UnitI - 1 MQC

UNIT I
SPUR GEAR
COTENTS
 Classification of Gears,
 Spur Gear: Definition, Terminology,
 Fundamental Law of Toothed Gearing,
 Involute and Cycloidal Profile,
 Path of Contact, Arc of Contact,
 Conjugate Action, Contact Ratio,
 Minimum Number of Teeth,
 Interference and Under Cutting,
 Force Analysis and Friction in Gears.
LECTURE 1
GEARS
FUNCTIONS
 Reduce speed
 Increase torque
 Move power from one point to another
 Change direction of power
 Split power
CLASSIFICATION OF GEARS
1. Parallel Axis
i. Spur Gear ii. Helical Gear. iii. Rack iv. Internal Gear
2. Intersecting Axis
i. Bevel Gear ii. Spiral Bevel Gear iii. Miter Gear
3. Non Parallel & Non Intersecting
i. Worm ii. Worm Wheel iii. Screw Gear
Classification of Gears
Bevel Gear
Spur Gear
Spiral Bevel Gear

Helical Gear
Worm Gear
Rack
Screw Gear
Internal Gear
Categories of Gears in accordance
with the orientation of their axis
APPLICATION OF SPUR
GEAR
HELICAL GEAR APPLICATION
DOUBLE HELICAL GEAR USED FOR
REDUCTION GEAR BOX IN CEMENT
MILL
APPLICATION OF RACK GEAR
APPICATION OF BEVEL GEAR
APPLICATION OF SPIRAL
BEVEL GEAR
APPLICATION OF WORM
GEAR
CRANE DRIVE
SPUR GEAR
•Teeth are parallel to the axis of the

gear
•Advantages
Simple in construction
Easy to Manufacture
Highest Efficiency
Excellent Precision rating
Wide Velocity Range
Cost
•Disadvantages
Sudden Loading
High Impact Stresses
Excessive Noise at High Speed
GEAR TERMINOLOGY
Pitch Circle: The circles remain tangent throughout entire
engagement
 Circular Pitch: It is a point on a tooth at the pitch circle to
corresponding point on the next adjacent tooth P=(p*D)/N
 Diametral Pitch, (Pd) – Number of teeth per inch of pitch diameter
 Addendum: The radial distance between the Pitch Circle and the
top of the teeth.
 Dedendum: The radial distance between the bottom of the tooth to
pitch circle.
 Arc of Action: Is the arc of the Pitch Circle between the beginning
and the end of the engagement of a given pair of teeth.
 Arc of Approach: Is the arc of the Pitch Circle between the first
point of contact of the gear teeth and the Pitch Point.
 Arc of Recession: That arc of the Pitch Circle between the Pitch
Point and the last point of contact of the gear teeth.
 Backlash: Play between mating teeth.
 Base Circle: The circle from which is generated the
involute curve upon which the tooth profile is based.
 Center Distance: The distance between centers of two gears.
Circular Thickness: The thickness of the tooth measured along an
arc following the Pitch Circle
Clearance: The distance between the top of a tooth and the bottom
of the space into which it fits on the meshing gear.
Contact Ratio: The ratio of the length of the Arc of Action to the
Circular Pitch.
Face: The working surface of a gear tooth, located between the pitch
diameter and the top of the tooth.
Face Width: The width of the tooth measured parallel to the gear
axis.
Flank: The working surface of a gear tooth, located between the pitch
diameter and the bottom of the teeth
Gear: The larger of two meshed gears. If both gears are the same
size, they are both called "gears".
 Land: The top surface of the tooth.
Module: Millimeter of Pitch Diameter to Teeth.
Line of Action: That line along which the point of contact between
gear teeth travels, between the first point of contact and the last.
Pinion: The smaller of two meshed gears.
Pitch Circle: The circle, the radius of which is equal to the distance
from the center of the gear to the pitch point.
Diametral pitch: Teeth per millimeter of pitch diameter.
Pitch Point: The point of tangency of the pitch circles of two
meshing gears, where the Line of Centers crosses the pitch circles.
Pressure Angle: Angle between the Line of Action and a line
perpendicular to the Line of Centers.
Root Circle: The circle that passes through the bottom of the tooth
spaces.
Working Depth: The depth to which a tooth extends into the space
between teeth on the mating gear.
LECTURE 2
STANDARD MODULES IN mm
FUNDAMENTAL LAW OF TOOTHED
GEARING
ω1 = angular velocity of body (1)
ω2 = angular velocity of body (2)
VA1 = linear velocity of point A1
VA2 = linear velocity of point A2
∴ VA1 = ω1 × O1 A1 and VA2 = ω2× O2 A2
Statement:
The common normal at the point of
contact between a pair of teeth must
always pass through pitch point
(2)
Velocity of Sliding
O2
vs= Velocity of sliding at Q w2
vs  ED  EC  v 2 sin   v1sin 
Wheel
T B
QN MQ
 ( 2 * O 2Q)  (1 * O1Q) N
O 2Q O1Q E
v
  2.QN  1.MQ P
B a C
Pitch
Q v1
  2(QP  PN )  1( MP  QP ) D
Circles
v2
 (1   2)QP   2.PN  1.MP M
1 O 2 P PN
But...,   a T
 2 O1P MP
i.e., 1.MP   2.PN w1 O1 Pinion
vs (ω1  ω2)QP (1)
Velocity of sliding is proportional to distance of point of contact 23to

pitch point
PROFILES SATISFYING LAW
OF GEARS
FORMS FO TEETH
Following are the two types of teeth commonly used

CYCLOIDAL
 INVOLUTE
CONSTRUCTION OF TWO MATING
CYCLOIDAL TOOTH
Cycloidal tooth Form Cycloidal
gear of clock
Advantages of Cycloidal gear
1. Cycloidal gear do not have interference

2. Cycloidal tooth is generally stronger than an involute tooth.
3. Beacause of spreading flanks, they have high strength and
compact drives.
4.Cycloidal teeth have longer life since the contact is mostly
rolling which results in low wear
Disadvantages of Cycloidal gear
1. For a pair of cycloidal gears, there is only one theoretically

correct center distance for which a constant angular velocity
ration is possible
2. Manufacturing is difficult and hence costlier
APPLICATIONS
1. Cycloidal gear are extensively used in watches, clocks shown

in figure and in instruments where strength and interference
are prime considerations.
2. Cast bull gears of paper mill machinery
3. Crusher drives in sugar mill
CONSTRUCTION OF INVOLUTE
TEETH
LECTURE 3
ADVANTAGES OF INVOLUTE
1. Variation of Center distance does not affect the velocity ratio

2. Pressure angle remains constant throughout the engagement
which results in smooth running.
3. Straight teeth of basic rack for involute admit simple tools.
Hence, manufacturing becomes simple and cheap
SYSTEM OF GEAR TEETH
NON STANDARD GEARS
It apply to gears which are modified by

parameters like pressure angle,
addendum and center distance
 Center Distance Modifications
 Clearance Modifications
Increased from 0.25 to 0.3 or 0.4
 Addendum Modifications
PATH OF CONTACT
36
PATH OF CONTACT
LECTURE 4
ARC OF CONTACT
Arc of contact, P′ P P″ = Arc of approach P′P + Arc of recess PP″
Arc of approach, P′P = ω1 r × Time of approach (ta)
Arc of recess, P′P = ω1 r × time of recess (tr)

CONTACT RATIO
LECTURE 5
Minimum Number of Teeth on pinion
to avoid interference
Minimum number of teeth on wheel to
avoid interference
LECTURE 6
Minimum number of teeth on a pinion
for involute rack to avoid Interference
INTERFERENCE UNDERCUTTING IN
GEAR
EFFECT OF PROFILE SHIFTING TO THE
GEAR
1. The pinion becomes thicker at the base and thus stronger

2. The gear tooth correspondingly weakens since full depth of
gear tooth stronger than depth of pinion tooth, thus equilizes
the strengths
3. The unequal addendum tooth forms increase the sliding
velocity at the tooth tip.
4. Consequetively tooth surface streses increases
5. The friction losses in gear mesh also increases at high sliding
velocity
METHODS FOR ELIMINATION OF
INTERFERENCE IN GEAR TOOTH
1. Removing the cross hatched

tooth tips i.e., using stub teeth
2. Increasing the number of teeth
on the mating pinion.
3. Increasing pressure angle
4. Tooth profile modification or
profile shifting
5. Increasing the center distance
as illustrated
FORCE ANALYSIS OF SPUR GEAR
Tangential force:
Radial force: Normal force
 Power Transmitted = Ft X Vp
FRICTION IN GEARS
 For total arc of action the work loss of

friction should be minimum when the
length of path of recess is half of the total
path of contact.
URL
 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gUw8
NxCwSzw
 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/co
mmons/c/c2/Involute_wheel.gif
Thank You

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UNIT I

Spiral Bevel Gear

•Teeth are parallel to the axis of the

Velocity of sliding is proportional to distance of point of contact 23to

Following are the two types of teeth commonly used

1. Cycloidal gear do not have interference

Disadvantages of Cycloidal gear

1. For a pair of cycloidal gears, there is only one theoretically

1. Cycloidal gear are extensively used in watches, clocks shown

1. Variation of Center distance does not affect the velocity ratio

It apply to gears which are modified by

 Center Distance Modifications

Arc of recess, P′P = ω1 r × time of recess (tr)

1. The pinion becomes thicker at the base and thus stronger

1. Removing the cross hatched

Radial force: Normal force

 For total arc of action the work loss of

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