Government of Nepal

Ministry of Forest and Environment

Department of Environment

Ambient Air Quality monitoring program

Report of the year 2017

September 2018

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 Table of content

Chapter I.Introduction........................................................................................................................3
1.1 Background ..............................................................................................................................3
1.2 Objectives ................................................................................................................................3
1.3 Parameters of Air Quality Monitored ........................................................................................3
1.4Methods of Data collection and Data analysis. ...........................................................................4
Chapter II. RESULTS ........................................................................................................................7
2.1 PM 2.5......................................................................................................................................7
2.1 .1 Annual Average PM 2.5 for 2017 ........................................................................................7
2.1.2 National Ambient Air quality compliance status ..................................................................8
2.1.3 Monthly Average PM 2.5 at different stations .....................................................................9
2.2PM 10 ..................................................................................................................................... 14
2.2.1Annual Average PM 10 value for 2017 ............................................................................... 14
2.2.2National Ambient Air quality compliance status ................................................................. 15
2.2.3 Monthly Average PM 10 at different stations .................................................................... 16
2.3 Total suspended particulate Matter (TSPM) ............................................................................ 20
2.3.1Annual Average TSPM for 2017 ......................................................................................... 20
2.3.2 National Ambient Air quality compliance status ................................................................ 21
2.3.3Monthly Average Total suspended particulateMatter (TSPM) at different stations ............. 22
Chapter III. Conclusion.................................................................................................................. 26

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 Chapter I. Introduction
1.1 Background
Establishment and operation of air quality monitoring stations is a basis for air quality
management program. Government of Nepal has started to establish air quality monitoring
station since 2016. By the end of 2017, 11 monitoring stations came into operation whole over
the country. Department of Environment is working in coordination with many organizations
like ICIMOD in establishment and operation of these monitoring stations. The main purpose of
the establishment of the network of stations is to provide the basis for decision makers to
perform air quality management and increase the public awareness. Together with improved
quantitative understanding of emissions sources, a modeling framework to simulate and forecast
pollution transport and chemistry, and exposure studies it will form the basis for science based
air pollution management and policymaking.
Nepal Government has set and enforced National ambient air quality standard (NAAQS) and
has a legal obligation to maintain this standard. This report has been prepared on the basis of
analysis of data of the year 2017 from the monitoring stations to know the status of compliance
with reference to the National Ambient Air Quality Standard. All the monitoring stations
measure PM 1, PM 2.5, PM10 and Total Suspended Particulate Matter. Since we do not have
National Ambient air Quality standard for PM 1, this is not included in this report.
1.2 Objectives
The overall objective of this report is to present the status of air quality on the basis of data
collected from various stations for the year 2017 and the specific objectives are:
 To analyze the PM2.5 data of various stations and compliance status
 To analyze the PM 10 data of various stations and compliance status
 To analyze the Total Suspended Particulate Matter data of various stations and
compliance status

1.3 Parameters of Air Quality Monitored

Although NAAQS has defined nine parameters for the measurement purpose the monitoring
stations whole over the country commonly measures following parameters:
Total Suspended Particulate Matter(TSPM): These includes all the solid and liquid droplets
particulate present in the air mostly within the range of 0.1µ to 100 µ.

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PM10: These includes the particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter less than 10
µdiameter.
PM2.5: These includes the particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter less than 2.5 µ
diameter and important in terms of health impacts.
The other parameters in NAAQS like ozone, NOx, Sox, Benzene, lead are not considered for
analysis as these parameters are not measured by all stations. Only one station is facilitated to
measure ozone and some gaseous pollutants.
1.4Methods of Data collection and Data analysis.
Each monitoring station has Grimm Electronic Dust Monitor(EDM) 180 to measure particulate
matter of different sizes. It use the use light-scattering technology fo particle count. A
semiconductor-laser serves as the light-source. The particle size analyser/dust monitor
determines the dust-concentration (counts/litre) through the optical-light-scattering method
directly; however, the mass concentration is determined by extrapolation. All the stations are the
real time monitoring stations.
Monitoring stations
By the end of 2017, the following 11 monitoring stations came in to operation:
1. Ratnapark :–This station lies in Ratnapark of Kathmandu District.
2. Pulchowak :–This station lies within pulchwok engineering campus premises in Lalitpur
District.
3. Dhulikhel :–This station lies on the premises of Kathmandu university high school,
Dhulikhel, Kavre district.
4. .Lumbini :– This station lies on the Lumbini, the birth place of Gautam Buddha.
5. Sauraha :–This station lies on the Sauraha, chitwan district.
6. BirendraSchool :–This station lies on the premises of
SainikAawasiyaMahabiddhyalayforemerBirendrasainik school, SallaghariBhaktapur
district.
7. Bhaisepati :–This station lies on BhaisepatiLalitpur district.
8. Shankhapark :–This station lies within Shankhapark, Maharajgunj Kathmandu district.
9. DHM Pokhara:–This station lies in the premises of western regional climate office,
, Department of Hydrology and Meteorology, Pokhara, Kaski District.

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 10. Pokhara university:–This station lies in the premises of Pokhara University, Pokhara,
Kaski District.
11. Gandaki Boarding School :–This stations lies in the premises of Gandaki Boarding
School, LamachaurPokhara District.
The first five stations came in operation since 2016 and rest of seven stations came in operation
since August of September 2017.
The instrument collects data in every minute. The data collected from the instrument is
transmitted to a server located at National information Technology (NITC). Data management
software is used for the management and analysis of the data.
The measurement from the monitoring stations is communicated to the public through the
website www.pollution.gov.np.
For the analysis of the data, daily average data was downloaded from the server. From those
daily averages, monthly average and annual average was calculated. Only the days that have
complete data is chosen for data analysis. The no of days with valid data and the no of days that
exceeds national standard was calculated.
Since some of the stations were came into operation only after august it’s not possible to
calculate average data that represents the whole year. In Sauraha data for about 5 months is
completely absent so it is not possible to calculate annual average in this case too. So annual
average value was calculated for Ratnapark, Lumbini, Pulchowak and Dulikhel and for the rest
of stations average value for the data available periods were calculated. For this reason Bar
diagram of annual average of Ratnapark, Lumbini, Pulchowak and Dulikheland rest stations
were presented differently.
National Ambient Air Quality Standard, 2012(NAAQS).
The following standard issued by the Nepal government is used to know the compliance status:

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6
 Chapter II. RESULTS
2.1 PM 2.5
2.1 .1 Annual Average PM 2.5 for 2017
The following figure provides the annual average PM 2.5 concentration in microgram per cubic
meter (µg/m3) for the stations that have data for whole year.
60
52.52
50
42
40
32.28 31.45
30

20

10

0
Ratnapark Pulchowak Dhulikhel Lumbini

Fig 2.1:Annual average PM 2.5 for 4 stations

The annual averages ranges in between 31 to 52 µg/m3 with Lumbini having the highest annual
average value and Dhulikhel the lowest.
The following figure provides the annual average PM2.5 concentration for rest of the stations:
80
69.33976143
70

60
52.95349362
50.60136111
50 46.5

40
31.10198767 28.79364237
30
20.37633324
20

10

0
Birendra Sauraha Bhaisepati Shankhapark DHM Pokhara Pokhara Gandaki
school University boarding

Fig2.2:Annual Average PM 2.5 for rest 7 stations

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The annual average value for the above stations ranges in between 20 to 69µg/m3 with highest
value at Sauraha and lowest value at Gandaki Boarding. The PM10 concentrations are found
relatively low in the Pokhara based stations.
2.1.2 National Ambient Air quality compliance status
The following diagram presents the no of days with valid PM2.5 data and the no of days that
exceed the national standard for the PM2.5 for four stations that have whole year data.
350
318 310
299
300

250
210
200 Total no of days
158 with valid data
150
119 No of days
99 exceeding national standad
100
61
50

0
Ratnapark Pulchowak Dhulikhel Lumbini

Fig2.3: NAAQS compliance status of PM 2.5 for 4 stations

The following diagram presents the no of days with valid PM 2.5 data and the no of days that
exceed the national standard for the PM 2.5 for rest of the stations.
160
135 138
140 130 131
121 124
115
120
97 100
100
80 66 72
60 47 42 Total no of days
40 with valid data
20 4 No of days
0 exceeding national standad

Fig2.4: NAAQS compliance status of PM 2.5 for rest 7 stations

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2.1.3 Monthly Average PM 2.5 at different stations
The following table presents monthly averagePM 2.5 in µg/m3 and also the month wise compliance status.
Table2.1: Monthly Average PM 2.5 at different stations.
Stations Month Jan Feb Mar Apr Ma Ju Jul Aug Septe Octo Nove Dece Total
y ne y ust mber ber mber mber
Ratnapark Monthly Average 80.86 79. 45.1 67. 42. 29. 18. 15.9 24.67 25.0 30.22 41.2
PM 2.5 (µg/m3) 8 2 16 35 08 47 1 1
Total days with 24 25 19 26 28 30 31 31 30 31 16 27 318
valid data
No of days 24 25 11 24 17 4 0 0 0 1 1 12 119
exceeding National
Standard
Pulchowak Monthly 69.61 68. 50.4 45. 30. 16. 6.0 6.74 7.73 12.0 17.67 24.58
AveragePM 4 9 64 07 63 7 4
2.5(µg/m3)
Total days with 27 28 29 30 30 28 30 23 5 21 22 26 299
valid data
No of days 27 28 26 14 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 99
exceeding National
Standard
Dulikhel Monthly 31.8 55. 43.5 41. 24. 16. 7.0 - - 25.8 30.78 31.54
AveragePM 2.5 81 8 52 87 3 4 3

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 (µg/m3)
Total days with 22 20 20 26 19 20 17 - - 27 11 28 210
valid data
No of days 8 18 14 8 1 0 0 - - 6 1 5 61
exceeding National
Standard
Lumbini Monthly 108.43 91. 49.0 44. 29. 20. 10. 13.8 19.33 55.4 84.99 94.31
AveragePM 53 6 34 5 85 33 6 7
2.5(µg/m3)
Total days with 30 28 31 27 29 30 31 31 8 15 19 31 310
valid data
No of days 29 28 23 11 6 0 0 0 0 12 18 31 158
exceeding National
Standard
Birendra Monthly - - - - - - - 16.0 29 37.8 75.46 86.85
school AveragePM 1 6
Bhaktapur 2.5(µg/m3)
Total days with - - - - - - - 12 23 31 18 31 115
valid data
No of days - - - - - - - 0 2 14 18 31 65
exceeding National
Standard

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Sauraha Monthly 77.1 79. 64.2 123 19. 8.3 8.29 - - - -
AveragePM 54 1 .95 61
2.5(µg/m3)
Total days with 22 27 31 22 7 1 9 11 - - - - 130
valid data
No of days 21 27 26 22 0 1 0 0 - - - 97
exceeding National
Standard
Bhaisepati Monthly - - - - - - - - 40.72 37.4 47.85 59.93
AveragePM
2.5(µg/m3)
Total days with - - - - - - - - 30 31 29 31 121
valid data
No of days - - - - - - - - 13 10 18 31 72
exceeding National
Standard
Shankhapark Monthly - - - - - - - 21.2 49.86 41.3 57.01 66.6
AveragePM 8 8
2.5(µg/m3)
Total days with - - - - - - - 13 30 31 30 31 135
valid data
No of days - - - - - - - 0 24 15 30 31 100

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 exceeding National
Standard
DHM Pokhara Monthly - - - - - - - 10.3 15.47 25.2 39.7 49.91
AveragePM 9 5
2.5(µg/m3)
Total days with - - - - - - - 10 29 31 30 31 131
valid data
No of days - - - - - - - 0 0 6 13 28 47
exceeding National
Standard
Pokhara Monthly - - - - - - - 8.92 15.16 24.9 38.27 46.93
University AveragePM 1
2.5(µg/m3)
Total days with - - - - - - - 16 30 31 30 31 138
valid data
No of days - - - - - - - 0 0 5 10 27 42
exceeding National
Standard
Gandaki Monthly - - - - - - - 6.99 11.5 17.1 24.46 30.63
Boarding AveragePM
2.5(µg/m3)
Total days with - - - - - - - 8 25 31 30 30 124

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valid data

No of days - - - - - - - 0 0 0 2 2 4
exceeding National
Standard

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2.2PM 10
2.2.1Annual Average PM 10 value for 2017
The following diagramprovides the annual average PM 10concentration in microgram per cubic
meter (µg/m3) for the stations that have data for whole year.
100 91.49474118
90
80 71.59356663
70
60 56.34372423
50
38.73349761
40
30
20
10
0
Ratnapark Pulchowak Dhulikhel Lumbini

Fig2.5:Annual average PM 10 for 4 stations

The annual average ranges in between 38 to 91 µg/m3 with Ratna Park having the highest and
Pulchowk having the lowest values.

The following diagram presents the annual average PM10 concentration for 2017 for rest of the
stations.
120 109.5039356

100 92.12130072
86.53839735 89.43961776
80

60
47.95672282 45.17197533

40
21.37146193
20

0
Birendra Sauraha Bhaisepati Shankhapark DHM Pokhara Pokhara Gandaki
school University boarding

Fig 2.6:Annual average PM 10 for rest 7 stations

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The annual average ranges in between 21 to 109 µg/m3 with Birendra School having the highest
and Gandaki Boarding School having the lowest values.
2.2.2National Ambient Air quality compliance status
The following diagram presents number of days with valid PM 10 data and the number of days
that exceed the national standard for the PM 10 for four stations that have whole year data.
350
318 310
299
300

250
210
200 Total no of days
with valid data
150
No of days
100 exceeding national standad
68
47
50
0 9
0
Ratnapark Pulchowak Dhulikhel Lumbini

Fig 2.7:NAAQS compliance status for PM10 for 4 stations

Also the following diagram presents number of days with valid PM 10 data and the number of
days that exceed the national standard for the PM 10for rest of the station.
160
135 138
140 130 131
121 124
115
120
100
80
60 49 Total no of days
40 30 25 with valid data
20 11 No of days
0 0 0
0 exceeding national standad

Fig2.8. National Ambient Air quality compliance status forPM 10 for rest 7
stations

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2.2.3 Monthly Average PM 10 at different stations
The following table presents monthly averagePM 10 in µg/m3 and also the month wise compliance status.
Table 2.Monthly Average PM 2.5 at different stations.
Stations Month Jan Feb Mar Ap Ma Ju Jul Aug Septe Oct Nove Dece Total
ril y ne y ust mber ober mber mber
Ratnapark Monthly Average PM 108.1 112. 87.0 27 120 98. 59. 41. 64.22 50.6 48.21 46.83
10(µg/m3) 38 8 0.5 .59 59 67 48 2
2
Total days with valid 24 25 19 26 28 30 31 31 30 31 16 27 318
data
No of days exceeding 6 9 7 23 15 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 68
National Standard
Pulchowak Monthly Average PM 82.09 82.6 64.1 58. 38. 19. 6.7 7.2 8.07 12.3 18.22 25.52
10(µg/m3) 5 1 63 83 3 4 8
Total days with valid 27 28 29 30 30 28 30 23 5 21 22 26 299
data
No of days exceeding 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
National Standard
Dulikhel Monthly Average PM 48.35 94.9 78.2 77. 40. 32. 10. - - 44.9 61.16 63.52
10(µg/m3) 7 6 45 66 88 5 8
Total days with valid 22 20 21 26 19 20 17 - - 27 11 27 210
data

16
 No of days exceeding 0 4 1 4 0 0 0 - - 0 0 0 9
National Standard
Lumbini Monthly Average PM 124.5 106. 63.6 11 66. 37. 14. 17. 25.48 71.9 107.8 100.1
10(µg/m3) 7 06 1.9 3 11 9 96 9 5
6
Total days with valid 30 28 31 27 29 30 31 31 8 15 19 31 310
data
No of days exceeding 18 5 1 10 1 0 0 0 0 0 8 4 47
National Standard
Birendra school Monthly Average PM - - - - - - - 30. 57.17 72.4 159.0 187.1
Bhaktapur 10(µg/m3) 75 5 1 1
Total days with valid - - - - - - - 12 23 31 18 31 115
data
No of days exceeding - - - - - - - 0 0 4 16 29 49
National Standard
Sauraha Monthly Average PM 92.84 95.1 87.9 18 39. 23. 12. 11. - - - -
10(µg/m3) 6 1 6.4 1 15 43 47
3
Total days with valid 22 27 31 22 7 1 9 11 - - - - 130
data
No of days exceeding 5 1 8 16 0 0 0 0 - - - - 30
National Standard

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Bhaisepati Monthly Average PM - - - - - - - - 59.18 69.9 91.1 111.5
10(µg/m3) 3
Total days with valid - - - - - - - - 30 31 29 31 121
data
No of days exceeding - - - - - - - - 0 0 1 10 11
National Standard
Shankhapark Monthly Average PM - - - - - - - 44. 79.4 81.7 117.0 98.97
10(µg/m3) 26 9 9
Total days with valid - - - - - - - 13 30 31 30 31 135
data
No of days exceeding - - - - - - - 0 1 4 15 5 25
National Standard
DHM Pokhara Monthly Average PM - - - - - - - 16. 23.92 37.6 61.51 77.71
10(µg/m3) 55 8
Total days with valid - - - - - - - 10 29 31 30 31 131
data
No of days exceeding - - - - - - - 0 0 0 0 0
National Standard
Pokhara Monthly Average PM - - - - - - - 14. 24.31 38.5 60.11 73.35
University 10(µg/m3) 39 9
Total days with valid - - - - - - - 16 30 31 30 31 138
data

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 No of days exceeding - - - - - - - 0 0 0 0 0
National Standard
Gandaki Monthly Average PM - - - - - - - 8.3 12.56 17.9 25.47 31.6
Boarding 10(µg/m3) 3 6
Total days with valid - - - - - - - 8 25 31 30 30 124
data
No of days exceeding - - - - - - - 0 0 0 0 0
National Standard

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2.3 Total suspended particulate Matter (TSPM)
2.3.1Annual Average TSPM for 2017
The following figures provides the annual average data of TSPM in microgram per cubic meter
(µg/m3) for the stations that have data for whole year. The data for Lumbini is not available for
this analysis.
.
250 227.9817657

200

150 131.9027407

100

44.74089638
50

0
Ratnapark Pulchowak Dhulikhel

Fig 2.9:Annual average of TSPM for 4 stations

The annual average value ranges in between 44 to 227 µg/m3 with Ratnapark having the highest
value and Pulchowk the lowest one.
The following diagram presents the annual average TSPM concentration for 2017 for rest of the
stations.

300
241.0836522 251.257648
250 221.75
200

150
106.3297602
100 74.29358108 76.7905973

50 21.87215179
0
Birendra Sauraha Bhaisepati Shankhapark DHM Pokhara Gandaki
school Pokhara University boarding

Fig2.10: Annual average TSPM for rest 7 stations

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The annual average value ranges in between 21 to 251 µg/m3 with Gandaki Boarding School
having the lowest and Shankapark having the highest.
2.3.2 National Ambient Air quality compliance status
The following diagram presents no of days with valid TSPM data and the no of days that exceed
the national standard for the TSPM for four stations that have whole year data.
350
318
299
300

250
210
200 Total no of days
with valid data
150
No of days
102
100 exceeding national standad

50 27
0
0
Ratnapark Pulchowak Dhulikhel

Fig 2.11: NAAQS compliance status for TSPM for 4 stations

The following diagram presents the no of days with valid TSPM data and the no of days that
exceed the national standard for the TSPMfor rest of the station.
160 138
135 131
140 121 124
115
120
100
80 72
61 64
54
60 Total no of days
40 with valid data
20 8
0 0 0 No of days
0 exceeding national standad

Fig2.12: NAAQS compliance status for TSPM for rest 7 stations

21
2.3.3Monthly Average Total suspended particulateMatter (TSPM) at different stations
The following table presents the monthly average total suspended particulatematterin µg/m3 and also the month wise compliance
status.
Stations Month Jan Feb Ma Ap Ma Jun Jul Au Septe Oct Nove Dec Total
rch ril y e y gus mber ober mber emb
t er
Ratnapark Monthly Average 136.37 141. 200 714 350 306 208 142. 202.3 134. 106.7 53.3
TSPM (µg/m3) 23 .78 .89 .75 .93 .73 14 7 39 6
Total days with 24 25 19 26 28 30 31 31 30 31 16 27 318
valid data
No of days 0 1 9 24 23 24 8 2 11 0 0 0 102
exceeding National
Standard
Pulchowak Monthly Average 100.1 96.9 74. 69. 43. 21. 7.2 7.53 9.09 13.0 18.67 26.2
TSPM (µg/m3) 9 01 06 68 05 7 3 8
Total days with 27 28 29 30 30 28 30 23 5 21 22 26 299
valid data
No of days 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
exceeding National
Standard
Dulikhel Monthly Average 106.17 251. 199 188 75. 68. 19. - - 93.9 143.9 147.
TSPM (µg/m3) 77 .21 .58 82 69 47 9 8 59

22
 Total days with 22 20 21 26 19 20 17 - - 27 11 27 210
valid data
No of days 0 9 6 8 0 1 0 - - 0 0 3 27
exceeding National
Standard
Lumbini Monthly Average - - - - - - - - - - - - -
TSPM (µg/m3)
Total days with - - - - - - - - - - - - -
valid data
No of days - - - - - - - - - - - - -
exceeding National
Standard
Birendra school Monthly Average - - - - - - 69.2 134.7 158. 362.4 398.
Bhaktapur TSPM (µg/m3) 9 8 88 1 18
Total days with - - - - - - - 12 23 31 18 31 115
valid data
No of days - - - - - - - 0 1 7 17 29 54
exceeding National
Standard
Sauraha Monthly Average - - 108 201 74. 40. 20. 17.1 - - - -
TSPM (µg/m3) .85 .15 35 77 29 3
Total days with - - 9 22 9 1 9 11 - - - - 61

23
 valid data
No of days - - 0 8 0 0 0 0 - - - - 8
exceeding National
Standard
Bhaisepati Monthly Average - - - - - - - - 144.3 219. 249.9 272.
TSPM (µg/m3) 7 24 8 75
Total days with - - - - - - - - 30 31 29 31 121
valid data
No of days - - - - - - - - 2 15 20 27 64
exceeding National
Standard
Shankhapark Monthly Average - - - - - - - 119. 192.7 255. 364.4 249.
TSPM (µg/m3) 8 2 22 9 47
Total days with - - - - - - - 13 30 31 30 31 135
valid data
No of days - - - - - - - 0 9 18 29 16 72
exceeding National
Standard
DHM Pokhara Monthly Average - - - - - - - 26.9 36.16 55.6 96.74 122.
TSPM (µg/m3) 6 6 13
Total days with - - - - - - - 10 29 31 30 31 131
valid data

24
 No of days - - - - - - - 0 0 0 0 0
exceeding National
Standard
Pokhara Monthly Average - - - - - - - 26.0 40.44 64.0 106.3 122.
University TSPM (µg/m3) 3 4 8 26
Total days with - - - - - - - 16 30 31 30 31 138
valid data
No of days - - - - - - - 0 0 0 0 0
exceeding National
Standard
Gandaki Monthly Average - - - - - - - 8.69 12.87 18.1 25.98 32.5
Boarding TSPM (µg/m3) 8 8
Total days with - - - - - - - 8 25 31 30 30 124
valid data
No of days - - - - - - - 0 0 0 0 0
exceeding National
Standard

25
 Chapter III. Conclusion

The annual average PM2.5 value for the stations like Ratnapark and Lumbini are found above
the National Ambient Air Quality Standard. The annual averages of PM2.5 for the stations like
Sauraha, Bhaisepati, Shankapark and Birendra School are also found non-compliance with
respect to national standard. The annual average PM2.5 for the stations in Pokhara is found
compliance with respect to national standard. The number of days exceeding the standard is
found high in Ratnapark and Lumbini along with Bhainsepati, Sankhapark, Birendra School and
Sauraha. The monthly averages PM2.5 value of winter months like December, Janaury, February
and Pre-monsoon months March, April and May are found high in comparison to remaining
summer and autumn months.

The annual average PM10 value for all the monitored stations are found within National
Ambient Air Quality Standard but the Ratnapark and Lumbini stations values are found
relatively high. The number of days exceeding the PM10 standards is found high in Ratnapark
and Lumbini along with Bhainsepati, Sankhapark, Birendra School and Sauraha. The monthly
averages PM10 value of winter months like December, Janaury, February and Pre-monsoon
months March, April and May are found high in comparison to remaining summer and autumn
months.

The annual average TSPM value for Ratnapark is near by the breaching point with respect to the
National Ambient Air Quality Standard. The annual averages of TSPM for the stations like
Bhaisepati, Shankapark and Birendra School are found non-compliance with respect to the
national standard. The annual average TSPM for the stations in Pokhara are found compliance
with respect to national standard. The number of days exceeding the standards is found high in
Ratnapark along with Bhainsepati, Sankhapark and Birendra School. The monthly averages
TSPM value of winter months like December, Janaury, February and Pre-monsoon months
March, April and May are found high in comparision to remaining summer and autumn months.

Air quality status of Kathamandu Valley, Lumbini and Sauraha is a matter of serious concern.
Pokhara Valley is relatively safe in terms of air quality status.

26