Hanoi University of Business and PHONETIC & PHONOLOGY

Technology Test code: 01

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Test code: 01
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Part I THEORY
1. What is the definition of phonetics? (1pt)

2. Give an example for strong form and weak form of English words?(2pts)

Key 01.
1. What is the definition of phonetics?

Phonetics is the linguistic science that studies speech sounds: the way in
which they are produced, the way in which they’re perceived, their physical
characteristics.

( P3, English phonetics and phonology, 2nd edition, Peter Roach)

2. Give an example for strong form and weak form of English
words?

There are certain well-known English words that can be pronounced in two
different ways which are called strong form and weak form.
1
Eg: I like that /aɪ laɪk ðæt/ ( strong form)
aɪ hoʊp ðət ju ɑr faɪn ( weak form)
The word “ that” can be pronounced in 2 different ways as the examples
above. The first one is strong form, and the second one is weak form.

(p102, English Phonetics & phonology, 2nd edition, Peter Roach)

Part II: PRACTICE

1. Transcribe the following words by using their symbols of sound
ORDER WORD TRANSCRIPTION ORDE WORD TRANSCRIPTION
R
Exampl month /mʌnθ/
e
1 village /’vilidʒ/ 6 lead /li:d/
2 sit /sit/ 7 many /’meni/
3 happy /’hæpi/ 8 meet /mi:t/
4 send /send/ 9 head /hed/
5 pretty /’priti/ 10 saw /sɔ:/

2. Identify the underlined sounds of these pairs of words

ORDER WORD SOUND
Exampl eat-head /i:/ /e/
e
1 competition- advice /k/- /s/
2 certainly- customer /s/- /k/
3 branch- stomach /tʃ/ - /k/
4 generous- guess /dʒ/- /g/
5 thriller- otherwise / θ/- /ð/

3. Underline the word of which the parts in bold type is not pronounced in the same
way as those in other words
ORDER WORDS
Exampl have had behave tablet
e

2
 1 explored named travelled
2 separated
3 party lovely sky empty
suggestion organization application
4
communication
5
bound cough ground round
figure magazine geography grammar

4. Underline the word in each group which does not have the same stress pattern
ORDER WORDS
Exampl before begin result adult
e
1 confide aware research
2 postpone
3 machine lesson village enter
4
5 consider volunteer entertain comprehend
effective relative creative deposit
substantial technological exponential
infiltration

5. Base on the transcription to write them in normal English orthography

ORDER TRANSCIPTION ORTHOGRAPHY
Exampl / ðə ˈtaɪm ˈhæz ˈkʌm / the time has come
e
1 /ɪts gʊd bʌt ɪksˈpɛnsɪv/ It's good but expensive
2 /ðə praɪs ɪz ðə θɪŋ ðæt əˈnɔɪz miː/ The price is the thing
that annoys me
3 /wɪʧ dɪd iː ʧuːz?/ Which did he choose?
4 /hiː wəz leɪt, wɒznt  iː?/ He was late, wasn't he?
5 /haʊ kæn wiː gɛt ðeə/ How can we get there?

3
 Hanoi University of Business and PHONETIC & PHONOLOGY
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Part I THEORY
1. What is the definition of Phonology? (1pt)

2. In term of tone, indicate the difference between English and

Vietnamese language? (2pt)

Key 02.
1. What is the definition of Phonology?
Phonology is the study of the distinctive sound units (phoneme) of a
language and their relationship to one another.

( P3, English phonetics and phonology, 2nd edition, Peter Roach)

2. In term of tone, indicate the difference between English and

Vietnamese language?
Tone is the overall behavior of pitch in a syllable
The difference between English and Vietnamese language is that English is
4
not a tone language because it does not use tone to determine the meanings
of words, on the other hand, the change of tone in a particular word in
Vietnamese gives another distinctive meaning.
Eg: “yes” in English : yes’ – yes, - yes : it does not change the meaning of
word “ yes”
“ba” in Vietnamese
“ba” = three
“bà”= grandmother
“bá”= uncle
“bả”= bait
“ bã” ( mía)= cane trash

( P136, English phonetics and phonology, 2nd edition, Peter Roach)

Part II: PRACTICE
1. Transcribe the following words by using their symbols of sound
ORDER WORD TRANSCRIPTION ORDE WORD TRANSCRIPTION
R
Exampl month /mʌnθ/
e
1 land /lænd/ 6 door /dɔ:(r)/
2 pot /pɔt / 7 fought /fɔ:t/
3 talk /tɔ:k/ 8 fork /fɔ:k/
4 wash /wɔʃ / 9 tough /tʌf/
5 broad /brɔ:d/ 10 card /ka:d/

2. Identify the underlined sounds of these pairs of words

ORDER WORD SOUND
Exampl eat-head /i:/ /e/
e
1 century- comfortable /s/-/k/
2 centimeter- secretary /s/-/k/
3 opposite- surprise /z/- /s/
4 always- august /z/- /s/
5 sugar- sweet /ʃ/- /s/

3. Underline the word of which the parts in bold type is not pronounced in the same
way as those in other words

5
 ORDER WORDS
Exampl have had behave tablet
e
1 employment secondary eliminate women
2 current upgrade consumption
3 sustainable
pens markers books rulers
4
another health mathematics
5
theatre
great repeat east cheat

4. Underline the word in each group which does not have the same stress pattern
ORDER WORDS
Exampl before begin result adult
e
1 biscuit finish movie
2 again
3 pretty connect prepare request
4
5 mentally lyrical interest
domestic
terrify edition deposit
effective
optimistic accompany minority
eradicate

5. Base on the transcription to write them in normal English orthography

ORDER TRANSCIPTION ORTHOGRAPHY
Exampl / ðə ˈtaɪm ˈhæz ˈkʌm / the time has come
e
1 /ðeɪ ɪnˈvaɪtɪd ɔːl ɒv ʌs/ They invited all of us
2 /aɪl siː juː ət lʌnʧ/ I’ll see you at lunch
3 /wɒts iː ˈʃuːtɪŋ æt?/ What’s he shooting at?
4 /ðə wɜːd iː sɛd wɒz raɪt/ The word he said was right
5 /ðeɪ dɪdnt sjuːt hɪm/ They didn’t suit him

6
7
 Hanoi University of Business and PHONETIC & PHONOLOGY
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Part I THEORY

1. What is articulatory phonetics?(1pt)

2. In English, how many phonemes are there? How many

consonants and how many vowels are there? Write them
down(2pt)
Key
1. What is articulatory phonetics?
Articulatory phonetics is the study of how speech sounds are produced
using the articulators.

( P8. English Phonetics &Phonology_ Peter Roach, 2nd edition)

2. In English, how many phonemes are there? How many

consonants and how many vowels are there? Write them down
In English, there are 44 phonemes, including 24 consonants sounds and 20
vowels.
8
24 consonants : /b/,/p/,/v/,/f/,/k/,/g/,/n/,/m/,/t/,/d/,/l/,/r/,/w/,/s/,/z/, /ʤ/, /ʧ/
/ʃ/ , /θ /ŋ/, /ð/
20 vowels : ʌ/, /ɑ:/, /æ/, /e/, /ə/, /ɜ:/, /ɪ/, /i:/, /ɒ/, /ɔ:/, /ʊ/, /u:/, /aɪ/, /aʊ/,
/eɪ/, /oʊ/, /ɔɪ/, /eə/, /ɪə/, /ʊə/

(p40,41, English phonetics and phonology, 2nd Peter Roach)

Part II: PRACTICE

1. Transcribe the following words by using their symbols of sound
ORDER WORD TRANSCRIPTION ORDE WORD TRANSCRIPTION
R
Exampl month /mʌnθ/
e
1 task /ta:sk/ 6 could /kʊld/
2 some /sʌm/ 7 await /ә’weit/
3 blood /blʌd/ 8 frugal /’fru:gәl/
4 shut /ʃʌt/ 9 hurt /hз:t/
5 heart /ha:t/ 10 heard /hз:d/

2. Identify the underlined sounds of these pairs of words

ORDER WORD SOUND
Exampl eat-head /i:/ /e/
e
1 station- factory /ʃ/- /t/
2 vacation- beautiful /ʃ/- /t/
3 health- another / θ/- /ð/
4 headache- teach /k/- /tʃ/
5 castle- cycling /k/- /ʃ/

3. Underline the word of which the parts in bold type is not pronounced in the same
way as those in other words
ORDER WORDS
Exampl have had behave tablet
e
1 enroll suppose provide only
2 bathing method bathroom width

9
 3 good foot look food
4 brush rush push crush
5 sesame ridicule hyperbole
catastrophe

4. Underline the word in each group which does not have the same stress pattern
ORDER WORDS
Exampl before begin result adult
e
1 travel machine bottom carry
2 angry complete polite apply
3 Pyramid           Egyptian                accurate               
4
5 century
construction   suggestion             accurate               
determined
information television understand
economic

5. Base on the transcription to write them in normal English orthography

ORDER TRANSCIPTION ORTHOGRAPHY
Exampl / ðə ˈtaɪm ˈhæz ˈkʌm / the time has
e come
1 /aɪ juːzd təː hæv ə pɛt/ I used to have a pet
2 /ɑ wəd laɪk səm fɪʃ ən tʃɪps/ I would like some fish
and chips
3 /ðeərə ˈθɜːti ˈpiːpl ɪn ˈaʊə klɑːs/ There’re 30 people in
our class
4 /aɪm ˈæbsəluːtli ˈsɜːtn/ I’m absolutely certain
5 /məʊst əd gɒn həʊm/ Most had gone home

10
 Hanoi University of Business and PHONETIC & PHONOLOGY
Technology Test code: 04
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Part I THEORY
1. Base on the place of articulation, complete the table with the
fricative sounds in English.(1pt)
Labliodental Aental Alveolar Palato- Glottal
alveolar
Fortis
Lenis

2. What are common rules of stress placement within verbs which

are 3-syllable words?(2pt)

Key 04.
1. Base on the place of articulation, complete the table with the fricative sounds
in English.

Labliodental Dental Alveolar Palato- Glottal

11
 alveolar
Fortis /f/ /θ/ /s/ /ʃ/ /h/
Lenis /v/ /ð/ /z/ /ʒ/

2. What are common rules of stress placement within verbs which are 3-syllable
words?
There are 2 common rules of stress placement in 3-syllable verbs.
Rule 1: if the last syllable contains 1 short vowel and ends with a consonant, the second
part is stressed.
Eg: remember /rɪˈmɛmbə/
Abandon/ rɪˈmɛmbə/
Rule 2: if the last syllable contains either a long vowel, or a diphthong and ends more
than a consonant, the last is stressed.
Eg: entertain/ ˌɛntəˈteɪn/

Part II: PRACTICE

1. Transcribe the following words by using their symbols of sound
ORDER WORD TRANSCRIPTIO ORDE WORD TRANSCRIPTIO
N R N
Exampl month /mʌnθ/
e
1 6 represen
word /wз:d/ t /reprɪ'zent/
2 shoe /ʃu: / 7 little /’litl/
3 fruit /fru:t/ 8 easy /’i:zi/
4 moon /mu:n/ 9 seaside /’si:said/
5 packag 10
e /’pækidʒ/ any /’eni/

2. Identify the underlined sounds of these pairs of words

ORDER WORD SOUND
Exampl eat-head /i:/ /e/

12
 e
1 paradigm- filter /ai/- /i/
2 quip- quite /i/- /ai/
3 silent- political /ai/- /i/
4 aisle- sail /ai/- /ei/
5 brother- birthday /ð/ - / θ/

3. Underline the word of which the parts in bold type is not pronounced in the same
way as those in other words
ORDER WORDS
Exampl have had behave tablet
e
1 talked naked liked
2 asked
3 modal model modest
4 modern
5 heat mean weave break
engineer greeting teeth street
station cartoon factory after

4. Underline the word in each group which does not have the same stress pattern
ORDER WORDS
Exampl before begin result adult
e
1 august toilet something suggest
2 equal respect behave realize
3 generous            suspicious               constancy              
4
5 sympathy
acquaintance       unselfish                attraction             
humorous
understanding animation Indiana
biology

5. Base on the transcription to write them in normal English orthography

13
 ORDER TRANSCIPTION ORTHOGRAPHY
Exampl / ðə ˈtaɪm ˈhæz ˈkʌm / the time has come
e
1 /ðə ʃʊd biː ə ruːl/ There should be a rule
2 /ðæts wɒt ɪt wɒz səʊld æz/ That’s what it was sold as
3 /ðə kɒts tu ː smɔːl/ The cot’s too small
4 /hɪəz weər ɪt keɪm frɒm/ Here’s where it come from
5 /wɪʧ  əz biːn bɛst?/ Which has been best?

Hanoi University of Business and PHONETIC & PHONOLOGY

Technology Test code: 05
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Part I THEORY
1. Can “accent” resemble “dialect” ? Why or why not?(1pt)

2. Why is Vietnamese language a tone language?(2pt)

14
Key
1. Can “accent” be resembled “dialect” ? why or why not?
Accent can’t be resembled dialect. Because differences of accent are
pronunciation differences only. Dialect, on the other hand, refers to a
variety of a language which is different from others not just in
pronunciation but also in such matters as vocabulary, grammar, and word-
order.

(p4, English phonetics and phonology, 2nd edition, Peter Roach)

2. Why is Vietnamese language a tone language?
Because Vietnamese is one of the languages in which the tone can
determine the meaning of a word, and a change from one tone to another
can complete change the meaning of a word.
Eg: ba = three
bà= grandmother
bá= uncle
bả= bait
bã ( mía)= cane trash
Part II: PRACTICE
1. Transcribe the following words by using their symbols of sound
ORDE WORD TRANSCRIPTI ORDE WORD TRANSCRIPTI
R ON R ON
Examp month /mʌnθ/
le
1 sheep /ʃi:p/ 6 shirt /ʃз:t/
2 meaningf 7 recomme
ul /’mi:niŋfʊl/ nd /rikɔ’mend/
3 8 assemblag
manifold /’menifәʊld/ e /ә’semblidʒ/
4 steel /sti:l/ 9 simple /’simpl/
5 comprehe 10
nd /kәmpri’hend/ usually /’ju:ʊli/

2. Identify the underlined sounds of these pairs of words

ORDER WORD SOUND
Exampl eat-head /i:/ /e/
e
1 dear- pear / ɪə/- /eə/
15
 2 slave- slap /ei/- /æ/
3 liberation- photography /ei/- /ə/
4 counterfeit- courtesy /au/- /ɜː/
5 feminine- valentine /i/- /ai/

3. Underline the word of which the parts in bold type is not pronounced in the same
way as those in other words
ORDER WORDS
Exampl have had behave tablet
e
1 preserve detect electronic
2 remedy
3 cuisine diversity disease
4 preserve
5
white whole which
why
considerate candidate associate
adequate
barn harm charm
fat

4. Underline the word in each group which does not have the same stress pattern
ORDER WORDS
Exampl before begin result adult
e
1 person begin message
2 river
3 peaceful technique colour
4
5 southern
expression easily national factory
loyalty               success                  incapable              
sincere
fashionable superhero available
elevator

5. Base on the transcription to write them in normal English orthography

16
 ORDER TRANSCIPTION ORTHOGRAPHY
Exampl / ðə ˈtaɪm ˈhæz ˈkʌm / the time has come
e
1 /wɒts ðæt fɔː?/ What’s that for?
2 /sʌmwʌn aɪv hɜːd ɒv/ Someone I’ve heard of
3 /aɪ lɜːnt ˈdraɪvɪŋ lɑːst jɪə/ I learnt driving last year
4 /wəz jɔː ˈgɜːlˌfrɛnd ˈæŋgri?/ Was your girlfriend angry?
5 /dɪd jʊ hɪə ðət nɔɪz?/ Did you hear that noise?

Hanoi University of Business and PHONETIC & PHONOLOGY

Technology Test code: 06
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Part I THEORY
01. What are long vowels in English, give an example for each one?

02 . What are the common rules of stress placement of compound

words?

17
Key 06.
01. What are long vowels in English, give an example for each one?
There are five long vowels in English, including:
/i:/ : sheep, tea, bee
/a:/ card, half, pass
/u:/ food, soon, loose
/ɔː/ board, torn, horse
/ɝː/ bird, purse, fur

(p18,19, English phonetics and phonology, 2nd edition, Peter Roach

02 . What are the common rules of stress placement of compound words?
Rule 1: if the first part functions as Adjective, the second part is stressed
Eg: loudspea’ker ˌ/laʊdˈspiːkə/,
Full moon /ˌfʊl ˈmuːn/
Rule 2 : if the first part function as Noun, the first part is stressed
Eg: tea-cup / ‘tiːkʌp/
Sunrise /‘ sʌnraɪz/
(p90, English phonetics and phonology, 2nd edition, Peter Roach)
Part II: PRACTICE
1. Transcribe the following words by using their symbols of sound
ORDER WORD TRANSCRIPTIO ORDE WORD TRANSCRIPTIO
N R N
Exampl month /mʌnθ/
e
1 usually /’ju:ʊli/ 6 shoebill /’ʃu:bil/
2 deliver /di’livә(r)/ 7 writer /’raitәr/
3 conclud 8
e /kɔn’klu:d/ potato /pә’teitәu/
4 cruise /kru:s/ 9 doctor /’dɔktәr/
5 10 merchan
spoon /spu:n/ t /’mз:tʃәnt/

18
2. Identify the underlined sounds of these pairs of words
ORDER WORD SOUND
Exampl eat-head /i:/ /e/
e
1 poultry- mould /au/- /əu/
2 knowledge- shower /ɔː/- /au/
3 power- arrow /au/- /əu/
4 mould- around /əu/- /au/
5 cough- round /ɒ/- /au/

3. Underline the word of which the parts in bold type is not pronounced in the same
way as those in other words
ORDER WORDS
Exampl have had behave tablet
e
1 study bury cut young
2 experience dedicated enthusiast result
3 heal tear (n) fear ear
4 warranty wasabi wallop
5
wander
sanctuary manky sanguine
redundant

4. Underline the word in each group which does not have the same stress pattern
ORDER WORDS
Exampl before begin result adult
e
1 invite also summer weather
2 compete decrease figure require
3 difficult             relevant                volunteer              
4
5 interesting
confidence      supportive            solution                 
obedient
photography stationery excellently
19
 secretary

5. Base on the transcription to write them in normal English orthography

ORDER TRANSCIPTION ORTHOGRAPHY
Exampl / ðə ˈtaɪm ˈhæz ˈkʌm / the time has come
e
1 /ðə fuːd hɪə s ˈvɛri ˈteɪsti/ The food here’s very tasty
2 /dʊ jʊ faɪnd ðə ʤɒb ˈɪntrɪstɪŋ/ Do you find the job
interesting?
3 /wɒt ɪgˈzæktli dʊ jʊ miːn?/ What exactly do you mean?
4 /ðər ˈɪznt ˈɛni, ɪz ðeə/ There isn’t any, is there
5 /jʊ məst traɪ ˈhɑːdə/ You must try harder

Hanoi University of Business and PHONETIC & PHONOLOGY

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Part I THEORY
20
 1. What are affricates?

2. In what cases, the strong form is used?

Key 07.
1. What are affricates?
Affricates are sounds which begin as plosives and end as fricatives.
Eg: /tʃ/ , /dʒ/

( P47, English phonetics and phonology, 2nd edition, Peter Roach)

2. In what cases, the strong form is used?
There are certain contexts in which only strong form is acceptable and
others where the weak form pronunciation is the normal.
- When the word occurs at the end of the sentence.
Eg: what are you looking at?
wɒt ɑː juː ˈlʊkɪŋ æt
- When a weak form is being contrasted with another words.
Eg: The letter is from him, not to him.
ðə ˈlɛtər ɪz frɒm hɪm, nɒt tuː hɪm
- When a weak form word is given stress for the purpose of emphasis
Eg: I have to go
aɪ hæv tuː gəʊ
- When a weak form word is being “ cited” or “ quoted”
Eg: You shouldn’t put “ and” at the end of the sentence
juː ʃʊdnt pʊt “ ænd” æt ði ɛnd ɒv ðə ˈsɛntəns

(P103, English phonetics and phonology, 2nd edition, Peter Roach)

Part II: PRACTICE

1. Transcribe the following words by using their symbols of sound
ORDER WOR TRANSCRIPTIO ORDE WORD TRANSCRIPTIO
D N R N
Exampl month /mʌnθ/
e
1 6 shoemake
earth /з:θ/ r /’ʃu:meikәr/
2 skirt /skз:t/ 7 recruit /ri’kru:t/
3 work /wз:k/ 8 tomorrow /tә’mɔrәʊ/

21
 4 further /’ʃз: ðә/ 9 machine /mә’ʃi:n/
5 smooth /smu:θ/ 10 cruiser /’kru:sәr/

2. Identify the underlined sounds of these pairs of words

ORDER WORD SOUND
Exampl eat-head /i:/ /e/
e
1 widow- flower /əu/- /au/
2 rout- route /au/- /u:/
3 south- shoulder /au/- /əu/
4 tourist- fountain /uə/- /au/
5 dinosaur- signature /ai/- /i/

3. Underline the word of which the parts in bold type is not pronounced in the same
way as those in other words
ORDER WORDS
Exampl have had behave tablet
e
1 preface predatory prejudice
2 premature
3 exaggerate exhort exhilaration
4 exhale
5
apparatus comparable parabola canasta
feet sheep beer fee
download growth blow shadow

4. Underline the word in each group which does not have the same stress pattern
ORDER WORDS
Exampl before begin result adult
e
1 number never receive
2 people
3 retire review grateful
4
5 surround
tropical referee minimize origin
22
 remember        company                technical              
interview
adventurer kindergarten receptionist
community

5. Base on the transcription to write them in normal English orthography

ORDER TRANSCIPTION ORTHOGRAPHY
Exampl / ðə ˈtaɪm ˈhæz ˈkʌm / the time has come
e
1 /waɪ də ðeɪ laɪk ɪt/ Why do they like it?
2 /hi wəz hɪər ə ˈmɪnɪt əˈgəʊ/ He was here a minute ago
3 /waɪ dʊ ɔːl ðə kɑːz stɒp?'/ Why do all the car stop?
4 /ðeɪ wɜːnt əz kəʊld əz wi wɜ/ They weren't as cold as we
were
5 /aɪ ʃəd fəˈgɛt ɪt/ I should forget it

Hanoi University of Business and PHONETIC & PHONOLOGY

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23
Part I THEORY
1. Indicate the weak form and strong form of “and” and give
examples

2. In term of the direction of change, how can assimilation be

classified?

Key
1. Indicate the weak form and strong form of “and” and give
examples
Strong form: “You shouldn’t put “ and” at the end of the sentence
/juː ʃʊdnt pʊt “ ænd” æt ði ɛnd ɒv ðə ˈsɛntəns/

Weak form: “ come and see”

/kʌm ən siː/

(p104, English phonetics and phonology, 2nd edition, Peter Roach)

2. In term of the direction of change, how can assimilation be
classified?
In term of the direction of change, assimilation can be classified:
- Regressive assimilation : Cf=> Ci
Eg: ten men / temmen/
- Progressive assimilation : Ci=>Cf
Eg: get them/ get təm/

( P124, English phonetics and phonology, 2nd edition, Peter Roach)

Part II: PRACTICE
1. Transcribe the following words by using their symbols of sound
ORDER WORD TRANSCRIPTIO ORDE WOR TRANSCRIPTIO
N R D N
Exampl month /mʌnθ/
e
1 translato /’trænsleitәr/ 6
r maid /meid/
2 merciful /’mз:sifʊl/ 7 earthen /’з:θәn/
3 furnish /’ʃз:niʃ/ 8 case /keis/
4 first /fз:st/ 9 eight /eit/
5 worm /wз:m/ 10 say /sei/

24
2. Identify the underlined sounds of these pairs of words
ORDER WORD SOUND
Exampl eat-head /i:/ /e/
e
1 sour- pour /au/- /əu/
2 capable- angle /ei/- /æ/
3 vacancy- category /ei/- /æ/
4 weary- swear /ɪə/- /eə/
5 soul- sound /əu/- /au/

3. Underline the word of which the parts in bold type is not pronounced in the same
way as those in other words
ORDER WORDS
Exampl have had behave tablet
e
1 all call want tall
2 discrimination eliminate primary
3 employment
4 mended faced objected
5
waited
accountant amount founding country
both bath brother birthday

4. Underline the word in each group which does not have the same stress pattern
ORDER WORDS
Exampl before begin result adult
e
1 woman along after
2 finish
3 answer question polite
4
5 order
citadel protection pesticide
dynamite
disabled volcano constancy consuming
25
 tuberculosis mathematical communication
inheritance

5. Base on the transcription to write them in normal English orthography

ORDER TRANSCIPTION ORTHOGRAPHY
Exampl / ðə ˈtaɪm ˈhæz ˈkʌm / the time has
e come
1 /ðeɪ ɪnˈvaɪtɪd ɔːl ɒv ʌs/ They invited all of
us
2 /wi dəʊnt sməʊk, bət səm ˈpiːpl duː/ We don’t smoke,
but some people
do
3 /ðə kəʊts ər ɪn ðeə/ The coats are in
here
4 /aɪ dɪdnt juːz tə laɪk ˈklæsɪk ˈmjuːzɪk/ I didn’t use to like
classic music
5 /aɪ səˈʤɛst wi ˈfəʊkəs ɒn ðə ˈprɒdʌkts/ I suggest we focus
on the products

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Part I THEORY
1. What is Phonemic transcription?
2. What are the common rules of stress placement of derived words
in English?

Key
1. What is Phonemic transcription?
A phonemic transcription is a transcription in which every speech sound
must be identified as one of the phonemes and written with the appropriate
symbol.
Eg: / stei/, /bet/

( P39, English phonetics and phonology, 2nd edition, Peter Roach)

2. What are the common rules of stress placement of derived words
in English?
There are certain well-known English words that can be pronounced in two
different ways which are called strong form and weak form.
Eg: I like that /aɪ laɪk ðæt/ ( strong form)
aɪ hoʊp ðət ju ɑr faɪn ( weak form)
The word “ that” can be pronounced in 2 different ways as the examples
above. The first one is strong form, and the second one is weak form.

(p102, English Phonetics & phonology, 2nd edition, Peter Roach)

Part II: PRACTICE

1. Transcribe the following words by using their symbols of sound
ORDER WORD TRANSCRIPTION ORDE WORD TRANSCRIPTION
R
Exampl month /mʌnθ/
e
1 kite /kait/ 6 fare /feә(r)/
2 soil /sɔil/ 7 tour /tʊә(r)/
3 sky /skai/ 8 hair /heә(r)/
4 employ /im’plɔi/ 9 there / ðeә(r)/
27
 5 here /hiә(r)/ 10 mouse /maʊs/

2. Identify the underlined sounds of these pairs of words

ORDER WORD SOUND
Exampl eat-head /i:/ /e/
e
1 academic- behave /ə/- /ei/
2 choir- choice /ai/- /ɔi/
3 snow- crown /əu/- /au/
4 coarsen- road /ɔː/- /əu/
5 tomorrow- allow /əu/- /au/

3. Underline the word of which the parts in bold type is not pronounced in the same
way as those in other words
ORDER WORDS
Exampl have had behave tablet
e
1 dietitian distinctive heritage structure
2 star cater half departure
3 plus stuff skull full
4 shown flown grown
5
crown
coach headache teach
such

4. Underline the word in each group which does not have the same stress pattern
ORDER WORDS
Exampl before begin result adult
e
1 ready famous degree picture
2 digest offer reduce provide
3 accident countryside Canada
4
5 continue
architect suggestion solution position
arithmetic assassinate agriculture controvert
28
 5. Base on the transcription to write them in normal English orthography
ORDER TRANSCIPTION ORTHOGRAPHY
Exampl / ðə ˈtaɪm ˈhæz ˈkʌm / the time has come
e
1 /aɪ kɑːnt faɪnd ðə kiː/ I can’t find the key
2 /hi miːts ðə ˈwɛbˌsaɪt ˈmænɪʤə/ He meets the website
manager
3 /jʊər ə ˈdɒktə, ɑːnt juː/ You are a doctor, aren’t
you?
4 /aɪd ˈrɑːðər iːt aʊt ðən ət həʊm/ I’d rather eat our than at
home
5 /aɪm ˈsɪŋgl ət ðə ˈməʊmənt/ I’m single at the moment

Hanoi University of Business and PHONETIC & PHONOLOGY

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Part I THEORY

29
 1. Indicate the weak form and strong form of “and”.

2. What is the definition of Rhythm?

Key 10.
1. Indicate the weak form and strong form of “and” .
Strong form: “You shouldn’t put “ and” at the end of the sentence
juː ʃʊdnt pʊt “ ænd” æt ði ɛnd ɒv ðə ˈsɛntəns

Weak form: “ come and see”

kʌm ən siː

(p104, English phonetics and phonology, 2nd edition, Peter Roach)

2. What is the definition of Rhythm?
Rhythm is the relatively equal beat between stressed syllables. The stressed
syllables will tend to occur at relatively regular intervals whether they are
separated by unstressed syllable or not. The time from each stressed
syllable to the next will tend to be the same, irrespective of the number of
intervening unstressed syllables.
Eg: Walk / down the/ path to the/ end of the canal

(P120, English phonetics and phonology, 2nd edition, Peter Roach)

Part II: PRACTICE
1. Transcribe the following words by using their symbols of sound
ORDER WOR TRANSCRIPTIO ORDE WORD TRANSCRIPTIO
D N R N
Exampl month /mʌnθ/
e
1 now /naʊ/ 6 paint /peint/
2 cold /kәʊld/ 7 church /tʃз:tʃ/
3 slow /slәʊ/ 8 sugary /’ʃʊgәri/
4 hear /hiә(r)/ 9 future / 'fju:t∫ә/
5 10 physicia
sew /sәʊ/ n /fi’zikʃn/

2. Identify the underlined sounds of these pairs of words

ORDER WORD SOUND

30
 Exampl eat-head /i:/ /e/
e
1 explain- fair /ei/- /eə/
2 translation- Canadian /ei/- /æ/
3 afraid- laird /ei/-/eə/
4 great- real /ei/- /iə/
5 landscape- nature /æ/- /ei/

3. Underline the word of which the parts in bold type is not pronounced in the same
way as those in other words
ORDER WORDS
Exampl have had behave tablet
e
1 bar charter car back
2 given ridden widen
3 kitchen
4 activities watches dishes
5
boxes
century centimetre comfortable
cigarette
because aunt auditory automobile

4. Underline the word in each group which does not have the same stress pattern
ORDER WORDS
Exampl before begin result adult
e
1 adult building letter themselves
2 accuse demand proceed argue
3 nobody designer relative
4
5 strawberry
agency follower magazine
challenger
democracy committee proficiency
television

31
5. Base on the transcription to write them in normal English orthography
ORDER TRANSCIPTION ORTHOGRAPHY
Exampl / ðə ˈtaɪm ˈhæz ˈkʌm / the time has come
e
1 /beə wɪð mi ə ˈmɪnɪt/ Bear with me a minute
2 /aɪd ˈrɪəli əˈpriː.ʃi.eɪt jə hɛlp/ I’d really appreciate your
help
3 /liːv ɪm əˈləʊn/ Leave him alone
4 /dɪd jʊ seɪ " ˈɛvrɪdeɪ"?/ Did you say “everyday”?
5 /ɪts ˈhɒtə ðən aɪ ɪksˈpɛkt/ It’s hotter than I expected

32
 Hanoi University of Business and PHONETIC & PHONOLOGY
Technology Test code: 11
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Part I THEORY
1. According to the manner of articulation, how many plosives are
there in English?( 1pt)

2. Is the stress pattern always fixed and unchanging in English

words? Why or why not?(2pts)

Key 11
1. According to the manner of articulation, how many plosives are
there in English?
According to the manner of articulation, there are 6 plosives in English.
They are /p/, /t/, /k/, /b/,/d/,/g/.

2. Is the stress pattern always fixed and unchanging in English

words? why or why not?
The stress pattern isn’t always fixed and unchanging in English words.
Because stress position may vary for one of two reasons: either as a result
of the stress on the other words occurring next to the word in question, or
33
because not all speakers or RP agree on the placement of stress in some
words.
Eg: bad-‘tempered but a ‘bad-tempered ‘teacher

(p100, English phonetics and phonology, 2nd edition, Peter Roach)

Part II: PRACTICE
1. Transcribe the following words by using their symbols of sound
ORDER WORD TRANSCRIPTION ORDE WORD TRANSCRIPTION
R
Exampl month /mʌnθ/
e
1 formal /’fɔ:mәl/ 6 concert /kɔn’sз:t/
2 enough /i’nʌf/ 7 cancel /’kænsәl/
3 temple /’tempәl/ 8 sandy /’sændi/
4 thunder /’θʌndә(r)/ 9 laughed /la:ft/
5 kiss /kis/ 10 century /’sentʃʊri/

2. Identify the underlined sounds of these pairs of words

ORDER WORD SOUND
Exampl eat-head /i:/ /e/
e
1 post- prominent /əu/ - /ɒ/
2 download- shadow /au/-/əu/
3 silent- written /ai/- /i/
4 sister- island /i/- /ai/
5 baby- many /ei/- /e/

3. Underline the word of which the parts in bold type is not pronounced in the same
way as those in other words
ORDER WORDS
Exampl have had behave tablet
e
1 funny rubbish upper
2 student
3 pens closets sweets
4 lamps
5
34
 architecture chain channel
chicken
afraid laird nail sail
send member term November

4. Underline the word in each group which does not have the same stress pattern
ORDER WORDS
Exampl before begin result adult
e
1 really into tonight heavy
2 develop           conduction           partnership          
3 majority
4
5 permission qualified processing government
electric            computer               fascinate               
fantastic
anybody interesting temperature activity

5. Base on the transcription to write them in normal English orthography

ORDER TRANSCIPTION ORTHOGRAPHY
Exampl / ðə ˈtaɪm ˈhæz ˈkʌm / the time has come
e
1 /kən jʊ həʊld ɒn ə ˈmɪnɪt/ Can you hold on a minute
2 /ðə fuːd z ˈʧiːpə ðən ət həʊm/ The food is cheaper than at
home
3 /dʊ jʊ sɛl pɛnz?/ Do you sell pens?
4 /pəˈhæps ðeɪ kən smɛl drʌg/ Perhaps they can smell drug
5 /haʊ lɒŋ dɪd jə ˈʤɜːni teɪk?/ How long did your journey
take?

35
 Hanoi University of Business and PHONETIC & PHONOLOGY
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Part I THEORY
1. How can we identify phonemes of a language?(1pt)
2. What are levels of stress?(2pts)
Key 12
1. How can we identify phonemes of a language?(1pt)
We can identify phonemes of a language is to look for minimal pairs
Eg: /pit/- /bit/
2. What are levels of stress?
There are three levels of stress, they are:
- Primary stress(tonic/ nuclear): strongest types of stress, marked by a
small vertical line high up before the syllable it relates to.(‘)
- Secondary stress( non-tonic): weaker, found in four or five syllables
words, it represents with a low mark.(,)
- Unstressed: the absence of any recognizable amount of prominence.

( P87, English Phonetics & Phonology, 2nd edition, Peter Roach)

Part II: PRACTICE
1. Transcribe the following words by using their symbols of sound
36
 ORDER WORD TRANSCRIPTIO ORDE WORD TRANSCRIPTIO
N R N
Exampl month /mʌnθ/
e
1 6 physica
chaise /ʃeiz/ l /fi’zikәl/
2 sheet /ʃi:t/ 7 family /’fæmili/
3 chemist /’kemist/ 8 rough /rʌf/
4 quite /kwait/ 9 tittle /’taitәl/
5 people /’pi:pәl/ 10 sixth /siksθ/

2. Identify the underlined sounds of these pairs of words

ORDER WORD SOUND
Exampl eat-head /i:/ /e/
e
1 compulsory-curriculum /ʌ/- /ə/
2 middle- mile /i/- /ai/
3 fear- pear /iə/- /eə/
4 grown-crown /əu/ - /au/
5 founding- country /au/- /ʌ/

3. Underline the word of which the parts in bold type is not pronounced in the same
way as those in other words
ORDER WORDS
Exampl have had behave tablet
e
1 member become decide
2 remind
3 father map bank back
4 toll roll doll hole
5
presidents busy handsome sweets
spear breakfast fear pear

4. Underline the word in each group which does not have the same stress pattern
ORDER WORDS
Exampl before begin result adult
37
 e
1 unless cancel refuse
2 attend
3 modern subject middle
4
5 between
organise             decorate                 divorce                 
promise
refreshment       horrible                  exciting                
intention
education remembering avocado
semifinal

5. Base on the transcription to write them in normal English orthography

ORDER TRANSCIPTION ORTHOGRAPHY
Exampl / ðə ˈtaɪm ˈhæz ˈkʌm / the time has come
e
1 /ɪts mɔː ˈdeɪnʤrəs ðən aɪ θɔːt/ It’s more dangerous than I
thought
2 /wəd jʊ laɪk tə gəʊ bæk?/ Would you like to go back?
3 /raɪt əs ə ˈlɛtə/ Write us a letter
4 /wɛn dəz ɪt əˈraɪv?/ When does it arrive?
5 /ʃiːz nɒt əz əʊld əz aɪ æm/ She’s not as old as I am

38
 Hanoi University of Business and PHONETIC & PHONOLOGY
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Part I THEORY
1. What is Phonetic transcription?(1pt)

2. Which suffixes carry primary stress themselves? Give some

examples(2pts)

Key 13
1. What is Phonetic transcription?
A phonetic transcription is a transcription which contains a lot of
information about the exact quality of the sound. It shows more phonetic
details such as: Aspiration, length, nasalization by using a wide variety of
symbols.
Eg: [stuei]

( P42, English phonetics and phonology, 2nd edition, Peter Roach)

2. Which suffixes carry primary stress themselves? Give some
examples
If the stem consists of more than one syllable, there will be a secondary
39
stress on one of the syllables of the stem. There are the most common
suffixes that carry primary stress on their first syllable.
“ –ain”( for verbs only): entertain, ascertain
“ –ee” : employee, refugee
“ –eer” mountaineer, volunteer
“ –ese” Portuguese, Vietnamese
“ –ette” cigarette
“ –esque” “ –ique” picturesque, unique

( p96-97, English phonetics and phonology, 2nd edition, Peter Roach)

Part II: PRACTICE
1. Transcribe the following words by using their symbols of sound
ORDER WORD TRANSCRIPTIO ORDE WORD TRANSCRIPTIO
N R N
Exampl month /mʌnθ/
e
1 6 chimne
sample /’sæmpәl/ y /’tʃimni/
2 stopped /stɔpt/ 7 sure /’ʃʊә(r)/
3 8 questio
cell /sel/ n / 'kwestʃn/
4 champagn 9
e /ʃæm’pein/ comedy /’kʌmedi/
5 English /’iŋliʃ/ 10 king /kiŋ/

2. Identify the underlined sounds of these pairs of words

ORDER WORD SOUND
Exampl eat-head /i:/ /e/
e
1 adventure- advertise /ə/- /æ/
2 capacity- message /ə/- /i/
3 maximum- stimulate /ə/- /ju:/
4 sodium-solid /əu/- /ɒ/
5 damage- prepare /æ/- /eə/

3. Underline the word of which the parts in bold type is not pronounced in the same
way as those in other words

40
 ORDER WORDS
Exampl have had behave tablet
e
1 stopped played packed
2 parked
3 bit sit twin mine
4 remind get met debt
5
against martial mature above
appointment choir choice
point

4. Underline the word in each group which does not have the same stress pattern
ORDE WORDS
R
Exampl before begin result adult
e
1 shower flower dinner
2 return
3 reply appear protect kindness
4
5 whenever        mischievous          hospital                  separate
counterpart     measurement        romantic              
parallel                 
technology photography entertainment diversity

5. Base on the transcription to write them in normal English orthography

ORDE TRANSCIPTION ORTHOGRAP
R HY
Examp / ðə ˈtaɪm ˈhæz ˈkʌm / the time
le has come
1 /ɪts ðə məʊst ˈbjuːtəfʊl pleɪs/ It’s the most
beautiful place.
2 /həv səm mɔː tiː/ Have some
more tea
3 /ɪt həz kliːn, seɪf striːts/ It has clean,
safe streets.
41
 4 /ðə ˈpiːpl ə ˈfrɛndli ənd pəˈlaɪt/ The people are
friendly and
polite.
5 /ðə ˈpʌblɪk ˌtrænspɔːˈteɪʃən ˈsɪstɪm z ˈtɛrəbl/ The public
transportation
system is
terrible.

Hanoi University of Business and PHONETIC & PHONOLOGY

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Part I THEORY
1. What is elision?(1pt)
2. What are the common rules of stress placement of derived words
in English?(2pts)
Key 14
1. What is elision?
Elision is disappearance of sounds in speech. Under certain circumstances,
sounds disappear. A phoneme may be realized as zero or have zero
42
realization or be deleted.
Eg: today[ thdei]

(p127, English phonetics and phonology, 2nd edition, Peter Roach)

2. What are the common rules of stress placement of derived words
in English?
There are 3 common rules to put stress on derived words in English
Rule 1: the affix receives primary stress
Eg: circle/ ˈsɜːkl / semi-circle/ˈsɛmi-sɜːkl/
Cigar/ sɪˈgɑː/ cigarette /sɪgəˈrɛt/
Rule 2: the word is stressed as if the affix were not there
Eg comfort/ ˈkʌmfət/ comfortable  /ˈkʌmf(ə)təbl/
Refuse /riːˈfjuːz / refusal /rɪˈfjuːzəl/
Rule 3: the stress remains on the stem, not the affix, but it shifted to a
different syllable
Eg Climate /ˈklaɪmɪt/ climatic/ klaɪˈmætɪk/ 

(p89, English phonetics and phonology, 2nd edition, Peter Roach)

Part II: PRACTICE

1. Transcribe the following words by using their symbols of sound
ORDER WORD TRANSCRIPTIO ORDE WOR TRANSCRIPTIO
N R D N
Exampl month /mʌnθ/
e
1 chemica 6
l /’kemikәl/ them / ðәm/
2 boy /bɔi/ 7 lived /livd/
3 spume /spjʊ:m/ 8 visit /’vizit/
4 visit /’vizit/ 9 zebra /’zi:brә/
5 done /dʌn/ 10 germ /dʒз:m/

2. Identify the underlined sounds of these pairs of words

ORDER WORD SOUND
Exampl eat-head /i:/ /e/
e
1 punctual- studious /ʌ/- /ju:/
2 rubbish- furious /ʌ/- /ju:/
43
 3 bulldog- mutual /u/- /ju:/
4 communist- minority /i/- /ai/
5 landscape- courage /æ/- /i/

3. Underline the word of which the parts in bold type is not pronounced in the same
way as those in other words
ORDER WORDS
Exampl have had behave tablet
e
1 great real steak break
2 result lunch subject
3 student
4 arrange arrive arise
5
area
event preserve effect effort
nights days years
weekends

4. Underline the word in each group which does not have the same stress pattern
ORDER WORDS
Exampl before begin result adult
e
1 private amount result
2 suppose
3 window receive problem only
4
5 whenever        mischievous          hospital                 
separate
knowledge         maximum              athletics                
marathon
helicopter comfortable mountaineering
beautifully

44
 5. Base on the transcription to write them in normal English orthography
ORDER TRANSCIPTION ORTHOGRAPH
Y
Exampl / ðə ˈtaɪm ˈhæz ˈkʌm / the time
e has come
1 /ˈðeərə ə lɒt əv kraɪm/ There’re a lot of
crime
2 /ɪz ɪt ɪksˈpɛnsɪv tə lɪv ðeə?/ Is it expensive to
live there?
3 /kəd aɪ spiːk tə ðə ˈmænɪʤə?/ Could I speak to
the manager?
4 /aɪ,ɛm əˈfreɪd aɪ həv ə kəmˈpleɪnt/ I’m afraid I have
a complaint
5 /aɪ ˈɔːdəd ruːm ˈsɜːvɪs ˈəʊvər ən ˈaʊə/ I ordered room
service over an
hour

Hanoi University of Business and PHONETIC & PHONOLOGY

Technology Test code: 15
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Part I THEORY
1. What is the phenomenon of the word “ here” in the cases below
“here” – “hir” but “ here are” “hir ə “?( 1pt)
2. What is the structure of the tone-unit?( 2pts)

Key 15
1. What is the phenomenon of the word “ here” in the cases
below “here” – “hir” but “ here are” “hir ə “?( 1pt)
It is an example of linking r in English, in which you may find the final
consonant or vowel of previous word links to the initial vowel of the next
word,

( P128-129, English phonetics and phonology, 2nd edition, Peter Roach)

2. What is the structure of the tone-unit?( 2pts)
The structure of the tone-unit includes:
- The head( H) is all that part of a tone-unit that extends from the first
stressed syllable up to but not including the tonic syllable.
- The pre-head( PH) is composed of all the unstressed syllables in a
tone-unit preceding the first stressed syllable.
- The tail( T) is any syllables between the tonic syllable and the end
of the tone-unit.
- Tonic syllable which carries the tone in a tone-unit.

(147,148, English phonetics and phonology, 2nd edition, Peter Roach)

Part II: PRACTICE
1. Transcribe the following words by using their symbols of sound
ORDER WORD TRANSCRIPTION ORDE WORD TRANSCRIPTION
R
Exampl month /mʌnθ/
e
1 vision /’viʒn/ 6 monk /mɔŋk/
2 jam /dʒæm/ 7 think /θiŋk/
3 little /’litәl/ 8 rural /’rʊәrәl/
4 gift /gift/ 9 sing /siŋ/
5 name /neim/ 10 when /wen/

2. Identify the underlined sounds of these pairs of words

46
 ORDER WORD SOUND
Exampl eat-head /i:/ /e/
e
1 compare- prove /ə/- /u:/
2 push- nurse /u/- /ɜː/
3 burn- dust /ɜː/- /ʌ/
4 particular- darkness /ə/- /a:/
5 ghost- host /ɒ/-/əu/

3. Underline the word of which the parts in bold type is not pronounced in the same
way as those in other words
ORDER WORDS
Exampl have had behave tablet
e
1 dolls cars vans trucks
2 middle mile kind
3 time
4 post local prominent hotel
5
appointment choir choice
point
childhood silent write
written

4. Underline the word in each group which does not have the same stress pattern
ORDER WORDS
Exampl before begin result adult
e
1 therefore casual certain
2 approve
3 belief whether maintain control
4
5 computer domestic          hamburger
September
apartment wonderful battery thunderstorm
stability accelerate renovation eliminate

47
 5. Base on the transcription to write them in normal English orthography
ORDER TRANSCIPTION ORTHOGRAPHY
Exampl / ðə ˈtaɪm ˈhæz ˈkʌm / the time has
e come
1 /ðər ə naɪs pɑːks ənd griːn ˈspeɪsɪz/ There’re nice parks
and green spaces
2 /ɪt həz ə gʊd ˈʃɒpɪŋ/ It has a good
shopping
3 /aɪl teɪk ɪt bæk tə ðə ˈkɪʧɪn/ I’ll take it back to
the kitchen
4 /ɪts nɒt ə weɪst əv taɪm/ It’s not a waste of
time
5 /ə bɑːθ s mɔː rɪˈlæksɪŋ ðən ə ˈʃaʊə/ A bath is more
relaxing than a
shower

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Part I THEORY
1. What is the function of rising tone in English? Give an example
(1pt)
2. In term of the way in which phonemes change, how can
assimilation be classified?( 2pts)

Key 16
1. What is the function of rising tone in English? Give an example
(1pt)
The rising tone conveys an impression that something more is to follow or
an invitation to continue.
Eg: “ Excuse me!”
“ Yes?”

( P138, English Phonetics and Phonology, 2nd edition, Peter Roach)

2. In term of the way in which phonemes change, how can
assimilation be classified?( 2pts)
In term of the way in which phonemes change, we have seen that the main
differences between consonants are of three types:
- Assimilation of place: Cf=> Ci

Eg: that person / ðæp ˈpɜːsn /

This shoe / ðɪʃ ʃuː/
- Assimilation of manner ( a final plosive becomes a fricative or
nasal)
Cf=> Ci
Eg: that side / ðæs saɪd /
Good night /gʊn naɪt/
- Assimilation of voicing( in a limited way): Cf=> Ci
Eg : Big car / bik ka:/

( p124-125, English phonetics and phonology, 2nd edition, Peter Roach)

Part II: PRACTICE

49
1. Transcribe the following words by using their symbols of sound
ORDER WORD TRANSCRIPTION ORDE WORD TRANSCRIPTION
R
Exampl month /mʌnθ/
e
1 with /wið / 6 visual /’vizjʊәl/
2 young /jʌŋ/ 7 usual /’jʊʒʊәl/
3 van /væn/ 8 jam /dʒæz/
4 music /’mju:sik/ 9 gene /dʒi:n/
5 bamboo /bæm’bu:/ 10 lamp /læmp/

2. Identify the underlined sounds of these pairs of words

ORDER WORD SOUND
Exampl eat-head /i:/ /e/
e
1 burning- studious /ɜː/- /ju:/
2 liquid- revival /i/- /ai/
3 apply- identity /ai/- /i/
4 understand- university /ʌ/- /ju:/
5 opposite- portable /ɒ/-/ɔː/

3. Underline the word of which the parts in bold type is not pronounced in the same
way as those in other words
ORDER WORDS
Exampl have had behave tablet
e
1 mind while sister island
2 total pole fortunately most
3 straight explain fair tail
4 translation Canadian parent
5
Australian
vacation beautiful vegetable understand

4. Underline the word in each group which does not have the same stress pattern
ORDER WORDS

50
 Exampl before begin result adult
e
1 excited               interested              confident              
2 memorable
3 compete maintain swallow install
4
5 museum opera uniform
memory
attractive volleyball correctly semester
experience certificate interviewer enthusiasm

5. Base on the transcription to write them in normal English orthography

ORDER TRANSCIPTION ORTHOGRAPHY
Exampl / ðə ˈtaɪm ˈhæz ˈkʌm / the time has come
e
1 /ɪts mɔː ˈdeɪnʤrəs ðən aɪ θɔːt/ It’s more dangerous than I
thought
2 /waɪ dʊ ɔːl ðə kɑːz stɒp?'/ Why do all the cars stop?
3 /məʊst əd gɒn həʊm/ Most had gone home
4 /ɪts gʊd bʌt ɪksˈpɛnsɪv/ It’s good but expensive
5 /liːv ɪm əˈləʊn/ Leave him alone

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Part I THEORY
1. Why is it important for ESL learners to learn how weak forms
are used?(1pt)
2. Which suffixes do not affect stress placement? Give some
examples(2pts)

Key 17
3. Why is it important for ESL learners to learn how weak forms
are used?
There are two main reasons to learn how weak forms are used:
- Firstly, most native speakers of English find an “ all-strong form”
pronunciation unnatural and foreign-sounding, something that most
learners would wish to avoid.
- Secondly, it is difficult for leaners who are not familiar with the use
of weak form to understand native speakers who use weak forms.
Therefore, learners of the language need to learn about these weak
forms to help them to understand what they hear.

( p102, English phonetics and phonology, 2nd edition, Peter Roach)

4. Which suffixes do not affect stress placement? Give some
examples
This is the rule for adjectives. There are some common suffixes that don’t
affect stress placement
“ –able” comfort /ˈkʌmfət / comfortable /ˈkʌmf(ə)təbl/
“ –age” anchor / ˈæŋkər/  anchorage /ˈæŋkərɪʤ/
“ –al” refuse /riːˈfjuːz refusal /rɪˈfjuːzəl/
“ –en” wide /waɪd  / widen /ˈwaɪdn/
“ –ful” wonder /ˈwʌndə/ wonderful /ˈwʌndəfʊl/
“ –ing” amaze /əˈmeɪz / amazing /əˈmeɪzɪŋ/
“-ish” devil /ˈdɛvl/ devilish/ ˈdɛvlɪʃ/

52
 (P97, English phonetics and phonology, 2nd edition, Peter Roach)
Part II: PRACTICE
1. Transcribe the following words by using their symbols of sound
ORDER WORD TRANSCRIPTIO ORDE WORD TRANSCRIPTIO
N R N
Exampl month /mʌnθ/
e
1 6 furiousl
gain /gein/ y /’fjʊriәsli/
2 mamma 7
l /’mæmәl/ doctor /’dɔktә(r)/
3 thank /θæŋk/ 8 zip /zip/
4 number /nʌmbә/ 9 earned /з:nd/
5 with /wið / 10 wine /wain/

2. Identify the underlined sounds of these pairs of words

ORDER WORD SOUND
Exampl eat-head /i:/ /e/
e
1 typical- stylish /i/ - /ai/
2 twice- routine /ai/- /i/
3 species- medical /ʃ/- /k/
4 transfer- career /æ/- /ə/
5 destiny- delay /e/- /i/

3. Underline the word of which the parts in bold type is not pronounced in the same
way as those in other words
ORDER WORDS
Exampl have had behave tablet
e
1 danger landscape debate nature
2 bowl snow crown slow
3 coarsen road coal load
4 century customer secretary alcohol
5
picked worked naked
booked
53
 4. Underline the word in each group which does not have the same stress pattern
ORDER WORDS
Exampl before begin result adult
e
1 entrance arrive rubber
2 actor
3 graphics limit parcel
4
5 increase
decorate arrival employer
historical
employee interrupt recover politely
developing deliciously regularly ecosystem

5. Base on the transcription to write them in normal English orthography

ORDER TRANSCIPTION ORTHOGRAPHY
Exampl / ðə ˈtaɪm ˈhæz ˈkʌm / the time has come
e
1 /dʊ jʊ həv ˈɛni ˈkwɛsʧənz?/ Do you have any questions?
2 /wɒt taɪp əv θɪŋz dɪd jʊ duː?/ What type of thing did you do?
3 /jʊ niːd ə θɪk kəʊt ɪn ˈwɪntə/ You need a thick coat in winter
4 /ðəz ˈnʌθɪŋ tɪl təˈmɒrəʊ/ There’s nothing till tomorrow
5 /aɪ kɑːnt faɪnd ðə kiː/ I can’t find the key

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Part I THEORY
1. What are fricatives?(1pt)

2. How is a triphthong produced? How many tripthongs are there

in English? Give an example for each one(2pts)

Key 18
1. What are fricatives?(1pt)
Fricatives are consonants with the characteristic that when they are
produced, air escapes through a small passage and makes a hissing sound.
They are continuant consonants, which means that you can continue
making them without interruption as long as you have enough air in the
lung.
Eg: /ʃ/ , /θ/

( P47, English phonetics and phonology, 2nd edition, Peter Roach)

2. How is a triphthong produced? How many tripthongs are there
in English? Give an example for each one(2pts)
A triphthong is a glide from one vowel to another and then to a third, all
produced rapidly and without interruption.
There are five triphthong in English
/eɪ.ɚ/ player, layer
/aɪ.ɚ/ liar, fire
/ɔɪ.ə/ loyal, royal
/aʊr/ hour, power
/oʊ.ɚ/ lower, shower

( P23, English phonetics and phonology, 2nd edition, Peter Roach)

Part II: PRACTICE

55
1. Transcribe the following words by using their symbols of sound
ORDER WOR TRANSCRIPTIO ORDE WORD TRANSCRIPTIO
D N R N
Exampl month /mʌnθ/
e
1 thing /θiŋ/ 6 band /bænd/
2 ring /riŋ/ 7 of /әv/
3 whistle /’wisәl/ 8 victory /’viktәri/
4 yearly /’jiәli/ 9 though / ðәʊ/
5 10 cancelle
unit /’ju:nit/ d /’kænsәld/

2. Identify the underlined sounds of these pairs of words

ORDER WORD SOUND
Exampl eat-head /i:/ /e/
e
1 subject- student /ʌ/- /ju:/
2 arise- area /ə/- /æ/
3 effect- effort /i:/- /e/
4 doll- hole /ɒ/- /əu/
5 private- attract /ai/- /æ/

3. Underline the word of which the parts in bold type is not pronounced in the same
way as those in other words
ORDER WORDS
Exampl have had behave tablet
e
1 slowly tomorrow allow
2 below
3 fame baby many plane
4 castle carrot cycling
5
company
decided moved carried believed
poultry bound sound
ground

56
 4. Underline the word in each group which does not have the same stress pattern
ORDER WORDS
Exampl before begin result adult
e
1 maintain market social office
2 perform income protect
3 preserve
4
5 century horrible adventure
company
calendar holiday colourful understand
everybody logically entertainer centimetre

5. Base on the transcription to write them in normal English orthography

ORDER TRANSCIPTION ORTHOGRAPHY
Exampl / ðə ˈtaɪm ˈhæz ˈkʌm / the time has come
e
1 /wɒt ɪgˈzæktli dʊ jʊ miːn?/ What exactly do you mean?
2 /ðə bɒs wɒnts tə siː juː/ The boss wants to see you
3 /kəd jʊ gɪv mi ə ˈriːfʌnd?/ Could you give me a refund?
4 /aɪ kɑːnt ˈkɒnsəntreɪt/ I can’t concentrate
5 /dʊ jʊ wɒnt mi tə ʧɛk?/ Do you want me to check?

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Part I THEORY
1. What is Phonetic transcription?(1pt)
2. When pronouncing these words: potato, tomato, today, perhaps,
what does the phenomenon happen?(2pts)

Key 19
1. What is Phonetic transcription?(1pt)
A phonetic transcription is a transcription which contains a lot of
information about the exact quality of the sound. It shows more phonetic
details such as: Aspiration, length, nasalization by using a wide variety of
symbols.
Eg: [stuei]

( P42, English phonetics and phonology, 2nd edition, Peter Roach

2. When pronouncing these words: potato, tomato, today, perhaps,
what does the phenomenon happen?(2pts)
When pronouncing these words: potato, tomato, today, perhaps, a
phenomenon will happen is that loss of weak vowel after p, k, t. It means
that the vowel in the first syllable disappear, the aspiration of the initial
plosive takes up the whole of the middle portion of the syllable.
Potato [ phteitəu ]
Tomato [ thmɑː.təʊ]
Today [ thdei]

(P127, English phonetics and phonology,, 2nd edition, Peter Roach)

Part II: PRACTICE
1. Transcribe the following words by using their symbols of sound
ORDER WORD TRANSCRIPTIO ORDE WORD TRANSCRIPTIO
N R N
58
 Exampl month /mʌnθ/
e
1 dancer /’dænsә(r)/ 6 age /eidʒ/
2 zealot /’zelәt/ 7 girl /gз:l/
3 8 Monda
usually /’jʊʒʊәli/ y /’mʌndei/
4 teacher 9
s /ti:tʃәz/ light /lait/
5 joyful /dʒɔifʊl/ 10 youth /ju:θ/

2. Identify the underlined sounds of these pairs of words

ORDER WORD SOUND
Exampl eat-head /i:/ /e/
e
1 meter- decide /i:/- /i/
2 skull-full /ʌ/- /u/
3 bank- star /æ/-/a:/
4 open- remind /ə/- /i/
5 martial- mature /a:/- /ə/

3. Underline the word of which the parts in bold type is not pronounced in the same
way as those in other words
ORDER WORDS
Exampl have had behave tablet
e
1 academic grade behave
2 examination
3 stadium accident finally
4 animal
5
knowledge flower shower
coward
also always august ask
noodle cooking food
toothpaste

4. Underline the word in each group which does not have the same stress pattern

59
 ORDER WORDS
Exampl before begin result adult
e
1 advance fireworks follow offer
2 dedicate           impressive             reminder               
3 descendant
4
5 government     technical               parallel                 
understand
holiday semester family
interest
wonderfully American supermarket
secondary

5. Base on the transcription to write them in normal English orthography

ORDE TRANSCIPTION ORTHOGRAP
R HY
Examp / ðə ˈtaɪm ˈhæz ˈkʌm / the time
le has come
1 /ɪts nɒt ə weɪst əv taɪm/ It’s not a waste
of time
2 /ðə ˈpʌblɪk ˌtrænspɔːˈteɪʃən ˈsɪstɪm z ˈtɛrəbl/ The public
transportation
system is
terrible
3 /maɪ kəmˈpjuːtə həz ˈfrəʊzn/ My computer
has frozen
4 /lɛt mi həv ə lɒk/ Let me have a
look
5 /kəd jʊ həʊld ðə laɪn, pliːz/ Could you hold
the line, please!

60
 Hanoi University of Business and PHONETIC & PHONOLOGY
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Part I THEORY
1. What is a tone language?(1pt)
2. How many diphthongs are there in English? Give some examples
for each one.(2pts)

Key 20
1. What is a tone language?(1pt)
A tone language is one in which the tone can determine the meaning of a
word and a change from one tone to another can completely change the
meaning of a word.
Eg: Vietnamese, Chinese

(136, English phonetics and phonology,2nd edition, Peter Roach)

2. How many diphthongs are there in English? Give some examples
61
 for each one.(2pts)
There are 8 diphthongs in English. They are :
/aɪ/ style, find, kind
/aʊ/ town, found, loud
/eɪ/ may, stay, play
/oʊ/ go, slow, boat
/ɔɪ/ boy, toy, employ
/eə/ hair, fair, fare
/ɪə/ fear, hear, theatre
/ʊə/ tour, sure, pour

(P20-22, English phonetics and phonology, 2nd edition, Peter Roach)

Part II: PRACTICE

1. Transcribe the following words by using their symbols of sound
ORDER WORD TRANSCRIPTIO ORDE WOR TRANSCRIPTIO
N R D N
Exampl month /mʌnθ/
e
1 whisper /’wispә/ 6 school /skʊl/
2 universit 7
y /ju:ni’vз:siti/ small /smɔl/
3 start /sta:t/ 8 sphere /sfiә/
4 splashy /splæʃi/ 9 sink /siŋk/
5 speak /spi:k/ 10 noise /nɔis/

2. Identify the underlined sounds of these pairs of words

ORDER WORD SOUND
Exampl eat-head /i:/ /e/
e
1 push- crush /u/- /ʌ/
2 cater- departure /ei/- /a:/
3 ridden- widen /i/- /ai/

4 term- November /ɜː/- /e/

5 remind- debt /i/-/e/

62
3. Underline the word of which the parts in bold type is not pronounced in the same
way as those in other words
ORDER WORDS
Exampl have had behave tablet
e
1 sugar sweet sport sorry
2 plane facial planet
3 teenage
4 laughed sacrificed kicked
5
explained
dough mould around
poultry
wild driven alive sign

4. Underline the word in each group which does not have the same stress pattern
ORDER WORDS
Exampl before begin result adult
e
1 event hero mostly
2 shooting
3 marry involve system boxing
4
5 Vietnamese lemonade important
Japanese
seventy telephone benefit
engineer
monetary paralysis protagonist analogous

5. Base on the transcription to write them in normal English orthography

ORDER TRANSCIPTION ORTHOGRAPHY
Exampl / ðə ˈtaɪm ˈhæz ˈkʌm / the time has come
e
1 /aɪ niːd tə spiːk tə ðə ˈmænɪʤə/ I need to speak to the
manager
2 /ɪt kiːps ˈmeɪkɪŋ ə ˈfʌni nɔɪz/ It keeps making a funny

63
 noise
3 /aɪ dəʊnt nəʊ haʊ tə tɜːn ɪt ɒn/ I don’t know how to turn it
on
4 /wəd jʊ maɪnd ˈhɛlpɪŋ miː?/ Would you mind helping
me?
5 /aɪm səʊ pliːzd fə juː/ I’m so pleased for you

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Part I THEORY
1. What is the function of the level tone in English? Give an
example(1pt)
2. What are diphthongs in English? Give some examples(2pts)

Key 21
1. What is the function of the level tone in English? Give an
example(1pt)
The level tone is the tone almost always conveys a feeling of saying
64
something in routine, uninteresting or boring.
Eg: T calls the names of Ss from a register
Ss respond with “ yes”

( 140, English phonetics and phonology,2nd edition, Peter Roach)

2. What are diphthongs in English? Give some examples(2pts)
A diphthong is a glide from one vowel to another, on the whole glide acts
like one of the long simple vowel. In term of length, diphthongs are like
long vowel, the most important thing to remember about all the diphthong
is that the first part is longer and stronger than the second part. As a result,
the second part is shorter and quieter.
Eg: /aɪ/ style, find, kind
/aʊ/ town, found, loud
/eɪ/ may, stay, play

(P20, English phonetics and phonology, 2nd edition, Peter Roach)

Part II: PRACTICE

6. Transcribe the following words by using their symbols of sound
ORDER WORD TRANSCRIPTION ORDE WORD TRANSCRIPTION
R
Exampl month /mʌnθ/
e
1 ceiling /’si:liŋ/ 6 twice /twais/
2 wing /wiŋ/ 7 class /kla:s/
3 reader /’ri:dә/ 8 tube /tjʊb/
4 train /trein/ 9 snow /snәʊ/
5 pure /pjʊә/ 10 plump /plʌmp/

7. Identify the underlined sounds of these pairs of words

ORDER WORD SOUND
Exampl eat-head /i:/ /e/
e
1 stomach- church /k/- /tʃ/
2 repeats- trays /s/- /z/
3 destroys- prevents /s/- /z/
4 natural- native /æ/-/ei/
5 study- bury /ʌ/- /e/

65
8. Underline the word of which the parts in bold type is not pronounced in the same
way as those in other words
ORDER WORDS
Exampl have had behave tablet
e
1 image relative motivate appreciate
2 course cinema conversation
3 computer
4 success punish supper
5
multiple
flew few crew chew
included wanted wicked noticed

9. Underline the word in each group which does not have the same stress pattern
ORDER WORDS
Exampl before begin result adult
e
1 camel create defend
2 permit
3 series wildlife cosy result
4
5 domestic          investment               substantial           
undergo
confident         influence               computer              
remember
nationally political Canadian unluckily

10. Base on the transcription to write them in normal English orthography

ORDER TRANSCIPTION ORTHOGRAPHY
Exampl / ðə ˈtaɪm ˈhæz ˈkʌm / the time has come
e
1 /aɪ ˈrɪəli niːd tə gɛt səm ˈmʌni/ I really need to get some
money
2 /ðæts ˈrɪəli əˈnɔɪɪŋ/ That’s really annoying
3 /ðæts fænˈtæstɪk njuːz/ That’s fantastic news
4 /ðæts ə ʃaɪ/ That’s a shy
66
5 /aɪv gɒt tuː mʌʧ wɜːk tə duː/ I’ve got too much work to
do

67
 Hanoi University of Business and PHONETIC & PHONOLOGY
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Part I THEORY
1. What is the function of the falling tone in English? Give an
example(1pt)
2. What is a phoneme? How many phoneme there are in 3 words : “
pen”, “find”, “ hour”?(2pt)
Key 22
1. What is the function of the falling tone in English? Give an
example(1pt)
This tone is usually regarded as more or less neutral. It conveys an
impression of “ finality”
Eg: Answer the question with “ yes/no” with falling tone mean that the
question is answered and there’s nothing more.

(P138, English Phonetics and phonology, 2nd edition, Peter Roach)

2. What is a phoneme? How many phoneme there are in 3 words : “

pen”, “find”, “ hour”?(2pt)
A phoneme is the smallest segment of sound which can distinguish two
68
words. Phonemes are abstract units that form the basis for writing down a
language systematically and unambiguously. Each phoneme is meaningless
in isolation, it becomes meaningful only when it is combined with other
phonemes.

Eg: Pen/pen/ 3 phonemes

Find  /faɪnd/ 5 phonemes
Hour  /aʊr/ 3 phonemes

( P37-38, English phonetics and phonology, 2nd edition, Peter Roach)

Part II: PRACTICE

1. Transcribe the following words by using their symbols of sound
ORDER WORD TRANSCRIPTION ORDE WORD TRANSCRIPTION
R
Exampl month /mʌnθ/
e
1 sweet /swi:t/ 6 quite /kwait/
2 proud /praʊd/ 7 bring /briŋ/
3 super /sjʊpә/ 8 blow /blәʊ/
4 cream /kri:m/ 9 beauty /’bjʊti/
5 cure /kjʊә/ 10 grow /grәʊ/

2. Identify the underlined sounds of these pairs of words

ORDER WORD SOUND
Exampl eat-head /i:/ /e/
e
1 bush- rush /u/- /ʌ/
2 sought- drought /ɔː/-/au/
3 cured- crashed /d/- /t/
4 prefer- thunder /ɜː/- /ə/
5 talks- tells /s/-/z/

3. Underline the word of which the parts in bold type is not pronounced in the same
way as those in other words
ORDER WORDS

69
 Exampl have had behave tablet
e
1 insect lose useful sport
2 credible prejudice prelude preliminary
3 power widow arrow
4 slowly
5
idiom determine bulletin refine
bridge engineer finger
manage

4. Underline the word in each group which does not have the same stress pattern
ORDER WORDS
Exampl before begin result adult
e
1 central hardly option
2 announce
3 succeed total anxious fiction
4
5 product
document classical national pagoda
beautiful September November December
information television dictionary watermelon

5. Base on the transcription to write them in normal English orthography

ORDER TRANSCIPTION ORTHOGRAPHY
Exampl / ðə ˈtaɪm ˈhæz ˈkʌm / the time has come
e
1 /ɪt həz ə gʊd ˈʃɒpɪŋ/ It has a good shop, 3dd
2 /aɪv kræʃ ðə kɑː/ I’ve crash the car
3 /aɪm səʊ pliːzd fə juː/ I’m so pleased for you
4 /wi ɑːskt ɪf ɪt həd kʌm/ We asked if it had come
5 /ðə bʌs wəz leɪt/ The bus was late

70
 Hanoi University of Business and PHONETIC & PHONOLOGY
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Part I THEORY
1. What are front vowels and back vowel? Give some examples(1pt)

2. How can tones be classified?(2pts)

Key 23
1. What are front vowels and back vowel? Give some examples(1pt)
Front vowels and back vowels relate to the change of the shape of tongue in
producing the vowel.
If the front part of the tongue is raised, we have front vowels, for example
/i:/, /æ/.
On the other hand, if the back of the tongue is the highest point, we have
a back vowel, for example: /a: /, /u:/

2. How can tones be classified? (2pts)

There are two types of tones
- Simple tones which are one-syllable words can be said with either a
level tone or a moving tone. In English, level tones are not used
71
 frequently, because it does not sound natural. However, moving
tones are more common ( falling tone/ rising tone)
- Complex tones which include
+ the fall-rise tone( the pitch descends and then rises again)
+ the rise-fall ( the pitch follows the opposite movement), it’s less
frequently used.

( 135-137,English phonetics and phonology, 2nd edition, Peter Roach)

Part II: PRACTICE

1. Transcribe the following words by using their symbols of sound
ORDER WORD TRANSCRIPTION ORDE WORD TRANSCRIPTION
R
Exampl month /mʌnθ/
e
1 glass /gla:s/ 6 skill /skil/
2 spoil /spɔil/ 7 purely /’pjʊәli/
3 spheral /’sfiәrәl/ 8 propose /’prɔpәʊs/
4 stand /stænd/ 9 treat /tri:t/
5 smash /smæʃ/ 10 tubal /’tjʊ:bәl/

2. Identify the underlined sounds of these pairs of words

ORDER WORD SOUND
Exampl eat-head /i:/ /e/
e
1 gain- gesture /g/- /dʒ/
2 population- question /ʃ/- /tʃ/
3 sweat- meat /e/- /i:/
4 pant- want /æ/-/ɔː/
5 myth- type /i/- /ai/

3. Underline the word of which the parts in bold type is not pronounced in the same
way as those in other words
ORDER WORDS
Exampl have had behave tablet
e
1 moved checked pushed stepped
72
 2 century camping course
3 creature
4 hotel slow volleyball home
5 hear dear pear clear
slave cake shape slap

4. Underline the word in each group which does not have the same stress pattern
ORDER WORDS
Exampl before begin result adult
e
1 exciting important remember Pyramid
2 commerce reserve burden southern
3 suitable religion develop
4
5 romantic
character kangaroo butterfly celebrate
material triangular photographic ability

5. Base on the transcription to write them in normal English orthography

ORDER TRANSCIPTION ORTHOGRAPHY
Exampl / ðə ˈtaɪm ˈhæz ˈkʌm / the time has come
e
1 /wɪə ˈgɛtɪŋ ˈmærɪd/ We’re getting married
2 /ðə ˈkwɛsʧənz wər ˈiːzi/ The questions were easy
3 /aɪ kɑːnt gɛt tə sliːp/ I can’t get to sleep
4 /wɪl ðeə bi əˈnʌðə treɪn ˈleɪtə/ Will there be another
train later
5 /wi dəʊnt sməʊk, bət səm ˈpiːpl duː/ We don’t smoke, but
some people do

73
 Hanoi University of Business and PHONETIC & PHONOLOGY
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Part I THEORY
1. What is the function of rise-fall tones in English? Give an
example(1pt)
2. In what cases, the strong form is used? (2pts)

Key
1. What is the function of rise-fall tones in English? Give an
example(1pt)
This tone is used to convey rather strong feelings of approval, disapproval
or surprise.
Eg: A: Isn’t the view lovely!
B: ^yes

( P140, English Phonetics and Phonology, 2nd edition, Peter Roach)

2. In what cases, the strong form is used?(2pts)
There are certain contexts in which only strong form is acceptable and
others where the weak form pronunciation is the normal.
- When the word occurs at the end of the sentence.
74
 Eg: what are you looking at?
/wɒt ɑː juː ˈlʊkɪŋ æt/
- When a weak form is being contrasted with another words.
Eg: The letter is from him, not to him.
/ðə ˈlɛtər ɪz frɒm hɪm, nɒt tuː hɪm/
- When a weak form word is given stress for the purpose of emphasis
Eg: I have to go
/ aɪ hæv tuː gəʊ/
- When a weak form word is being “ cited” or “ quoted”
Eg: You shouldn’t put “ and” at the end of the sentence
juː ʃʊdnt pʊt “ ænd” æt ði ɛnd ɒv ðə ˈsɛntəns

Part II: PRACTICE

1. Transcribe the following words by using their symbols of sound
ORDER WORD TRANSCRIPTIO ORDE WOR TRANSCRIPTIO
N R D N
Exampl month /mʌnθ/
e
1 twerp /twз:p/ 6 nudism /’njʊdizm/
2 swim /swim/ 7 cry /krai/
3 sneeze /sni:z/ 8 clean /kli:ns/
4 superad 9
d /sjʊpәr’æd/ quit /kwit/
5 apply /ә’plai/ 10 bride /braid/

2. Identify the underlined sounds of these pairs of words

ORDER WORD SOUND
Exampl eat-head /i:/ /e/
e
1 appeared- coughed /d/- /t/
2 thereupon- threesome /ð/ - / θ/
3 chaos- child /k/- /tʃ/
4 wasted- practiced /id/- /t/
5 most- lost /əu/- /ɒ/

75
3. Underline the word of which the parts in bold type is not pronounced in the same
way as those in other words
ORDER WORDS
Exampl have had behave tablet
e
1 capital competition advice
2 alcohol
3 invasion liberation photography
4 exchange
5
counterfeit courtesy drought outer
armchair sandwich chocolate school
silent twine political
swine

4. Underline the word in each group which does not have the same stress pattern
ORDER WORDS
Exampl before begin result adult
e
1 ocean submit region
2 issue
3 fiction expert instance
4
5 secure
promise instance oblige
knowledge
seventeen anything cucumber mountainous
apology quarterfinal academic
transportation

5. Base on the transcription to write them in normal English orthography

ORDER TRANSCIPTION ORTHOGRAPHY
Exampl / ðə ˈtaɪm ˈhæz ˈkʌm / the time has come
e
1 /ðə bʌs wəz leɪt/ The bus was late
2 /kəd jʊ həʊld ðə laɪn, pliːz?/ Could you hold the line, please?
3 /wɒts hi laɪk ˈsəʊʃəli?/ What’s he like socially?
76
 4 /hi wəz ə ˈnɔːməl twɛlv-jɪər əʊld/ He was a normal twelve year old
5 /jʊər əˈlaʊd tə kʌm/ You’re allowed to come

Hanoi University of Business and PHONETIC & PHONOLOGY

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Part I THEORY
1. What is the function of fall-rise tone in English? Give an
example(1pt)

2. How are speech sounds produced? (2 pts)

Key 25
1. What is the function of fall-rise tone in English? Give an
example(1pt)
This tone is usually used to show “ limited agreement” or response with
reservations” .
Eg: A: I’ve heard that it’s a good school
77
 B: ,yes
B’s reply would be taken to mean that he would not completely agree with
what A said.

( P138, English Phonetics and Phonology, 2nd edition, Peter Roach)

2. How are speech sounds produced? (2 pts)
When we are making sounds, the air stream from the lungs comes up
through the wind-pipe and goes to the larynx. Then it goes through the
vocal cords into the pharynx and by muscles, the air stream is put up to the
uvular. At that point, it may go in either way:
- It goes into the oral cavity go out the mouth if the soft palate is
raised.
- It may go into the nasal tract go out the nostrils if the soft palate is
lowed.

( P8. English Phonetics &Phonology_ Peter Roach, 2nd edition)

Part II: PRACTICE

1. Transcribe the following words by using their symbols of sound
ORDER WORD TRANSCRIPTION ORDER WORD TRANSCRIPTION
Exampl month /mʌnθ/
e
1 cute /kjʊt/ 6 dread /dred /
2 beautify /’bjʊtifai/ 7 speaker /’spi:kә/
3 blame /bleim/ 8 twicer /’twaisә/
4 great /greit/ 9 claim /kleim/
5 glim /glim/ 10 tuber /’tjʊ:bә/

2. Identify the underlined sounds of these pairs of words

ORDER WORD SOUND
Exampl eat-head /i:/ /e/
e
1 drought -fought /au/-/ɔː/
2 occurs- prevents /z/- /s/
3 deal- clean /iə/- /i:/
4 supported- finished /id/- /t/
5 b is silent- b is
climber- subtle pronounced

78
3. Underline the word of which the parts in bold type is not pronounced in the same
way as those in other words
ORDER WORDS
Exampl have had behave tablet
e
1 usually visitor desert
2 museum
3 hotel those hospital home
4 head heat seat need
5
ahead white behind hungry
wet better rest pretty

4. Underline the word in each group which does not have the same stress pattern
ORDER WORDS
Exampl before begin result adult
e
1 manage shortage target
2 provide
3 suspicious confidence apartment effective
4
5 grocery scenery defensive
championship
convenient profession pollution attitude
disrespectful independent physically
understanding

5. Base on the transcription to write them in normal English orthography

ORDER TRANSCIPTION ORTHOGRAPHY
Exampl / ðə ˈtaɪm ˈhæz ˈkʌm / the time has come
e
1 /wɪə səˈpəʊzd tə gəʊ/ We’re supposed to go
2 /jʊ ʃəd ˈlɪsn tə miː/ You should listen to me
3 /ɪt kiːps ˈmeɪkɪŋ ə ˈfʌni nɔɪz/ It keeps making a funny
noise
4 /ðeɪv wʌn ˈsɛprɪtli/ They’ve won separately
5 /həv jʊ biːn ðeə?/ Have you been there?
79
80
 Hanoi University of Business and PHONETIC & PHONOLOGY
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Part I THEORY
1. What is the definition of consonants?(1pt)
2 . What is the attitudinal function of intonation?(2pts)

Key 26
1. What is the definition of consonants?(1pt)
In the process of making sounds, if two articulators come together or one
articulator comes toward the another, obstructing the air stream. It makes
the air stream not go out freely. Then we have the consonant sounds.
Eg: /n/, /s/, /θ/

(P10, English phonetics and phonology, 2nd edition, Peter Roach)

2. What is the attitudinal function of intonation?(2pts)

Intonation enables us to express emotions and attitudes as we speak, and

this adds a special kind of meaning to spoken language. This is call

81
attitudinal function of intonation.
Eg: “Thank you”
- Starting high ( )and end low( ) indicates show real gratitude.
- Starting low and end high, casual acknowledge of something not is
very important.

(146, English phonetics and phonology, 2nd edition, Peter Roach)

1.
Part II: PRACTICE
1. Transcribe the following words by using their symbols of sound
ORDER WORD TRANSCRIPTIO ORDE WORD TRANSCRIPTIO
N R N
Exampl month /mʌnθ/
e
1 scan /skæn/ 6 swan /swɔn/
2 7 superabl
stay /stei/ y /’sjʊpәreibli/
3 biospher 8
e /baiә’sfiә/ produce /prә’djʊs/
4 sneaky /’sni:ki/ 9 purify /’pjʊrәfai/
5 10 treatmen
smell /smel/ t /’tri:tmәnt/

2. Identify the underlined sounds of these pairs of words

ORDER WORD SOUND
Exampl eat-head /i:/ /e/
e
1 how- slow /au/- / əʊ/
2 harm- talk /a:/ -/ ɔː/
3 thought- though / ɔː/- / əʊ/
4 call- cell /k/- /s/
5 pleasure- permission / ʒ/- / ʃ/

3. Underline the word of which the parts in bold type is not pronounced in the same
way as those in other words
ORDER WORDS
Exampl have had behave tablet
82
 e
1 discuss certainly discount customer
2 fate cape tape bacteria
3 spine feminine valentine undermine
4 amount astound mouthful shoulder
5
champagne chlorine charisma archive

4. Underline the word in each group which does not have the same stress pattern
ORDER WORDS
Exampl before begin result adult
e
1 relate major forceful focus
2 nervous cheerful tasty regret
3 solution powerful whenever unselfish
4
5 personal interview collection forester
community energetic enthusiast participate

5. Base on the transcription to write them in normal English orthography

ORDER TRANSCIPTION ORTHOGRAPHY
Exampl / ðə ˈtaɪm ˈhæz ˈkʌm / the time has
e come
1 /aɪ θɔːt jʊ laɪkt hɪm/ I thought you like
him
2 /ʃəl wi ˈəʊpən ðə ˈwɪndəʊ?/ Shall we open the
window?
3 /aɪ faɪnd əˈstrɑnəmi ˈvɛri ˈɪntrəstɪŋ/ I find astronomoy
very interesting
4 /ðə ˈwɛðər wəz ˈvɛri bæd/ The weather was
very bad
5 /aɪv gɒt tuː mʌʧ wɜːk tə duː/ Ai

83
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Part I THEORY
1. According to the manner of articulation, how many plosives are
there in English?(1pt)

2. What are (H), (PH), TS, (T) for in the tone-unit?(2pts)

Key 27
1. According to the manner of articulation, how many plosives are there in
English?
According to the manner of articulation, there are 6 plosives in English. They
are /p/, /t/, /k/, /b/,/d/,/g/.

2. What are (H), (PH), TS, (T) for in the tone-unit?(2pts)

These symbols are used to indicated the components in a tone-unit.

- The head( H) is all that part of a tone-unit that extends from the first
stressed syllable up to but not including the tonic syllable.
84
 - The pre-head( PH) is composed of all the unstressed syllables in a
tone-unit preceding the first stressed syllable.
- The tail( T) is any syllables between the tonic syllable and the end
of the tone-unit.
- TS- Tonic syllable which carries the tone in a tone-unit
(147,148, English phonetics and phonology, 2nd edition, Peter Roach)
Part II: PRACTICE
6. Transcribe the following words by using their symbols of sound
ORDER WORD TRANSCRIPTIO ORDE WORD TRANSCRIPTIO
N R N
Exampl month /mʌnθ/
e
1 please /pli:s/ 6 cutely /’kjʊtli/
2 creativ 7
e /kri:’eitiv/ glance /gla:ns/
3 8 beautifu
bridge /bridʒ/ l /’bjʊtifʊl/
4 quest /kwest/ 9 groom /gru:m/
5 bleach /bli:tʃ/ 10 dwelt /dwel/

7. Identify the underlined sounds of these pairs of words

ORDER WORD SOUND
Exampl eat-head /i:/ /e/
e
1 pan- woman /æ/- / ə/
2 labor- captain /ei/- /æ/
3 most- cost / əʊ/- /ɒ/
4 beard- dear /iə/- /eə/
5 flame- man /ei/- /æ/

8. Underline the word of which the parts in bold type is not pronounced in the same
way as those in other words
ORDER WORDS
Exampl have had behave tablet
e
1 especially license except
2
85
 3 dancer
4 tooth booth good soon
5 paradigm swine filter sight
take say brake national
aisle sail afraid
straight

9. Underline the word in each group which does not have the same stress pattern
ORDER WORDS
Exampl before begin result adult
e
1 distant treatment balance concern
2 action aspect endless acquire
3 animal electric different
4
5 hospital
capital badminton terrible
amazing
inhabitant initiate engineering
ingenious

10. Base on the transcription to write them in normal English orthography

ORDER TRANSCIPTION ORTHOGRAPH
Y
Exampl / ðə ˈtaɪm ˈhæz ˈkʌm / the time
e has come
1 /ðæts ɪnˈkrɛdəbl/ That’s incredible.
2 /wɒt taɪp əv θɪŋz dɪd jʊ duː/ What type of
things did you
do?
3 /hiːz gɒt tə peɪ ə faɪn/ He’s got to pay a
fine
4 /ðə bɒs wɒnts tə siː juː/ The boss wants to
see you
5 /aɪ faɪnd ˈfreɪz(ə)l vɜːbz ˈvɛri ˈdɪfɪkəlt/ I find phrasal
verbs very
difficult

86
 Hanoi University of Business and PHONETIC & PHONOLOGY
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Part I THEORY
1. Which words have both a strong form and a weak form?(1pt)

2. What is the accentual function of intonation?(2pts)

Key 28
1. Which words have both a strong form and a weak form?(1pt)
Almost all the words which have both a strong and weak form belong to a
category that may be called functions words, another word is grammatical
words. They are auxiliary verbs, prepositions, conjunctions,…
Eg : at - /ət/ weak form
/ æt/ strong form

(p102,103, English phonetics and phonology, 2nd edition, Peter Roach)

2. What is the accentual function of intonation?(2pts)

87
Intonation helps to produce the effect of prominence on syllables that need
to be perceived as stressed, and in particular the placing of tonic stresss on
a particular syllable marks out the word, to which it belongs as the most
important in the tone-unit
Ex : It was very boring ( emphasis)
It was very boring( non-emphasis)

(172, 173, English phonetics and phonology, 2nd edition, Peter Roach)

Part II: PRACTICE

11. Transcribe the following words by using their symbols of sound
ORDER WORD TRANSCRIPTIO ORDE WOR TRANSCRIPTIO
N R D N
Exampl month /mʌnθ/
e
1 dreadful /’dredfʊl/ 6 thwart / ðwæt/
2 flame /fleim/ 7 spread /spred/
3 dutifull 8
y /’djʊtifʊli/ scream /scri:m/
4 throw /θrәʊ/ 9 splash /splæʃ/
5 view /vjʊ/ 10 mute /mjʊt/

12. Identify the underlined sounds of these pairs of words

ORDER WORD SOUND
Exampl eat-head /i:/ /e/
e
1 tidy- cliff /ai/- /i/
2 through- them /θ/- /ð/
3 country- bought /ʌ/ -/ ɔː/
4 any- apple /e/- /æ/
5 book- blood / ʊ/- /ʌ/

13. Underline the word of which the parts in bold type is not pronounced in the
same way as those in other words
ORDER WORDS

88
 Exampl have had behave tablet
e
1 great beautiful teacher means
2 apple gram hand want
3 nurse opposite surprise surname
4 aerobics carrot lemonade
5
correct
fuel blue hue cue

14. Underline the word in each group which does not have the same stress
pattern
ORDER WORDS
Exampl before begin result adult
e
1 contain constant contract concept
2 concern sculpture worksheet
3 comment
4
5 hospital inflation policy
constantly
develop commitment overall
investment
carefully             correctly               seriously               
personally

15. Base on the transcription to write them in normal English orthography

ORDER TRANSCIPTION ORTHOGRAPHY
Exampl / ðə ˈtaɪm ˈhæz ˈkʌm / the time has
e come
1 /hi lʊks ɪn ə bæd muːd/ He looks in a bad mood
2 /aɪ,ɛm əˈfreɪd aɪ həv ə kəmˈpleɪnt/ I’m afraid I have a
complaint
3 /haʊ kən jʊ wɜrk ɪn ði ˈɔfəs/ How can you work in
the office?
4 /aɪm ˈsɪŋgl ət ðə ˈməʊmənt/ I’m single at the
moment

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 5 /aɪd ˈrɑːðər iːt aʊt ðən ət həʊm/ I’d rather eat out than
at home

Hanoi University of Business and PHONETIC & PHONOLOGY

Technology Test code: 29
---------------------- Time allowance:60 minutes
HUBT Testing Center
Student’s name: Examiner 1:
Student’s code: Signature:
Class:
Room: Examiner 2:
Date of test: Signature:

Examiner’s code:

Test code: 29
Examiner’s code:

Examiner’s name & Signature Score in Score in words

numbers

Part I THEORY
1. Why isn’t English regarded as a tone language?(1pt)
2. How is a nasal sound produced?( 2pts)
Key 29
1. Why isn’t English regarded as a tone language?(1pt)
Because English is one of the languages that do not use tone to distinguish the
meaning of words, though tones or pitch differences are used for other purposes.

(136, English phonetics and phonology, 2nd edition, Peter Roach)

2. How is a nasal sound produced?( 2pts)
The air stream from the lungs comes up through the wind pipe, and goes to the
larynx. Then it goes through the vocal cords into the pharynx and up to the uvula.
At the uvula, if the soft palate is lowed, the air-stream can get into the nasal tract

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and get out through the nostrils. The sounds are produced by the way, we call
nasal sounds.
Eg: /m/, /n/, /ŋ/

( Fig 1. Articulators,P8, English phonetics and phonology, 2nd edition, Peter

Roach)

Part II: PRACTICE

1. Transcribe the following words by using their symbols of sound
ORDER WOR TRANSCRIPTIO ORDE WORD TRANSCRIPTIO
D N R N
Exampl month /mʌnθ/
e
1 nude /njʊd/ 6 square /skweә/
2 shrimp /∫rimp/ 7 spume /spjʊ:m/
3 student /’stjʊdnt/ 8 through /θru:/
4 9 intervie
stream /stri:m/ w /’intәvjʊ/
5 screen /scri:n/ 10 thwack / ðwæk/

2. Identify the underlined sounds of these pairs of words

ORDER WORD SOUND
Exampl eat-head /i:/ /e/
e
1 hour- pour /au/-/ ɔː/
2 station- question /ʃ/ - /tʃ/
3 sew- few / əʊ/- /ju:/
4 break- bread /ei/- /e/
5 blood- tool /ʌ/- / uː/

3. Underline the word of which the parts in bold type is not pronounced in the same
way as those in other words
ORDER WORDS
Exampl have had behave tablet
e

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 1 noisy inside costly
2 listen
3 garden yard market
4 warm
5
country shower house
flower
penalty scenic epidemic
level
nourish flourish courageous southern

4. Underline the word in each group which does not have the same stress pattern
ORDER WORDS
Exampl before begin result adult
e
1 luggage increase benefit
2 argument
3 certain couple decide
4
5 equal
government     destruction            contribute             
depression
institute           consumption         specific                
powerful               
reliable responsible decisiveness
independent

5. Base on the transcription to write them in normal English orthography

ORDER TRANSCIPTION ORTHOGRAPHY
Exampl / ðə ˈtaɪm ˈhæz ˈkʌm / the time has
e come
1 /ðə ʃʊd biː ə ruːl/ There should be a rule
2 /dʊ jʊ həv ˈɛni ˈkwɛsʧənz?/ Do you have any
questions?
3 /ðə kɒts tu ː smɔːl/ The cot’s too small
4 /lɛts dɪˈskʌs ðɪs təˈmɑˌroʊ/ Let’s discuss this
tomorrow
5 /ɪts sʌʧ ən əˈmeɪzɪŋ koʊˈɪnsɪdəns/ It’s such an amazing
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 coincidence

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 Hanoi University of Business and PHONETIC & PHONOLOGY
Technology Test code: 30
---------------------- Time allowance:60 minutes
HUBT Testing Center
Student’s name: Examiner 1:
Student’s code: Signature:
Class:
Room: Examiner 2:
Date of test: Signature:

Examiner’s code:

Test code: 30
Examiner’s code:

Examiner’s name & Signature Score in Score in words

numbers

Part I THEORY
1. According to the voicing, what do the term “fortis” and “lenis” mean? Give
some examples for each one. (1pt)
2. How is an oral sound produced?( 2pts)
Key 30
1. According to the voicing, what do the term“ fortis” and “ lenis” mean?
Give some examples for each one.
According to the voicing, “ fortis” means “strong” , refers to voiceless sounds .
For example: /p/,/f/,/t/
“lenis” means ‘weak”, refers to voiced sounds/. For example : /b/, /v/, d/.

2. How is an oral sound produced?( 2pts)

The air stream from the lungs comes up through the wind pipe, and goes to the
larynx. Then it goes through the vocal cords into the pharynx and up to the uvula.
At the uvula, if the soft palate is raised, blocking off the nasal tract. The air-stream
can only go into the oral tract and go out of the mouth. And the sounds formed by
the way are called oral sounds.
Eg: /g/, /s/,/w/
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 ( Fig. 1 The articulators, P8, English phonetics & phonology, 2nd edition, Peter
Roach)
Part II: PRACTICE
1. Transcribe the following words by using their symbols of sound
ORDER WORD TRANSCRIPTION ORDE WORD TRANSCRIPTION
R
Exampl month /mʌnθ/
e
1 shriek /∫ri:k/ 6 scree /scri: /
2 mutual /’mjʊtʊәl/ 7 strawy /’strɔ:i/
3 nudist /’njʊdist/ 8 squarer /’skweәrә/
4 splat /splæt/ 9 scuba /’skjʊbә/
5 sprawl /sprɔ:l/ 10 spue /spjʊ:/

2. Identify the underlined sounds of these pairs of words

ORDER WORD SOUND
Exampl eat-head /i:/ /e/
e
1 classify - photography /ai/- /ɪ/
2 idiom- idea /ɪ/- /ai/
3 hoped - waited /t/- / ɪd/
4 blood- food /ʌ/- / uː/
5 though- thank /ð/ - /θ/

3. Underline the word of which the parts in bold type is not pronounced in the same
way as those in other words
ORDER WORDS
Exampl have had behave tablet
e
1 horrible hour house
2 here
3 cruise build bruise fruit
4 tail fail explain
5
Britain
hate made cake sad
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 stove moment sometimes close

4. Underline the word in each group which does not have the same stress pattern
ORDER WORDS
Exampl before begin result adult
e
1 donate impair mental
2 support
3 campaign hearing slogan
4
5 talent
article maximum recycle
generous
detective discover encourage primary
classically mechanical behaviour
millimetre

5. Base on the transcription to write them in normal English orthography

ORDER TRANSCIPTION ORTHOGRAPHY
Exampl / ðə ˈtaɪm ˈhæz ˈkʌm / the time has come
e
1 /ðə treɪn wɛnt θruː ðə ˈtʌnl/ The train went through the
tunnel
2 /ɪts ðə məʊst ˈbjuːtəfʊl pleɪs/ It’s the most beautiful place
3 /jʊər ə ˈdɒktə, ɑːnt juː/ You’re a doctor, aren’t you?
4 /jʊ məst traɪ ˈhɑːdə/ You must try harder
5 /dɪd jʊ hɪə ðət nɔɪz?/ Did you hear that voice?

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