Falls From Height 082020

Government of Western Australia
Department of Mines, Industry Regulation and Safety
CODE OF PRACTICE
Prevention of falls from

height at workplaces
CODE OF PRACTICE
Prevention of falls from

height at workplaces
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Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY) licence.
Commission for Occupational Safety and Health, 2020,
Prevention of falls from height at workplaces – code of
practice: Department of Mines, Industry Regulation and
Safety, Western Australia, 65 pp.
ISBN 978 1 920836 57 3 (web)
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II
Foreword
This code of practice is issued by the Commission Codes of practice published under the OSH
for Occupational Safety and Health under provisions Act
of the Occupational Safety and Health Act 1984
(the OSH Act). The introduction of the OSH Act Codes of practice published under the OSH Act provide
enabled the establishment of the Commission. It practical guidance on how to comply with a general
comprises representatives of employers, unions and duty or specific duties under the legislation. Codes of
government, as well as experts, and has the function practice may contain explanatory information. However,
of developing the occupational safety and health the preventive strategies outlined do not represent the
legislation and supporting guidance material, and only acceptable means of achieving a certain standard.
making recommendations to the Minister for Mines and
Petroleum; Commerce and Industrial Relations for their A code of practice does not have the same legal force
implementation. To fulfil its functions, the Commission as a regulation and is not sufficient reason, of itself, for
is empowered to establish advisory committees, prosecution under the legislation, but it may be used by
hold public inquiries and publish and disseminate courts as a standard when assessing other methods or
information. practices used.
The Commission’s objective is to promote If there is a code of practice about a risk, either:
comprehensive and practical preventive strategies
that improve the working environment of Western • do what the code of practice says, or
Australians. This code of practice has been developed • adopt and follow another way that gives the same
through a tripartite consultative process and the level of protection against the risk.
views of employers and unions, along with those of
government and experts, have been considered. If there is no regulation or code of practice about a
risk, choose an appropriate way and take reasonable
precautions and exercise proper diligence to ensure
Legislative framework for obligations are met.
occupational safety and health Note: There may be additional risks at the workplace
not specifically addressed in this code of practice. The
Occupational Safety and Health Act 1984 OSH Act requires identification and assessment of them
The OSH Act provides for the promotion, co-ordination, and implementation of control measures to prevent or
administration and enforcement of occupational minimise risk.
safety and health in Western Australia. It applies to all
workplaces with the exception of mining and petroleum.
Scope
With the objective of preventing occupational injuries
This code of practice applies to all workplaces in
and diseases, the OSH Act places certain duties
Western Australia covered by the Occupational Safety
on employers, employees, self-employed people,
and Health Act 1984. It provides detailed guidance
manufacturers, designers, importers and suppliers.
on the prevention of falls from height at workplaces.
These broad duties are supported by further legislation,
However, it is not possible to deal with every situation
commonly referred to as regulations, together with non
that may be found at workplaces, where there is the
statutory codes of practice and guidance notes.
potential for a person to fall from, through or into any
https://www.legislation.wa.gov.au/legislation/statutes. place or thing.
nsf/law_a555.html
See Appendix 1 for standards and other documents that
supplement the information provided in this code.
Occupational Safety and Health Regulations
1996
Who should use this code of
The Occupational Safety and Health Regulations 1996
(the OSH Regulations) set out specific requirements practice?
of the legislation. They prescribe minimum standards This code should be used by everyone who has a
and have a general application, or define specific duty to prevent, as far as practicable, falls from height
requirements related to a particular hazard or type of at workplaces. This includes employers, employees,
work. They may allow licensing or granting of approvals self-employed people, architects, engineers, designers,
and certificates. builders, manufacturers, suppliers, safety and health
If there is a regulation about a risk in the OSH representatives and safety and health committees. The
Regulations, it must be complied with. practical guidance in this code of practice should be
considered in conjunction with the general duties in the
https://www.legislation.wa.gov.au/legislation/statutes. Occupational Safety and Health Act 1984.
nsf/law_s4665.html
III
Definitions
For the purpose of this code of practice:
AS and AS/NZS refer to Australian Standards and

Australian/New Zealand Standards developed and
published by Standards Australia. These are voluntary
technical and commercial standards, which are
sometimes referenced in the Occupational Safety and
Health Regulations 1996. See Appendix 1 for more
information.
Competent person means a person who has acquired,

through training, qualification or experience or a
combination of those things, the knowledge and skills
required to do that thing competently.
Duty of the employer, where an employer has a

duty under a provision of this code of practice to do
something, but the employer is not the person in charge
of the workplace at which an employee works, the
employer has the same duty under that provision as the
person in charge of the workplace has, except that the
employer’s duty is limited to an employee.
Falling includes reference to a person falling from,

through or into a place or thing.
Person in charge of a workplace means the person

who has the management or control of the workplace.
The Act refers to the Occupational Safety and Health Act

1984.
The Regulations refers to the Occupational Safety

and Health Regulations 1996 and regulation refers to
individual regulations in the Regulations.
IV
Contents
Foreword ......................................................................................................................................................................... III
1 General duties at the workplace.......................................................................................................................... 1
2 Hazard identification, risk assessment and risk control – the risk management process for the
prevention of falls................................................................................................................................................... 2
2.1 An overview........................................................................................................................................................................ 2
2.2 Identifying hazards........................................................................................................................................................... 2
2.3 Assessing and analysing risks....................................................................................................................................... 3
2.4 Controlling risks................................................................................................................................................................. 4
2.5 Monitoring and review of control measures................................................................................................................ 5
3 Instruction and training......................................................................................................................................... 6
4 Supervision.............................................................................................................................................................. 8
5 Design and planning of plant, buildings and structures................................................................................. 9

5.1 Plant (machinery, equipment and vehicles)................................................................................................................. 9
5.2 Buildings and structures.................................................................................................................................................. 9
6 Access to and egress from work areas...........................................................................................................11
7 Edge protection....................................................................................................................................................12
8 Fall injury prevention systems and anchorages.............................................................................................14

8.1 An overview......................................................................................................................................................................14
8.2 Restraint systems...........................................................................................................................................................14
8.3 Fall arrest systems.........................................................................................................................................................15
8.4 Inspection of fall injury prevention systems..............................................................................................................16
8.5 Hazards with the use of fall arrest systems..............................................................................................................19
8.6 Catch platforms..............................................................................................................................................................19
8.7 Scaffolding.......................................................................................................................................................................20
8.8 Safety nets........................................................................................................................................................................22
8.9 Safety mesh.....................................................................................................................................................................23
9 Ladders: portable and fixed................................................................................................................................26
10 Building maintenance units................................................................................................................................32
11 Other types of temporary working platforms.................................................................................................33
12 Forklift trucks........................................................................................................................................................37
13 Protection of holes and openings.....................................................................................................................38
14 Grid mesh and checker plate flooring panels.................................................................................................39
15 Brittle or fragile roofing.......................................................................................................................................40
16 Freight transport and general plant..................................................................................................................42
17 Industrial rope access systems (abseiling)....................................................................................................46
18 Tree climbing........................................................................................................................................................47
19 Emergency rescue procedures..........................................................................................................................49

19.1 Fall arrest systems.........................................................................................................................................................49
Appendix 1 References............................................................................................................................................51
Appendix 2 Job safety analysis (JSA)..................................................................................................................53
Appendix 3 Terms used in fall injury prevention systems................................................................................57
Appendix 4 Components of fall arrest and restraint systems.........................................................................59
Appendix 5 Contacts for further information......................................................................................................65
V
1 General duties at the workplace
The Occupational Safety and Health Act 1984 (the Self-employed people must take reasonable care to
Act) contains general duties which describe the ensure their own safety and health at work and, as far
responsibilities of people who affect safety and health as practicable, ensure their work does not affect the
at work [Section 19 of the Act]. These duties apply to safety and health of others [Section 21 of the Act].
the prevention of falls. The Act and the Occupational
Safety and Health Regulations 1996 (the Regulations) Employment or engagement of contractors and their
should be read in conjunction with this code of practice. employees
The person (called the principal in the Act) must ensure
Employers must, so far as is practicable: the safety and health of anyone they engage (called the
contractor in the Act) to do the work. The principal is
• provide a workplace and safe system of work so
considered to be the employer of a contractor and any
employees are not exposed to hazards
people employed or engaged by the contractor to carry
• provide employees with information, instruction, out the work. Thus the principal has an employer’s ‘duty
training and supervision to enable them to work in a of care’ to contractors and their employees for matters
safe manner over which the principal has control [Section 23D of the
• consult and cooperate with safety and health Act].
representatives (if any) and other employees in
matters related to safety and health at work Designers, manufacturers, importers and suppliers
of plant must ensure that plant intended for use in
• provide adequate protective clothing and equipment
a workplace is safe to install, maintain and use at
where hazards cannot be eliminated
workplaces. Safety and health information must be
• ensure plant can be used, cleaned, maintained, provided when plant and substances are supplied for
transported and disposed of safely. use at work, and whenever requested for substances.
Designers and builders of a building or structure for

Safe systems of work: workplace use at a workplace must ensure, so far as is practicable,
policies and procedures that persons constructing, maintaining, repairing,
servicing or using the building or structure are not
Policies and procedures should be developed and exposed to hazards [Section 23 of the Act].
implemented for each workplace to ensure safe
systems of work and include:
Further information
• hazard identification and risk assessment and
control processes The Commission’s guidance note General Duty of Care
• monitoring performance and reviewing control in Western Australian Workplaces has more information
measures on the duty of care requirements. It is available at
www.commerce.wa.gov.au/sites/default/files/atoms/
• mechanisms for consulting with employees files/general_duty_of_care.pdf
• induction and training programs
• an agreed system for reporting and recording
information on identified hazards or other relevant Consultation
safety and health information
Consultation and co-operation between employers and
• safe work methods (such as job or task procedures) employees are the keys to providing and maintaining a
• ongoing inspection and maintenance programs safe and healthy workplace. Prevention of falls from height at workplaces – CODE OF PRACTICE
• emergency rescue procedures

Employers are required to consult with safety and
• review of safety management policies and health representatives (if any) and employees on safety
procedures. and health matters [Section 19(1)(c) of the Act].
Employer and employee involvement in the process

Other people at the workplace of identifying hazards from falls and assessing and
controlling the risks will help to ensure that:
The Act also sets out duties for other parties at the
workplace: • the risks from falls are identified because
employees are most likely to know about risks
Employees must take reasonable care to ensure their associated with their work
own safety and health at work, and the safety and
health of others affected by their work [Section 20 of • employees have a commitment to this process and
the Act]. any changes, such as control measures, that are
implemented
• fall incidents are eliminated or minimised.
1
2 Hazard identification, risk assessment
and risk control – the risk
management process for the
prevention of falls
2.1 An overview more open-ended appraisal of a group of related work
processes. Generally, a combination of methods will
Employers have a duty to ensure, as far as practicable, provide the most effective results.
that employees are not exposed to hazards at the
workplace [regulation 3.1]. They can do this by following Hazard identification tools commonly used are the Job
a risk management process to identify hazards and safety analysis (JSA) and Safe work method statement
assess and control risks. (SWMS). See Appendix 2 for an example of a completed
JSA form.
In addition, there is a specific requirement for employers
to carry out this risk management process for the You should check your records of previous injuries and
prevention of falls [regulation 3.49]. This involves a three ‘near miss’ incidents related to falls. Information and
step process to: advice about fall hazards and risks relevant to particular
industries and work activities is also available from
• identify hazards regulators, industry associations, unions, technical
• assess risks specialists and safety consultants.
• control risks.
To assist in identifying hazards where a person may fall Common fall hazards checklist
and assessing and controlling the risks, consideration
should be given to: Key things to check at the workplace include:
• previous injuries, ‘near miss’ incidents or accidents • surfaces

arising from falls which have occurred at the – stability
workplace or other similar workplaces – fragility or brittleness
• relevant codes of practice and guidance notes – s
lipperiness (e.g. where surfaces are wet,
• consultation with employees, safety and health polished, glazed or oily in the case of
representatives (if any), safety and health new steelwork)
committees, self employed people and contractors – s
afe movement of employees where
to find out what problems may be associated with surfaces change
performing tasks/ jobs
– strength or capability to support loads
• walk through inspections of the workplace (consider
using checklists) – s
lope of work surfaces (e.g. where they
exceed seven degrees)
• any other records or statistics which indicate
potentially unsafe work practices. • levels (where levels change and employees
may be exposed to a fall from one level to
another)
Prevention of falls from height at workplaces – CODE OF PRACTICE
2.2 Identifying hazards • structures (the stability of temporary or

permanent structures)
Identifying hazards involves recognising things that
• the ground (the evenness and stability of
may cause injury or harm to the health of a person,
ground for safe support of scaffolding or
such as where a person may fall from, through or into a
working platform)
place or thing.
• the raised working area (whether it is
There are a number of ways to identify potential things crowded or cluttered)
or situations that may cause a fall to occur. Choosing • scaffolding (the correct erection and
an appropriate process or procedure for identifying dismantling)
hazards will depend on the nature of the work
• edges (edge protection for open edges of
environment and hazards involved.
floors, working platforms, walkways, walls
A hazard identification process or procedure may range or roofs)
from a simple checklist for specific equipment, such as
a ladder or fall arrest system inspection checklist, to a
2
hazards and develop effective control measures. Risk
assessment is not an absolute science – it is a ‘best
• hand grip (places where hand grip may be
estimate’ on the basis of the information available. It is
lost)
therefore important that:
• openings or holes which will require
identification or protection or unguarded • the risk assessment is conducted by people with
shafts or excavations information, knowledge and experience in the
• proximity of employees to unsafe areas process
– where
loads are placed on elevated • workers participate in the development of the risk
working areas assessment
– when
objects are below a work area, • once completed, the risk assessment is
such as reo bars and star pickets communicated to the work group performing
the task to ensure they understand the job steps,
– where
work is to be carried out above
hazards and controls, and agree to the controls.
workers (e.g. potential hazards from
falling objects) [Section 3 of the Act and regulation 3.143(5)]
– power lines near working areas
– when
workers are establishing edge In carrying out a risk assessment, it is necessary to
protection or fall restraint systems break down each activity or process into a series of
parts or smaller tasks and assess each one separately.
• movement of plant or equipment (ensuring A Job Safety Analysis can assist with this [See
there is no sudden acceleration or Appendix 2 Job Safety Analysis].
deceleration)
• access to, egress from and movement
around the working area (checking for
obstructions)
Information for risk assessments
• structural integrity (may be compromised Ways to determine the likelihood and potential
by chemicals, welding, weather) consequences of each hazard include:
• manual handling (checking safe work
• looking at similar workplaces or processes
practices for carrying awkward materials,
such as plaster boards and roof sheeting, • looking at the workplace’s previous incident
which may be caught by the wind) and injury reports and data for falls
• lighting • consulting with safety and health
representatives (if any) and other employees
• weather conditions (when heavy rain, dew or
wind are present) • looking at the way tasks/jobs are performed
• footwear and clothing (suitability for • looking at the way work is organised
conditions) • determining the size and layout of the
• ladders (where and how they are being used) workplace
• young, new or inexperienced employees • assessing the number and movement of all
(i.e. employees unfamiliar with a task) people at the workplace
• determining the type of operation to be
performed
2.3 Assessing and analysing risks • identifying the type of machinery/plant to be
used
Risk, in relation to any injury and harm, means the • assessing adequacy of inspection and
probability of that injury or harm occurring. This involves maintenance processes Prevention of falls from height at workplaces – CODE OF PRACTICE
looking at the chance or likelihood of a fall occurring
• examining the way all materials and
and, if a fall did occur, the extent of any harm or injury
substances are stored and handled
(i.e. the consequences). This is a way of deciding which
hazards need to be tackled first (i.e. where there is the • assessing what knowledge and training
highest risk of falls). is needed to perform tasks safely and the
adequacy of current knowledge and training
This step should provide information on: (e.g. gap analysis)
• examining adequacy of procedures for
• where, which and how many employees are likely to all potential emergency situations (e.g.
be at risk of incurring injuries accidents and rescues.
• how often this is likely to occur
• the potential severity of any injuries.
You must consult your workers and their health

and safety representatives at every step of the risk
management process. By drawing on their experience,
knowledge and ideas, you are more likely to identify fall
3
2.4 Controlling risks Table 1 Preferred order of control measures to
eliminate or reduce the risk of falls
The next step is to implement control measures to
1. Elimination – removing the Most
eliminate or reduce the risk of a person being injured
hazard or hazardous work effective
or harmed (e.g. eliminate or reduce the likelihood of
practice from the workplace (e.g. control
a person falling) and to ensure those measures are
eliminating the need to access measure
monitored and reviewed on an ongoing basis.
the fall risk area such as by
There is a preferred order of control measures, ranging installing air conditioning units in
from the most effective to the least effective in the centre of the roof).
eliminating or reducing the risk of falls. This is outlined 2. Substitution – substituting or
in Table 1. replacing a hazard or hazardous
work practice with a less
The preferred way of controlling risk is by design,
hazardous one (e.g. providing
substitution, redesign, separation or administration.
an alternative means of access
These control measures generally eliminate, reduce or
such as a safe walkway so
minimise risk more effectively than personal protective
the risks of falls are avoided;
equipment.
or installing an elevating work
Specific regulations set out certain mandatory methods platform for work at heights).
that are required to control the risk and some of these,
3. Isolation – isolating or
such as the protection of holes and openings, are
separating the hazard or
outlined later in this document.
hazardous work practice from
Examples of control measures include: people involved in the work or
people in the general work areas
• designing, planning and modifying plant, buildings (e.g. barricading or enclosing
and structures to prevent falls, including job the fall risk area with edge
planning to ensure, where practical, the need to work protection, installing handrails
at heights is designed out or mitigated (e.g. building and covering floor penetrations).
edge protection onto structures at ground level, then
4. Engineering control – if the
install them in place)
hazard cannot be eliminated,
• looking at the way jobs can be done safely to substituted or isolated, an
eliminate or reduce the likelihood of a fall (e.g. engineering control is the next
checking that ladders are safe and used correctly) preferred measure. This includes
• minimising the potential for dropped objects and the use of a fall injury prevention
establishing exclusion/drop zones system designed to restrain or
• organising and sequencing work so that people do arrest a person’s fall from one
not interfere with or increase the risk of a fall for level to another and minimise
themselves or others the risk of injury or harm to a
person if they fall (e.g. a restraint
• identifying, collecting and presenting information
system or fall arrest system,
and knowledge required by employees and
catch platforms, safety nets
contractors to enable them to work safely
and safety mesh). It may also
• identifying the training required to work safely if include modifications to plant or
there is the risk of a fall providing guarding to machinery
• identifying areas requiring non-slip surfaces for and equipment.
stairs or ladders.
5. Administrative control – this

See Section 5 Design and planning of plant, buildings includes introducing work
and structures and Section 9 Ladders. practices that reduce the risk,
such as implementing measures
to ensure that procedures,
instruction, training and warning
signs are in place to warn and
protect persons exposed to falls.
This could also include limiting
the amount of time a person is
exposed to a particular hazard.
These controls should be used Least
in conjunction with physical effective
controls and appropriate control
supervision. measure
In some instances, a combination of control

measures may be appropriate.
4
Other means of reducing the risk Maintenance of plant, equipment and
structures
Other means of reducing risks may be more appropriate
to a particular case than the ones mentioned in this Maintenance and repair programs should be reviewed
section, if they can eliminate or reduce the risk of a fall. regularly to ensure their effectiveness. Performance
testing and evaluation standards should be established.
For example, the erection of different communication
towers and masts (many of which may require multi Incorporating the manufacturer’s recommendations,
guy lines) and advertising and other types of signage on repair and maintenance programs should specify:
towers and structures will require consideration of other
means of reducing the risks of falling. • where servicing is required
• the extent of servicing required
The risks associated with maintenance and servicing
plant and buildings must also be considered. • the nature of the servicing required
• the frequency of servicing
In all cases, the three basic steps of hazard
• who is responsible for maintaining repair and
identification, risk assessment and risk control must be
maintenance programs
carried out.
• how defects will be corrected.
2.5 Monitoring and review of control In order to keep accurate maintenance records, a
recording or reporting system should be developed,
measures implemented and maintained.
Deciding on and implementing a risk control measure
is not the end of the risk management process. It is
important to constantly monitor and review control
measures to ensure that they continue to prevent
or control exposure to hazards or hazardous work
practices.
A risk management process should be conducted as

an ongoing process because workplaces are usually
constantly changing environments with new hazards
being introduced; for example, when new equipment
or plant are introduced or the work environment or
standards are changed.
In determining the frequency of the monitoring and

review processes, consider such things as:
• the level of risk (high-risk hazards need more

frequent assessments)
• the type of work practice or plant involved (there
may be particular stages in the life of a piece of
equipment where more frequent assessments are
appropriate).
Each workplace should:

• have a planned program of inspections and
maintenance
• undertake a review each time the work environment
changes
• regularly review the process for hazard
identification, risk assessment and risk control to
ensure it is effective.
5
3 Instruction and training
Employers must provide proper safety and health Induction
instruction and training to employees [Section 19(1)(b)
of the Act]. Induction programs are essential:
Instruction and training are an important part of • for new employees

ensuring safe systems of work and should take into • where work situations have changed
account the functions of each employee and provide
them with the necessary skills and knowledge to enable • where work practices are being introduced for the
them to do their work safely. first time.
In providing training, it is also essential to address the In addition to providing general safety and health
intent of the Act and Regulations so that employees information, an induction should include:
understand that, in some instances, the prevention of • ‘on the job’ training, including how to carry out a job
falls depends on them doing a particular work activity or task in a safe manner and not be exposed to falls
in a particular way, such as when using ladders and fall
injury prevention systems and working on fragile and • information on the hazards and risks from falls at
brittle roofs. that workplace
• information on the selection, fitting, use, care,
For examples of regulations for specific work activities, maintenance and storage of personal protective
see regulation 3.26 (ladders), regulation 3.55 (edges) clothing and equipment, such as fall injury
and regulation 3.57 (fragile and brittle roofs). prevention equipment
The type of instruction and training given should • emergency rescue procedures.
include:
• general safety and health induction, including the Further training or re-training
‘duty of care’ responsibilities under the Act and
Employees may need further training where:
Regulations and workplace policies and procedures
• task specific induction • n
ew methods, equipment, hazards, policies or
• ‘on the job’ training procedures are introduced
• ‘in house’ training programs designed to address • the type of operation or environment changes
specific needs, such as specific training for working • their particular job requirements change.
from heights and correct use of ladders
• industry-based or formal training, such as
accredited or certificated courses. Certification or accreditation
There may be occasions when a person is required
to obtain a licence to preform high risk work, or other
Training programs formal certification or accreditation (e.g. certificates of
In developing and implementing an effective training competency are required under the safety and health
program, employers should include: legislation for scaffolders, riggers and doggers).
• analysis of training needs, including the Where a particular type of accreditation or certification
identification of the tasks to be performed and is required before a job or task can be carried out,
associated hazards and risks employers must ensure that such accreditation or
certification is valid and current.
• identification of any pre-requisites or entry
standards Employers must also ensure that people who are
• definition of learning objectives and clear being trained to obtain accreditation or certification are
identification of the extent/level of competencies to supervised during the training.
be achieved, such as what will be covered
The possession of a certificate of competency does
• selection of appropriate training aids depending on
not provide any exemption from the requirement for
the environment and the targeted trainees (use of
fall protection to be provided for a person working at
hardware, graphics, videos and printed materials)
heights.
• adequate assessment (e.g. the assessment
includes a practical component where the trainee
has to demonstrate applied skills)
• recognition of skills attained where applicable (e.g.
accreditation or certification)
• delivery of training by a competent person
• evaluation of effectiveness of training.
6
Prevention of falls training
Training in the prevention of falls should include:
• safe work systems and practices to prevent falls,

including how the systems installed prevent falls
• hazard and incident/accident reporting systems
• the correct selection, fitting, use, care, maintenance
and storage of personal protective equipment (see
the following page for fall injury prevention systems)
• correct selection, use, care and storage of tools and
equipment to be used (e.g. using a tool belt instead
of carrying tools)
• emergency rescue procedures
• safe methods of working on brittle and fragile
material
• electrical safety
• maintaining record keeping procedures and
systems.
Training in the use of fall injury

prevention systems
Where a fall injury prevention system is used, the
instruction and training given should include at least:
• what each individual piece of equipment is intended

for and how it works
• the correct selection, fitting, use, care, inspection,
maintenance and storage of individual fall arrest
and restraint equipment (in accordance with the
manufacturer’s instructions), their strengths and
weaknesses and the siting of temporary fall arrest
systems
• the method to be used in carrying out a specified
work task, including the access and attachment
method
• maintenance of evidence of training undertaken
• emergency rescue procedures.
AS/NZS 1891.4 Industrial fall arrest systems and

devices – Selection, use and maintenance provides
further information. Also see Section 19 Emergency
rescue procedures.
7
4 Supervision
Employers must provide supervision to ensure that Employees must follow instructions
employees are not exposed to hazards and that they are
taking reasonable care where there is a risk of falling It is also important to ensure employees understand
from, through or into any place or thing. that they must comply, so far as they are reasonably
able, with instructions given by their employer, where
Supervision by a competent person is important, those instructions are for their own safety and health or
especially if the people being supervised are undergoing for the safety or health of other persons [section 20 of
training or are unfamiliar with the working environment. the Act].
Competent person is defined in the Foreword.
Employers should monitor the work to ensure that

agreed safe work practices are followed; for example,
monitoring the use and care of fall injury prevention
systems.
Supervision of the use of fall injury

prevention systems
Where fall injury prevention systems are used, the
employer must ensure that:
• only employees who have received training and

instruction in relation to the system of work are
authorised to carry out the work
• employees use the fall injury prevention system in
the correct manner
• adequate safety and health systems are in place,
are functional, and safe work practices have been
adopted and are used.
8
5 Design and planning of plant, buildings
and structures
Any person designing and planning a plant, building The elimination or reduction of risks of falls from plant
or structure has a general ‘duty of care’ to ensure that might include:
the design and construction allows people to properly
construct, maintain, repair, service or use the plant, • providing adequate steps and handrails on a
building or structure in a safe manner [Section 23 of the transport vehicle
Act]. • incorporating a fall injury prevention system in silos
and overhead conveyors
The aim of the duty of care obligation is to ensure that
• ensuring workers who will be maintaining or
designers and builders of buildings and structures or
cleaning the plant are able to do so safely
designers, manufacturers, importers or suppliers of
plant eliminate completely or significantly reduce risks • considering the safety of passengers.
before they actually reach the workplace.
Careful manufacture can also ensure the plant is as
This duty of care also extends to any person who may safe as the designer intended it to be, thus significantly
be involved in the modification, renovation, maintenance reducing the chances that people may be exposed to
or normal operation of a plant, building, structure or risks of falls.
plant.
Providing information on hazards and safe use of plant
Therefore, at the design and planning stage, it is is vital. This can make users aware of any risks the
important to give consideration to prevention of falls designer has been unable to eliminate and ensure that
systems, not only for use during the construction stage, users do not create any new risks of falls by not using
but also for use during the maintenance of the plant, the plant properly.
building or structure.
To ensure that risks to safety and health are considered 5.2 Buildings and structures
fully during the design and planning process, designers
or architects should: Designers or constructors of buildings or structures
must ensure that workers who will be involved with
• identify hazards associated with the design of the the construction, use or subsequent maintenance
plant, building or structure that may arise while it is work are not exposed to risks of falls. Therefore, at the
constructed and maintained, to which a person at design and planning stage, it is important to consider
the workplace is likely to be exposed providing fall prevention systems as part of the building
• assess the risk of injury or harm to a person or structure.
resulting from the hazards arising as a result of the A ‘building or structure’ is defined in the Regulations as
design any erection, edifice, wall, chimney, fence, bridge, dam,
• consider the means by which the risk may be reservoir, wharf, jetty, or ship or other floating structure,
reduced. and includes any part of any of these things.
As it is unlikely that all design work on larger projects

5.1 Plant (machinery, equipment and will be carried out by one designer, liaison should occur
vehicles) between the builder and other designers so that the
work can be coordinated to ensure the safe interaction Prevention of falls from height at workplaces – CODE OF PRACTICE
Designers, manufacturers, importers or suppliers of of the different design aspects.
plant must eliminate or significantly reduce risks before
they actually reach the workplace. Thoughtful design of When risks remain in the design work, information
plant can eliminate risks of falls from heights from the must be included with the design to alert others to the
beginning. risks. Providing information about safety issues is a key
component to ensure proper, adequate and suitable
The definition of ‘plant’ in the Act includes any design and installation.
machinery, equipment, appliance, implement or tool
and any components or fittings of the plant. Therefore,
the duty of care obligations for the safe design and
manufacture of plant apply to a wide range of items,
including farm machinery, transport vehicles, overhead
conveyor systems and port loaders.
9
Design and planning checklist
Safety considerations for the design and
planning stage include:
• designing safe access to or egress from any

work area including the roof
• providing permanent guard rails or edge
protection (e.g. parapet walls)
• use of temporary work platforms (e.g.
scaffolds and elevating work platforms)
• location, operation, servicing and
replacement of plant and equipment
• provision of suitably located temporary and
permanent anchorage points and struts with
safety line attachment to hook harnesses
and lanyards for the use of fall injury
prevention system
• safer building design with, for example:
– low level mounting of roof vents
– location of air conditioning units and
other roof mounted plant, such as
satellite dishes, away from the edges of
the building
– non-fragile material for the roof
– permanent safety mesh for fall
protection
– safer gutters; e.g. installing large volume
gutters and downpipes and gutter boards
(made of material strong enough to
prevent persons falling) on large gutters,
and locating gutters away from the
edges or at ground level
• specific safety requirements for workers
doing subsequent installation, maintenance
or repair work, for example:
– people installing and maintaining
antennae and satellite dishes
– contractors servicing air conditioning
equipment on the roof
– people cleaning windows and gutters
– people repairing the roof or gutters
– the pre-fabrication of structures on the

ground before they are lifted into position
– assessment of how close construction
plant will have to go to roads or overhead
powerlines.
10
6 Access to and egress from work areas
If people are required to work in areas where there is the
risk of falling, employers must provide a safe method
for people to get to and from and move around that
work area. This should take into account the tools and
equipment which people will be required to carry to,
from and around the work area and areas where plant is
being used [regulations 3.6 and 3.7].
Safe access, egress and movement

around a work area checklist
In providing safe access to and egress from
and movement around a work area, the safety
considerations include:
• installation of fixed work platforms,

walkways and stairways
• use of temporary work platforms such as
scaffolds
• installation of a fall injury prevention system
• frequency and number of people who may
need to use the access to or egress from
the work area. Supervision and regular
inspection should also be considered
• location and space required for any plant,
equipment or materials used or temporarily
stored
• safety of work surfaces
• operation of plant by trained and competent
operators who hold relevant certificates of
competencies
• method of getting plant, equipment and
materials to the work area
• exposure of access ways to the weather
(e.g. rain can make surfaces slippery and
strong winds can cause loss of hand grip)
• assessment of manual handling tasks,
including considering the provision of
mechanical lifting aids
• provision of adequate natural or artificial Prevention of falls from height at workplaces – CODE OF PRACTICE
lighting to all access ways
• clearance of obstructions so that people
are able to move easily to and from the
workplace.
See also Section 16 Freight transport and

general plant.
11
7 Edge protection
Edge protection (often referred to as a ‘guard rail AS 1657 Fixed platforms, walkways, stairways and
system’) is used to reduce the risk of a person falling ladders – Design, construction and installation provides
from one level to another. further information.
Edge protection must be provided to the edge of a

scaffold, fixed stair, landing, suspended slab, formwork
or falsework at the workplace, where a person is at risk
of falling two or more metres.
See also Section 8.7 Scaffolding.
Edge protection or a fall injury prevention system must

also be provided at any other edge at the workplace
where a person could fall three metres or more,
according to set requirements, which are listed in the
following checklist [regulation 3.55].
Edge protection checklist

Unprotected stairways are a severe hazard
Safety considerations for edge protection
include:
• the guard rail system must be constructed to

withstand a force of 0.55 kN (approximately
equivalent to 55 kg) applied at any point of
it. If edge protection is to be used on roofs
with pitches exceeding 15 degrees from the
horizontal, the edge protection should be
able to withstand the added impact forces
• top rails must be between 900 mm and
1100 mm above the working surface
• mid rails and toe boards must be
provided. However, wire mesh infill panels
incorporating a toe board may be used
instead of the mid rail
• a bottom rail above the toe board on some
roof slopes may be provided for more severe
roof slopes. Both a mid rail and infill mesh
panel will assist in preventing persons and
objects from sliding off the roof
• the guard rails should comply with
AS/NZS 4576 Guidelines for scaffolding
• if access points are required for equipment

(e.g. a hoist), they should be protected
adequately with gates or any other means to
prevent a person falling Stairways must have handrails and toe (fender) boards
• where guard rail systems are intended to be on the landings and baggings fitted over the ends of
used in conjunction with steel structures or tubing and over couplings
tilt-up construction, designers and builders
should plan for the guard rails and fixings
to be attached to the panels prior to the
structures being raised from the ground
• every open edge of a stair, landing, platform
or shaft opening must be protected to
prevent people falling.
12
Different degrees of roof slopes
With different degrees of roof slopes, the guard rail
systems should incorporate the following:
• a top rail, mid rail and toe (fender) board, when roof
slopes are between 0 degrees to 15 degrees from
horizontal
• a top rail, mid rail, bottom rail and toe board, when
roof slopes are between 15 degrees and 35 degrees
from horizontal. The bottom rail should be fitted
midway between the mid rail and the roof
• a top rail, mid rail, bottom rail, toe board and infill
mesh panel to mid rail height, when roof slopes
are between 35 degrees and 45 degrees. The infill
mesh panel may assist in reducing injury to a
person sliding down the roof into the railing and will
minimise the possibility of objects falling from the
roof. Where people are likely to be working below
the edge of the roof at ground level, consideration
should also be given to the use of infill mesh on
roofs with flatter slopes
• where roof slopes exceed 45 degrees, the slope is
unsuitable to work on without a support system,
such as a fall arrest/restraint system or a scaffold
catch platform, to prevent injury.
13
8 Fall injury prevention systems and
anchorages
8.1 An overview
• ensuring the lanyard and harness are
‘Fall injury system’ means a system designed and actually connected to the fall injury
tested to arrest a person’s fall from one level to another prevention system is critical (rather than just
and also minimise the risk of injuries or harm during the wearing the equipment)
fall. ‘Anchorage’ means an anchorage point for a fall
• fall arrest equipment must not be used
injury prevention system (i.e. the means for attaching a
after it has arrested a fall until it has been
lanyard, lifeline or other components of the system to a
inspected and certified as operational by a
secure point) [regulation 3.48].
competent person
Fall injury prevention systems include: • fall injury prevention equipment should be
appropriately stored when not in use.
• restraint systems
• fall arrest systems
• catch platforms The AS/NZS 1891 Industrial fall arrest systems and
• scaffolding devices series provides further information on fall arrest
systems.
• safety nets
• safety mesh. Marking of fall arrest systems with instructions and
other relevant information.
A fall injury prevention system must be used where a
person could fall three metres or more from an edge at It is recommended that the AS/NZS 1891 series is
a workplace, unless edge protection complying with the consulted for requirements for personal fall arrest
Regulations is used [regulation 3.55]. and restraint equipment to be permanently marked
or labelled to indicate their purpose, correct use and
Consideration should also be given to slip resistance limitations.
surfaces or coatings that render the surface trip or slip
free to eliminate, where possible, any chance of a slip or The aim of this marking and labelling is to reduce the
trip or fall. incidence of misuse or misfitting of the equipment. It is
important to maintain the legibility of these instructions
through the life of the equipment.
Key points on the use of the fall injury
prevention systems 8.2 Restraint systems
Choosing the most appropriate fall injury A restraint system comprises:
prevention system is essential. Points to
consider include: • anchorage point(s)
• a static line or restraint line of appropriate strength
• correct selection, installation and use of
and length
equipment is critical to their effectiveness
when arresting a fall • a harness or restraint belt.
• the fall injury prevention system and Its purpose is to limit horizontal movements from an
the anchorages must be designed, anchorage point or a horizontal life line or life rail so that
manufactured, constructed, selected or the user is totally restrained from reaching a position
installed so as to be capable of withstanding where either a free fall or limited free fall is possible.
the force applied to them as a result of a Preventing a person from falling by use of a restraint
person’s fall [regulation 3.50] system is the preferred method.
• correct fitting of the equipment worn
by a person is equally important as the A restraint system is suitable for use where:
connection of the equipment to the fall
arrest system • the user can maintain secure footing without
having to tension the restraint line and without the
• fall injury prevention systems should be such aid of any other handhold or lateral support. When
that a person falling travels the shortest deciding whether secure footing can be maintained,
possible distance before having the fall consider:
arrested
– the slope of the surface
– the supporting material type
– the
surface texture of the surface and whether it
is likely to be wet, oily or otherwise slippery
14
• the static lines are fitted with an industrial shock 8.3 Fall arrest systems
absorber when required
• the restraint system conforms with the AS/NZS Individual fall arrest systems are designed to arrest
1891 series. an accidental fall and consist of some or all of the
following:
• anchorages
Use of a fall arrest system instead of a • lifelines
restraint system • inertia reel
A fall arrest system should be used instead • lanyard that will not allow a person to fall more than
of a restraint system if any of the following two metres
situations apply: • retractable lifelines
• the user can reach a position where a fall is • rope grabs
possible • wire grabs
• the user has a restraint line that can be • rail system
adjusted in length so that a free fall position • shock absorbers – both personal and industrial
can be reached
• harness
• there is a danger of the user falling through
• snap hooks (double or triple action to prevent
the surface (e.g. roofing material)
rollout)
• the slope is over 15 degrees
• karabiners (double or triple action to prevent rollout)
• there is any other reasonably likely misuse of
• rescue equipment.
the system which could lead to a free fall.
Right Right
Wrong
Worker can reach
the edge and may
fall.
Left and centre: acceptable use of a restraint system. Right: unacceptable use of a restraint system.
See Appendix 3 and Appendix 4 for more details on restraint systems.
Anchor point Shock absorber
2m
to
2.2 m
Columns Floor
Fixed static line fitted with a shock absorber for use with safety harnesses and lanyards.
See Appendix 3 and Appendix 4 for more details on fall arrest systems.
15
• provision of a safe means of access to an
anchorage point. This should take into account the
Fall arrest system installation checklist possibility of a fall prior to the operator connecting
When planning the site layout and sequence of securely to the anchorage and after disconnection
construction for installing a static safety line at the conclusion of the task.
system, the safety considerations include:
A person using a fall arrest or industrial rope access
• selection of the most appropriate fall arrest system should not work alone.
system and method of installation
• provision of anchorage points (see Appendix Signage
4 for details of static lines capable of
supporting imposed loads) Signage should be in place permanently at entry
points of static line systems to advise users on the fall
• requirements for lateral and vertical mobility
prevention system and inspection details.
whilst a person is connected to the system
and working The signage should include statements on:
• potential for different types of falls (e.g. free
fall and restrained fall) • the system it has been designed for (e.g. a restraint
system or a fall arrest system)
• fall distances and clearances (both vertically
and laterally) • h
ow many people should use the system at any one
time
• provision of safe access to and egress from
a work area for persons installing anchorage • any personal protective clothing and equipment the
points operator should wear
• installation in a location where it will be • the date of the last inspection
possible to assist or rescue a person • the date of the next inspection
• development of emergency rescue • the name of the person doing the inspections.
procedures before setting up and ensuring
appropriate emergency equipment is
available on-site, including a self-rescue kit 8.4 Inspection of fall injury
(if training in its use has been provided), prevention systems
although these should not be relied on as the
main means of rescue. Users of fall injury prevention systems must be aware
that fall prevention depends upon the continued
Fall arrest and industrial rope access systems efficiency and durability of fall injury prevention
should be only installed where it is possible to systems.
provide prompt assistance or rescue if required.
See Section 19 Emergency Rescue Procedures. It is essential that all equipment is correctly maintained,
with inspections and examination of all components
Refer to the specifications in the AS/NZS 1891 by a competent person at regular intervals [regulation
series for further information. 3.51]. Competent person is defined in the Foreword.
All fall injury prevention system equipment should
have an established inspection regime for an effective
Safe access to and egress from the work inspection by a competent person.
area
Before work commences, the employer or person who
has control of a workplace and employees should
ensure that there is safe access to and egress from the

work area. This includes:
• assessment of wind and weather

• organising of:
– fall prevention equipment
– access
– personal protective equipment
– specific instructions for workers
– means
of rescuing persons from safety
harnesses following arrested falls
16
Inspection of fall injury prevention • consideration is given to environmental
systems checklist factors that may have affected the condition
of equipment, such as water, oil, grease,
The safety requirements and considerations sharp edges and grit
include: • there is consultation with the manufacturer
if there is any doubt that a belt or harness
• the inspection regime should include details could be affected by cleaning materials,
of: atmospheric contaminants or hazardous
– e
quipment to be inspected (including its substances.
unique identification)
– f requency and type of inspection (pre- If a fall injury prevention system has been
use checks, detailed inspections and, used to arrest a fall, it must be withdrawn
where appropriate, interim inspections) from service immediately and inspected by a
competent person.
– d
esignated competent people to carry
out inspections
– a
ction to be taken on finding defective
equipment
Inspection of anchorages
– means of recording the inspections Employers must ensure that a permanently fixed
– training of users anchorage is inspected by a competent person and it is
regularly inspected, at not less than six month intervals,
– t he system of monitoring the inspection
if it is permanently fixed and in regular use [regulation
regime to verify that inspections are
3.53].
carried out appropriately.
If a permanently fixed anchorage is not in regular use, it
Employers should consult the manufacturer
must be inspected before it is used.
and/or supplier of the equipment for any
product-specific requirements. When the competent person doing an inspection
assesses the anchorage as being impaired, the
• the employer must ensure that each
employer must ensure that:
component of the system and its means of
attachment to an anchorage is inspected by • the anchorage is not used and is tagged to indicate
a competent person: it is not to be used
– after it is installed but before it is used • the repaired anchorage is not used until it is
– at regular intervals inspected by a competent person who can confirm
– immediately after it has been used to that it is safe to use.
arrest a fall [regulation 3.51].
All anchorages should be visibly checked prior to use.
If any signs of wear or weakness are found
during the inspection, the employer must
ensure that the components or means of
attachment are withdrawn from use until
they are replaced with properly functioning
components. The manufacturer’s specifications
for inspections should also be checked for their
recommendations on inspection intervals:
• all safety belts and harnesses, which are not
in regular use during any six month period,
are inspected before use
• the fall prevention systems are inspected at
least once every 12 months and after any
extended storage period
17
Inspections for faults and condition
Inspections before work starts
Inspections of inertia reels checklist Items in the fall injury prevention system to
inspect or check before work starts include:
Inspections of inertia reels by the competent
person should include inspecting: • lifeline lanyards or rope grabs are attached
as per manufacturer’s instructions
• the rope or webbing including anchorage Note that some harness attachment points
lines in Type 2 and 3 fall arrest devices (e.g. may not be rated for fall arrest
inspecting for any defects or damage and
• if a lifeline is being used with a rope grab,
checking the anchorage)
ensure that the rope and all rope grabs are
• the fall arrest device body (e.g. inspecting compatible, especially with regard to rope
for any damage to the mounting ring or diameter and direction
the body, checking the activation of the fall
• when setting up the fall arrest equipment,
arrest indicator and that labels are present)
inspect it for sharp edges, pinch points and
• the locking mechanisms and rope guides sources of heat, which could wear, cut or
(e.g. inspecting the visible rope guides for burn through the lanyard if a worker should
excessive wear and checking that the rope fall and be left dangling
runs freely through the anchorage and that
• ensure an emergency rescue procedure is in
the locking mechanisms work properly)
place
• the hardware (e.g. checking that the snap
• ensure that there is always assistance
hooks or links work properly)
from another person when the fall arrest
• the snap hooks and double or triple action equipment is in use. People who are working
karabiners (e.g. inspecting for any damage at a height or an elevated position should not
and checking the movement of the latch). work alone. This is important if there is a risk
of a fall
• ensure that there is no climbing above the
anchorage point of a fall arrest lanyard since
Inspection of harnesses checklist the falling distance could double
• ensure that fall restraint components are
The inspection of the harnesses by the not mixed with fall arrest components. Fall
competent person should include inspecting: arrest components must incorporate a
shock absorber
• the webbing (e.g. inspecting for any damage
• do not allow fall restraint anchorage
or defects)
points, which have a much lower strength
• the D rings (e.g. inspecting for any damages requirement, to be confused with fall arrest
or wear and tear and checking the vertical anchorage points. Attach signs at each
movement) anchorage point indicating the type of
• the buckles and adjusters (e.g. inspecting for anchorage point (i.e. whether it is for fall
any damage). restraint or fall arrest)
• always inspect the snap hook visually after
attaching it to a harness or anchorage point;
Consulting the inspection checklist for possible faults merely hearing it click is not enough. There
and the condition of fall arrest devices, belts and have been fatal accidents in which it was
harness in AS/NZS 1891.4 Industrial fall arrest systems later found that the connector had not been
and devices – Selection, use and maintenance is closed properly
recommended, as well as the inspection checklist for • always set up the attachment point for fall
static lines and anchorages in AS/NZS 1891.2 Supp. 1 arrest or fall restraint between the safe
Industrial fall arrest systems and devices – Horizontal access point and the hazard. If a worker
lifeline and rail systems – Prescribed configurations for has to walk past the hazard to reach the
horizontal lifelines. attachment point, the purpose of the whole
fall arrest system is defeated
See also Appendix 4 Components of fall arrest and
restraint systems. • always inspect all fall prevention equipment
and hardware before use and, if there are
any doubts about the equipment, it should
not be used because the boundary between
safe and unsafe equipment is not well-
defined. If the item is damaged, it must be
taken out of service and inspected by a
competent person prior to reuse.
18
Welding and the protection of fall injury Swing back
protection systems
With the hazard of swing back, in a fall, particularly from
A large part of the equipment and components of fall a perpendicular edge, the worker will swing back into
injury prevention systems consists of material which the building structure and collide with any obstructions
may be badly damaged and weakened by hot particles in the path of the swing.
or sparks from welding or any allied process. Therefore,
people using the system and the system itself must be
protected from hot particles or sparks [regulation 3.52]
with, for example, fire retardant harnesses and lanyards,
lanyards with a cable wire core or fire retardant
blankets.
8.5 Hazards with the use of fall

arrest systems
Pendulum effect
With the use of a fall arrest system, a potential hazard
is that, in some situations, the worker may swing onto
the ground (which is called ‘swing down’) or swing back If there is a risk of swing back occurring, then the use of
into the building (which is called ‘swing back’). These an individual fall arrest should be reassessed.
hazards are caused by two lines offsetting one another,
i.e. the line from the anchorage point to the worker and Assistance of another person
the line (direction) of the fall.
People who are working at a height or an elevated
Consider the pendulum effect before deciding on position should not work alone. This is important if
location of anchorage points. Both swing down or there is the risk of a fall. A person suspended in a full
swing back can also occur within the interior of a roof. body harness must be rescued as soon as possible.
Swing down Workers must be trained in rescue techniques and be

familiar with on-site rescue equipment and emergency
With the hazard of swing down, the fall arrest line rescue procedures.
extends diagonally from the anchor point, following
the perimeter edge of the roof. If the worker falls, the Suspension trauma
fall arrest line will slide back along the perimeter until it
is at a right angle with the edge of the roof. When this Suspension trauma may occur when a person has
happens, the worker will drop and may hit the ground an arrested fall because they are suspended and
(see diagram right) or the arrest line may break when caught in an upright position. Section 19.1.1 has more
contacting the edge of the roof and the worker will fall information on suspension trauma.
to the ground.
For information on other hazards with fall arrest
Consideration should be given to the following systems, see Appendix 4 Components of fall arrest and
measures to address the hazard of swing down: restraint systems.
• install guardrails
• put the anchorage point at a right angle to the 8.6 Catch platforms Prevention of falls from height at workplaces – CODE OF PRACTICE
position of the line at the perimeter edge. The use of
a mobile anchorage will assist A catch platform is a temporary platform located below
a work area. It may be constructed of scaffolding
• install a second anchorage point and belay devices,
components.
which are intermediate anchorages.
Catch platforms must be solidly constructed and
designed to withstand the maximum potential impact
load.
When scaffolding components are used, the catch

platform should:
• have a deck that is fully planked out and is as close

as possible to the work level
• be no more than two metres below the work area
• extend a minimum of two metres beyond all
unprotected edges of the work area
• at a minimum, be the width of the area being
removed (e.g. in roof laying work).
19
Different duties for scaffolding
Scaffolding work platforms are generally rated as light,
medium or heavy duty.
‘Light duty scaffolding’ is scaffolding of up to 225 kg per

bay. This is suitable for plastering, painting, electrical
work and other light tasks. Platforms must be at least
two planks (450 mm) wide.
‘Medium duty scaffolding’ is scaffolding of up to 450 kg

per bay. This is suitable for carpentry and most other
general trades work. Platforms should be at least four
planks (900 mm) wide.
‘Heavy duty scaffolding’ is scaffolding of up to 675

A catch platform below a work area. kg per bay. This is needed for bricklaying, concreting,
demolition and most work tasks involving heavy loads
The top rail must be on
or heavy impact forces. Platforms should be at least
or above this line five planks (approximately 1,100 mm) wide.
ch
f pit
Roo
900mm Scaffolding checklist
The safety requirements and considerations
1000mm is the maximum
distance of platform below include:
roof edge when performing
Normal scaffold work on platform
guardrailing
Rails at 500mm • scaffolding must conform to AS/NZS 4576
centres for scaffold
guardrailing
Fully planked
scaffold deck and AS/NZS 1576 series
• if scaffolding is to be erected or dismantled
at a height exceeding four metres, the
Example of a combination of work platform and catch scaffolding must be erected or dismantled
platform for roof pitch of 26 degrees or less. by a person licenced to perform high risk
work
8.7 Scaffolding • a person must not alter scaffolding without
authority from the main contractor
• modular scaffolds must be of the same type,
not mixed components. Mixed components
from different manufacturers have resulted
in scaffold incompatibilities and failures,
posing significant risks to persons using the
scaffolding
• mobile tower frame scaffolds can be used to
provide safe working platforms
• scaffolding that is incomplete and left
unattended should have danger tags and
warning signs attached at appropriate
locations to prevent use

• scaffolding exceeding four metres in
height should be inspected and tagged by
Perimeter scaffold with a fully decked working platform, a competent person before use, after any
guard rails and toe boards alteration or repair, and at intervals not
greater than 30 days
Scaffolding can be very effective protection • additional inspections should be carried
in preventing falls; however, there are specific out by a competent person following an
requirements that apply to the design, construction and occurrence such as a severe storm or
erection of scaffolding. earthquake
The AS/NZS 4576 and the AS/NZS 1576 series on • safe access to and egress from the scaffold
scaffolding provide practical guidance on training, safe must be provided
work practices, inspection and use of scaffolding and • edge protection (guard rails and toe boards)
scaffolding equipment. must be provided at every open edge of a
work platform.
20
Figure 1 Figure 2
Scaffold platform at Inside standards
edge of roof with hop-up supporting guard railing.
bracket for other trades.
Mobile scaffold, access ladder and trapdoor to provide

the maximum size hazard-free working platform. Toe
board not shown for clarity of diagram.
Figure 3 Figure 4
Scaffold platform below Outside standards
edge of roof. supporting guard railing.
Figure 5 Figure 6
Inside standards Inside standards
supporting guard railing supporting guard railing
with hop-up bracket for adjacent to a flat roof
other trades. structure.
Example of 'advanced edge protection' where guard Prevention of falls from height at workplaces – CODE OF PRACTICE
railing is installed before the person goes up to the next

level.
Edges of a roof
Scaffolding may be used as fall protection around the
edge of a roof by incorporating guard railing as edge
protection into the scaffolding. The following diagrams
show common examples of acceptable roof guard
railing arrangements on scaffolding. The toe boards are
not shown for clarity of diagrams.
Figure 7
Inside standards
supporting guard railing
adjacent to a roof
structure that slopes
away from the top edge.
21
8.8 Safety nets Wall bracket
Safety nets can provide a satisfactory means of

protection against fall injuries while allowing workers
maximum flexibility of movement. They should not be 2.5 m
used for access to or egress from a work area or as a
working platform.
Information on safety nets is included in AS/NZS 4576.

British Standards BS EN 1263.1 Safety nets – Safety
requirements, test methods and BS EN 1263-2 Safety
nets: Safety requirements for the positioning limits also
provide specifications for the safe use and installation Perimeter nets
of safety nets. 2.5 m
Safety nets checklist

Where safety nets are used as a fall injury
prevention system, employers should ensure
that:
• safety nets are in position before any work is Cables

commenced
• safety nets are constructed of material of
sufficient strength to catch a falling person
or debris
• safety nets are installed and maintained by a
certificated rigger or scaffolder
• elevating work platforms (e.g. a cherry picker
or scissor lift) are used for the installation.
If this is not possible, scaffolding and fall
arrest systems should be used
• safety nets are hung as close as is
Safety nets – plan view
practicable to the underside of the working
area, but no more than two metres below the
Nets
working area
• perimeter safety nets extend at least 2.5
metres beyond the leading edge of the
working area (see the diagrams below)
• perimeter safety nets are installed where
there is no edge protection to prevent
workers falling over the edges
• where cables are installed along the length
of the building or structure, safety nets are
hung across these cables and moved along
as the work proceeds

• the safety net has sufficient tension and Safety nets – end view
clearance to prevent a falling person
contacting any surface or structure below
the net
• combustible material is not allowed to
accumulate in suspended safety nets
• no welding or oxy cutting is performed above
safety nets
• safety nets are not used in an environment
that exposes them to damage from
chemicals, sun or heat
• safety nets are inspected, particularly after
installation, relocation or repair
• the safety nets are stored correctly in dry,
shaded areas. Good air circulation is also
necessary.
22
8.9 Safety mesh
Galvanised safety mesh securely fixed provides fall
injury protection for roof installers and offers long-term
protection for maintenance and repair workers.
The removal of roofing materials and safety mesh for

the replacement of the roof or for demolition must be
carried out in the reverse sequence to the way it was
constructed initially. This means that:
• the sheeting should be removed first so that the

safety mesh remains intact to provide maximum
protection for the removal workers
• then the safety mesh should be removed.
This person should always remain

on the working platform while
pulling the mesh.
Means of installing safety mesh across the roof, prior to fixing it in position. Rope is used to pull mesh across the roof
purlins. Do not walk across open purlins to draw the mesh. Edge protection is not shown for clarity of diagram.
Safety mesh checklist • people engaged in the installation of safety

mesh should be protected from falling
The safety considerations include: by scaffolding (as in the diagram above),
elevating work platforms and/or fall arrest
• safety mesh must be used in conjunction systems and devices
with appropriate guard rails or fall arrest
• although not required when installation of
systems and devices when people are
safety mesh is carried out from properly
working close to open edges of a roof
erected scaffolding incorporating edge
• the safety mesh should comprise 2 mm protection, fall arrest equipment is required
diameter wire of not less than 450 MPa to access the roof span
tensile strength welded into a mesh
• installation of safety mesh and roofing
• the longitudinal wire spacing should not material must be carried out in the correct
exceed 150 mm and cross wire spacing sequence. Safety meshing must be Prevention of falls from height at workplaces – CODE OF PRACTICE
should not exceed 300 mm completed and in place before roof sheets
• safety mesh should be installed by a are moved into position
competent person • a rope should be used to draw the mesh
• AS/NZS 4389 Roof safety mesh specifies across the open purlins from one side to the
the minimum requirements for the design, other. Do not walk or jump across the open
construction testing and installation of purlins to draw the mesh across the roof
safety mesh in domestic, commercial and • the removal of roofing materials and
industrial building applications. Information safety mesh must be carried out in reverse
is also contained in AS 2424 Plastics building sequence to the way it was constructed
sheets – General installation requirements initially
and design of roof systems, which is a
• safety mesh should not be used for access
superseded (but still available) Australian
to or egress from a work area or as a
Standard
working platform.
23
Joining of wires in the safety mesh Longitudinal wires
Adjacent runs of mesh must be overlapped one opening The joining of longitudinal wires must be done in a
width. way that develops the strength of the connection of
longitudinal wires to roof members.
If it is necessary to make longitudinal joins, the knot and

tie should be the full length of the tail wire, which should
be 300 mm in length.
The first tail wire should be tied at least three times

around the knot.
The other tail wire is placed under the longitudinal wire

and tied around the transverse wire. To get a 300 mm
tail wire, cut the longitudinal wire close to a join. The
join should be the full width of the mesh, with every
longitudinal wire joined. The diagrams illustrate the
tying procedure.
Top: Overlapping of adjacent runs of mesh by one
opening width. Steel staples are required to fix runs of
mesh where purlin spacing exceeds 1.7 metres.
Below: Means of fixing wire mesh to purlins, tied off with
at least four full turns around the wire.
Longditudinal wires passed

through holes drilled in steel
purlins
Longditudinal wires wrapped

around steel or timber
purlins
Longditudinal wires passed

through steel staples on
timber purlins
24
Step 1 Step 2 Cross wires
The runs of mesh should be side lapped by at least 150
Longitudinal wire
mm (one opening width). If the purlin spacing exceeds
1.7 metres, the runs of mesh should be fixed with 2 mm
Coss wires Approx. steel staples or by tying or twitching at intermediate
300 mm spacings. This is to prevent people falling through the
meshed bays.
Step 3
Step 4
Method for joining longitudinal wires and cross wires

(Steps 1-4).
Any variation to the recommended method of tying

should be avoided.
25
9 Ladders: portable and fixed
Many falls from heights result from using items Positioning of portable ladders
such as crates, stools or desks to access heights
instead of properly setting up a ladder. However, each
type of ladder has specific safety requirements and
considerations.
Portable ladders
Extension or single ladders should be used as a means
of access to or egress from a work area, not as a
working platform [regulation 3.26].
The Regulations set specific requirements for the use of

a single or extension ladders, which are included in the
4 up
checklist on the following pages.
In addition, the minimum recommended safe practices

and requirements for the selection, safe use and care
of portable ladders are set out in the AS/NZS 1892
Portable Ladders series.
Other means of preventing falls may be necessary with

the use of portable ladders, where a risk assessment
determines additional protection will be needed. The
additional means of protection include:
• use of a permanent or temporary fall arrest system 1 out

attached to a ladder where a person may fall three The distance between the ladder base and the
metres or more supporting structure should be about one metre for
• use of pole straps (see the following diagram), every four metres of working ladder height. Horizontal
which should be inspected regularly and at least benching of ground ensures vertical alignment of ladder.
daily when in use.
• the installation of fixed ladders.
For information on fall arrest systems, see Section 8

and Appendix 4. Refer also to the relevant section in
devices – Selection, use and maintenance.
Unsafe arrangement of ladder, which will create

instability. Base of ladder positioned too far from wall.
Sudden slipping can occur.
An example of pole straps used with portable ladders
to provide fall protection. In this situation, a secondary
independent anchor point should be used (this is not
shown in the diagram).
26
Always position the ladder so that the rungs are at a
right angle to the edge of the working platform (i.e. • the ladder is not too close or too far from
the roof, scaffolding or gutter). The diagram below the support structure. The ratio must be one
illustrates this point. to four. The distance between the ladder
base and the supporting structure should
be about one metre for every four metres of
Swivel coupler Self closing gate working ladder height (see the diagrams on
the previous page)
• the ladder is secured against displacement
(i.e. slipping or sliding) and/or there is
another person holding the base of the
ladder
600 mm • if used at a construction site, the ladder
max
must not be suspended from a parapet hook
• the ladder is not placed so that the weight of
900 mm the ladder and any person using the ladder is
above
landing supported by the rungs (see the diagram on
the next page)
• all the locking devices on the ladder are
secure
• the ladder is always faced while climbing up
or down
Ladder lashed
with ties to • materials or tools are not carried while
Note: Kickboards not shown prevent climbing the ladder. Tools should be carried
for clarity of diagram slipping in a tool belt or side pouch
• only light duty work is undertaken while on
the ladder, where three points of contact can
be maintained and tools can be operated
safely with one hand
Ladders checklist • no person should stand on a ladder any
higher than 900 mm from the top of the
If a ladder is used, check that: ladder
• the type of ladder is appropriate to the task. • no other person is allowed on the ladder at
Industrial-rated ladders must be used in the the same time
workplace. Do not use ‘domestic’ or ‘home- • slip resistant base, rungs or steps are
made’ ladders provided
• all ladders must comply with • slip resistant shoes are worn
AS/NZS 1892 series and users should follow • metal or wire bound ladders are never used
the manufacturer’s recommendations on close to energised power lines; non-metallic
safe use ladders should be used instead
• the ladder is in good condition. Before it • ladders are not used in access areas, next
is used, the ladder should be inspected to doors when the work involves hot work
for faults, such as broken rungs, rails (e.g. welding or oxy cutting), on scaffolding
and footing. Consult the manufacturer’s or an elevating work platform, next to power Prevention of falls from height at workplaces – CODE OF PRACTICE
checklist, if available lines, in very wet or windy conditions and
• damaged ladders are removed from service next to traffic areas unless the working area
• the ladder is on firm, stable and level ground is barricaded.
• the ladder is the correct height for the task to

avoid reaching or stretching. Keep the body
centred between side rails at all times. Never
overreach
• platform ladders over two metres should
have a drop bar type fall restraint
27
Access or egress
Where fixed/extension ladders are used for
access or egress, check that:
• they are used only for access to or egress

from a working area, not as a working
platform. Consider whether an elevating
work platform or scaffolding would be safer 3 points of contact
at all times
• there is a firm and level work platform, free
from obstructions, to step onto from the
ladder
• the ladder extends at least 900 mm above
the stepping off point on the working
platform. Sufficient platform area must be
provided at the stepping off point
• edge protection is provided at the stepping
off point where people access the working
platform. Three points of contact with the ladder should be
maintained at all times, i.e. two feet and one hand, two
Working platforms hands and one foot or two feet and the frontal D ring on
the harness attached to the arrest/restraint line or inertia
Where portable or fixed ladders are used as reel. Tools and materials should not be carried by hand.
working platforms, check that: They should be in a tool belt or side pouch.
• a fall restraint or arrest system is used, if
the person is exposed to a fall of three or
more metres. Refer to AS/NZS 1891.4 for
anchorage requirements
• three points of contact with the ladder are
maintained when accessing and egressing
the ladder. This means that there should be
two feet and one hand or two feet and the
frontal D ring on the harness attached to the
fall arrest/restraint line or inertia reel (see the
diagram below).
• no work is carried out over another person.
Ensure signage is used to warn people of
work above.
See Appendix 2 for an example of a documented risk

assessment of ladder use at a workplace.
The ladder should not be placed so that the weight of the

ladder and any person using the ladder is supported by
the rungs.
28
Step and trestle ladders Ladder bracket scaffolds
Step and trestle ladders should be used only in the fully Alternatives to ladder bracket scaffolds should be
open position. considered because there are safer means of accessing
heights of two metres, such as light duty scaffolding
A step ladder may be used in the closed position by and elevating work platforms (e.g. scissor lifts).
leaning against a support; however, care must be taken
to ensure that the load is carried by the front stiles only. Ladder brackets must not be used for general
construction work.
Do not use step ladders as a working platform.
Ladder bracket scaffolds may be used only for very light
Alternatives to trestle ladders should be considered. work, where an alternative is not practicable, such as
There is a wide variety of working platforms now sign writing.
available for use in all circumstances, including small
scissor lifts, light duty aluminium mobile scaffolds, When ladder brackets are used, their use must be in
boom arms and modular scaffolding. accordance with clause 10.2.5 of AS/NZS 4576.
The platform on the brackets should be at least 450

mm wide (the minimum width of a light duty work
platform).
450 mm
width
Less than
2 m height
75o
2.4 m max
Example of an acceptable ladder bracket scaffold.
A step platform can provide a stable work surface.
Trestle ladders must be used only for light duty work

and the minimum width of the working platform
should not be less than 450 mm. Work should not
be performed on a trestle platform that is over two
metres above ground level unless edge protection is
incorporated.
29
Fixed ladders
Ladder and tower safety systems should be installed on
fixed ladders (e.g. rung ladders). More information on
these systems is provided below and on the next page.
The ladder cages in fixed ladders have been shown not

to stop a fall but simply funnel a fall and, in some cases,
more injuries can occur from striking the protective
backguards on the way down and the cages may also
hinder rescues. Therefore, fixed ladders with angles
exceeding 75 degrees to the horizontal should be fitted
with a permanent or temporary fall arrest system.
Inertia reels may be used for providing fall protection on

fixed ladders.
The ladder cages may also increase the risk of falling by

giving the climber a false sense of security.
In areas where fixed ladders are installed, it is

recommended they are in accordance with AS 1657.
The angle of slope should not be less than 70 degrees

to the horizontal and not greater than 75 degrees to the
horizontal. In no case should the ladder overhang the
person climbing the ladder. If the angle is more than 75
degrees, a safe system of work to prevent falls should
be provided such as a permanent fall arrest system (see
An example of unacceptable use of a ladder bracket – ladder and tower systems on the next page) or a double
the working platform must only be used for work of two lanyard harness.
metres or less in height. In this example, the brackets are
mounted on the outside of the ladders. With the working A specifically designed rescue procedure should
platform required to be at least 450mm wide, the user be developed for use in ladder cage situations, in
would have to climb out over the working platform, consultation with the safety and health representative, if
without any hand hold points above the platform to any, and employees. Training in the rescue procedures
support them while gaining access to the top of the should occur prior to the use of the fixed ladder.
working plarform.
The leaning angle of the ladders is also greater than

one in four (see the earlier diagrams under positioning
of portable ladders) and the ladders may slip out at the
bottom. In addition, edge protection and a handrail must
be provided if a person can fall two or more metres from
the platform (see regulation 3.55 in Appendix 3).
With the use of a ladder tower system, the person

climbing has continuous fall protection by being
attached to the anchorage by a drop line and harness.
30
Double lanyards
Ladder and tower safety system
An alternative to ladder and tower systems is the use
checklist of a double lanyard (also known as a twin tail or ‘Y’
lanyard). The diagram below shows how the use of a
Safety considerations include:
double lanyard means that the person climbing can
• temporary systems should comply with the always be connected to the ladder or structure and, if
requirements of droplines (see Appendix 4) there is a fall, it should be a short distance.
• the locking device should be attached to However, double lanyards are easy to misuse. A
the side or frontal attachment point of the common and widely accepted method of misuse for a
harness and the lanyard assembly should be double lanyard is the incorrect stowing of the unused
a maximum of 300 mm length leg which could result in equipment failure in the event
• the locking device should not be capable of of a fall. There should be no back hooking, they are not
damaging the line in the event of a fall suitable for frequent use (because of possible misuse
• the point of connection onto the ladder or muscle injury) and the ladder or structure points
by the climber must be near the base of must be capable of arresting forces generated by a
the ladder to allow the connection before fall with the double lanyard. Adequate training must be
ascending begins and also to provide provided on their use.
continuous connection to the disconnecting
point when at a safe higher level
• limited free fall should be to a maximum of
600 mm
• permanent systems should be of wire or
rail construction and should be installed
according to the manufacturer’s instructions
• the entire device should be capable of
sustaining a load of 12 kN (approximately
equivalent to 1200 kg).
It is recommended that:
• wire systems are in accordance with AS/ An example of a double lanyard. These must have double
NZS 1891.3 Industrial fall arrest systems and action hook gates.
devices – Fall arrest devices and
AS/NZS 1891.4 Industrial fall arrest
systems and devices – Selection, use and
maintenance, and sited in the middle or side
of the ladder
• rail devices are anchored in accordance
with AS/NZS 1891.3. They should be sited
to allow clearance of the self-locking device.
Junction points may be installed to allow
both vertical and horizontal movement.
Person climbing with a double lanyard.
31
10 Building maintenance units
During the planning stage, consideration should be
given to the methods by which maintenance, repairs or
cleaning will be undertaken on buildings or structures.
Building maintenance units checklist
The safety considerations include:
Consideration of future maintenance requirements at
the early design stage will avoid the possibility of unsafe • the platform must have sufficient, clearly
work practices occurring during routine maintenance. designated safety harness anchorage points
Sloping building exteriors and decline windows require designed to withstand the forces caused by
priority consideration to ensure safe maintenance may a fall of any person located anywhere on the
be carried out. platform
A building maintenance unit is a power-operated • building maintenance units should be
suspended working platform that is fixed permanently operated by trained and competent
to a building or structure. It is used for access for operators
building maintenance or window cleaning. • AS 1418.13 Cranes (including hoists and
winches) – Building maintenance units and
Both the design of the building maintenance unit and AS 2550.13 Cranes – Safe use – Building
the actual unit must be registered with WorkSafe. maintenance units should be consulted for
guidance on design and safe use.
Refer to AS/NZS 1891.4 for guidance on fall

protection on moveable platforms.
An example of a building maintenance unit with safety

harness and restraint line.
32
11 Other types of temporary working
platforms
Depending on the situation, other types of working • if it is not practicable to do either of the above, in
platforms can be considered. These include elevating accordance with AS 2550 series or AS 1418 series.
work platforms (e.g. mobile elevating work platforms, However, there are exclusions for certain types of
scissor lifts and order pickers), personnel carrying elevating work platforms (refer to regulation 4.54(4)
devices (e.g. work boxes), bosun’s chairs, light duty for more details).
suspended stages (e.g. swing stages) and false cars
(i.e. platforms used for work in lifts before lift cars are The Australian Standards applicable to elevating work
installed). platforms are AS 2550.1 Cranes, hoists and winches –
Safe use – General requirements and parts of
For an example of a bosun’s chair, see the descender in AS 2550.10 Cranes – Safe use – Mobile elevating work
the diagram in Section 17. platforms.
Where these devices are being used, ensure signage is Refer to AS 1418.1 Cranes, hoists and winches –
used to warn people of work above. General requirements and parts of and AS 1418.10
Cranes (Including hoists and winches) – Mobile elevating
work platforms for additional guidance.
Elevating work platforms
Elevating work platforms (EWPs) are available in a wide
variety of types and sizes. They include scissor lifts and Elevating work platforms checklist
boom type elevating platforms or mobile elevating work
The safety requirements include:
platforms (MEWPs), as depicted in the diagram below.
Some are only designed for hard and flat surfaces, while • workers operating the platforms must be
others are designed for operation on rough terrain. trained and instructed in safe operating
procedures for the particular brand and type
of equipment
• the platforms should only be used as
working platforms not as a means of access
to and egress from a work area
• unless designed for rough terrain, the
platforms should be used only on a solid
level surface
• the surface area should be checked to
make sure that there are no penetrations or
obstructions which could cause uncontrolled
movement or overturning of the platform
• when designed as rough terrain platforms,
the manufacturer’s instructions must be
consulted for information on safe operation
• the training provided should include safe use
of the fall arrest equipment and emergency
rescue procedures
• people working in MEWPs must wear
An example of a MEWP with a safety harness and an anchored safety harness and lanyard
lanyard assembly. The lanyard should be as short as incorporating a shock absorber as
possible and must be attached directly to the designated precaution against mechanical failure of the
anchor point, not attached to the handrail. basket. The lanyard should be as short as
possible. Fall arrest systems are not required
The person in charge of the workplace must ensure that to be worn on scissor lift type elevating work
the elevating work platform is maintained, inspected platforms
and operated:
• people operating MEWPs with boom lengths
• in accordance with the manufacturer or designer’s exceeding 11 metres must have a current
written instructions licence to perform high risk work.
• if it is not practicable to obtain those instructions, in
accordance with written instructions approved by
the WorkSafe Western Australia Commissioner
33
An example of a boom arm platform with safety harness
and lanyard assembly. The lanyard should be as short as
possible and must be attached directly to the designated
anchor point, not attached to the handrail. People must
not climb into or out of the bucket when it is an elevated
position – it is a working platform, not a means of An example of a scissor lift elevating work platform. A
access and egress. fall injury prevention system is not required on this item
of plant, unless advised by manufacturer or person in
control of the workplace and a suitable anchor point is
provided.
Work boxes
A work box is a personnel carrying device designed to
be suspended from a crane for the purpose of providing
a working area for persons elevated by and working
from the box.
Work boxes on cranes checklist

Safety requirements and considerations include:
• other working platforms, such as an

elevating working platform or scaffold, are
used as an alternative to the work box, if they
are practical
• the work box should not be suspended over
persons
• a suitable and adequate work box, designed

for the purpose, is used and securely
An example of an order picker using a safety harness attached to the crane. The work box design
and restraint line (lanyard). must be registered with WorkSafe. The
workbox, lifting attachments and records
should be checked by a competent person
before use
• the work box is fitted with a suitable
anchorage capable of withstanding the fall
forces specified in AS/NZS 1891.4 Industrial
fall arrest systems and devices – Selection,
use and maintenance. Workers must be
attached to the anchorage by a lanyard and
harness unless the workbox is fully enclosed
34
• workers should not enter or leave the – t he secondary rope should be attached
workbox when it is elevated unless a risk independently to the suspension rig and
assessment is conducted (except in an have the strength of not less than the
emergency) relevant suspension rope
• the crane is fitted with the means to safely • edge protection (top rail, mid rail and toe
lower it in an emergency or a power supply board or top rail, mesh panel and toe board)
failure complies with regulation 3.55(5)
• the crane is suitably stabilized at all times • people installing or servicing a light duty
while the work box is used suspended stage should hold a current
• the crane has ‘drive up’ and ‘drive-down’ licence to perform high risk work as per Part
controls on both the hoisting and luffing 6 of the Regulations. Persons operating light
motions and those controls are used. No duty suspended stages must be trained in
declutching allowing free fall to be used safe operation
while a workbox is in use • safety harness and restraint lanyard,
• an effective means of communication, attached to an independent anchored life
between any person in the work box and the line, should be worn by any person working
operator, is provided in a swing stage suspended with one wire
rope to each winch
• the crane is fitted with a safety hook and
moused accordingly • where the swing stage is suspended by two
wire ropes to each winch, a safety harness
• the operator remains at the controls of the
and restraint lanyard should be attached to a
crane at all times.
suitable anchor point of the swing stage
• the maintenance should be in accordance
with the manufacturer’s specifications and
Regulation 4.53 and AS 2550.1 and AS 1418.17 performed by a competent person
Cranes (including hoists and winches) – Design and
construction of workboxes and should be consulted • refer to AS/NZS 1891.4 Industrial fall arrest
for more requirements. Refer to AS/NZS 1891.4 for systems and devices – Selection, use and
additional guidance. maintenance for guidance on fall protection
on moveable platforms.
Light duty suspended stage (i.e.
swing stages)
Light duty suspended stage checklist

The safety considerations include:
• specifications and working load should be

in accordance with AS 1576.4 Scaffolding –
Suspended scaffolding
• the design should take into account wind
load created by covers and screening
etc., and the need for overhead and side
protection for the occupants Example of a light duty suspended stage with two wire Prevention of falls from height at workplaces – CODE OF PRACTICE
• the suspension and secondary rope should ropes to each winch. A vertical lifeline should be used. It
be: must be ensured that the platform remains horizontal,
when moving it up or down.
– terminated at the rig end with a thimble
eye splice or ferrule secured eye
termination or other rope coupling device
that does not damage the rope and gives
a strength of not less than 80 per cent of
the breaking load of the rope
– a
rope clamping device should be
fitted to the tail end of the rope (where
appropriate)
– t he rope should be long enough so that
the system will not run out of rope. It
should extend one metre beyond the
motor in the fully extended position
35
False cars
False cars are platforms used for work in lifts before lift
cars are installed.
False cars checklist

Safety considerations include:
• if lanyard assemblies are used on false cars,

they should be as short as practicable and
not connected to guard rails
• these should have edge protection according
to regulation 3.55(5)
• a purpose made anchorage designed to
withstand the force applied to it as a result
of a person’s fall should be attached to a
suitable area of the false car. Refer to
AS/NZS 1891.4 Industrial fall arrest
systems and devices – Selection, use and
maintenance for guidance. AS/NZS 1891.4
requires anchor points for safety harnesses
to withstand a force of 15 kN (approximately
equivalent to 1,500kg).
36
12 Forklift trucks
Forklifts fitted with personnel carrying devices (i.e.
mancages or work boxes) provide a safe means of
raising personnel and equipment to an elevated work
area, when they are correctly attached to the forklift
carriage and engineer-designed and constructed in
accordance with AS 2359 series Powered industrial
trucks.
Personnel must not be raised or carried on forklift tynes.

Using a forklift as a working platform or to gain extra
An example of an engineer-designed personnel carrying height is an unacceptable practice unless a proper
device, with safety harness and lanyard assembly, personnel carrying device (workbox) is used.
correctly positioned on the forklift tynes.
Unacceptable practice with ladder on forklift.
37
13 Protection of holes and openings
All holes and openings (other than a lift well, stairwell
or vehicle inspection pit) with dimensions greater than
200 mm x 200 mm, but less than 2 metres x 2 metres
or with a diameter greater than 200 mm, but less than 2
metres, must be protected.
Holes or openings in concrete floors must, where

practicable, be protected with embedded wire mesh and
covered with material of adequate strength to prevent
persons or things entering or falling through.
Holes or openings in any other type of (non-concrete)

floor must be covered with material of adequate
strength to prevent entry by objects or persons and be
fixed securely to the floor.
Unprotected holes are a severe hazard and must be
The suitability of polystyrene as a material of adequate covered.
strength in any particular situation must be considered
carefully prior to use. For example, if scissor lifts are to
be used on the floor, the polystyrene will be incapable
of supporting the load and could collapse. Petrol and
many solvents often used on construction sites will
dissolve polystyrene.
Holes or openings covered with wire mesh must not

be used as a work platform. When installing services,
only the part of the wire mesh that allows access
for installation can be removed. The cover should be
modified to fit around the installed service.
4 mm mesh embedded in the concrete floor. The hole
All covers must be fixed securely and marked clearly must also be covered to prevent things falling through.
with the words ‘Danger – hole beneath’. There are requirements for wire mesh in regulation
3.54(2).
Sign to be affixed to the hole cover.
38
14 Grid mesh and checker plate flooring
panels
Grid mesh and checker plate flooring is used for
walkways, access ways and working platforms.
Grid mesh and checker plate flooring
The hazards associated with this type of flooring are: panels checklist
• panels are easy to dislodge if not fixed securely The safety considerations include:
• missing grid mesh panels are a severe hazard and,
• flooring panels must be securely fixed
consequently, access to areas with missing panels,
and assembled in accordance with
except for repair work, must be denied
manufacturer’s specifications
• if multiple levels are used, a person working on one
• where possible, they should be fitted to
level can become disoriented.
the structure, prior to it being lifted into
permanent position
• each panel must be fixed securely before the
next panel is placed in position
• during installation, this type of flooring
should be secured by tack welding, panel
grips or other means to prevent movement
before being fixed permanently
• if panels of grid mesh or checker plate
flooring are removed, and there is a risk
of falling more than three metres, edge
protection must be provided. Dimensions of
the removed panels may result in openings
or holes and these must be protected in
accordance with regulation 3.54.
See regulation 3.56 and Section 13. Protection

of holes and openings.
Missing grid mesh panels are a severe hazard.

39
15 Brittle or fragile roofing
Brittle or fragile roofing materials include roofing made
of asbestos, cellulose cement roof sheets, glass,
fibreglass, acrylic or other similar synthetic moulded or
fabricated material used to sheath a roof or in a roof,
which are likely to endanger a person standing on them.
Box gutters made of asbestos cement products,

skylights in old buildings and corroded sheet metal
roofing are further examples of brittle or fragile roofing.
No-one should walk directly on fragile material.
Danger signs to be fixed at points of access to the roof.
Work on brittle or fragile roofing

materials checklist
If a person is required to work on or from a roof
of material that can break, easily snap or shatter
or is weak or perishable, the employer, or the
person who has control of the workplace must
ensure:
• the person is informed that there is fragile or

brittle roofing
Severe deterioration of roofing materials may not be • safe access to the work area is provided, as
severe hazard. Many old roofs readily apparent from the set out in Section 6 of this code, to enable
upper surface. Inspect the underside of brittle roofing employees to step directly onto a safe
materials for hazards. platform or area
• work is carried out from a safe working
platform that is located and constructed to
allow work to be performed safely
• an adequate fall injury prevention system is
installed and used
• there is another person present at all times
when work is being performed on a brittle
roof in case there is an emergency

• training and instruction is provided on
precautions to be taken and safe access
• training in rescue techniques has been
provided and rescue equipment is readily
available for use at the workplace
• warning signs are displayed at access points
to any work area where fragile material is
present
• warning signs are fixed securely in a position
where they will be clearly visible to persons
accessing the working area
Broken sheets are a severe hazard. Many old roofs have

no wire mesh under brittle sheets.
40
• before the roof is removed, the brittle or
fragile areas are identified and the stability
of the structure and soundness of the roof
is assessed as part of the risk management
process.
See regulation 3.57 and, for risk management

obligations, see regulation 3.49.
Maintenance and repairs

Where it is necessary for maintenance or
repairs to be carried out on an area containing
fragile materials, the employer of those persons
should:
• inspect the underside of the work area to

determine the extent of fragile material,
presence of safety mesh and the structural
soundness of the work area and the safety
mesh
• provide temporary walkways of at least
450 mm width with edge protection as a
means of access to and egress from any
work area, where permanent walkways are
not provided
• provide timber cleats on temporary
walkways where the slope of a walkway
exceeds 7 degrees or one vertical to eight
horizontal. Timber cleats of 50 mm (width)
x 25 mm (thickness) should be fixed to the
top side of the walkway planks at distances
of 450 mm along the walkway. The walkway
should be secured adequately
• provide temporary roof ladders or crawl
boards of sufficient strength, where any
person is required to carry out work on
or adjacent to any part of a sloping roof
sheathed in fragile material
• provide individual fall arrest systems and
devices for any person required to work
on or adjacent to any fragile material,
when safety mesh, safety nets or similar
fall protection have not been provided.
Safety harnesses should be attached by
an individual fall arrest device to a static
line positioned above the ridge line or an
individual anchorage point
• provide training and instruction in the
correct use of fall protection and ensure that
employees understand the information.
Where the work involves removal of a considerable

amount of fragile material, fall arrest systems and
devices should be worn by all personnel engaged in
the work, if the perimeter of the roof is not guarded by a
solid balustrade, scaffolding or a guard rail that extends
not less than 900 mm or more than 1,100 mm above
the roof level at the perimeter and includes a mid rail
and toe board.
41
16 Freight transport and general plant
Generally, the hazards from falls from freight transport Where people are required to gain access to high areas
and general plant are encountered during either: of trucks, road transporters, tankers or rail cars for
purposes of securing, restraining, loading or unloading
• access to and egress from vehicles and plant freight, and there is a risk of falling, employers must
• loading and unloading work, including positioning provide a safe system of work for them to get to and
loads, securing freight, moving tarpaulins and minor from the work area.
maintenance work.
Using the preferred order of risk control measures,
The risks include: the risks of falls may be eliminated or reduced by
implementing the following control measures:
• a fall from the top of the load
• a fall when climbing on or off vehicles, trays or • elimination of hazards is the preferred control
gates, etc. measure wherever practicable; e.g. as much work as
possible should be carried out from ground level
• impact injuries from jumping down from the load or
equipment • substitution by replacing a hazard or hazardous
work practice with a less hazardous one is the next
• a fall or slip due to poor lighting
preferred control measure; e.g. implementation of
• a fall when climbing up the outside or on top of a safe load restraining methods
stock crate
• if the hazard cannot be eliminated, substituted or
• a fall or slip due to loading on uneven ground isolated, engineering controls should be introduced,
• a fall while accessing the top of rail cars because of with consideration given to providing safe access to
the heights involved. and egress from farm machinery, trucks and heavy
plant and equipment, such as steps, permanent
Severe injuries have also resulted from workers access ladders, walkways, loading gantries, guard
stepping off moving vehicles, such as rubbish removal rails and slip resistance surfaces or coatings
trucks carrying out kerbside rubbish collection, instead that render the surface trip or slip free. Wherever
of waiting for the vehicle to come to a stop. This is an practicable, access and egress should be located to
unacceptable practice. ensure egress does not entail a ‘backward drop’ by
the operator from the last step to the ground
• administrative controls are the least preferred
Large trucks control measures. They include providing
Serious injuries may result from falls from large trucks, information, instruction, training and a safe system
such as milk tankers and petrol tankers while, for of work for preventing falls, supervising workers
example: who are required to work at heights and monitoring
the risks to ensure they remain as low as possible.
• accessing or opening tank hatches
In some instances, a combination of control measures
• accessing the top of freight containers on road
may be appropriate.
transporters
• fitting ‘hungry boards’ to increase grain storage See the table on preferred order of control measures in
capacity or using vacuum loaders on grain Section 2.4.
transporters.
Loading and unloading facilities and

Plant equipment
Fall injuries may occur during access to and egress Employers must also give consideration to the
from large items of plant, such as farm machinery, equipment and facilities available at both the initial
large vehicles and earthworks equipment (e.g. loading point and unloading destination to ensure safe
bulldozers, scrapers, graders and excavators) and heavy access and egress is provided to workers involved in
equipment, including during manufacture, maintenance the operation.
and cleaning.
Weather conditions and night work

Safe systems of work
The safe system of work must be designed to prevent
Employers must provide safe systems of work so that, falls from all identified hazards in the work operation,
as far as practicable, employees are not exposed to including wet, windy and slippery conditions and work
hazards. Employers must also provide employees with at night when lighting may be poor.
information, instruction and training so that they can
carry out their work in such a manner that they are not
exposed to hazards.
42
Farm machinery Tankers
The provision of seating for passengers in farm
machinery is important to prevent falls from equipment,
especially when traversing uneven ground. Using
the cab window to lean against for support will not
be sufficient to prevent a fall under uneven ground
conditions. Consideration should also be given to
the servicing and maintenance requirements of the
machinery to ensure there is safe access and egress.
Tarpaulins
A safe method for placing tarpaulins on large road
transport vehicles, with the use of a forklift truck is
shown on the following pages. This method avoids
the need for personnel to access the top of the truck.
Other methods might include installing large permanent
ramps from which personnel work at each side of the
truck at the loading bay or the provision of purpose
designed gantries.
Vehicle cabs
For safer access to and egress from the cab, operators
should:
• climb in and out of the cab and not jump down from
the cab
• always maintain three points of contact when
climbing
See the diagram in Chapter 9 showing a person

maintaining three points of contact when climbing.
Confined spaces
The Regulations have specific requirements for the
entry into confined spaces and compliance with
AS 2865 Confined spaces. AS 2865 provides guidance in Tanker showing fold down handrails. Midrail and toe
eliminating or minimising the need to enter a confined board are not shown for clarity of diagram.
space and in avoiding exposure to hazards that may
be experienced where entry to a confined space is
necessary.
Specific emergency rescue procedures will be required Prevention of falls from height at workplaces – CODE OF PRACTICE
when persons are required to work in confined spaces.
First aid facilities must be available.
Examples of where hazardous access and egress have

been overcome.
43
Road transporters Sheeting vehicles
Sheeting gantry providing safe access for sheeting

vehicles.
Road transporter with freight container. Arrows indicate
steps and hand hold positions. Harvesters
Dump trucks
Farm header with steps. Consideration should be given

during a risk assessment to the safety requirements
for maintenance and cleaning of harvesters, including
cleaning of windscreens.
Large rear dump truck.
Bulldozers
Large bulldozer with arrows indicating steps and hand

hold positions. Consideration should be given during a
risk assessment to the safety requirements when doing
maintenance and cleaning.
44
Tarpaulins
Safe method of erecting or removing tarpaulins over

high loads on trucks using a purpose designed device
attached to a forklift truck. Tying off is carried out from
the ground. Personnel do not need to access the top of
the truck.
Unsafe method of erecting tarpaulins. Personnel at risk

of falling.
Counter balance
Stability of the forklifts, including the effect of high winds,

may require incorporation of a counterbalance to the
device (as shown in the diagram) or to the forklift itself.
45
17 Industrial rope access systems
(abseiling)
Industrial rope access systems are used for gaining
Safety line
access to a work face, usually by means of vertical
suspended ropes. Other methods of accessing a work
Working line
face should be considered as these systems require
skill and can be dangerous. Elevating work platforms
and building maintenance units are a preferable means Helmet
of accessing a work face.
Descender
Chest harness
Industrial rope access systems
checklist
Tool
Where it is necessary for industrial rope access attachment
systems to be used: strap
Work
• personnel must receive training and positioning
instruction in the technique and be Rope grab harness
competent (back-up)
• operators must be adequately supervised Rope grab
• operators should not work alone, in case
they require assistance in an emergency Lanyard
• industrial rope access systems should assembly
be installed only in a location where it is Swing seat
possible to provide prompt assistance (optional)
or rescue if required (see also Section 19
Emergency Rescue Procedures)
• all equipment must be checked regularly by
a competent person
• prior to use, all fixed anchorage points must Operator using descender in an industrial rope access
be checked by a competent person before system. Where the task requires it, appropriate personal
attaching the rope access lines protective equipment must also be used, such as gloves,
• a back up system must be used to protect hearing protection, goggles and mask.
the operator
• two independently anchored ropes must be Refer to AS/NZS 4488 Industrial rope access systems
used for each person series for guidance on competencies, training,
checklists and specifications.
• any person within three metres of an
unguarded edge must be adequately
secured
• all operators should wear a full body harness
• supervisors must ensure communication

between personnel is sufficient for the task
• procedures must be clearly understood by
the operator
• appropriate personal protective equipment
must be used, such as helmets, gloves,
hearing protection, goggles and masks
• barricades and signposts should be placed
on all access areas below the working area
and anchorage locations to exclude and alert
the public and tradespeople.
46
18 Tree climbing
Tree climbing for tree pruning and trimming may
present hazards, which will require specific training
and careful planning of activities. There are certain
basic requirements concerning equipment and method
of operation which must be followed by personnel
involved in climbing trees for the purpose of pruning
and trimming.
Climbing ropes and safety harnesses should be used.

Accidents in tree pruning and trimming operations
should not occur if appropriate equipment is used.
Consideration should be given to the use of the

following equipment:
• the correct type of harness, e.g. a sit harness with

leg straps
• a pole strap with steel core
• a Kernmantle climbing rope
• double or triple action lockable karabiners
• eye and ear protection
• steel cap boots When using a chainsaw in a tree, it should be attached
to a lanyard that will allow the saw to drop below the
• climbing spikes climber’s feet.
• safety helmet
• tool strap for chainsaw.
Tree climbing checklist
For equipment to use to prevent or arrest falls, refer to
the AS/NZS 1891 series. Safety considerations include:
• inspection of ropes, harnesses, lanyard and

Chainsaws equipment prior to use
Care must be taken when using chainsaws in trees. • a
nother person to be in attendance on the
Chainsaws must be attached to a lanyard of sufficient ground
length to allow the chainsaw to drop below the climber’s • w
earing of appropriate personal protective
feet. Chainsaws must be of an appropriate size and in clothing and equipment
good operating condition. Chainsaws must be turned • c
limber is always attached to tree by
off when not being used. climbing rope or pole strap
• pole straps with steel cores should be used
with a safety harness for additional security
Climbing rope
• c
limbing rope under tension as far as
Climbing ropes should be of synthetic fibre (such as a practicable Prevention of falls from height at workplaces – CODE OF PRACTICE
Kernmantle rope) with a minimum diameter of 11 mm, • work with climbing rope as vertical as
of three strand or braided construction and be durable practicable and anchor point located so
under conditions of friction and heat. Climbing ropes climber will swing away from any hazard
must have a minimum breaking strength of 10 times
• c
limbing rope to be of sufficient length to
the combined weight of the climber and equipment.
enable climber to descend to ground
• c
are must be taken to ensure rope lines are
attached to substantial limbs, free from rot
or decay, and sufficient to take the worker’s
weight. The climber should always tie in
around the parent limb or trunk and over the
lateral limb. Personnel should not rely on the
strength of the tree or limb to support their
weight without careful consideration of the
tree’s capacity and integrity
47
• when ascending large trees, it may be
necessary to reset the climbing line several
times, often requiring the climbing line to
be set in a crotch of the tree well above
the climber’s head. One way to reset the
climbing line is to throw the rope over the
limb. Training should include a range of
methods for resetting climbing lines
• consider using a supporting structure, such
as an elevating work platform, for activities
such as pruning and trimming (however, site
access difficulties and tree configuration
will often make the use of work platforms
impracticable, necessitating tree climbing)
• where a boom-type elevating work platform
is used, all personnel working from the
platform must wear a safety harness and
fall arrest lanyard connected to a sufficient
anchor point
• use of a stepladder to access the lower
portion of a tree and free climbing to higher
levels should not be permitted.
Electrical safety
The dangers of electricity must be considered
prior to any work being carried out in the vicinity
of power lines, whether it is from an elevating
work platform or when using climbing ropes and
safety harnesses.
The electrical safety requirements include:
• ground crews must always remain alert to

any possible dangers from electric wires to
personnel working at heights
• persons carrying out or assisting in
vegetation control work near power lines
must be trained to carry out this work
according to the Department’s Code of
Practice for Personnel Electrical Safety for
Vegetation Control Work Near Live Power
Lines
• untrained personnel must never work above
power lines or cut branches which can swing
down, fall or come in contact with live power
lines
• metal ladders must never be used for tree
climbing near electric wires.
48
19 Emergency rescue procedures
Appropriate rescue procedures must be in place for
the rescue of a person in an emergency situation. • the installation of individual fall arrest
Employees must be provided with: systems and individual rope access systems
in locations where it is possible to assist or
• information on emergency rescue procedures
rescue a person quickly if required
• procedures in the event of different emergencies
• ensuring that all workers who will be working
such as rescues, accidents or injuries
with the fall injury prevention system
• an induction on the emergency rescue procedures receive information, instruction and training
• training in the emergency rescue procedures in emergency rescue processes and are
• training in the use of fall arrest systems (where familiar with fall arrest systems and devices,
used). prior to work commencing
• ensuring that any persons using a fall arrest
system or industrial rope access are not
First aid facilities working alone. This is important if there is a
risk of a fall
Employees must be provided with first aid facilities
and first aid training for those who may be required to • the availability of and access to first aid
provide first aid. facilities or services, including trained first
aiders. The rescue team should include a
The Commission for Occupational Safety and Health’s person or people trained in the provision of
code of practice, Codes of Practice First Aid Facilities first aid so that it can be administered to the
and Services, Workplace Amenities and Facilities, fall victim in the event of an injury occurring
Personal Protective Clothing and Equipment should be during a fall
consulted for guidance on the legislative requirements • the details of additional support facilities,
for first aid facilities and workplace amenities. including the location, contact information
and availability (hours open) of emergency
Refer to Safe Work Australia, Managing the risk of falls services, such as fire brigade, ambulance
at workplaces Code of Practice, section 10 (October and hospitals
2018) for additional guidance.
• an effective and readily available means of
communication.
19.1 Fall arrest systems
19.1.1 Suspension trauma
Emergency rescue procedures for fall ‘Suspension trauma’ can occur when a person’s legs
arrest systems are immobile in an upright posture for a prolonged
period because the lower legs have a large storage
Emergency rescue procedures should be
capacity for blood and gravity pulls blood into them.
developed before setting up a fall arrest or
The return blood flow to the heart is reduced as blood
industrial rope access system. Procedures
accumulates in the legs. Because the blood supply to
should take into account the need for:
the heart is then restricted, the body suddenly slows the
• a plan and timeframe to carry out any heart causing the person to faint.
rescues
With the use of a fall arrest system, suspension trauma
• the immediate rescue of a person after may occur when a person has an arrested fall because
an arrested fall, without the need to rely they are suspended and caught in an upright, vertical
on emergency services. See the following position and the harness straps cause pressure on
section for information on suspension the leg veins. The blood flow to the heart is reduced,
trauma, which can occur when a person is resulting in fainting, restriction of movement or loss of
suspended in a harness consciousness in a few minutes. This may lead to renal
• the necessary equipment required to failure and eventually death, depending on a person’s
carry out a rescue. This should include an susceptibility. The condition may be worsened by heat
emergency rapid response kit with synthetic and dehydration.
fibre rope (see AS 4142.3 Fibre ropes – Man-
made fibre ropes for static life rescue line Susceptibility to suspension trauma may be unrelated
specifications and AS/NZS 4488.2 Industrial to fitness level or any other obvious physical conditions.
rope access systems – Selection, use and Therefore, the quick rescue of a person suspended in
maintenance for auto-stop descent devices) a full body harness, as soon as is possible, is vital. For
this reason, workers should be capable of conducting
a rescue of a fallen worker and be familiar with onsite
rescue equipment and procedures.
49
Workers and emergency response personnel must
be trained in the rescue procedures and be able to
Training for rescues
recognise the risks of suspension trauma and act
quickly in the rescue of a person. The training for rescues of persons who have
fallen and are suspended in an upright position
Refer to Australian Resuscitation Council Guideline 9.1.5 should address the following factors to prevent
– Harness Suspension Trauma (July 2009). suspension trauma:
• the rescue process should be quick to start

because a suspension in an upright position
Preventing suspension trauma
for longer than five minutes has the potential
Recommendations for preventing suspension to cause death
trauma as a result of an arrested fall include: • the victim should be moved from suspension
in stages; i.e. the procedure should take 30-
• workers should never work alone when using 40 minutes with the victim moved first into a
a harness as fall protection kneeling position, then into a sitting position,
• workers spending time hanging in a harness and finally into a horizontal position. The
should use a sit type harness, which allows victim should not be moved too quickly into
legs to be kept horizontal a horizontal position because this can kill
• the time a worker spends in suspension them.
after a fall should be limited to less than
five minutes. When a suspension is longer
than five minutes, foothold straps or a way
of placing weight on the legs should be
provided
• Workers should be trained to do the
following when they are hanging in their
harness after a fall:
– try
to move the legs in the harness
and push against any footholds, where
these movements are possible. In some
instances, the harness design and/or
any injuries received may prevent this
movement
– try
to move the legs as high as possible
and the head as horizontal as possible,
where these movements are possible.
These movements are not possible
in some of the harnesses available.
This factor should be considered when
selecting a harness for use at the
workplace
• harnesses should be selected for specific
applications, with consideration given to
comfort, potential injuries and suspension
trauma.
50
Appendix 1 References
Legislation AS/NZS 1892.5 Portable ladders – Selection,
safe use and care
Occupational Safety and Health Act 1984
www.legislation.wa.gov.au/legislation/statutes.nsf/ AS 2317.1 Lifting points – Collared
law_a555.html eyebolts and collared eyenuts
– Grade 4
Occupational Safety and Health Regulations 1996
AS 2319 Rigging screws and turnbuckles
www.legislation.wa.gov.au/legislation/statutes.nsf/
law_s4665.html AS 2424 Plastics building sheets
– General installation
requirements and design of
Standards roofing systems
Australian Standards and Australian/New AS 2359 series Powered industrial trucks

Zealand Standards AS 2550.1 Cranes, hoists and winches
– Safe use – General
AS 1418.1 Cranes, hoists and winches – requirements
General requirements
AS 2250.10 Cranes, hoists and winches –
AS 1418.10 Cranes (Including hoists and Safe use – Mobile elevating
winches) – Mobile elevating work platforms
work platforms
AS 2550.13 Cranes – Safe use – Building
AS 1418.13 Cranes (including hoists maintenance units
and winches) – Building
maintenance units AS 2865 Confined spaces
AS 1418.17 Cranes (including hoists AS 3569 Steel wire ropes – Product

and winches) – Design and specification
construction of workboxes
AS 4142.3 Fibre ropes – Man-made fibre
AS/NZS 1576 series Scaffolding ropes for static life rescue lines
AS 1657 Fixed platforms, walkways, AS/NZS 4389 Roof safety mesh

stairways and ladders – Design,
AS/NZS 4488.1 Industrial rope access systems
construction and installation
– Specifications
AS/NZS 1891.1 Industrial fall arrest systems
AS/NZS 4488.2 Industrial rope access
and devices – Harnesses and
systems – Selection, use and
ancillary equipment
maintenance
AS/NZS 1891.2 Supp.1 Industrial fall arrest systems
AS/NZS 4576 Guidelines for scaffolding
and devices – Horizontal lifeline
and rail systems – Prescribed Available from Standards Australia
configurations for horizontal www.standards.org.au/ Prevention of falls from height at workplaces – CODE OF PRACTICE
lifelines
AS/NZS 1891.3 Industrial fall arrest systems British Standards Institution

and devices – Fall arrest
BS EN 1263-1 Temporary works equipment – Safety
devices
nets – Safety requirements, test methods
AS/NZS 1891.4 Industrial fall arrest systems infostore.saiglobal.com/en-au/Standards/BS-
and devices – Selection, use EN-1263-1-2014-245879_SAIG_BSI_BSI_572620/
and maintenance
BS EN 1263-2 Temporary works equipment – Safety
AS/NZS 1892.1 Portable Ladders – Nets – Safety requirements for the positioning limits
Performance and geometric infostore.saiglobal.com/en-au/Standards/BS-
requirements EN-1263-2-2014-245886_SAIG_BSI_BSI_572638/
51
Codes of practice DMIRS
Commission for Occupational Safety and Code of practice for personnel electrical safety for
vegetation control work near live power lines (2012)
Health www.commerce.wa.gov.au/building-and-energy/code-
Code of Practice: Excavation (2005) practice-vegetation-worker-electrical-safety
www.commerce.wa.gov.au/sites/default/files/atoms/ WorkSafe Bulletin – Domestic construction: Controlling
files/code_excavation.pdf falling risks while working on roof structures (2014)
Plant in the Workplace: Making it Safe: a Guide for www.commerce.wa.gov.au/sites/default/files/atoms/
Employers, Self-Employed Persons and Employees files/domestic_construction_0.pdf
(2001)
www.commerce.wa.gov.au/sites/default/files/atoms/ Safe Work Australia
files/guide-plant_hazards.pdf
Managing the risk of falls at workplaces – Code of
Plant Design: Making it Safe: a Guide for Designers, Practice (October 2018)
Manufacturers, Importers, Suppliers and Installers of www.safeworkaustralia.gov.au/system/files/
Plant (2001) documents/1810/model-cop-managing-the-risk-of-falls-
www.commerce.wa.gov.au/sites/default/files/atoms/ at-workplaces.pdf
files/guide_plant_design.pdf
Guidelines
Codes of Practice: First Aid Facilities and Services;
Workplace Amenities and Facilities; Personal Protective Australian Resuscitation Council
Clothing and Equipment should be consulted for
guidance on the legislative requirements for first aid Guideline 9.1.5 – Harness Suspension Trauma (July
facilities and workplace amenities (2002) 2009)
www.commerce.wa.gov.au/sites/default/files/atoms/ resus.org.au/guidelines/
files/code_first_aid_0.pdf
52
Appendix 2 Job safety analysis (JSA)
Working with a JSA In the Persons responsible column, write down the
name of the person who has to make sure the risk
Safety management is about reducing the risk of injury controls are actually carried out on the site.
or harm for any person who may be affected by the
work. This includes employers, contractors, all workers, Make sure everyone understands that the JSA should
visitors and members of the public who may be at or be changed if there is a change to the site and different
near a work site. risk controls are required. The JSA should be reviewed
and updated regularly.
The work should be organised so that all of these
people can carry out their usual activities safely.
Training and supervision
Coordination A JSA provides a written record of the way a particular
task should be done.
A JSA is one way of providing information to everyone
involved in a particular task. It sets out the method that The JSA does not replace the information, instruction,
will be used and the way that hazards associated with training and supervision that are required to ensure the
the task will be managed on that site. task is done that way.
JSAs also provide the information that is needed for It is up to the employer/principal contractor to ensure
principal contractors and site supervisors to coordinate that each person has the skills to work safely and there
the work. They can refer to the JSAs to ensure that is adequate supervision of the work underway at each
everyone is following the steps to be taken to complete site.
the job safely.
Introducing JSAs
Preparing for work It is a good idea to start with high risk work activities.
JSAs are an important part of preparing for each job. Gradually the number of situations where JSAs are
used will grow and they will become a regular part of
JSAs should be completed before work begins. managing safety on the site.
Each worker involved with the job should know what is

in the JSA for the work they are doing. Safe work method statements
(SWMS)
Taking it step-by-step Section 3.143 of the Regulations requires that all high
risk construction work done, or to be done, at the site
Completing a JSA does not have to be a complicated
must be covered by a SWMS. Persons who have day-to-
process. It can be as simple as writing a few dot points
day on-site control of high risk construction work must
under each of the headings in the blank JSA form on
provide the main contractor with a SWMS or, failing that,
the next page.
the main contractor must prepare the necessary SWMS
Taking it one step at a time will make the whole process and keep it up to date.
easier. It is best done with the people who usually carry
The main contractor must ensure that high risk Prevention of falls from height at workplaces – CODE OF PRACTICE
out the tasks because they know the job well and they
construction work, as far as practicable, is carried out in
will have to follow the JSA when it is completed.
accordance with the SWMS. If work is not carried out in
Break the job down into steps and record the steps in accordance with the SWMS, the work must cease until
the Work activity column in the order that they would the SWMS is complied with.
usually occur on site.
The SWMS must be in writing and, as far as practicable,
In the Hazard column, list the ways that anyone could set out:
be injured or harmed during each step. Think about all
• each high risk construction work activity that is or
workers and any visitors or members of the public that
includes a hazard
may be affected.
• the risk of injury or harm to a person resulting from
Work out what could be done to make the job safer and any such hazards
prevent the injuries or harm that may occur. Write this in • the safety measures to be implemented to reduce
the Risk control column. the risk, including the control measures which are
genuinely based on the hierarchy of controls
• a description of the equipment to be used in the
work activity
53
• the qualifications and training (if any) required for
persons doing the work.
And where required:
• outlines the legislation, standards and codes to be

complied with
• includes a description of the equipment used in the
work, the qualifications of the personnel doing the
work and the training required to do the work in a
safe and environmentally sound manner.
Safe Work Method Statement is sometimes called job

safety analysis (JSA) or job safety and environment
analysis (JSEA).
54
Job safety analysis example: cleaning gutters
Note: this is only an example and may not address all the hazards for this particular work activity at a specific site. A JSA that is relevant to an individual site should be prepared.
Name of organisation completing the work: ABC Gutters Job name: Smith’s residence
Task: Cleaning gutters on a single-storey house using a portable ladder Job number: Project 001
Principal contractor: ABC Gutters Job location: Rio Road, Cottesloe
Date the JSA was prepared: 20/05/20 Number of pages in this JSA: 2
This JSA has been reviewed by: Joe Bloggs, Site Supervisor This JSA has been discussed with:
Joe Bloggs, Site Supervisor and Jack Brown, Employee
Principal contractor or representative (signature) Employee/subcontractor (signature)

J.F. Bloggs J.F. Bloggs J.S. Brown
Position: Supervisor Date: 20/05/20 Position: Supervisor Employee Date: 20/05/20
Item number Work activity Hazard Risk control Persons responsible Completion
Break the job down into What could harm What can be done to make Who will make sure it Date and signoff
steps someone? the job safe? happens?
1. Move ladder from vehicle Back injury (twisting and Assistance by another Jack Brown (employee)
to location. over- reaching). person. Plan lift to avoid Joe Bloggs (supervisor)
Being hit by oncoming back injury. Park vehicle in
traffic. safe area to avoid being
hit by oncoming traffic and
Hitting other people.
hitting persons.
Keep safe distance from
power lines.
2. Check ladder. Ladder collapse. Use industrial type ladder. Jack Brown (employee)
Ladder conforms with Joe Bloggs (supervisor)
AS/NZS 1892.
Inspect ladder for
cracks and damage
in accordance with
the manufacturer’s
instructions.
55
56
Item number Work activity Hazard Risk control Persons responsible Completion
Break the job down into What could harm What can be done to make Who will make sure it Date and signoff
steps someone? the job safe? happens?
3. Set up ladder on gutter. Power lines nearby. Ensure ladder is not close Jack Brown (employee)
Uneven ground. to electrical danger zone. Joe Bloggs (supervisor)
Sun exposure. If needed, use boards or
suitable material to ensure
Public being hit.
a firm footing.
Use sun protection.
Bunt the area around
ladder to isolate the public.
Set up ladder at 1/4
distance from the height
of the gutter (i.e. if the
gutter is four metres high,
the foot of the ladder
should be one metre away
from the gutter line).
4. Climb ladder. Slip, trips and falls off Ladder secured at the Jack Brown (employee)
ladder. gutter or have someone Joe Bloggs (supervisor)
Ladder slipping or sliding. else footing the ladder.
Three points of contact
with the ladder at all times
(two feet and one hand).
Wear shoes with good, slip
resistant soles.
Use bag or pouch to carry
tools and equipments.
Appendix 3 Terms used in fall injury
prevention systems
Systems Terms
Active fall protection – is a system where individuals Anchorage – means an anchorage point for a fall injury
must take action to use equipment either to prevent prevention system. It is the means for attaching a
them entering a fall hazard area or to arrest their fall lanyard, lifeline or other components to a secure point.
(e.g. a fall arrest or fall restraint system).
Arrest force – is the force imposed upon the worker
Individual fall arrest systems – are designed to arrest and the anchorage point, the moment the fall arrest
an accidental fall and consist of some or all of the system stops the fall, measured in kilonewtons (kN).
following:
Body containment devices – are designed to contain
• anchorage the body of a falling worker and to distribute forces
• lifeline resulting from an arrested fall to minimise the likelihood
of injury. They consist of a full body harness (parachute
• inertia reel
type) together with associated components such as a
• lanyard lanyard and personal energy absorber. Harnesses can
• retractable lifeline be used for restraint systems and work positioning
• rope grabs systems according to relevant sections in
• wire grabs
devices: Harnesses and ancillary equipment and
• rail system AS/NSZ 1891.4 Industrial fall arrest systems and
• shock absorbers – both personal and industrial devices – Selection, use and maintenance.
• harness.
Droplines – are vertical lifelines.
Passive fall protection – is a system where the
Double or triple action device – is a self-closing hook
equipment installed provides fall protection, such as the
or karabiner with a keeper latch which will automatically
installation of edge protection, safety nets and catch
close and remain closed until manually opened. These
platforms, and individuals using the system do not have
units have a minimum of at least two distinct and
to take action to use equipment specifically designed to
deliberate consecutive actions to manually open them.
prevent falls. See also the above definition of active fall
protection. Fall arrest devices – there are three types: Type 1 fall
arrest devices, Type 2 and Type 3 fall arrest devices (see
Restraint systems (individual travel restricting
definitions on following page).
systems) – these systems are designed to prevent the
user from moving into a fall hazard area and consist of: Fall indicator – is a visual indicator that shows that the
fall arrest system or device has been used to arrest a
• anchorage
fall.
• lanyard
• belt or harness Fall injury prevention system – means a system
designed to arrest a person’s fall from one level at a
• horizontal lifeline.
workplace to another and minimise the risk of injury
or harm to a person who falls from one level at a Prevention of falls from height at workplaces – CODE OF PRACTICE
Work positioning systems – provide a primary means
of support in relative comfort and consist of: workplace to another.
• anchorage Force – this is measured in technical terms in Newtons

(N). The weight of something in Newtons (N) is
• lifeline (dropline) x 2 calculated by multiplying its mass in kilograms (kgs) by
• descender the value of gravity, which is 9.81 (m/s2).
• ascender Force = Mass X Acceleration
• back-up device For rough calculation purposes:
• bosun’s chair 1000N=1kN 1kN=100 kg 10kN=1000 kg
• harness. Free fall – is any fall or part of a fall where the person
suffering the fall is under the unrestrained influence
of gravity over any fall distance, either vertically or on
a slope on which it is not possible to walk without the
assistance of a handrail or hand line. The maximum
allowed free fall is two metres.
57
Inertia reel (also known as a self-retracting lanyard or Static line – is a horizontal or substantially horizontal
fall arrest block) – is a mechanical device that arrests line to which a lanyard may be attached and which is
a fall by locking onto a dropline and at the same time designed to arrest a free fall.
allows freedom of movement.
Total fall distance – is the total distance a person is
Job Safety Analysis (JSA) – these are a means of likely to fall during both the free and restrained parts of
setting out the ways that hazards associated with a a fall and includes the maximum dynamic extension of
task will be managed on a site and the work methods all supporting components.
that will be used. They are usually a standardised form
produced by an association, employer or government Type 1 fall arrest device (includes rope and rail
agency. Refer to Appendix 4. grabs) – this is a fall arrest device that travels along an
anchorage line and, when loaded, locks to the line. The
Karabiners – these are metal types of connectors that user is connected via a short lanyard to the activating
can be attached to anchorage points. They come in a lever, which locks the device in the event of a fall. A
variety of sizes, shapes and locking mechanisms to suit typical use of a Type 1 device is as a ladder fall arrest
various applications and provide the most convenient system, using a rigid rail or a flexible line attached to the
type of connector as they can be easily attached and ladder.
detached. They should be self-closing and self- or
manual-locking and capable of being opened only by at Type 2 and Type 3 fall arrest devices (also known as
least two consecutive deliberate manual actions. an inertia reel or self-retracting lifeline) – this is a fall
arrest device from which a spring loaded anchorage line
Lanyard – is a line usually used as part of a lanyard pays out, and which locks when loaded and releases
assembly to connect a harness to an anchorage point when the load is removed. When incorporating a
or static line in situations where there is risk of a fall. retrieval winch, it becomes a Type 3 fall arrest device.
Lanyard assembly – is an assembly of a lanyard and a

personal energy absorber.
Locking traveller (horizontal) – is a travelling

anchorage. It has a walking sprocket device that
connects the user to a static line system allowing the
user to travel the entire length of the line without having
to unclip and re-clip when passing the line supports.
Locking traveller (incline) – arrests falls on surfaces up

to an angle of 30 degrees.
Personal energy absorber (deceleration device) – this

is an attachment designed to reduce the deceleration
force imposed by a suddenly arrested fall. A personal
energy absorber is designed to be used with a fall arrest
harness and lanyard.
Restraint line – is the line securing workers to a point

of anchorage and is used to prevent a person from
reaching a point from which he or she could fall.
Safety factor – this factor accounts for complex and

variable dynamic forces and unknowns, such as rope
ageing, metal fatigue, abrasion, bending and structure
contact. It can, for example, be used to work out:
• t he ratio of the ultimate strength of the material to

the permissible stress
• t he ratio between the weakest link in the system
compared to the maximum expected static load
• t he minimum breaking load and the safe working
load.
Formulas SF = BF SWL = BF BF = SF x SWL
SWL SF
(SF IS SAFETY FACTOR, BF IS BREAKING FORCE AND
SWL IS SAFE WORKING LOAD)
58
Appendix 4 Components of fall arrest and
restraint systems
(ii) Cable end (termination of the fixed static lines)
Key points on components of fall arrest and
The termination of the cable should be by the
restraint systems include:
installation of a thimbled eye. Where practicable, the
• all components of a fall arrest system must ends should be secured by one of the means depicted
be compatible below.
• do not ‘mix and match’ systems with
different components made by different
manufacturers
• check with the manufacturer and/or supplier
to ensure compatibility of components.
See Appendix 3 for definitions of terms and also

Section 8.4 Inspection of fall-injury prevention
systems.
Double base clamps, with a minimum of three installed

(i) Cable (in the fixed static safety line) at equal spaces, with a minimum 200 mm tail past the
last clamp.
The safety requirements for the use of the cable
include:
• the cable should be of a minimum diameter of

10 mm and provide a minimum safety factor of 10
• the cable should have a guaranteed breaking strain
(GBS) of 60 kN (approximately equivalent to six
tonne)
• the cable support at each column should be in
accordance with an engineer’s specification
A hand splice with thimble eye or machine splice with
• c
onsideration should be given to the many variables thimble eye.
important in the erection of fixed static lines. These
include the: Short piece of wire rope
– number of people on the system at any one time
– length of the system
Rope
– length
between intermediate supports, length of
lanyard of the user and distance below the user.
Engineer-designed systems are necessary to consider

all these variables: Prevention of falls from height at workplaces – CODE OF PRACTICE
• industrial shock absorbers should be used to Wedge sockets.

ensure the force generated in simultaneous falls
on the safety system will not generate more than Note: Cables and fittings may be secured directly to
12 kN (approximately equivalent to 1200 kg) at the anchorage points with D or bow shackles of a minimum
anchorage points, unless the anchorage points have size of 12 mm or by having a safe working load of
been designed by an engineer to withstand a greater not less than 20 kN (approximately equivalent to two
force tonnes). The pin of the shackle should be moused
(lashed) to the shackle.
• tensioning of the fixed static line should be achieved
by installing turnbuckles or other appropriate
means. Where turnbuckles are used, they should be
installed as recommended on the following pages
• t he cable should be placed to eliminate the risk of
tripping. Where practicable, the cable should be
located between two metres and 2.2 metres above
the floor of the work area.
Refer to AS 3569 Steel wire ropes – Product
specification for further guidance.
59
(iii) Anchorage points
Anchorage points are secure points of attachment

for the fixed static line and lanyards. The safety
requirements for the use of anchorage points include:
• anchorage points used should be located as high as 120o maximum

equipment permits, as it is dangerous to work above
the point of anchorage
• the diameter of the threaded sections of bolts and
their anchorages should not be less than 16 mm
(see AS 2317.1 Lifting points – Collared eyebolts
and collared eyenuts – Grade 4 for guidance on
specifications)
• all anchorages should be visibly checked prior to
Sling anchorage.
use.
The following types of anchorage points are acceptable (iv) Tumbuckles (to adjust the tension in the fixed
when used in concrete: static line)
• anchorage points cast in situ: Turnbuckles are an open body consisting of two integral
rods connecting two bosses that are threaded internally
– a wall tie (she-bolt) purpose designed
on the central axis in opposite hand and into which end
– an engineer-designed anchorage point fittings of optional with screwed clamps type (e.g. round
• chemical-type anchorage points incorporating a eye, elongated eye or clevis) are fitted.
16 mm diameter bolt and 110 mm embedment and
used in shear The safety requirements for the use of turnbuckles
include:
• friction-type anchorage points with a collared eye
or eyebolt, used in shear, with the threaded section • the threaded section shall be a minimum of 12 mm
being no less than 16 mm diameter. The collared diameter
eye nut should be fastened tightly against the
• turnbuckles should be of a type that will allow visual
concrete surface.
inspection of the condition and extension of the
Chemical or friction-type anchorages should be used in threaded sections
shear only; i.e. the bolt should be at right angles to the • the frame should be locked or moused (lashed) to
static cable. the eye bolt to prevent slackening due to vibration,
shock or spin in the line attached.
For information on inspection of anchorages, see
Section 8.4. Refer to AS 2319 Rigging screws and turnbuckles for
guidance.
Anchorages should have a design capacity of 15 kN
(approximately equivalent to 1500 kg) each, except Closed length
where verification of a lesser design load provides for a
minimum safety factor of 10.
Anchorages must be designed, manufactured,

constructed, selected or installed so as to be capable of
withstanding the force applied as a result of a person’s Tumbuckle assembly with elongated eyes.
fall at the workplace anchorage point [regulation 3.50].
(v) Temporary static lines (horizontal life line

SWR systems)
Temporary static lines are linear anchorages, which

allow users of fall arrest equipment the flexibility of
End anchor lateral movements without having to disconnect from
the anchorage.
The safety requirements for the use of temporary static

lines include:
• a 16 mm diameter nylon rope of Kernmantle

Turnbuckle or rigging screw construction which provides a minimum safety
factor of 10 may be used. The line must have
a guaranteed breaking strain (GBS) of 80 kN
Direct connection anchorage. (approximately equivalent to eight tonnes). Refer to
AS 4142.3 for guidance
60
• tension may be achieved by using a self-tensioning Safety requirements for the use of a temporary static
block, which must be capable of automatically line and rail system include:
locking the line and manually releasing the line.
Too much tension on the line will affect the overall • unless there is a ground clearance under the
strength of the system, too little will affect the temporary static line of at least 6.5 metres plus the
ground clearance required distance of sag in the line under load, the user of
fall arrest equipment will probably not have their fall
• for shock absorption, the self-tensioning block must
arrested and will strike the ground. (See the diagram
be designed to reduce shock loading by means of a
on the right below)
dynamic friction facility which guarantees that the
maximum force generated on the line will not be • inertia reels (self-retracting lanyards) on temporary
greater than 6 kN (approximately equivalent to 600 static line systems could be used. These will
kg) significantly reduce the 6.5 metre ground clearance
due to the inertia reel lock-out. (See the diagram on
• the line end (termination of the temporary static
the left below)
line) should be secured by one of the following:
• in some circumstances, the ground clearance might
– a hand splice with a thimbled eye
be reduced. Using the ‘preferred order of control
– a machine splice (ferrule) measures’, a combination of different equipment
– a figure of eight knot (such as a restraint system, elevating work platform
• the maximum span between anchorage points for a and scaffolding) should be considered to give
temporary static line should be no greater than four different results and create maximum ground
metres, unless specifically designed by an engineer clearance
to be a longer length. This is due to the dynamic sag • personal energy absorbers must be worn at all
factor of the temporary static line and should be times where there is a possibility of a fall.
taken into account when calculating the maximum
ground clearance (MGC) requirement for a fall arrest AS/NZS 1891.2 Supp. 1 provides further information.
system
Inertia reel (no landyard)
• total fall distance is defined in the Static line deflection = ∆ S
devices: Harnesses and ancillary equipment as the
total distance a person is likely to fall during both
the free and restrained parts of a fall and includes
the maximum dynamic extension of all supporting
Intertia reel
components. = 1.4 m Minimum clearance below
the static line = 4.2 m + ∆ S
Designers of temporary static lines should ensure the
system is designed so that persons falling will not crash
to the ground. Calculations should consider:
Height of person = 1.8 m
• tension on the static line
• a person’s height Clearance = 1.0 m minimum
• lanyard length and extension
• shock absorber extension Landyard
Static line deflection = ∆ S
• personal energy absorber of the person’s lanyard
• slide of the D ring.
The person’s weight will have a significant effect on

the sag of the temporary static line. Other factors to be
considered include:
Original length of lanyard
• climate (temperature and wet or dry) = 2.0 m
• type of knots Minimum clearance below
• age of the system. the static line = 6.5 m + ∆ S
Rail systems Max. landyard extension

= 1.75 m
Rail systems are rigid systems which are generally

comprised of a steel or other metallic structural Height of person = 1.8 m
member, along which one or more mobile attachment
devices run, each providing a travelling anchorage for Clearance = 1.0 m minimum
connection of a personal lanyard assembly on a fall
arrest system.
Required minimum fall clearance below the level of the
line anchorage.
61
(vi) Harnesses, lanyards and equipment
Defects and damage to lanyards
checklist
Waist-type belts and sit harnesss must not be
used as a fall arrest system. Lanyards should be checked for defects or
damage, including:
The lanyard is a line, usually used as part of a lanyard • cuts of 1 mm or more at the edges of the
assembly, to connect a fall arrest safety harness to an webbing lanyards (e.g. where the lanyard
anchorage point or permanent or temporary static line, may have been choke hitched around
in situations where there is a risk of a fall. steelwork)
• surface abrasion across the face of
The safety requirements for the use of harnesses, the webbing and at the webbing loops,
lanyards and equipment include: particularly if localised
• body-type harnesses of the parachute-type should • damage to stitching (e.g. cuts or abrasion)
be used • a knot in the lanyard, other than those
• length of any lanyard assembly should not exceed intended by the manufacturer
two metres • chemical attack resulting in local weakening
• harness should be connected to the lanyard or and softening, which is often indicated by
temporary static line at the top dorsal (back) flaking of the surface. There may also be a
position or front (sternum) fall arrest attachment change to the colour of the fibres
point • heat or friction damage indicated by fibres
• if a temporary or permanent static line and rope with a glazed appearance, which may feel
grab device are used on steeply sloping surfaces, harder than surrounding fibres
the user needs to have the device in the front fall • UV degradation, which is difficult to identify,
arrest attachment point. This will allow safe manual particularly by visual appearance, but there
operation of the mechanism may be some loss of colour (if dyed) and a
• l anyards should be checked for the faults listed in powdery surface
the defects and damage to lanyards checklist • a partially-deployed energy absorber (e.g.
• a
nchorage points shall not be sited below the short pull out of tear webbing)
attachment point of the harness; e.g. not below the • contamination (e.g. from dirt, grit, sand or
dorsal (back) position paint etc.) which may result in internal or
• t here should be a minimum of slack in the external abrasion
temporary static line between the person and • damaged or deformed fittings (e.g.
attachment to the anchorage. The fall arrest system karabiners, screw link connectors, scaffold
should be so designed to limit a free fall to a hooks or shackles, etc.)
maximum of two metres • damage to the sheath and core of a
• l anyards must incorporate a shock absorber and Kernmantle rope (e.g. rucking of the core
be fitted with double action devices. For use as an detected during tactile inspection)
assembly, see AS/NZS 1891.1 Industrial fall arrest • internal damage to a cable laid rope.
systems and devices: Harnesses and ancillary
equipment for guidance For additional information, refer to the
• the attachment hardware should be checked for AS/NZS 1891 series and/or the manufacturer’s
susceptibility to roll-out. A possible problem with the recommendations.
use of attachment hardware is inadvertent roll-out

release caused by either:
– a
simple roll-out, when either a small diameter To check a connection for possible susceptibility to
eyebolt or a rope loop can roll-out of a single roll-out:
action snaphook or a double action snaphook
• determine how easily moving contact with clothing
if the locking gate is first tripped (see the top
or equipment can cause initial tripping of the locking
diagrams below)
gate
– when
gate loading occurs, which is when two
• if it looks like tripping is relatively easy,
or more large cross-section components in
simultaneously twisting the connection in all
a snaphook of inadequate size exert undue
possible directions will determine whether
force on the gate when loaded (see the bottom
subsequent roll-out is possible after the locking gate
diagrams below)
has been tripped.
– inadvertent tripping of the locking gate occurs.
62
Snaphooks or karabiners without a double or
triple locking device or action must not be used.
Consideration must be given to any special

requirements of the materials used in manufacture of
the equipment, when choosing the most appropriate
fall arrest equipment for a particular application. For
example:
Roll-out on small diameter eyebolt. • when fall arrest equipment is used while operating
chainsaws (e.g. tree pruning, trimming or removal
operations), pole straps or belts should be steel core
to minimise the effects of accidental cutting
• equipment must be inspected regularly, including
inspecting for signs of any damage from cutting,
abrasion or heat sources. See also the defects and
damage to lanyards checklist in vi) Harnesses,
lanyards and equipment
• workers using safety harnesses, who are outside
the safety of handrails, must be attached to an
anchorage point or a fall arrest safety system at all
times
Roll-out on rope. • workers using safety harnesses should not work
alone
• emergency rescue procedures must be developed
before work commences.
(vii) Inertia reels (self-retracting lanyards)
Inertia reels attach to an anchorage point and pay out a

line that is attached to the person’s harness. The line is
controlled by a spring-loaded reel, which adjusts the line
length as the person moves up and down while working.
Under fall arrest conditions, the reel locks in position by
the same principle as a car seatbelt.
Inertia reels can be used to prevent falls, where workers

are required to carry out their work near an unprotected
edge.
The safety requirements for the use of inertia reels

include:
• the line of the inertia reel must be attached directly

to the D ring of the harness
• when using an inertia reel, do not use a lanyard
• i nertia reels are not designed for continuous support
but become effective in the event of a fall. They
should not be used as working supports by locking
the system and allowing it to support the user
during normal work
• i nertia reels may be less effective for certain
applications, such as stopping a person falling down
an inclined surface. They should be sited only from
vertical to 30 degrees, unless specified otherwise in
the manufacturer’s instructions.
Side and gate loading of a karabiner. The side loading is
correct.

devices – Selection, use and maintenance provides
further information on common usage problems.
63
Operator should work
so that the safety line
remains within the
cone
30o approx.
Inertia reel and safety harnesses can be used with a

static line or fixed anchorages.
(viii) Drop lines
Drop lines are vertical temporary static lines.
The safety requirements for the use of drop lines

include:
• drop lines should be of a minimum knotted strength

of 22 kN (approximately equivalent to 2200 kg) and
be of a nominal diameter of 11-12 mm
• drop lines should have a fixed eye at one end for
attachment to an anchorage point or temporary
static line and be knotted at the other end to stop a
ope grab device from becoming detached
• a drop line should be of Kernmantle or three strand
construction.
Vertical lifelines
A vertical lifeline is a secondary safety drop line used

as a back up to arrest a limited free fall in the event of
failure of the working line or its attachments.
The safety requirements with the use of a vertical

lifeline include:
• use vertical lifelines in connection with work from a

swing seat (bosun’s chair) or ladder
• only one person should be attached to any one
lifeline.
64
Appendix 5 Contacts for further
information
Chamber of Commerce and Industry
180 Hay Street
EAST PERTH WA 6004
Telephone: 1300 422 492
Web: www.cciwa.com
UnionsWA
Level 4, 445 Hay Street
PERTH WA 6000
Telephone: (08) 9328 7877
Web: www.unionswa.com.au
WorkSafe
Mason Bird Building
Level 1, 303 Sevenoaks Street
CANNINGTON WA 6107
Serious incident and fatality reporting line:
1300 307 877
Web: www.dmirs.wa.gov.au/WorkSafe
65

303 Sevenoaks Street
CANNINGTON WA 6107
Telephone: 1300 307 877 (general enquiries)

NRS: 13 36 77
Email: [email protected]
Website: www.dmirs.wa.gov.au
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Falls From Height 082020

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Government of Western Australia

Department of Mines, Industry Regulation and Safety

Prevention of falls from

Prevention of falls from

The State shall in no way be liable, in negligence or

State means the State of Western Australia and

Information includes information, data, representations,

Loss includes loss, damage, liability, cost, expense,

ISBN 978 1 920836 57 3 (web)

AS and AS/NZS refer to Australian Standards and

Competent person means a person who has acquired,

Duty of the employer, where an employer has a

Falling includes reference to a person falling from,

Person in charge of a workplace means the person

The Act refers to the Occupational Safety and Health Act

The Regulations refers to the Occupational Safety

3 Instruction and training......................................................................................................................................... 6

5 Design and planning of plant, buildings and structures................................................................................. 9

6 Access to and egress from work areas...........................................................................................................11

8 Fall injury prevention systems and anchorages.............................................................................................14

10 Building maintenance units................................................................................................................................32

11 Other types of temporary working platforms.................................................................................................33

13 Protection of holes and openings.....................................................................................................................38

14 Grid mesh and checker plate flooring panels.................................................................................................39

15 Brittle or fragile roofing.......................................................................................................................................40

16 Freight transport and general plant..................................................................................................................42

17 Industrial rope access systems (abseiling)....................................................................................................46

19 Emergency rescue procedures..........................................................................................................................49

Designers and builders of a building or structure for

• emergency rescue procedures

Employer and employee involvement in the process

• previous injuries, ‘near miss’ incidents or accidents • surfaces

2.2 Identifying hazards • structures (the stability of temporary or

You must consult your workers and their health

5. Administrative control – this

In some instances, a combination of control

A risk management process should be conducted as

In determining the frequency of the monitoring and

• the level of risk (high-risk hazards need more

Each workplace should:

Instruction and training are an important part of • for new employees

• safe work systems and practices to prevent falls,

Training in the use of fall injury

• what each individual piece of equipment is intended

AS/NZS 1891.4 Industrial fall arrest systems and

Employers should monitor the work to ensure that

Supervision of the use of fall injury

• only employees who have received training and

As it is unlikely that all design work on larger projects

• designing safe access to or egress from any

– the pre-fabrication of structures on the

Safe access, egress and movement

• installation of ﬁxed work platforms,

See also Section 16 Freight transport and

Edge protection must be provided to the edge of a

See also Section 8.7 Scaffolding.

Edge protection or a fall injury prevention system must

Edge protection checklist

• the guard rail system must be constructed to