load will be either the buoyed weight or the air
weight, which is selected in the "Edit - Preferences - Program Design Factors"
window. The tension strengh will either be the joint strength ("J") or the
body yield strength 0,
and the respective design factor will be shown in
the last column with the "J" or "Bn noted. The worst case determines which
will be used.
In addition to the printout of the full report, this portion of the report can be
exported to many types of formats. The "suitcase" at the bottom of the
report screen serves as the "exportn button. Appendix 4 contains more
information on this feature.
NOMENCLATURE
NOMENCLATLTRE
A .............................................................................................................................Area
A, .....................................................................................inner pipe area enclosed by ID
, ...........................................................................
A steel area under last perfect thread
A, ................................................................................ outer pipe area enclosed by OD
A, ................................................................................................. s t area in pipe body
A, ...........................................................................................steel cross-sectional area
A
, .................................................................................................steel area i n coupling
AGG ................................................................................................... a g e gas gravity
d .......................................................................................................................ID of pipe
db ................................................................................. ID at critical section of joint box
d, ..............diameter at root of coupling thread at end of pipe i n power-tight position
dcZ.............................................................................................................OD of coupling
d, ............................................................................................... nominal pipe diameter
d, ...................................................................... nominal joint ID of made-up connection
d,* .................................................................... nominal joint OD of made-up connection
d, ........................................................................................ smaller diameter of annulus
dz .......................................................................................... larger diameter of annulus
D .............................................................................................................................. depth
D, ...........................................................................................................depth of casing
D, ......................................................................................... depth of injection (fracture)
D, ............................................................................................. depth of lostcirculation
Dm .................................................................................................. depth of mud surface
E .......................................................................................Young's modulus of elasticity
El............................................................................Young's modulus for the formation
F ............................................................................................................................ force
Fa ....................................................................................................................axial force
Fab.................................................................. e q u i e n t axial force caused by bending
Fb, ................................................................................. force tending to cause buckling
F, ............................................................................................................. frictional force
F, ............................................................................................................... stability force
,F ................................................................................................ side force a t coupling
F,e, ........................................................................................................ tensional force
F, ...................................................................................................................a force
g, ...................................p ore pressure gradient expressed as equivalent mud density
r ............................................................................................gravity, i.e. air = 1.0 for gas
h .......................................................................................................................thickness
I ........................................................................................................ moment of inertia
K ................................................................................................ square root of 1 over El
L ............................................................................................................................. length
L, .................................................................................................................... oint length
L, ............................................................................................length of engaged threads
M .......................................................................................................... bending moment
M, ...................................................................................... bending moment a t coupling
MASP ......................................................................... m a . anticipated surface pressure
p ......................................................................................................................... pressure
NOMENCLATURE
p
,, ...................................................................................................b u t pressure rating
p ,.............................................................................................. collapse pressure rating
P .....................................................................................................pipe strength rating
Py ................................................................................................ ipe body yield strength
P, .............................................................................................. pipe joint strength rating
p, ......................................................................................................external pressure
p, .......................................................................................................... internal pressure
r ............................................................................................................................ radius
Ar ........................................................................................radial clearance of annulus
r, ...................................................................................................................i n n radius
r, .................................................................................................................outer radius
t ........................................................................................................................thickness
T ................................................................................................................... temperature
w ............................................................................................................weight per foot
W .......................................................................................................................... weight
a ..............................................................................................dogleg severity, oF1lOOft
T ........................................................................temperature coefficient of expansion
A ........................................................................................................................... change
E ...............................................................................................................................strain
sr ................................................................................................................... radial strain
E, .............................................................................................................t a g e i a strain
E~ ...................................................................................................................a x strain
9 ...............................................................................................................................angle
p ................................................................................................................Poisson's ratio
p, ................................................................................Poisson's ratio for the formation
p .........................................................................................................................density
pg .................................................................................................................. gas density
p, ................................................................................................................. mud density
p, .............................................................................................................. steel density
a ........................................................................................................................... stress
0, ................................................................................................................... radial stress
a, .................................................................................................. nominal steel strength
o, .......................................................................................................... tangential stress
a,,, .......................................................................................ultimate (tensile) strength
,,,a .......................................................................................................... yield strength
o, ...............................................................................................................axial stress
SUBSCRIPTS
e (or r) ................................................................................................................effective
max .................................................................................................................maximum
m ......................................................................................................................measured
v ...........................................................................................................................vertical
1,2,3 .....................................................................................................sections 1, 2, 3
SI METRIC CONVERSION FACTORS

"F ...............................................................................................................("F -32) / 1.8 = "C
N O M E N C L A T U R E
Ibf/h .................................................................................................. * 1.355 818 E-03 = kJ

l b d g a l .......................................................................................... " 1.198 264 E+02 = kg/m3
psi ............................................................................................................ " 6.894 757 = kl'a
psi/ " 22.620 59 = kPa/m
1. McIntyre, D. R. and Boah, J. K., Review of Sour Service Definitions, Materials
Performance, NACE International, Houston, Texas, August 1966, pp. 54-58.
2. NACE Standard MR-01-75-92 (1992 Editorial Rev.), Item No. 53024, National
Association of Corrosion Engineers, International, P.O. Box 218340, Houston,
Texas 77218
3. Bourgoyne, A.T. Jr., Chenevert, M.E., Millhelm, K.K., Young, F.S. Jr.,
Applied Drilling Engineering, SPE Textbook Series, Vol. 2, SPE, 1986
4. Charles M. Prentice, Casing Operations Handbook, Prentice Training

Company, P.O. Box 30228, Lafayette, Louisiana 70593-0228
5. -1 Bulletin 5C2, 1992, -1,211 N. Ervay, Ste. 1700, Dallas, Texas 75201-
3688
6. Goins, W.C., Jr., Collings, B.J. and O'Brien, T.B., "A new approach t o tubular
string design," World Oil, November -December 1965, January - February
1966, Four -part series, 24 p.
7. Westcott, B.B., Dunlop, C.A. andKernler, E.N., "Setting Depths for Casing,"
API Division of Production, May, 1940.
8. Kastor, R.L., "Triaxial Casing Design for Burst," IADC/SPE 14727, 1986
IADC/SPE Drilling Conference.
9. Roca, LA., and Bourgoyne, A.T., "A New Simple Method to Estimate
Fracture Pressure Gradient," SPE Drilling and Completion, SPE, September,
1996, pp. 153-159.
Ref.-1
APPENDIX 1
Appendix I
D E T E R M I N A T I O N OF MASP U S I N G REAL GAS LAW

The primary distinction between the ideal gas law and the real gas law is that the ideal gas
law assumes a compressibility factor, "z," of 1.0. In fact, the "z" factor is dependent on
gas gravity, composition, temperature and pressure. It is a non-linear function and so,
will have different values from top to bottom. Since the objective in Casing2 is
basically to find the maximum anticipated surface pressure (h4ASP) and average gas
gravity (AGG), the assumption is made that the "z" factor is both constant and the
average of temperature and pressure throughout the string. Two more important
assumptions are that the nitrogen content is null and the gasses are "rniscellaneous," as
opposed to "condensate." Even with those assumptions, an iterative procedure is
required to find the "z" factor.
In brief, the following variable inputs are used:
vertical depth - either for the shoe depth for production strings and conductor
strings, or for the next setting depth as input on the basic parameters form.
mud weight - or the next mud weight, as above
surface temperature and temperature gradient - found on the "environment"

form next to the H,S, and
gas gravity (air = I.O), percent H2S and percent CO, (on the "real gas" form).
Gas gravity should be in the range from 0.56 to 1.71, H2Sshould be from O to
80 molar percent, and CO, should be from O to 100 molar percent.
In basic sequence, the following values are calculated.
Bottom hole temperature and average (static) temperature are based on surface
temperature and temperature gradient, which is assumed to be a constant.
Below, the specific gravity of the gas is denoted Gas, ,y which is a modification of y for
CO, and HZS content, if any. Please note that the following equations and inputs
incorporate English units, i.e. psi, OF, feet, and p, in pounds per gallon.
Gas yhc = (y - 1.5195 " %C02- 1.1765 " %H2S)/ (1 - %C02- %H,S)
T, = 168 + 325 " Gas yhc- 12.5 " Gas y:,
pcHC= 677 + 15 * Gas yhc- 37.5 " Gas yh:
From the above intermediate calculations, critical temperature, T, and critical pressure, p,
are calculated.
T, = + (547.6 " %C02 + 672.4 * %H2S)

(1 - %C02- %H2S)* TcHC
pc = (1 - % C 0 2- %H,S) p,= + (1071 '"hCO, + 1306 " %H2S)

The Wichert-Aziz correction, C, is used if H2Sis present.
FCO- = (%C02+ %H2S)
= 120 * (FCom0.9 + 15 " (%H2S0.5- %H2S4)

- FCOm1.6)
Finally, Tcand p, are then corrected for H2Scontent.
pc = p, " (Tc- CwJ / [Tc + CwA" %H2S" (1- %H2S)] ( critical pressure )
T, = T, - CwA ( critical temperature )
With these values, pseudoreduced temperature, T, and pressure, p, are calculated using
average temperature and (estimated) average pressure.
T, = [surface temperature + (temperature gradient 'hertical depth / loo)] / 2

T, = (T, + 460) / T, ( in degrees Rankin )
Obviously, pR is only a guess at this point. The "z" factor is determined iteratively as the
following "DOn loop describes.
NewMASP = BHP - (TVD '' AGG)
MASP = NewMASP
pa% = (BHP+ MASP) / 2
PR = (Pa%+ 15) / PC (pseudoreduced pressure)

APPENDIX I
Check to make sure that p, is between 0 and 30 and use the following term.
D,, = pseudoreduced density = D,
D, = (.27 '"A / TR ( initial guess )
Do the following 12 times (an arbitrary number )
If D,, < = 0 Then Dl = .5 '+D,

If D,, > = 2.2 Then D,, = D, + .9 " (2.2 - DJ
If Abs(D, - DJ < .00001 Then stop this sequence
Dr = D,,
Go back and do this again, until it has been done 12 times
z = .27 " pR/ (Drl* Td
, ,z = 1 / en{0.01875" Gasy,, '' TVD / [z " (460 + Tad]}
NewMASP! = BHP! ",Z

,
Loop Until Absolute (MASP - NewMASP) < 10

This is the end of the loop, and as shown, the "z" factor is considered to be close
enough when the surface pressure iterations are within 10 psi.
Surface pressure = NewMASP
AGG = (BHP - NewMASP) / TVD
p, = PHI? + NewMASP) / 2
Below, the compressibility factor chart is shown, as used in the back of Lone Star Steel
Company's Technical Data book. A reference for the ideal gas law chart can also be
found there.
Compressibility Factor, z
>.s
>s
>.
>>
12
77
to
Pseudo Reduced Preswre. Ppr
0s
In the above figure, a "z" factor of 1.78 is found for a pseudo reduced pressure of 21.7 and
a pseudo reduced temperature of 1-80. For a 17,800 foot well with a gas gravity of
0.65, a ST of 74"F, a BHT of 323°F and a BHP of 15643 psi, the MASP is calculated to
be 13,073psi.
APPENDIX 2
Appendix 2
CASING AND HOLE S I Z E S

The figure shown depicts typical tubing, casing and hole sizes. Some of the holes may require
under-reaming, especially for the benefit of a better cement job. Also, some of the casing
combinations may dictate that nonthreaded and coupled pipe be used. In the figure,
dotted lines represent situations as above, where special casing connections must be used.
The bit and hole sizes are typical for tricone rotary bits, and variations may exist,
particularly for PDC bits.
APPENDIX 2
Tubing size, in.
Casing and liner

size, in.
Bit and hole

size. In.
Casing and liner

size. in.
Bit and hole

size, in.
Casing and liner

size. in.
Bit and hole

size, in.
Casing sue, in.
Bit and hole

size, in.
Casing size, in
APPENDIX 3
Appendix 3
D A T A B A S E I N F O R M A T I O N
As discussed in the text, the data sets are contained in the Microsoft Access Version 2.0 file,
0CTGWIN.MDB. It contains tables, queries, a form, and reportsthat pertain to the
program. The tables are the primary data that should be of interest to the Casing2 user.
These include:
tblWellMast the "master" file for a well
tblWellDet the details for any one string, associated with one well
tblcomection the catalog of end connections
tblGrade the catalog of grades, including line pipe and drill pipe
tblPipe the catalog of pipe
tblResDet the details of results for a well solution
tblResMast the master information of results for a well solution
tblLoads the complete array of loads and results for a well solution
tblSDI the directional information for a well
The contents of tblWellMast are as follows:
ID (a counter) Well name SDI key AFE no.

Az unit flag Inclination unit flag Address Operator
Well location Well ID RemarksDepth units
Pressure units Weight units Density units
Diameter units Pressure gradient units Temperature units

APPENDIX 3
Torque units Volume units Cross section area units
Tonnage units Temperature gradient units Dogleg units
Volume gradient units Collapse design factor Burst design factor
Premium DF Body yield strength design factor MI 8 Round Shorc DF
Buttress D F 8 Rd Long DF Other API joint strength DF
De-rate collapse - doglegs Bum - b i d Pipe length
Surface temperature Temperature gradient Mud weight
Internal gradient Collapse biaxial model Fracture gradient model
Include buoy. Minimum overpull NACE critical temp. 1
NACE critical temp. 2 Mudlie depth Water depth
NACE critical temp. 3 MI leak resistance subsea completion
Engineer Cost denominator (inflation index) Cost unit (i.e. "$3
Engineer's organization Requestor's organization (org) Engineer's fax
Engineer's phone Requestor's phone Requestor's fax
Requestor of design T r i i design factor Compression DF
Maximum sections Temperature correction Kick off point
Curve style
The contents of tblWellDet can (and do) override the contents from tblWellMast as applicable.
They include the following:
Well ID (master ID) String w e Measured depth
Vertical depth Next vertical depth Measured frac depth
Pipe O D index Pipe O D Fracture mud weight
Fracture depth Packer depth Mud weight
Internal burst gradient Minimum drift Liner top
Frac pressure Fracture equivalent mud weight Surface pressure
Bunt method Pore pressure Next pore pressure
Nexc mud weight Upper mud wt Lower mud wt

APPENDIX 3
Annular burst pressure Annular burst mud weight xover Reservoir BHP
BHP Maximum load depth Interface pressure
Packer fluid flag Packer fluid density Maximum load flag
Maximum load option Collapse external mud weight 1-6 Collapse crossover depth 1-6
Fxernal point load 1-6 Annular collapse pressure Upper internal fluid weight
Lower internal fluid weight Internal fluid weight xover depth Upper burst design factor
Lower burst design factor Burst design factor crossover depth Upper collapse design factor
Lower collapse design factor Collapse design factor xover depth API 8rd ST&C design factor
API 8rd LT&C design factor Buttress design factor Premium joint design factor
Body yield design factor Directional well code Minimum section length
Surface temperature Temperature gradient Use critical temperatures for H,S
Sour service Hole size Cement top
Gas gravity Average pressure %CO,
O/oH,S Gas critical pressure Gas critical temperature
Pressure gradient z factor Pseudo-reduced temperature
Pseudo-reduced pressure Minimum overpull Fluid weight
Axial load moddying force Depth of axial load Neutral point
Buoyancy HydMDF inclusion Hydraulic pressure 0-5
Hydraulic mud gradent 1-7 Inspections GI1 Triaxial design factor
The solution table, tblSolution, and the results tables, tblResultMast and tblResultDet, contain
information relevant to only one well and one string type. This information can be
accessed directly after Casing:! is closed, and the fields will contain information pertinent
only t o the last string for whlch a "print" was called for. The contents of tblResultMast
are as follows:
Well ID (matches master) String type (no. & name) BH Temperature
Average temperature Minimum drih diameter ID (counter)
Length units Diameter units Pressure units
Temperature units Area units Density units
Pressure gradient units Weight units Ton units

APPENDIX 3
Volume units Temperature gradient units Volume gmhent units
Torque units Gyration units Program remarks
Problem text Total cost Curve type
Kick off point Dogleg & angle units Max. dogleg
Build up angle Hold angle Drop off angle
Deparmre Azimuth Inclination
Drop off point
The contents of tblResultDet are as follows:
Sequence Well ID Heading 1-10 Field 1-20
The contents of tblconnector are arranged in sequence as to manufacturer. When

connections are added, to the extent possible, the sequence should be maintained. The
field, "Type," is used to indicate casing ("CSG) or tubing("TBG") or , sometimes, both.
The fields are as follows:
ID (assoc. with tblPipe) Manufacturer
Cost TYPe End finish description
Mfg. abbr. User Available
A couple of notes should be made regarding tblGrade. One is that the NACE field contains a
number which indicates its status with NACE for H,S service. These numbers are: 1) all
temperature; 2) temperatures hotter than 150°F; 3) temperatures hotter than 175OF; 4)
temperatures hotter than 225°F; and 5) no rating for H,S. The Type field indicates the
general type of tubular. Its abbreviations are: 1)API OCTG; 2) proprietary OCTG; 3)
obsolete OCTG; 4) drill pipe; 5) line pipe; and 6) high-collapse OCTG . The contents of
tblGrade are as follows:
ID (assoc. with tblPipe) Yield strength NACE
Type Grade description Tensile strength
User Available Young's modulus
Poisson's ratio Density
The pipe for Casing2 is called up from the following table, tblPipe, based on an O D range.
There will be some overlap between casing and tubing sizes. The distinction pertains
mostly to the connection, but sometimes to the wall thickness as well. There is also
usually a big cost difference. For this reason, when connection items are added to the
database it is important, to the extent possible, to make the notation regarding casing or
A P P E N D I X 3
tubing type. "Inventory" in the following list is a number which can limit the availability
of a particular tubular item. Grade ID and Connection ID are integer numbers which
relate to the grade and connector tables. Finally, please note that before a new item is added
to tblPipe, the necessary grade and connector items should be valid.
Ouojide diameter Wall thickness Weight / foot
Grade ID Connection ID Joint strength
Collapse strength Box O D Minimum internal yield strength
Drift diameter Cost Inventory
Torque (strength or nominal) User added
The contents of tblSDI are as follows:
SDI Key (Well ID no.) SDI Number Azimuth
Inclination Measured depth
Presently, tblSolution exists as a repository for detailed load and strength information which
can be exported to spreadsheets for whatever purpose. The contents of tblSolution are as
follows:
Array ID (a counter) Measured depth Vertical depth
Air weight Pipe segment number Buoyed weight
T r i d stress Dogleg severity Adjusted collapse strength
Adjusted burst strength Internal burst p Annular bum p
F.xtemal collapse pressure Internal collapse pressure Collapse DL
Burst DL Horiiontal departure Temperature
For some users, a good purpose may be found for entering the database through Access
Version 2.0, rather than through the program, Casing2. At least two cautions must: be
mentioned regarding ths. One is that the pipe table contains cost information which is
relative to each other. New items entered should be "priced at a level commensurate with
comparable items, not merely with the current market price. Secondly, newer versions of
Access will come along which will be able to open 0CTGWin.MDB. The file must,
however, be saved in its original version, as otherwise Casing2 and its report(s) may not be
able to read the data.
APPENDIX 4
REPORT I N F O R M A T I O N
The report for Casing2 was created using Crystal Report Version 4.5. Crystal Reports is a
creation of Crystal, a Seagate Software Company. The sales and information number for
Crystal is (604) 681-3435. Additional reports can be made, which use information saved to
any of the tables described in Appendix 3. The report can also be exported, as discussed
herein.
The Report
The report is designed to give the overview of details regarding the input parameters as well as
the string design with its associated design loads, strengths and safety factors. Many items
of the report are "blanked out" when they do not impact on the design. As an example, if
the upper design factor for burst is the same as the lower burst design factor or the
crossover depth for this value is at the surface, then both the upper burst design factor and
the crossover depth are not visible.
Export Specific Requirements

Most of the export options export the central portion of the report only, as shown below.
Other options enable the entire report to be exported.
True Vert Measured
Seq. Length Size Weight Grade End Depth Depth Drift Cost
(ft ) (in) (Iblft) Finish (ft) (ft) (in) ($1
1 7500 9.625 43.50 N-80 LTBC 3500 7584 8.625 86501
Collapse Collapse Collapse Burst Min Int Burst Tension Tension Tension
Seq. Load Strength Design Load Yield Design Load Strength Design
(psi) (psi) Factor (psi) (psi) Factor (kips) (kips) Factor
1 1758 3808 2.17 1776 6330 3.56 152.2 825 5.42 J
If you wish to export the report(s), you must have files from the following list appropriate to
the export option:
APPENDIX 4
Format DLLs
UXFCR.DLL Crystal Reports Format (16 bit)
UXFDIF.DLL DIF format
UXFDOC.DLL Word for DOS and Word Perfect format
WORDDOS.XTD Only required if exporting to Word for DOS
WPERFECT.XTD Only required if exporting to Word Perfect
UXFQP.DLL Quattro Pro

UXFREC.DLL Record format
UXFRTF.DLL Rich Text Format
UXFSEPV.DLL Comma Separated Values Format
UXFTEXT.DLL Text format
UXFWKS.DLL Lotus 1-2-3 format
UXFWORDW.DLL Word for windows format
UXFXLS.DLL Excel format
D E S T I N A T I O N DLLS
UXDDISK.DLL Disk file destination
UXDMAPI.DLL MAP1 format wcrosoft mail)
UXDVIM.DLL VIM format (cc: MAIL, Lotus Notes, WordPerfea Office, etc.
If you need any of the above files or would like information on foreign language runtime file
requirements, please contact Maurer Engineering Lnc. or Lone Star Steel Company.
Shown below is the full text of a report. It was exported to "Word for Windows," and
imported using the "Insert - Object - Microsoft Word Document." I£ a report is desired
which summarizes the strings for the entire well, it would be easiest to import the set of
individual string report "summaries" into one document. A unique file name should be
used for each report exported.
APPENDIX 4
The large space beneath the summary table is normal, and is a feature of the software used to
generate the report. The remarks which follow the summary are a combination of
program generated remarks and remarks entered on the window, Edit - User Information.
APPENDIX 4
Well name: OCS-G-3800 Well A - I I

Operator: Oil & Gas Company
String type: Production
Location: Gulf of Mexico - Eugene Island Blk 361
Design parameters: Minimum design factors: Environment:

Collapse Collapse: H,S considered?
Mud weight: 15.9PPg Design factor 1.000 Surface temperature:
Design is based on evacuated pipe Bottom hole temperature:
Temperature gradient:
Minimum section length:
Bunt:
Design factor
-
Burst
Max anticipated surface Water depth:
pressure: 8.527psi
Internal gradient: 0.120 psilfl Tension: Directional Info - Build & Hold
Calculated BHP 9.977psi 8 Round STC: 1.80(J) Kick-off point 0 fl
8 Round LTC: 1.80(J) Departure at shoe: 3,839f l
Annular mud density: 9.00ppg Buttress: 1.60(J) Maximum dogleg: 2.5'/100f l
Premium: 1.50 (J) Inclination at shoe: 0'
Body yield: 1.60(B)
Tension is based on buoyed weight.

Packer fluid details: Neutral point: 10,436fl
Fluid density: 9.000ppg
Packer depth: 13.000ft
Run Segment Nominal End True Vert Measured Drift Internal

Seq Length Size Weight Grade Finish Depth Depth Diameter Capacity
(in) (Ibslft)
3 9900 7 26 S-95 LT&C 8843 9900 6.151 519
2 1600 7 29 S-95 LTBC 10411 1 1500 6.059 93.9
1 1668 7 32 S- LTBC 12079 13168 6 107.9
95
Run Collapse Collapse Collapse Burst Bunt Bunt Tension Tension Tension
Seq Load Strength Design Load Strength Design Load Strength Design
- (psi) Factor (psi) (psi) Factor (kips) Factor
3 7304 7435 1.02 8527 8600 1.01 249.8 602 2.41 J
2 8599 9022 1.05 8527 9690 1.14 19.9 692 34.71 J
1 9977 10400 1.04 4330 10760 2.49 -25.5 779 -30.50J
Prepared G o o d Engineer Phone: BR 548 Date: September 27. 1996

by: Oil 8 G a s Company FAX: BR 549 Houston, Texas
Remarks:
Collapse is based on a vertical depth of 12079 fl, a mud weight of 15.9ppg The casing is considered to be evacuated for
collapse purposes.
Collapse strength is based on the Westcott, Dunlop 8 Kemler method of biaxial correction for tension.
Burst strength is not adjusted for tension.

Collapse strength is (biaxially) derated for doglegs in directional wells by multiplying the tensile stress by the cross section
area to calculate a
tensile load which is added to the axial load.
Engineering responsibility for use of this design wiN be that of the purchaser.
APPENDIX 5
F R A C G R A D I E N T P R E D I C T I O N
While not an integral design feature of Casing& fracture gradient prediction is available for
protection strings. Such predictions are fraught with potential problems, and should
include many things beyond the scope of this program, such as log information and
formation dip. Nonetheless, four prediction methods are offered. All of the methods
have t h s in common: they are based on the stated fracture depth, 4 (which may be deeper
than the shoe depth), and on the stated mud weight, that is the mud weight, p, specified at
the shoe. Again, the predicted value is not incorporated at all in pressure load calculations
and the fracture gradient, pg (in ppg equivalent) must be entered by the designer. The
equations for the methods are as follows:
Variable Overburden Gradient (psi/&), VOBG
Poisson's ratio, y
Depth of mudline, 4,
Water depth, d,
Air gap, KB - 4, AG
Eaton's method (the extension pressure. ...the initiation pressure is higher.)
D = fracture depth, d, in 1,000s of feet
VOBG = 0.84753 + 0.01494 D - 0.0006 D2 + 1.199E-5D3
p,, = (VOBG - .052 '' p,,,) * y /(1 - y) + 0.052 " p, + 100 / d,
M. Traugott's method for soft rock
pm = 8.7 ppg * 0.052 '> d, sea water pressure

APPENDIX 5
VOBG = [p, + (p, + 0.008 * (d - d,) O.' * (d - d,) " 0.0521 / (d * 0.052)
y = 0.39 " (d - 43 03'
P g = Y * ( V O B G - p , ) + P",
M. Traugott's method for soft rock, revised for water depth
p, = 8.7 ppg " 0.052 " d, sea water pressure

VOBG = [p, + (p, + 0.008 * (d + ch, - dJ '. * (d + d,- 43 '9.0521 / (d '9.052)
y = 0.39 * [(d + d,- d,) / 21 0.33
pg = Y " (VOBG - P,) + P,
M. Traugott's method for hard rock (assuming no sea water pressure or water depth)
VOBG = p, + 0.008 *,d0.6

y = 0.35
Pg = Y * ( V O B G - p J + P,
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
We wish to thank and acknowledge the following individuals and companies for their
help in creating Casing2:
Chad Mitchell of Pennzoil Exploration & Production, for his diligent efforts in
refining the reports and in finding "bugs."
Beau Urech of Lone Star Steel Company, for his contribution to the discussion on
tubular grades.
Steve Pierson of Hunting Interlock, for his contribution to the discussion on O C T G

threads.
Leo McClure of Pennzoil Exploration & Production, for his assistance in fracture
gradient prediction.
Doug Cosby of Benchmark Consulting for his work in the database integration.
Hydril Company for their casing and hole size chart.

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What is the purpose of the Casing String Design Model?

What is the purpose of the Casing String Design Model?

What features does the Casing String Design Program (Casing2) have?

What features does the Casing String Design Program (Casing2) have?

CASING STRING DESIGN MODEL

THEORY AND USER'S MANUAL

MAURER ENGINEERING INC.

Theory and User's Manual

MAURER ENGINEERJNG INC.

Telephone: (713) 683-8227 Facsimile: (713) 683-6418

Theory and UsePs Manual

O Lone Star Steel Company

Maurer Engineering Inc.

1. Microsoft Windows applications

2. Supports both English and metric units

3. Includes an expandable database of some 3,700 tubular items from 1.050"

4. Tubular items in the database may be limited to a specified available

7. Burst performance can be biaxially adjusted for tension

8. Triaxial stress analysis can be for both burst

9. Collapse biaxial adjustment model can be selected

10. Internal burst gradients can be either drectly input or

11. Tubular designs can be both computer generated or

12. New wells are generally based on program defaults,

13. Well parameters can be saved and retrieved

14. Units of measurement can be selected, modified, and

15. Directional wells can be designed internally as two

16. A total of nine graphs can be viewed, printed or posed

17. Intermediate burst parameters can be input as

Purchasers of t h s program and participants in DEA42, DEA-67,

Theory of Casing and Tubing String Design

Determining pipe loads

Detennining pipe stresses

Discussion of Oil Country Tubular Goods

Grant AB 1 Enerpro 2-14

Hunting Interlock 2-14

Hardware and System Requirements

Backup Disk 3-2

Installing Casing2 3-3

Starting Casing2 3-3

Starting Casing2 from the Group Window

Using Command-Line Option from Windows

Real Gas Law

SI Metric Conversion Factors N-3

Determination of MASP Using Real Gas Law

Casing and Hole Sizes

Frac Gradient Prediction

Theory of Casing I Tubing

Designing downhole tubulars

Determining pipe loads

Determining pipe stresses

Figure 1.2. Hoop Stresses

Figure 1.3. Radial Stress

Triaxial Stress Analysis

Figure 1.4. Triaxial Stress Analysis

von Mises Analysis

(hoop) stress 01=

Ellipse of Biaxial Yield Stress

.120 -100 -80 -60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 i00 120

Axial Stress - % of Yield

- API - Maximum Shear - Strain Energy.