ELECTRICAL

ENGINEERING
PROJECT REPORT
On
“EMERGENCY LIGHT”
Session : 2020-2021
Page No………………….
 ELECTRICAL
ENGINEERING
PROJECT REPORT
On
“EMERGENCY LIGHT”
Session : 2020-2021
Page No………………….

INDEX
SL.NO CONTENTS PAGE NO.
1 Index
2 Preface
3 Certificate
4 Acknowledgement
5 Meaning of Project
6 Project Problems
7 Introduction
8 Fabrication
9 Cricuit Diagrma & Description
10 List of Components
11 Estimating & Costing
12 Market Survey
 ELECTRICAL
ENGINEERING
PROJECT REPORT
On
“EMERGENCY LIGHT”
Session : 2020-2021
Page No………………….
 ELECTRICAL
ENGINEERING
PROJECT REPORT
On
“EMERGENCY LIGHT”
Session : 2020-2021
Page No………………….

PREFACE

Project is that part of study in which we study on a particular in large and wide fields
through concerning means. This project is part of my study and is written on Emergency Light.
In this report I have fixed my best to given the fundamentals and adequate information of
Emergency Light as much as possible.
My Knowledge about wring has been inserted in this report. This is for. Every topic on this
report is explained with the required figure. The brief details of component used in Emergency
Light with the required specification are also given. This working of Emergency Light is
explained clearly with the circuit diagram.
 ELECTRICAL
ENGINEERING
PROJECT REPORT
On
“EMERGENCY LIGHT”
Session : 2020-2021
Page No………………….
 ELECTRICAL
ENGINEERING
PROJECT REPORT
On
“EMERGENCY LIGHT”
Session : 2020-2021
Page No………………….

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the students MANISHA, MANSI RAWAT, MANSI SINGH,
LAVIKA NEGI, KULDEEP SINGH, MAYANK DOBRIYAL, NADIR ALI, LOVE
KUMAR, NAVNEET CHAUDHARY, from GOVT. POLYTECHNIC, NARENDRA
NAGAR, TEHRI GARHWAL (U.K) has completed report on entitled
“EMERGENCY LIGHT” in a under the guidance of Mr. BRIJESH PANDEY
(Faculty of Electrical dept.).

Mr. Yashveer Singh

(HOD of Electrical dept.)
 ELECTRICAL
ENGINEERING
PROJECT REPORT
On
“EMERGENCY LIGHT”
Session : 2020-2021
Page No………………….
 ELECTRICAL
ENGINEERING
PROJECT REPORT
On
“EMERGENCY LIGHT”
Session : 2020-2021
Page No………………….

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I am very much glad that my has been successfully completed. I have made much effort to
present adequate information on the topic given in project problem.
I welcome this opportunity to express my deep gratitude to Mr. BRIJESH PANDEY,
project incharge & lecturer in Electrical Department in my institute for suggesting the problem
with keen interests.
I also express my deep gratitude and indebtedness to Mr. YASHVEER SINGH Head of
Electrical Department in my institute.
Since thanks to dearest and best friends, providing facilities necessary for completing this
project and gave full cooperation.
Lastly I fell my duty to express my special gratitude to all my family members.
 ELECTRICAL
ENGINEERING
PROJECT REPORT
On
“EMERGENCY LIGHT”
Session : 2020-2021
Page No………………….

MEANING
OF
PROJECT
 ELECTRICAL
ENGINEERING
PROJECT REPORT
On
“EMERGENCY LIGHT”
Session : 2020-2021
Page No………………….

MEANING OF PROJECT
The word “PROJECT” has a grate significance for in the technical education. It is essentially
required for engineering and technical person to work under detailed plan & scheme in order to
given practical from to a project and to work an it freely there are seven letter in the work
“PROJECT” each letter of project are having there separate individual meaning which are
follows:
The letter P signifies to the “PLANNING” before starting any work we
P must have an idean and a plan about in planning details in motivator and
proper arrangement of and suggestion respectively in accordance with the
need.
It is associated with the word “RESOURCES’ which guides to promote
R planning.

The third letter “O” represent “OPERATION” the procedure and sequence
O required are known as operation.

This letter tender for “JOINT EFFECT” that is the project in which is J
J undertaken should be complete be the effect of the concerned.

The letter “E” is used as a symbol “ENGG.” Function a well educated

E engineer can do his best in a better way to find out better. Hence the
project is and engineering function.
The letter “C” stands for “CONSTRUCTION” which is most common and
C essential from of work.

This last letter of project is stands for the word “TECHNIQUE” It is not
T possible to complete project without techniques.
 ELECTRICAL
ENGINEERING
PROJECT REPORT
On
“EMERGENCY LIGHT”
Session : 2020-2021
Page No………………….
 ELECTRICAL
ENGINEERING
PROJECT REPORT
On
“EMERGENCY LIGHT”
Session : 2020-2021
Page No………………….

PROJECT PROBLEMS

Project Problems :- I
There are many project considered by the Board of Technical Education Uttarakhand and
we selected the Emergency Light for Individual Project in the Session 2020-21.
 ELECTRICAL
ENGINEERING
PROJECT REPORT
On
“EMERGENCY LIGHT”
Session : 2020-2021
Page No………………….
 ELECTRICAL
ENGINEERING
PROJECT REPORT
On
“EMERGENCY LIGHT”
Session : 2020-2021
Page No………………….

INTRODUCATION
Although for all electronic instrument DC supply is regard but if we used rectified AC
means DC Supply than its move either & also how a days maximum home appliance &
insulated appliance are one of 1-phase or 3-phase AC supply by connecting is into AC supply.
This purpose electronic circuit. Such types of Circuit are called inverters emergency light
Circuit. Emergency Light or Inverters is such type of power Conversion device. Convert DC
power in to the AC power.
Now a day in different electronic circuit & equipment where we want different voltage
loads there we used Emergency Light & inverter for light have a load on the bones of
requirement technically emergency light Inverters a power oscillates. Normally all type
emergency light consist a primary and one or more secondary winding which are made for
different 0/p voltage according our requirement.
The primary of transformer is connected with the series switch (S). When the switch is on
& off alternately with the constant speed then a square wave special voltage gets on the ends of
primary winding. When switch is in ON position the full supply (V) will appear on the primary
side of transformer and due to of primary winding the wave continuously increased which is
shown in figure. As a result magnetic flux side consist voltage of in secondary winding. When
switch (S) in OFF position, stored energy get lost primary winding. Priority a transistor is used
in plug of which due to low working capacity such type of emergency light are not more useful.
Emergency light is mostly used equipment on such type of emergency light transformer is center
taped of voltage is supplied to both.
Type earth of primary winding by a simple due supply source these switch get ON &
OFF alternately one by one. So the both part of primary winding get supply alternately.
 ELECTRICAL
ENGINEERING
PROJECT REPORT
On
“EMERGENCY LIGHT”
Session : 2020-2021
Page No………………….
 ELECTRICAL
ENGINEERING
PROJECT REPORT
On
“EMERGENCY LIGHT”
Session : 2020-2021
Page No………………….

FABRICATION
The fabrication of any electronic device PCB with all precaution and good techniques are
employed because the performance and life of the project and upon its fabrication techniques.
The electronics emergency light or invertors has been fabricated on the PCB attach with base
panel.
The main step in fabrication of Project is the preparation of PCB. It is done as describe
previous of PCB design.
FABRICATION IS DONE IN THE FOLLOWING STEP.
1) Initial Preparation of PCB.
2) Soldering of component of PCB.
3) Final testing of project.
4) Extra facilities etc..
 ELECTRICAL
ENGINEERING
PROJECT REPORT
On
“EMERGENCY LIGHT”
Session : 2020-2021
Page No………………….
 ELECTRICAL
ENGINEERING
PROJECT REPORT
On
“EMERGENCY LIGHT”
Session : 2020-2021
Page No………………….

CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION

Charger circuit is made up of one simple supply which made up 12.0.12 step down
transformer and full wave rectifier. Only transistor and full wave 2N 3055 is used inverter
circuit. Invertors theory is special in it because inside. It is made of 3 wiring in primary which
we can take a high voltage and put from secondary from it how tube light can be lighted.
Automatic circuit work in it to switch OFF the take when supply in ON when main
supply comes the diode. Which is connected to the fuse of transformer transistor 2N3055 which
is kept as reverse polarity make transistor base earthed by which oscillation stopped and there is
no frequency created in output field and not voltage when there is no supply. Transistor based
get voltage be which is started oscillation at the light voltage at the secondary of the transformer
is generated, which glows tube light.

FAULT FINDING :
Battery will not be charge when charging transformer TXEH is open in diode DIC
(N5402) or (1N5402) will be open than output current will be hold & battery will not properly
charge. Battery will not be charged if diode B3 (1N5402) is open. If resistance R2 (220 e, ½ w)
R1 (4 kg) is open inverter circuit will not work is out of mode. Inverter Circuit will not work if
power transistor L1 (2N3055) resistance R3 (220 e, 1/2 w) of inverter transformer is open.
 ELECTRICAL
ENGINEERING
PROJECT REPORT
On
“EMERGENCY LIGHT”
Session : 2020-2021
Page No………………….

DETAILS OF INVERTER TRANSFORMER

1- Type : Ferrite type CRGO metal A about E

& E stamping.
2- Stock : Cm approximately
3- No. of Primary winding L : 2 No. base winding bite B2 & C1 To
C2
4- No. of Secondary winding HT : 3 No., L1 to L2, P1 to P2 & T1 to T2
5- No. of turn in primary winding B1 to B2 : 12 turns
6- Gauge of Primary winding wire : 23 SWG
7- No. of turns in Primary winding wire : 6 Turns
8- Gauge of Secondary winding wire : 32 SWG
9- No of turns in secondary high voltage winding : 7 turns
10-Gauge of Secondary wire : 30 SWG
11-No. of turns in secondary high voltage(P1 to P2): 160 turns
12-Gauge of Secondary high voltage winding wire : 30 SWG
P1 to P2
13-No of turns in secondary high voltage winding : 4 turns
Wire T1 to T2
14-Gauge of secondary high voltage winding wire : 30 SWG
T1 to T2
15-Insulation : 1 Lead Rise, 2- Batteries
16-Metal of winding wire : Copper
17-No. of Stamping : Nos.
 ELECTRICAL
ENGINEERING
PROJECT REPORT
On
“EMERGENCY LIGHT”
Session : 2020-2021
Page No………………….

18-No. of Bobbin. : No. 12 Cm.

RESISTORS

The flow of charge current through any materials encounters on opposing force similar in
many respect mechanical friction. This opposing force is called the resistance of materials; the
device of component to do this is called resistors.

TYPE OF RESISTOR :
1- FIXED RESISTOR :
These are of two type, carbon film wire wound vitreous enamel type ceramic type .
2- VARIABLE RESISTOR :
These are of two type
a- Linear
b- Non-linear
3- SEMI VARIABLE RESISTOR:
In the project we have only carbon film & Variable resistor.
CARBON FILM RESISTOR:
In this resistor resistance material is of carbon clay composition. The leads are made of
tinned copper. These types of resistor are variable in the market regarding some few Ohms to
22MW
 ELECTRICAL
ENGINEERING
PROJECT REPORT
On
“EMERGENCY LIGHT”
Session : 2020-2021
Page No………………….

COLOUR CODING

Colour 1st Digit IInd Digit IIIrd Digit Tolerance

Black 0 0 10
Brown 1 1 101
Red 2 2 102
Orange 3 3 103
Yellow 4 4 104
Green 5 5 105
Blue 6 6 106
Violet 7 7 107
Grey 8 8 108
White 9 9 109
Gold + -5%
Silver + -10%
No Colour + -20%

CAPACITOR

A capacitor is basically meant of stock electron or electrical energy and release then when
ever desired a capacitor offere low impedance to AC but very high impedance to DC. So
Capacitor are used when we want to couple alternating voltage from one Ckt to another while at
the same time blocking the DC voltage from beaching the next ckt it is also used as a by pass
capacitors. Capacitors from a tuned ckt in series or parallel with an inductor.
A capacitor consist of two conducting plates separated by on insulating material known as
dielectric since the two plates of a capacitors can be of many different conducts materials and
the dielectric may be many, different insulating materials. Capacitance is measured in farads (F).
 ELECTRICAL
ENGINEERING
PROJECT REPORT
On
“EMERGENCY LIGHT”
Session : 2020-2021
Page No………………….

CAPACITOR ARE OF TWO TYPES :

1) Fixed Capacitor.
2) Variable Capacitor.

FIXED CAPACITOR :

There are of three typr.

a) Mica Capacitor.
b) Ceramic Capacitor.
c) Paper Capacitor.

CERAMIC CAPACITOR:
Ceramic capacitorare made in many shape & Size. A ceramic dies is cotted on two size
with metal such as copper or silver. These earring outs as two plate during the manufacture of
the capacitor timed wire loads are also attached to each plate. Ceramic capacitors are very
variable. There working voltage range from 3V to 6000V, the capacitor range from 8 PF to
Bubber 2M.
 ELECTRICAL
ENGINEERING
PROJECT REPORT
On
“EMERGENCY LIGHT”
Session : 2020-2021
Page No………………….

ELECTROLYTIC CAPACITOR :
Electrolytic capacitors are extremely varied in their characteristic the capacitance value
may range from 1μF. The voltage rating may range from 1V to 500V or more.

The electrolytic capacitor consist of an aluminum foil electrode which has an aluminum
oxide film covering on one side the aluminum plate serves as the positive plate and the oxide as
the dielectric. The oxide is an contact with a paper or gauge saturated with an electrolytic the
form the second plate of capacitor. Another layer of aluminum without the oxide coating is also
providing for making electrical contact between one to the terminals and the electrolyte. In most
cases the ─ye plate is correctly connected to the constainer of the Capacitor.
 ELECTRICAL
ENGINEERING
PROJECT REPORT
On
“EMERGENCY LIGHT”
Session : 2020-2021
Page No………………….

DIODE
A PN Junction is known as diode, which is an uni directional device. The Important
characteristic of semi-conductor for diode are –

1) Maximum forward current.

2) Ply rating
3) Forward & Reverse AC resistance.
4) Junction Capacitance.
5) Behavior of break down region.

One of more these character is may be of time importance upon the intended appliance of the
diode. The main types of diode use in electronic circuit are

1) Signal Diode.
2) Power Diode.
3) Zener Diode.
4) Varactor Diode.
5) High Emmiting Diode.
 ELECTRICAL
ENGINEERING
PROJECT REPORT
On
“EMERGENCY LIGHT”
Session : 2020-2021
Page No………………….

PRESET
This is a variable resistor. It has three terminal & fixed while the middle terminal is
movable, a continuous resistance material. These resistances have a carbon file element. The
relative contacts move this carbon file element measuring the resistance.
PRINTED CIRCUIT BOARD
For the simplicity of fabrication stability of circuit and lower cost the P.C.B. are used. A
printed circuit board properly known as P.C.B. It is a place of plastic insulating board on side of
which a complete by out diagram of an electronic circuit consisting of copper of silver
conducting paths is printed by special photo crogravasing process on the other side of P.C.B.
electronic components like resistance, capacitors. Coils transistor diode ICs and transistor cap
suitable holes are punch in the P.C.B. for mounting the components which are connected in the
conducting path by sold ring’s.
The plastic board is made of translucent materials and wills bright light on one side. The Ckt on
the opposite side can be easily traced. P.C.B. are extensively used for the assembling electronic
circuit particularly these using semi conductor device like ICs and transistor use of P.C.B. be
make the circuit assembly more compact uniform and stable then one using band writing P.C.B.
assembly also tends it self efficiently to mass production method.

TYPES OF P.C.B.
1) Single side P.C.B.
2) Double side P.C.B.
 ELECTRICAL
ENGINEERING
PROJECT REPORT
On
“EMERGENCY LIGHT”
Session : 2020-2021
Page No………………….

SINGLE SIDE P.C.B.

Single side conductor pattern in there is one side of the board and component are moved on
the opposite side component lead and connection are passed through suitable placed holes are
soldered with the conductors pattern.

DOUBLE SIDE P.C.B.

When more component is required than both side of insulated material is printed with
printing witting pattern in multilayer P.C.B. the technique layer of printing is used.

P.C.B. DESIGNING :
For designing the P.C.B. first of all select a P.C.B. of the required size neutrally we
required a copper clad steel sheet one side is copper coated & the other one is semi conductor or
it is also designed so as to reset in the formation fo the P.C.B.. For this purpose a good quality
VEETO INK is required to trase the path are marked by this ink on the copper clad sheet.
But before making of the ink on the sheet they should be made on a racing paper of the same
size at that CCS by purring the tracing paper on the sheet make the same circuit on it.
After the printing process the sheet is kept. Today when the ink completely dries up the
copper clad sheet is drriped in the solution of ferric chloride for about half an hour the copper
with the VEETO INK in insent to the soldering of copper the ink remain uninfected. When on
the copper has removed the’ k is washed out with the help of water and the copper conducting
part is left in fame of conducting tracks. The VEETO INK should be of good quality, otherwise
to may remove by the attach of ferric chloride and the copper beneath it’ would be also removed
 ELECTRICAL
ENGINEERING
PROJECT REPORT
On
“EMERGENCY LIGHT”
Session : 2020-2021
Page No………………….

resulting is an interrupted conducting track and hence the circuit would not work. A copper
clean sheet is thus converted into a P.C.B.
P.C.B. ETCHING
Generally these fluid are there for the purpose of etching. They are of ferric chloride
aluminum per sulphate and Ceramic acid. Etching can be done by simple impressing the P.C.B.
in the fluid and everything it in the fluid.
Etching has to be controlled with great care to assure that all the unwashed copper has been
removed from the suitable temperature. The temperature should be about 300 degree Celsius and
generally for last lock.

SOLDERING

Soldering is the name given to fusible to unit metal parts in telecommunication work. The
solder used in the practical works always of tin and lead to unit two metal pieces with the help
of the solder. The process is known as soldering. To unit the two metal pieces must have a lower
meting point to be solder then the metal shaft solder metal at lower temperature compared with
the hard solder which melts at red heat shaft solder consist of tin and lead. The melting points
elements upon according to the tin contents these may be classified as –
a) Plumber solder
b) Tin Solder
‘SELECTION OF PROPER SOLDERING IRON’
 ELECTRICAL
ENGINEERING
PROJECT REPORT
On
“EMERGENCY LIGHT”
Session : 2020-2021
Page No………………….

It is primary importance ot select proper sold iron each job as we know that metal is very
good conductor of heat. Therefore when soldering iron on a metal carries of heavy iron with a
minimum raising of 100W so must be used to 10FF set the letting dispatch on the other hand
exactly hand providing by such large. Eon could damage a P.C.B. for their purpose a low
voltage iron with raising approximately 30W should be used. A norrow fitted pensile iron for
our purpose usually after various shaped tipped to make the job of unsolding & snap component
little bit current.
SELECTION OF SOLDER :
For making a good soldering, select a proper solder. We must first learn that what it is the
purpose to do soldering. It is feasible low melting temperature metal costing fabrically of tean
lead with varing amount of other metal such as anything and cadmium to give along virus
physically purpose. In the process of joining of two metal of together the solderk detach a small
amount of surface of each at temperature below there missing point. The action of a mealting
solder on metal like is similar to the action of water on salt generally the composition used for
the solder is 60% tin and 40% lead.
SOLDERING FLUX:
Just than per solder can not create a good soldering joint. The application or proper flux is a
necessary link in the soldering chain. Thin metal use commonly e in electric are usually covered
with a fine non metallic film coated oxide. The major function of flux is to duet with the metal
such a point swallowed as other rain from the surface of the metal chemical or mechanical
means should be used this type pf material before being to be solder.
 ELECTRICAL
ENGINEERING
PROJECT REPORT
On
“EMERGENCY LIGHT”
Session : 2020-2021
Page No………………….

SOLDERING TECHNIQUE:
By following simple rules we can make a good connection of soldering-
1) Proper iron solder should be selected for a special job. A Side tipped height voltage iron
is necessary than soldering on a metal cherish body. For P.C..B. repair a low voltage
iron should be recommended tip of which should be narrow may become oxidized.
2) Oxidation can be prevented by racking the tip clean & tinned at all times.
3) When all iron is tinned the tip should be tipped tine more any exclusive metal solder. A
rey should never be used to write the trip because it may leaved small deposited of
carbon is instated a most sponge of chemically tipped cleaner.
4) They should be soldered & cleaned at all time. It may look clean but a thin oxide film
map be present & prevent proper soldering. Before soldering only a greasy deposited of
small bit of large material should be clean that may be embedded on the surface fuse
solder. A wire brush should be used for this purpose.
5) The floor base of a well seated iron should be applied again the surface to be sold or this
should be heated to high temperature enough to melt such.
6) When that surface is sufficiently heated the solder is applied to the deposited & hot to
the iron solder. This solder be allowed to must & flow freely towards the iron.
7) The solder should be removed first & when the iron no junction should be distributed
move any person it until the solder become solid any fluxing before that may be
weakness or treatment joint they should be checked around the junction box & junction
for any access solder or tiny blade which can be course short. The access of solder
should be removed and clear with solvent.
 ELECTRICAL
ENGINEERING
PROJECT REPORT
On
“EMERGENCY LIGHT”
Session : 2020-2021
Page No………………….

REPAIRING
Repair job on PCB include replace of defeating component rectifing of loss joint on crack
or break in the printing conductor. Defeating component like resistor and capacitor can be easily
replacement by cutting the leads near. The ends of component should be slowly pulled out of the
mounting hole by desolding the solder in the hole is mapped in the lead or replace loose
soldering joint in the PCB can be refixed by carefully reheating the joint in PCB can be refixed
joint with outside attached solder. Thin track in PCB can be easily repaired by filling it without
soldering a place of wire over the track however when a largest section of the PCB wiring
damaged.

RESISTANCE TESTING
Resistance can be test with the help of both digital & analog multimeter. To test it with the
help of DMM and through firmly the head of mm at the leg of resistance. If buzzer make the
sound it means resistance set multimeter at voltage range and connect to leads with the value
reached by colour coblet means resistance is correct.

CAPACITOR TESTING
In order to the test the capacitor with the help of analog multimeter touch the leads of
analog to the legs of capacitor. It shows the shining and then discharge in path condition by
 ELECTRICAL
ENGINEERING
PROJECT REPORT
On
“EMERGENCY LIGHT”
Session : 2020-2021
Page No………………….

charged the connection. Then the main capacitor is correct, if multimeter shows infinite value it
means capacitor is shorted and if give zero value means it is open circuited.
 ELECTRICAL
ENGINEERING
PROJECT REPORT
On
“EMERGENCY LIGHT”
Session : 2020-2021
Page No………………….

PRESET TESTING

It has three terminals; outer ones are fixed where as inner one is variable fixed terminal
with help of screw driver. It shows maximum resistance point. The value of resistance will be
find increasing order & vice versa.
 ELECTRICAL
ENGINEERING
PROJECT REPORT
On
“EMERGENCY LIGHT”
Session : 2020-2021
Page No………………….

TRANSFORMER TESTING
Transformer Can be checked by following tested.
1) Continuity Testing.
2) Lamp Testing.

CONTINUITY TESTING
If we are testing the continuity of transformer, primary & Secondary lead which are
coming out from the transformer are checked for their continuity by measuring the resistance
across them with the help of multimeter, the resistance asked by them depend upon the number
of turn of their winding. But this test has a terminal if any of the winding is shorted, it does not.
LAMP TESTING
To over come the remedy of the above discharge testing we employed lamp testing be
connected the lamp across the outer terminal of the transformer. We measured the light in
testing across it. If the winding is shorted some where than the move current flow through coil
of secondary. The transformer due to which more voltage drop internally.
TRANSFORMER TESTING.
Since a transformer consist of two PN junction and junction show low resistance. A
multimeter put in Ohm range may be used to check its resistance. Emeter base and Selector
leads of a transistor may be indirect fled and resistance measured for EB & CB It is seen that
with base connected to negative of the battery resistance is low put when positive lead is cannot
to the base resistance become high. Thus base is of AN material and collector of P material.
 ELECTRICAL
ENGINEERING
PROJECT REPORT
On
“EMERGENCY LIGHT”
Session : 2020-2021
Page No………………….

Reading of Opposite type would indicator a base of P type to collector of N type basely a
resistance check is make between collector and emter. It should show a high resistance.

FINAL TESTING OF THE PROJECT

There are may steps for this testing work.

1) First of all we cheek the wiring according to the wirring diagram.

2) Now we connected the emergency light input to auto transformer output.
3) Now switch on the main supply of auto transformer and adjust the 110V
4) At 170V, we adjust the emergency light output to 230V to 270V with help of rotary
switch DPSTS.
5) Now they adjust the emergency light are present of 170V and cut the output of
emergency light.
 ELECTRICAL
ENGINEERING
PROJECT REPORT
On
“EMERGENCY LIGHT”
Session : 2020-2021
Page No………………….

BATTERY
INTRODUCTION
Storage battery is group of secondary cell. When we want large current than connected the
cell is parallel. Its capacity same of total capacity of all cell but batteries voltage will same of a
cell voltage. When we required large voltage with the respect of cells voltage than we can not
use the cell in series.

TYPE OF BATTERY
There are two type of batteries one is Lead Acid Battery and Second is Alkaline Storage
Battery of the base of electrolytic & Pulse.

MAIN PART OF LEADF ACID BATTERY.

CONTAINERS
The container of lead acid cell are made of glass, lead, lined wood elastic, hard rubber of
bituminous plastic and are sealed at the top with hole. One each end for the ports the holes
ascape out to avoid spilling of electrolyte. At the bottom of the container there are 4 ribseriment
on two of them rest the positive plate and on the other two the negative Plate, these primes
secures as support for the plate and at the some time protect them for the short circuit that would
otherwise accure as result of frill of the active material from the plate on to me bottom of the
container.
 ELECTRICAL
ENGINEERING
PROJECT REPORT
On
“EMERGENCY LIGHT”
Session : 2020-2021
Page No………………….

SEPERATORS :
The Separators which are thin sneaks of non conductive previous material made of
chemically treated wood previous rubber of must of glass. Fabric is placed between the positive
& negative plates to insulate them iron each other. Separator ground vertically on one side and
smooth on the other side. The ground side is aced faring the positive plate to provided growled
acid volume next to the face for improved efficiency to acid circuit with in the cell & to
minimize. The rntact with positive plate which has a highly oxidizing effect on wood separators.

ELECTROLYTE :
The electrolyte of a filly charged battery contain about 31% sulphate acid by weight or
about 21% by volume for specify gravity of 1.23 at 700 degree celcious. This recommended
value for the tropical climate slightly higher values n be used in when if desired.

BATTERY TERMINALS:
A battery has two terminals, positive & negative. This positive terminal with a diameter of
17.5 mm at the help is light larger than the negative terminal which is 16.0 mm in dia.

CHARGING OF BATTERY:
The battery is prepared for charging as follows. The batteries are wipped the terminals port
& cable connectors are cleaned of oxide & they play in the cell covered and removed any
 ELECTRICAL
ENGINEERING
PROJECT REPORT
On
“EMERGENCY LIGHT”
Session : 2020-2021
Page No………………….

productivity load provide for the terminal and cover (if any) are removed. The level of the
electrolyte in the cell is checked and if necessary the cell is topped with distilled water. The
ceilling where are removed from under the plug and the vent tube are removed from the vent
hole.

The vent holes are cleared. The batteries are placed on the charging the reach and
connected in series or in paralleled as per requirement. For initial charging the new battery is
filled with distilled water. It is kept for two & three hour so that plates are socket in water. Than
water is removed & the battery is filled with electric made up according to the given domestic
condition. It is kept for 24 hours. Now the battery is charge at a low raises II3 of the charging
rate. The battery is charged 20% more than the rate ampere hour capacity of the battery.
Then the battery is discharge at higher rate i.e. 2 to 3 times the rated charging rate. The battery is
charged at normally rate, i.e. from 2 to 3 to 10 a depending upon the capacity of the battery &
also the time in which the battery is to be charged.

CHARGING METHOD:
1) Normal Voltage DC Supply Method.
2) A low voltage motor & generator set.
3) A rectifier unit Method.

NORMAL VOLTAGE DC SUPPLY METHOD:

 ELECTRICAL
ENGINEERING
PROJECT REPORT
On
“EMERGENCY LIGHT”
Session : 2020-2021
Page No………………….

An arrangement for charging the secondary the battery from DC supply main at normal voltage
the cell to be charged connected is series or in parallel or in series parallel according to the
requirement but in series.
LOW VOLTAGE MOTOR & GENERATOR METHOD:
When available power supply is AC, low voltage DC connected acquires to AC motor may be
used as a source of power for charging current can curily be cancelled simple the generator
voltage by means of field regulator.

RECTIFIER MOTHOD:
When available power supply is AC this method is usually employed. In this method first the
AC is stepped down by mean of a transformer & then rectifier by metal rectifier such as caption
outside or selenium etc. arranged in the fame of bridge. The unit is usually provided with
tapping point in order to give different of voltage easy 6V, 12V, 18V etc This is most
economically & simple method of charging battery according to the method of regulating
charging batteries has current the charging method are-
1) Constant Voltage Charging.
2) Constant Current Charging.

PRECAUTION DURING CHARGING:

1) During the charging period the temperature of the electrolyte should not exit beyond 38
to 43 degree celcious because of the charger of plate of the battery. These are carethuly
washed & if the charging discontinued until the battery cool down.
 ELECTRICAL
ENGINEERING
PROJECT REPORT
On
“EMERGENCY LIGHT”
Session : 2020-2021
Page No………………….

2) While the charging is in progress kept operating continuously. This period of the
dangerous oxygen & the form in the battery room should be is specially important during
the last hydrogen gas convolved by the battery during charging.
3) The gages hydrogen & oxygen involving from the battery under charge can emplode it
spark or flame is brought to never. No metal tool should be used on batteries with out
switching of the battery charge.

CHEMICAL ACTION AT THE CHARGING TIME DISCHARGE:

When the cell is fully charged anode is of lead pro-oxide(PbO 2) & cathode is of lead (Pb). When
the electrode are connected flow in direction opposite to that during charging now sulphuric acid
molecular again browl up into (2H+)&(SO4) jones. Each hydrogen jones now move to the anode
& reach the de received one electrons from the cathode through external circuit & since it is
directly in contact with anode of Pb02 as it attacked it & from lead sulphate (Pb0 4) tin colour &
water according to chemical equation.

CHEMICAL ACTION DURING RECHARGING

When the cell gets charge as explained about both of the electron are converted into lead
sulphate ((PbSO4) whistist in colour on recharging of the cell the anode and cathode are
connected to the positive and negative terminal of the DC supply main respectively. The
molecular of sulphuric acid (H 2SO4) in solution again breakup into (2H +) being positively
charged move to the cathode received two electron from their (Coming from anode through
 ELECTRICAL
ENGINEERING
PROJECT REPORT
On
“EMERGENCY LIGHT”
Session : 2020-2021
Page No………………….

external ckt) from hydrogen atom and react with lead sulphate cathode forming lead and
sulphuric acid according to chemical equation.

PbSO4+2H..........................................................H2SO4 +Pb
(SO4)2 ions move to the anode given up is to additional electrons (moving to the electrode)
become radical (SO4)2 react with lead sulphate anode and from lead peroxide (PbO2) and
sulphuric acid according to chemical equation.

PbSO4+2H..........................................................H2SO4+Pb
PbSO4+2H2O+SO4 ............................................PbO2+2H2SO4

HENCE DURING RECHARGING:

1) Lead sulphate anode gets converted into per oxide colour.
2) Lead Sulphate cathode gets converted into lead, grey in colour.
3) Terminal potential of the cell increase.
4) Density of the electrolyte (H2SO4) increase r(due from action of H2SO4) j during
chemical.
5) Electrically energy received from the external source in stored in the fame of chemical
energy. The charging & discharging of cell can be respectively represented by a single
reversible equation given below.

PbO2 + 2H2SO4 +Pb............................................PbSO4 +2H2O + PbSO4

 ELECTRICAL
ENGINEERING
PROJECT REPORT
On
“EMERGENCY LIGHT”
Session : 2020-2021
Page No………………….

The equation should be read from left to right for discharge & from right to left for
charge.
PbO2 + 2H .......................................................H2O + PbO
PbO + H2SO4 .....................................................PbSO4 + H2O
PbO + H2SO4 + 2H ...........................................PbSO4 + 2H2O
Each sulphate ion SO4 moves toward the cathode & reaching their gives up two electrons
(Moving to the anode through external circuit) become radical 504-2 attacks the metallic lead
cathode & from lead sulphate wrist in colour according to the chemical equation.

THUS DURING DISCHARGE

1) Both the electodes are connected into lead sulphate
2) Terminal potential of the cell fault.
3) Density of the electrolyte decrease due to formation chemical action.
4) Chemical energy in converted into electrical energy & is supplied to an current circuit.
 ELECTRICAL
ENGINEERING
PROJECT REPORT
On
“EMERGENCY LIGHT”
Session : 2020-2021
Page No………………….
 ELECTRICAL
ENGINEERING
PROJECT REPORT
On
“EMERGENCY LIGHT”
Session : 2020-2021
Page No………………….

TESTING RESULT

Manufactured the “Emergency Light” and also naveted a various position of Circuit &
Found correct.
All component accessories are used in the “Emergency Light” are in good position.
 ELECTRICAL
ENGINEERING
PROJECT REPORT
On
“EMERGENCY LIGHT”
Session : 2020-2021
Page No………………….
 ELECTRICAL
ENGINEERING
PROJECT REPORT
On
“EMERGENCY LIGHT”
Session : 2020-2021
Page No………………….

MARKET SURVEY

Market Survey is essential for selling our manufacturing project. Market survey
means collection analyzing recording and reporting all the fact relating t cale of good and
service from production to the consumption. When we want to establish a factory a
particular material of instrument in necessary to do market survey and so we can study
about marketing condition. Now a day when there is most competition between products
sonar’s and we are required to establish a ‘Factor’ so it is necessary to manufacture an
higher quality product and to run smoothly in factory. It is necessary to deal with
consumption point. Some we are required to produce of our project are following :
1) Emergency Light is cheaper then the other Emergency Light in Market.

2) All joint are tight and less losable.

3) Cabinet is storage and a good out took in problem of our project. We consulted

with many dealers and electronic seller and discussed about our effort, and as
result we find to prepare a good market and potential. We will establish factor in
place Nathuwala.
Nathuwala is situated at 10km far from Dehradun and it is an advancing town and so
consult with a land owner and they are agree with this and are suitable expensive
according to our status and so we consult about selling of our project with the purpose of
market survey & they gives many dealers orders.
 ELECTRICAL
ENGINEERING
PROJECT REPORT
On
“EMERGENCY LIGHT”
Session : 2020-2021
Page No………………….
 ELECTRICAL
ENGINEERING
PROJECT REPORT
On
“EMERGENCY LIGHT”
Session : 2020-2021
Page No………………….
 ELECTRICAL
ENGINEERING
PROJECT REPORT
On
“EMERGENCY LIGHT”
Session : 2020-2021
Page No………………….
 ELECTRICAL
ENGINEERING
PROJECT REPORT
On
“EMERGENCY LIGHT”
Session : 2020-2021
Page No………………….

COMPONENT LIST

The component used in our project “EMERGENCY LIGHT” are is follows:-

CHARGING TRANSFORMER
 Core type double layer type B, B stamping.
 Input voltage 230V
 Input Current 5A
 Output current 2A
TRANSISTOR
 Type: NPN Transistor 2N (3055).
(1) Self Oscillator
(2) Auto off Transistor

DIODE
 Type: Elctronic PN Junction Type.
 Purpose: rectification of AC Voltage in DC Voltage.
 No.: TN 5402.
BATTERY
 Type: Lead and Battery.
 Purpose: DC source.
 Rated voltage : 12V
 Rated Current : 0.1A
 ELECTRICAL
ENGINEERING
PROJECT REPORT
On
“EMERGENCY LIGHT”
Session : 2020-2021
Page No………………….

LOAD
 Type: Fluorescent type.
 Rated voltage : 230V
 Rated watt.: 40W
RESISTANCE
 Type: Thin high resistance conductor type.
 Purpose : For pass proper base current.
 Voltage Ş 4K 70hm, 220EŞ ½ Ohm.
CAPACITOR
 Type: electrolytic type
 Purpose : filler capacitor
 Voltage : 12V
 Capacitor : 1000MF
CAPACITOR
 Type : Ceramic type
 Purpose :Fee
 Purpose : Filler Capacitor.
 ELECTRICAL
ENGINEERING
PROJECT REPORT
On
“EMERGENCY LIGHT”
Session : 2020-2021
Page No………………….