A

Micro Project Report

on
“Alternators”

Submitted by
Gowardhane Pawan Dhulaji: 1911670424
Gadakh Aditya Laxmikant: 1911670425
Dhake Lokesh Anil: 1911670426

Under the Guidance of

Prof. S.A.Shastri
In the partial fulfilment of Fifth Semester of
Diploma in Electrical Engineering

Department of Electrical Engineering

Sandip Polytechnic
Mahiravani, Nashik - 422213
Affiliated to

Maharashtra State
Board of Technical Education, Mumbai
Academic Year 2021-22

Maharashtra State
Board of Technical Education
 Certificate

This is to certify that Gowardhane Pawan Dhulaji (10),Gadakh Aditya

Laxmikant (11), Dhake Lokesh Anil (12) of Fifth Semester of Diploma in
Electrical Engineering of Institute Sandip Polytechnic, Nashik (1167) have
completed the Micro Project satisfactorily in the subject “Industrial AC
Machines ”(22523)for the academic year 2021-22as prescribed in the
curriculum.

Enrollment No Student 1: 1911670424 Exam Seat No 1:

Enrollment No Student 2: 1911670425 Exam Seat No 2:
Enrollment No Student 3: 1911670426 Exam Seat No 3:

Place: Nashik Date:

Subject Teacher Head of the Department Principal

Seal
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We express our deep sense of gratitude to our subject teacher prof. S.A.Shastri
for their valuable guidance, support and encouragement in completing our micro
project.
We would like to extend our gratitude to the head of the department of
Electrical Engineering prof.S.A.Shastri for permitting us to utilize all the necessary
facilities of the department.
We are also thankful to all the faculties and staff members of our department
for their kind co-operation and help.
Lastly we would like to express our deep appreciation towards our classmates
and our indebtedness to our parents for providing us the moral support and
encouragement.

Gowardhane Pawan Dhulaji (10) Enrollment No 1: 1911670424

Gadakh Aditya Laxmikant (11) Enrollment No 2: 1911670425
Dhake Lokesh Anil (12) Enrollment No 3: 1911670426

Place: Nashik Date:

 Evaluation Sheet for the Micro Project
Academic Year: 2021-22

Course: Electrical Engineering Course Code: EE5I

Subject: Industrial AC Machines Subject Code: 22523

Name of the Faculty: prof. S.A.Shastri

Title of Micro Project: Alternators

COs addressed by Micro Project:

A. Use the relevant three phase alternator for different load conditions

Major Learning Outcomes achieved by students by doing the project:

a. Practical Outcomes:-Identify the different windings and types of alternators.
b. Unit Outcomes in Cognitive Domain:-Explain construction and working of
alternator

Marks out of Marks out of

Total
06 for 04 for
Roll Enrolment Marks
Name of Student performance performance
No. No out of
in group in oral/
10
activity presentation
Gowardhane Pawan
10 1911670424
Dhulaji
Gadakh Aditya
11 1911670425
Laxmikant
12 Dhake Lokesh Anil 1911670426

(Name Signature of Faculty)

Introduction

This project consist of report on market survey of various synchronous generators

(working, specifications, manufacturer, cost, area of use)

What is an Alternator?
An alternator is defined as a machine which converts mechanical energy to electrical energy
in the form of alternating current (at a specific voltage and frequency). Alternators are also
known as synchronous generators.

Types of Alternators
Alternators or synchronous generators can be classified in many ways depending upon
their applications and designs.
The five different types of alternators include:
 Automotive alternators – used in modern automobiles.
 Diesel-electric locomotive alternators – used in diesel-electric multiple units.
 Marine alternators – used in marine applications.
 Brushless alternators – used in electrical power generation plants as the main source
of power.
 Radio alternators – used for low band radio frequency transmission.

We can categorize these AC generators (alternators) in many ways, but the two main
categories depending on their design are:

1. Salient Pole Type

2. Smooth Cylindrical Type
Salient Pole Type
We use it as low and medium speed alternator. It has a large number of projecting poles
having their cores bolted or dovetailed onto a heavy magnetic wheel of cast iron or steel of
good magnetic quality.

Such generators get characterized by their large diameters and short axial lengths. These
generators look like a big wheel. These are mainly used for low-speed turbine such as in
hydel power plant.
Smooth Cylindrical Type
We use it for a steam turbine-driven alternator. The rotor of this generator rotates at a very
high speed. The rotor consists of a smooth solid forged steel cylinder having certain numbers
of slots milled out at intervals along the outer periphery for accommodating field coils.

These rotors are designed mostly for 2 poles or 4 poles turbo generator running at 36000 rpm
or 1800 rpm respectively.

Working Principle of Alternator

All the alternators work on the principle of electromagnetic induction. According to this law, for
producing the electricity we need a conductor, magnetic field and mechanical energy. Every machine
that rotates and reproduces Alternating Current. To understand the working principle of the
alternator, consider two opposite magnetic poles north and south, and the flux is traveling between
these two magnetic poles. In the figure (a) rectangular coil is placed between the north and south
magnetic poles. The position of the coil is such that the coil is parallel to the flux, so no flux is cutting
and therefore no current is induced. So that the waveform generated in that position is Zero
degrees.

Fig-Rotation-of-rectangular-coil-between-two-magnetic-poles
If the rectangular coil rotates in a clockwise direction at an axis a and b, the conductor side A and B
comes in front of the south pole and C and D come in front of a north pole as shown in figure (b). So,
now we can say that the motion of the conductor is perpendicular to the flux lines from N to S pole
and the conductor cuts the magnetic flux. At this position, the rate of flux cutting by the conductor is
maximum because the conductor and flux are perpendicular to each other and therefore the current
is induced in the conductor and this current will be in maximum position.
The conductor rotates one more time at 90 0 in a clockwise direction then the rectangular coil comes
in the vertical position. Now the position of the conductor and magnetic flux line is parallel to each
other as shown in figure (c). In this figure, no flux is cutting by the conductor and therefore no
current is induced. In this position, the waveform is reduced to zero degrees because the flux is not
cutting.

In the second half cycle, the conductor is continued to rotate in a clockwise direction for another
900. So here the rectangular coil comes to a horizontal position in such a way that the conductor A
and B comes in front of the north pole, C and D come in front of the south pole as shown in the
figure (d). Again the current will flow through the conductor that is currently induced in the
conductor A and B is from point B to A and in conductor C and D is from point D to C, so the
waveform produced in opposite direction, and reaches to the maximum value. Then the direction of
the current indicated as A, D, C and B as shown in figure (d). If the rectangular coil again rotates in
another 900 then the coil reaches the same position from where the rotation is started. Therefore,
the current will again drop to zero.
In the complete cycle, the current in the conductor reaches the maximum and reduces to zero and in
the opposite direction, the conductor reaches the maximum and again reaches zero. This cycle
repeats again and again, due to this repetition of the cycle the current will be induced in the
conductor continuously.
This is the process of producing the current and EMF of a single-phase. Now for producing 3 phases,
the coils are placed at the displacement of 120 0 each. So the process of producing the current is the
same as the single-phase but only the difference is the displacement between three phases is 120 0.
This is the working principle of an alternator.
Market snapshot

Market Overview:

The global alternators market size reached US$ 17.2 Billion in 2020. Looking
forward, IMARC Group expects the market to grow at a CAGR of 5% during
2021-2026. Keeping in mind the uncertainties of COVID-19, we are
continuously tracking and evaluating the direct as well as the indirect influence
of the pandemic on different end use sectors. These insights are included in the
report as a major market contributor.

Alternators refer to devices which convert mechanical energy into electrical energy.
The working principle of alternators depends upon Faraday’s law of electromagnetic
induction in which the current is induced in the conductor surrounded by a magnetic
field when there is a relative motion. Alternators find applications in electric
generators; automotive, marine, gas and oil industries; power plants; etc.

Due to the increasing consumption of alternating current in different sectors, such as

automotive, gas, industrial manufacturing, etc., the demand for alternators has
witnessed a positive growth across the globe. Another key growth-inducing factor is
the growing investment in grid infrastructure in the developing regions. Apart from
this, modern day vehicles are equipped with an alternator which is driven by the
engine to provide alternating current. Rising disposable incomes and prevalence of a
luxurious lifestyle have led to a surge in the sales of vehicles over the years.
Moreover, rising industrialisation along with growth in cogeneration offer new
opportunities, thereby creating an attractive market for the alternators.

Specifications

Our report has categorized the market based on type, voltage, rated power,
applications, speed, weight, end-use sector and fuel used.

Type:

 Electro-Magnet (Induction) Alternators

 Permanent Magnet Alternators
 Others Alternators

Based on type, the market has been segmented as permanent magnet alternators,
synchronous alternators and electro-magnet induction based alternators. Currently,
synchronous alternators dominate the market, holding the largest share.

Voltage:

 220V-440V Alternators
 More than 440V Alternators
 Less than 220V Alternators

On the basis of voltage, 220-440V alternators represent the largest segment, holding
the majority of the market share. 220-440V alternators are followed by >440V and
<220V.

Rated Power:

 <1kW
 1 kW-5 kW
  5 kW-50 kW
 <50KW-500 kW
 500KW-1500 kW
 1500KW-5000 kW
 >5000KW

The market has also been segregated on the basis of rated power into < 1, 1kW-5kW,
5kW- 50 kW, <50 kW-500 kW, 500 kW-1500 kW, 1500kW-5000kW and > 5000 kW.
Amongst these, the 1500 kW-5000 kW segment accounts for the majority of the
market share, representing the leading segment.

Application:

 Industrial Applications
 Automotive and Transportation
 Power Generation
 Standby Power
 Others

Based on application, industrial applications hold the majority of the market share.
They are followed by power generation, standby power, and marine, oil and gas.

Speed:

 Low Speed Alternators

 Medium Speed Alternators
 High Speed Alternators
 Ultra-High-Speed Alternators

On the basis of speed, the market has been divided into low, medium, high and ultra-
high speed alternators. Currently, high speed alternators exhibit a clear dominance in
the market.

Weight:
  Low Weight Alternators
 Medium Weight Alternators
 High Weight Alternators

Based on weight, the market has been categorized into low, medium and high weight
alternators, wherein low-weight alternators dominate the market.

End-Use Sector:

 Industrial
 Commercial
 Residential

On the basis of end-use segments, the market has been bifurcated into commercial,
industrial and residential sectors. Among these, the industrial sector accounts for the
majority of the global market.

Fuel Used:

 Fossil fuel
 Natural

On the basis of fuel, the report finds that non-renewable fuels such as fossil fuels,
such as diesel, gas, coal, etc., represent the biggest segment. They are followed by
natural fuels which includes wind, water, solar, etc.

Region:

 Asia Pacific
 Europe
 North America
 Middle East and Africa
 Latin America
 Region-wise, the market has been segmented into North America, Asia Pacific,
Europe, Middle East and Africa and Latin America. Amongst these, Asia Pacific is the
leading market accounting for the majority of the market share.

Top Manufacturer

1. ABB Ltd.
2. Siemens AG
3. Cummins Inc.
4. Leroy Somer (Nidec Motor Corporation)
5. Mecc Alte Spa